TPO题号分类TITLE结构14Business groupthink 1.Decide design change for computer2.more than half support3.senior manager didn't support4.suppporter changed mind --> didn't want to make bad impression5.professor changed mind24sociology Social interaction 1.definition of audience effect.2. professor gives examples: tying shoes: faster when observed. learn to tpye:faster than alone3. other behavior pattern increase: mistakes34sociology cognitive dissonance 1.definition of cognitive dissonance.2.solve the contradiction bychanging their interpretaion of thesituation.3.professor giveexample:study&video games,sloved it by changing theinterpretaion.44psychology verbal and nonverbalcommunication 1.introduce what is nonverbal communication.2. relationship of nonverbal and verbal communication(agree with,conflic)3. example:surprising visit;hurt by hammer54Business target marketing1.tradtional advertisement: largegeneral VS traget marketing:samllspecific： concept of tragetmarketing.2.example: cell-phone company:young people- cool,color,friends,yound people's program.:efficiency, in bussinessprogram,save money64psychology explicit memories andimplict memories 1. explain explicit memory and implict memory.2.examples: car advertisement "Panther"car driving through car billborad recall nothing of the billborad recall "Panther"when asked what animals name starts with "P". Proved the existence of implicit memory.74psychology behavior modification 1. introduce the phenomenon of behavior modification.: pleasant: repetirionunplesant: discourage repetirion 2.examples:children change behavior according to teacher's attitude:violate rules:angry, punishment--learn to behave behave well:reward, encourage them to repeat.84biology revealing coloration 1.introduce the concept of revealingcoloration.2.examples:peanut bugs:expose bright colorfulspots.Morpho butterflies:flap their shiny parts of wings toreflect the sunlight.94film the establishing shot 1. introduce the method ofestablishing shot.2.example:background information about thecity:gloomy, old-fashioned ---mysteriousatomsphere.Shown the setting and theme of themovie.104Business entertainmentmerchandising 1.introduce te concept of of entertainment merchandising. Eg:television---toyspopular toys---television show2.example:the professor:action hero program-desire for toys; his daughter:toy dolls--popular tv program114outside art art 1.explain what is outside art.2.Example:Henry Dargerno formal education;unique way:his water color painting aboutchildren: more details,longer.124psychology Subliminal perception 1. explain the concept of subliminalperception.2.experiment:insert the image of a boy with acake while people are watching TV:One with happy emotionone with angry emotionthird picture:same;no emotionnoboday remembered the boy.Judging personality of the boy:accordingly to the picture showed tothem on TV134psychology Perceptual Constancy 1.explain the concept of perceptualconstancy.2.examples:1.plate: at face---circlehorizontal--ovalsame plate2.professor himself:look in the front: bigger;look in the back: small;still recognize him144psychology comfort zone bias 1.introduce the concept of comfortzone bias.2.example: a friendwant to be a moive reviewer-can not find this job----work as anormal reporter----a successfulreporter---offered a chance as moivereviewer---refused154psychology experimenter effect 1.explain experimenter effct2.example:two groups of monkey(same)told that one group is smarter thanthe other one.Research worked more to train thesupposedly smater group;result:two-hour less time to train thesupposedly smarter group.2.example:peeling potatoesgroup one:peeling alone; record thenumber eacn one peels;group two:work in groups; only thetotal number recorded,do not recordthe number of potatoes ofindividualsresult:group on win174zoology Ritualization 1.explain ritualization2.example:dog baring teethat first: simply avoid biting theirown lips.Other animals: bite comes afterbaring teeth---read as an signaldogs themselves: gradually realizethe effct---baring teeth can protectthem.184Biology Relict behavier 1.explain relict behavier2.example: pronghom and lionLions used to live on the grassyplain and chased pronghorns. Lionswere much faster.Now lions are extinct.Pronghorn‟s speed doesn‟t serve itsoriginal purpose and thus becomes arelict behavior.2. example:mom and two kids:sister and brothershopping,girlcries for a toymom gave in and bought: the boywill also cry for toy next time---desirable resultmom did't give,punish:won't cry fora toy next time---undesirable result. 204sociology franchising 1.explain franchising2.to open a pizza restaurantpay for chain restanrant: pizzatown:to use namepizza town is already successful---easy to succeed;in return, follow their standard:standard food, look, advertisement…214psychology Questioning awarenessof effect 1.explain quesitioning awareness of effect2.example: sarah called out answers without raising handAsk a question that draws attention to the negative effect of the student's behavier.Not stop to wait the student's answer but continue teaching the class.224psychology Irrational commitment 1.explain irrational commitment2.example:The professor's wife didn't want tobuy the house that he wanted. Buthe convinced his wife and spenthuge amount of money to fix it.Damaged roof and electricalproblems.The problem got worse, he just keptgoing, because he didn't want hiswife to judge his succes and failure. 234psychology Reference groups 1.explain reference groups2.example: The professor changedthe way he dressed under theinfluence of the art students and hisco-workers.The art students wore t-shirts,jeansand sneakers.His co-workers all dressed up alittle bit.His reference group has changedfrom the art students to his co-workers.244ecology flagship species 1.introduce flagship species2.example:Macaw; beautiful bird.Trees cut down, number of macawdecreases.Macaw presentsents threatenedhabitants.Tell story of Macaw, print theirpictures----number increases.SAMPLE ANSWERThe reading passage talks about a definition of Groupthink, which means that when people are working as a group, they may make bad or irrational decisions.In the lecture, the professor used his own example to illustrate this idea. When he worked in a computer company, he and his coworker decided to change the design of their products to attract more customers. At first, more than half of the people in his team supported the idea. However, some senior manager didn't support this. So many supporters immediately changed their minds because they didn't wanna make a bad impression on the managers. By the end, the professor changed his mind, too. Therefore, they decided not to change the design, which turned out to be a bad decision.So this is how when people are working as a group, they tend to make bad decisions.The reading material introduces the principle f audience effects which suggests that individuals' work is affected by their knowledge that they are watched by others. In the lecture the professor uses the examples of tying shoes and learning to type to demostrate audience effect.In the first exampel, two groups of students were asked to tie there shoes. One group was told that they would be observed while the other one was not. The students who knew they were being watched did faster than their opponent.In the second example, while someone is learning to type, his tying speed grows faster when he realizes that he is being watched by others.Additionally, other behavioral patterns, such as making mistakes, increases while one is concious of being observed.Cognitive dissonace is a kind of mental discomfort brought by the contradiction between one's action and one's beliefs and it can be sloved by change the way of looking at the conflict.In the lecture the professor gives an example of himself to illustrate the concept.He used to obsess in video games and failed the chemistry exam so told himself that chemistry is not that important to his career,and that doing well in school means doing well in the subjects related to his future career. By changing the interpretation of the situation in a way which is favorable to him and easy to accept, he succuessfully eliminated this conflict.Nonverbal signals such as facial expression and gesture is as important as the verbal words in communication. The professor gives two examples to illustrate the relationship between verbal and nonverbal communications. In the first example,when the professor's uncle paid a surprise visit to him,he found that his unconscious nonverbal signals such as wildy-opening eyes, big smiles and brisk actions conveied more information that he was really happy and surprised then his verbal words.In the second example,when the professor was hurt by a hammer, he kept saying he was ok but his body language and facial expression gave him off- he kept shaking his hands and he got a contorted face as well as trembling voice. Those nonverbal signal tells the truth that he was really painful.Target marketing is a strategy of advertising to smaller, specific customers. The professor use cell-phone company as an example. If the company wants to sell phones to young people, it‟ll choose to put a TV commercial in the programs that young people like to watch and in the commercial, the phone is shown to be cool and has a bright color. Also, in the commercial, kids are having a good time with their friends. If the company wants to appeal to businessmen, it‟ll put a different TV commercial in a business program. Besides, the commercial will show how the cell-phone can handle all business efficiently and can save money. So it‟s basically the same cell-phone, but the company makes two different commercials to attract two special groups of people.Implicit memory is the phenomenon that one cannot clearly recall what he has experienced yet still has reactions which indicate that it leaves some trace in his brain. The professor uses the car advertisement to illustrate the concept.In this example, a lot of people drive by the billboard on which painted a big picture of a car‟s name “panther” in the highway. The drivers cannot recall anything about this ad when tasked about the car‟s name showed on the billboard. However, they came up with the car‟s name …panther‟ as the first impression when they are asked about what animals starting with the letter …P‟.From this experiment, people may not remember what contents on the road-side billboard, but they will still display reactions showed that they already notice them. That‟s the implicit memory.Behavior modification indicates that people may change their behavior according to the consequence of their actions. In the lecture, the professor uses the example of school children to illustrate this concept. When a kid misbehaves in the classroom, such as interrupting the class or walking around the classroom, the teacher will get angry with them and punish them. From that way, children will learn a lesson about how to behavior at class as the unpleasant consequence will discourage further repetition of the behavior. Gradually, the children will change their behavior through the way of observing the teacher‟s attitude. Some little reward will be given if they behave well then the pleasant consequence will encourage them to comply with disciplines of the class. Revealing coloration is a strategy of animals to protect themselves from predators by using bright color on some part of their body to block the enemy‟s view so that they can win an opportunity to escape. In the lecture, professor gave two examples to explain how revealing coloration works. The first example is about peanut bugs. They will suddenly expose their bright colorful spots hidden in the back wings when they are attacked. Then peanut bugs will take advantage of the precious time when the predators get confused and stunned by the sudden brightness. The second example is that Morpho butterflies flap their shiny parts of wings to reflect the sun light in order to run away from the predators like birds. Bird‟s sight will be blocked so that they cannot pursue and catch this kind of butterflies.The establishing shot is a filming skill that shot an image at the beginning of scene in order to show the background information of the film such setting. In addition, it also helps to establish an atmosphere to make the viewers‟ understand the film better. In the lecture the speaker provides the example of a great movie to shown how establishing shot works. At the very beginning of the movie, before the story develops, the director shows the audience a gloomy, old-fashioned city scene, creating a mysterious atmosphere. That hints the viewers‟when and where this story will take place. That mode of camera shot lies the foundation of mysterious story‟s theme.Entertainment merchandising is a form of marketing in which the brand or the image can is used to sell another. For example, children‟s favorite TV show figures can promote the sale of the related toys in the same name or image. Reversely, TV show in the name of the popular toys can win a high audience rating. In the lecture the professor offers two examples to explain the concept. The first example is about the professor himself. When he was a kid, he craved an Action Hero figure since he was obsessed with the TV show of the same name as many other kids do. That case shows how TV shows stimulates the demand of toy. Another example is about the professor‟s daughter. She has a doll and like it very much, so she enjoys the TV program in which that doll is a main character. That example tells us that entertainment merchandising can use popular items to attract those potential customers‟ attention. Outsider art refers to the art created by artists living and working outside the society. In addition, those artists do not have formal art education background and are isolated from other artists. The reason why Henry Darger was regarded as an outside artist is that he lived and worked alone in the city, and he has not received any conventional art education so that he turned to create his own unique art style. In the one of his water color painting, his unique styled was completely presented. Due to the difficulties of drawing human figures, he managed to solve the problem by pasting children‟s figure from newspapers and magazines instead of painting those images. Although the work is a little bit weird, one can recognize his paintings from others traditional painting at once. Other outside artist‟s feature about him is his painting includes more complicated details than others‟. Moreover, their sizes are longer than the ordinary ones.Subliminal perception is the phenomenon that people‟s thoughts and attitude will be influenced by some unconscious perception. In the lecture, the professor shows an experiment to illustrate this phenomenon. Two groups of people were asked to watch TV. Then a picture of a boy with a birthday cake will flash on the screen in less than a second. There is a slight different the picture shown to those two groups: in the first picture, the boy is happy, but he is angry in the second version. Then the third picture, the same boy with normal emotion, was shown to those people to let them make a judgment on the boy‟s personality. Nobody remembered that they have already seen this boy. However, their negative or positive answers do match the picture offered to them.Perceptual Constancy is phenomena that people can to recognize an object as the same on matter how the conditions change and the objects are observed differently. In the lecture, the professor uses two examples to demonstrate this ability. The first example is about plate. A plate is a perfect circle if we put it directly at our face. Put in a horizontal position, it is no longer a circle but an oval but we can still recognize it as the same plate. We can still perceive it as the same because we know it is the same plate in spite that it looks differently. The second example is the professor himself. He looks bigger to the students in the front row than those in the back row. If a student sits in the front row today and then in the back row tomorrow, he can still recognize the professor even if the professor‟s size has changed in his eyes.Comfort zone bias refers to the phenomena that people tend to stay in the familiar and comfortable situations instead of taking risks in an unfamiliar and challenging environment. In the lecture, the professor uses his friend‟s story to clarify this concept. His friend wanted to seek a job as film reviewer at first because he is a film major and movies are his interests. However he failed to find such a job. Finally he had to be newspaper reporter instead and it turned out that he succeeded in being a good one. Years later, he got a chance to be a film reviewer, but he gave up the opportunity as he did not want to leave his comfort zone as a successful news reporter. This man prefers to stay in his familiar situation rather than taking risks and try something new. That case perfectly explained the comfort zone bias.Experimenter effect is a problem that researcher‟s expectations affect the results of the experiment. The example of the experiment about monkeys illustrates this concept. A researcher was asked to record the time of training two groups of monkey to pick up a ball and put it in a box. He was told that that one group is more intelligent than the other before the experiment started. However, the fact is that the monkeys are all the same. It turns out that it took the researcher two-hour less time to train the supposedly more intelligent group than the other group because the researcher thought one group is smarter and would be easier to train so made more efforts to train them: he smiled to them, gave them encouragement and communicated a lot with them. On the opposite, the researcher wasn‟t very enthusiastic about the other group. So in this case the researcher‟s expectation actually influenced the result of the experiment.Social loafing refers to the phenomena that comparing with working alone, personal effort decreases when people work in groups. The professor uses an experiment to explain this concept.People were asked to peel as many potatoes as possible at a given amount of time. Some people choose to work alone while the others work in groups. The former group was told that the number each one peels will be recorded while for the latter group, only the total number of group work will be recorded, so it was impossible to tell how many each person had done. The result showed that the average number of potatoes peeled alone was significantly higher than that peeled together Ritualization means that an animal‟s behavior that originally has a practical purpose develops into one that communicates a specific message. In the lecture, the professor the dog‟s baring teeth as an example to illustrate the term. The dogs will show their teeth to tell the enemy to stay away when they feel threatened. However the original purpose of dogs‟ baring teeth is to avoid biting its own lips.When dogs sense danger, they bite and instinctively bare teeth to avoid biting their own lips. However the other animals gradually noticed that the teeth baring behavior always came before a dog‟s going to bite, so they started to take it as a signal. The dogs themselves begin to be aware that simply baring teeth is enough to protect themselves as time goes by. Therefore they don‟t actually attack; instead they use baring teeth as a warning signal to send the message.Relict behavior were useful to the animal when habitat was different. But now, because of changed conditions, the behavier no longer serves its original purpose . In the lecture, there's an example: Pronghorn live out on open grassy plains. They are superfast, being the fastest animal in the western hemisphere. Whenever its predators appear, they are off in a flash. The reason why it runs so fast is that quite a long time ago, the grassy plain uesd to be very different. Lions used to live there, chasing pronghorns. Lions were swift moving animal, but now however lions are extinct. They are no longer the predators. So back then, pronghorn‟s speed was critical to its survival. As a relict behavior, pronghorn‟s speed doesn‟t serve its original purpose because of this condition change.Social learning is a way people learn by watching the behavior of others. People will imitate the behavior if it leads to desirable results; otherwise they will not imitate it since the behavior leads to undesirable result. In the lecture the professor gives an example to illustrate the phenomena. Two kids, sister and brother were shopping with their mother. The girl cried for a toy but her mother refused to buy it. Then the girl continued to cry and scream. If the mother gives in and buys the toy, the boy, who watched the process, will cry and scream next time he wants something, which means he imitates the behaviors from his sister. On the opposite, if the mother didn‟t give in, didn‟t buy the girl the toy and punishes the girl by do not letting her watch TV program. Next time if the boy wants a toy, he will not cry and scream, since the behavior doesn‟t lead to a desirable result, so behavior will not be imitated. Franchising is the practice of buying an established company for the right to use his name and sell his products. The professor uses the example of opening a pizza restaurant to explain this concept. If he wants to run a successful pizza restaurant, he chooses to pay a big company who owns a chain of pizza restaurants called pizza town to use the name, pizza town. The business will run well since pizza town is already popular. But the new restaurant should follow the pizza town‟s standard practice, selling pizzas like pizza town‟s pizza, making store look like pizza town, and advertising like pizza town. There is not much freedom, but what matters is that they sell a lot of pizza.Questioning awareness effect means that teachers can lead a student to discontinue the disruptive behavior by asking a question that draws attention to the negative effect of the student‟s behavior. The professor takes an example that a girl named Sarah didn‟t raise hand to answer questions, she has just called out the answer, which is frustrating for other kids. One day, when she called out, the professor asked her a question: “Sarah, Do you realized when you called out answers without raising hands, you are not being fair to other students.”The professor didn‟t stop to wait for her answer but continued teaching the class. After that, she didn‟t call out answer and started to raise her hand like everyone else. So he drew Sarah‟s attention to the negative effect of her behavior by asking this question. That is the quesitioning awareness of effect.The irrational commitment is a tendency to continue with a project even if the project is more likely to fail, and the disadvantages are outweighing the benefits. This tendency can be especially strong when people feel that they may be judged by others for their eventual success or failure with the projects. For example, the professor wanted to buy an old house. But his wife had doubts because she noticed that it was in no good condition. He convinced his wife and decided to fix the house before they live in. However, house turned out to have many problems, the roof is damaged and there were many electrical problems, the professor had to spend huge amount of money to fix them. At this point his wife reminded him of her earlier doubts of their house. But he became more determined than ever. But the problem got worse and took more money to fix, he just kept going, because he didn‟t want his wife to think he was wrong for not following her advice.Reference groups are groups of people we admire that provide a model that can shape how we think and behave. The professor illustrate this phenomenon by using his own life experience. When he entered university, he made friends with art students. The art students always dressed casually. They wore t-shirts, jeans and sneakers. The professor thought they were cool so he also started wearing t-shirts, jeans and sneakers. But after graduation, the professor lived in Chicago and got a job. At first he wore t-shirts, jeans and sneakers,but he found out that his co-workers all dressed up a little bit in the concert and baseball games. And he started to think these look really classy and sharp and began to wear the same way they did. So his reference group has changed from the art students to his co-workers.A flagship species is a particular species used to represents a threatened habit to the general public. In the lecture, the professor takes Macaw as an example to explain the concept. Macaw is a kind of beautiful bird with colorful features who lives in the rain forest and relies on the trees for food and nesting. However macaw, as well as a lot of other animals, is in trouble since the trees have been cut down. The number of animals declined drastically. A group of people used macaw to represent the threatened habitat. By spreading the story of macaw and distributing books with macaw‟s pictures to the school and other community places. Consequently, a lot of people begin to take actions and contribute money to help set up a protected land, a special area where no one could cut down the tree. So, the number of macaw and other animals increase.XXX is a definition/theory /principle___________，which means that / which suggests that /meaning that______________________/ which isa________________听力例子引导：In the lecture the professors uses (draws on /gives us /provides us/offers us two examples to explain/demonstrate, illustrate, clarify this definition, theory) (15 sec)展开转述每个例子：The first example is / is called / about __________，__________，_______.The second example is / is called / about ________，_________，_______ .转述教授补充内容：The professor also mentions / says that___________.(Also / What‟s more / In addition / Additionally)。
