医学英语教程综合教程第六单元
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Unit1肺和肾的功能肺的血管系统肺从两个血管系统----支气管循环系统和肺循环系统获得血液供应。
它的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统,流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织,因为支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉,接受大约1%的心输出量。
大约三分之一的支气管循环的静脉输出流入全身静脉,然后回到右心房。
剩余的输出流入肺静脉,并在心脏最小静脉的作用下,在正常情况下,以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。
肺动脉系统沿着气道从肺门向外周延伸,向下连接下段气道(直径大约2毫米)的动脉,它们壁薄且富有弹性。
从这儿开始,动脉成肌肉化发展,直至其达到30微米,此时肌层消失。
因为这些小肌肉动脉起着积极控制肺部血流分布的作用,所以大部分动脉压降产生在这些小肌肉动脉中。
肺小动脉将血液排空,送入广泛分布的毛细血管网,进入肺静脉。
肺静脉的壁很薄,它们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合,出肺进入左心房。
肾结构成分人类肾脏在解剖学上位于腹膜后隙,与下胸椎和上腰椎平行。
每个成年人的肾脏大约重150克,长、宽、厚分别为12厘米、6厘米以及3厘米。
肾脏的冠状部分分为/由两个明确的区域(组成)。
外周部的皮质大约1厘米厚,深部的髓质由几个肾锥体构成。
这些锥体状结构的底部位于皮髓质结合处。
锥体的顶部伸入肾门,称为肾**。
每个肾**被一个肾小盏包裹。
肾小盏与肾大盏相聚组成肾盂。
经肾**流出的尿液汇集在肾盂,通过输尿管排入膀胱。
由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。
肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支,这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉,为肾脏上、中、下区域供应血液。
当这些血管进入肾实质,变成叶间动脉通向肾皮质时,(这些血管)又进一步细分。
细分后的更小血管在皮髓质结合处成为竖支--弓状动脉。
从弓状动脉伸出的叶间动脉进入皮质。
由于传入小动脉始于这些末端叶间动脉,所以为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。
组织学上,肾脏是由一个叫做“肾单位”的基本单位组成。
每个肾脏约含有一百万个肾单位,“肾单位”有两个主要成分:过滤成分―紧包着毛细血管网(肾小球)和一个附着在上面的小管组成。
Principles of pharmacology药理学原理An understanding of the principles of pharmacology forms a key component in the study of medicine.对药理学原理的理解是医学研究的一个重要组成部分。
From the Greek pharmacology,pharmacology is the branch of medical science that deals with the mechanism of actions,uses,harmful effects and outcomes of drugs on animals and humans.it examines the way in which drugs produce both beneficial and adverse side effects on the body.从希腊药理学,药理学是医学科学的一个分支,研究药物对动物和人类的作用、用途、有害影响和结果的机制。
它检查了药物对身体产生有益和有害副作用的方式。
Students of pharmacology look at the way in which the biochemical,physiological and psychological processes in health and disease are affected by drugs. When we talk about drugs,we are referring to biologically active compounds that change the state of the functioning of the body and improve health in some way-by relieving pain,calming the patient or eliminating infection,for example. We are also concerned with enhancing the way in which drugs are tested,so that they can eventually give greater benefit in the treatment of disease.药理学的学者们研究健康和疾病的生化、生理和心理过程受到药物影响的方式。
医学英语教程综合教程第六单元【单元6】Epidemiology and Its ApplicationsThe word epidemiology comes from the Greek words epi, meaning on or upon, demos. meaning people . and logos . meaning the study of . in other words , the word epidemiology has its roots in the study of what befalls a population. Epidemiology is a scientific discipline with sound methods of scientific inquiry at its foundation. It is data-driven and relies on a systematic and unbiased approach to thecollection.analysis. and interpretation of data. Basic epidemiologic methods tend to rely on careful observation and use of valid comparison groups to assess whether what was observed. such as the number of cases of disease in a particular area during a particular time period or the frequency of an exposure among persons with disease. differs from what might be expected.流行病学epidemiology一词来源于希腊词,epi-,意为“在……之上”,demos意为“人群”,logos意为“关于……的研究”。
医学英语教程-生物医学Unit 6 Reading AThe Kidney and Its Working Unit肾及其工作单位For many diners, eating tender, pale green shoots of asparagus is a pleasurable springtime event, but the gastronomic experience has a peculiar sequel:The next time they urinate ,even if just 20 minutes after eating, they notice the characteristic scent of asparagus. A chemical in the food crosses the gut ,enters the bloodstream, is filtered out by the kidneys, and appears in the urine with amazing speed. Actually, the chemical is acted on no faster than any other compound. The kidneys are simply marvels at processing body fluids and filtering out the urea; the sodium ,potassium ,or chloride ions ;and the glucose, water ,and other materials that need to be excreted. The key to a kidney's rapid functioning lies in its complicated internal structure and in the effcient plumbing system of which it is a part.对许多用餐者来说,吃到浅绿鲜嫩的芦笋是春季的一大享受,但享用完这种美食后会有一个奇特的后续:即使饭后仅20分钟,人们便会在上厕所时注意到尿液中有芦笋特殊的气味。
Unit1肺和肾的功能肺的血管系统肺从两个血管系统----支气管循环系统和肺循环系统获得血液供应。
它的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统,流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织,因为支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉,接受大约1%的心输出量。
大约三分之一的支气管循环的静脉输出流入全身静脉,然后回到右心房。
剩余的输出流入肺静脉,并在心脏最小静脉的作用下,在正常情况下,以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。
肺动脉系统沿着气道从肺门向外周延伸,向下连接下段气道(直径大约2毫米)的动脉,它们壁薄且富有弹性。
从这儿开始,动脉成肌肉化发展,直至其达到30微米,此时肌层消失。
因为这些小肌肉动脉起着积极控制肺部血流分布的作用,所以大部分动脉压降产生在这些小肌肉动脉中。
肺小动脉将血液排空,送入广泛分布的毛细血管网,进入肺静脉。
肺静脉的壁很薄,它们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合,出肺进入左心房。
肾结构成分人类肾脏在解剖学上位于腹膜后隙,与下胸椎和上腰椎平行。
每个成年人的肾脏大约重150克,长、宽、厚分别为12厘米、6厘米以及3厘米。
肾脏的冠状部分分为/由两个明确的区域(组成)。
外周部的皮质大约1厘米厚,深部的髓质由几个肾锥体构成。
这些锥体状结构的底部位于皮髓质结合处。
锥体的顶部伸入肾门,称为肾**。
每个肾**被一个肾小盏包裹。
肾小盏与肾大盏相聚组成肾盂。
经肾**流出的尿液汇集在肾盂,通过输尿管排入膀胱。
由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。
肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支,这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉,为肾脏上、中、下区域供应血液。
当这些血管进入肾实质,变成叶间动脉通向肾皮质时,(这些血管)又进一步细分。
细分后的更小血管在皮髓质结合处成为竖支--弓状动脉。
从弓状动脉伸出的叶间动脉进入皮质。
由于传入小动脉始于这些末端叶间动脉,所以为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。
组织学上,肾脏是由一个叫做“肾单位”的基本单位组成。
每个肾脏约含有一百万个肾单位,“肾单位”有两个主要成分:过滤成分―紧包着毛细血管网(肾小球)和一个附着在上面的小管组成。
医学英语教程综合教程第六单元(总4页)--本页仅作为文档封面,使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--【单元6】Epidemiology and Its ApplicationsThe word epidemiology comes from the Greek words epi, meaning onor upon, demos. meaning people . and logos . meaning the study of .in other words , the word epidemiology has its roots in the study of what befalls a population. Epidemiology is a scientific disciplinewith sound methods of scientific inquiry at its foundation. It isdata-driven and relies on a systematic and unbiased approach to the . and interpretation of data. Basic epidemiologic methods tend to rely on careful observation and use of valid comparison groups to assess whether what was observed. such as the number of cases of disease ina particular area during a particular time period or the frequency of an exposure among persons with disease.differs from what might be expected. 流行病学epidemiology一词来源于希腊词,epi-,意为“在……之上”,demos意为“人群”,logos意为“关于……的研究”。
Unit1肺和肾的功能肺的血管系统肺从两个血管系统----支气管循环系统和肺循环系统获得血液供应。
它的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统,流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织,因为支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉,接受大约1%的心输出量。
大约三分之一的支气管循环的静脉输出流入全身静脉,然后回到右心房。
剩余的输出流入肺静脉,并在心脏最小静脉的作用下,在正常情况下,以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。
肺动脉系统沿着气道从肺门向外周延伸,向下连接下段气道(直径大约2毫米)的动脉,它们壁薄且富有弹性。
从这儿开始,动脉成肌肉化发展,直至其达到30微米,此时肌层消失。
因为这些小肌肉动脉起着积极控制肺部血流分布的作用,所以大部分动脉压降产生在这些小肌肉动脉中。
肺小动脉将血液排空,送入广泛分布的毛细血管网,进入肺静脉。
肺静脉的壁很薄,它们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合,出肺进入左心房。
肾结构成分人类肾脏在解剖学上位于腹膜后隙,与下胸椎和上腰椎平行。
每个成年人的肾脏大约重150克,长、宽、厚分别为12厘米、6厘米以及3厘米。
肾脏的冠状部分分为/由两个明确的区域(组成)。
外周部的皮质大约1厘米厚,深部的髓质由几个肾锥体构成。
这些锥体状结构的底部位于皮髓质结合处。
锥体的顶部伸入肾门,称为肾**。
每个肾**被一个肾小盏包裹。
肾小盏与肾大盏相聚组成肾盂。
经肾**流出的尿液汇集在肾盂,通过输尿管排入膀胱。
由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。
肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支,这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉,为肾脏上、中、下区域供应血液。
当这些血管进入肾实质,变成叶间动脉通向肾皮质时,(这些血管)又进一步细分。
细分后的更小血管在皮髓质结合处成为竖支--弓状动脉。
从弓状动脉伸出的叶间动脉进入皮质。
由于传入小动脉始于这些末端叶间动脉,所以为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。
组织学上,肾脏是由一个叫做“肾单位”的基本单位组成。
每个肾脏约含有一百万个肾单位,“肾单位”有两个主要成分:过滤成分―紧包着毛细血管网(肾小球)和一个附着在上面的小管组成。
【单元 6】Epidemiology and Its ApplicationsThe word epidemiology comes from the Greek words epi, meaning on or upon, demos. meaning people . and logos . meaning the study of . in other words , theword epidemiology has its roots in the study of what befalls a population.Epidemiology is a scientific discipline with sound methods of scientific inquiry at its foundation. It is data-driven and relies on a systematic and unbiased approach to the collection.analysis. and interpretation of data. Basic epidemiologic methods tend torely on careful observation and use of valid comparison groups to assess whetherwhat was observed. such as the number of cases of disease in a particular areaduring a particular time period or the frequency of an exposure among persons with disease.differs from what might be expected. 流行病学 epidemiology 一词来源于希腊词, epi- ,意为“在⋯⋯之上”, demos意为“人群”, logos 意为“关于⋯⋯的研究”。
换言之, epidemiology植根于某个人群有关的疾病研究。
流行病学从根本上是一门有着严密科学方法的学科。
它是数据驱动,用系统、客观的方法收集、分析和解释数据。
基本的流行病学研究方法依靠仔细的观察,运用有效的对照组来衡量观察对象,比如在一个特定时间段,一个特定的区域疾病的发病数量或是和一种疾病发病人群的接触频率,和你预测的有何不同。
Epidemiologists assume that illness does not occur randomly in a population, but happens only when the right accumulation of risk factors or determinants exists inan individual. To search for these determinants, epidemiologists use analytic epidemiology or epidemiologic studies to provide the .'Why" and .'How" ot suchevents. They assess whether groups with different rates of disease differ in their demographic characteristics. genetic or immunologic make-up. behaviors, environmental exposures. or other so-called potential risk factors. ideally. thefindings provide sufficient evidence to direct prompt and effective public healthcontrol and prevention measures.Epidemiology and the information generated by epidemiologic methods havebeen used in many ways. Some common uses are described below, been used inmany ways. Some common uses are described below.流行病学家认为疾病不会随意地在某个人群中发生,但存在与个体中的风险因子或决定因素累积到一定程度才可能发生。
为了查明这些影响因素,流行病学家运用分析流行病学或流行病学研究方法来解释流行病的形成原因和传播原因。
他们评估有不同发病率的人群是否在诸如人口学特征、基因及免疫构成、行为特点、环境接触或是其他所谓的潜在风险因素等方面有所不同。
理想的话,这些发现将会提供充足的证据来指导直接、迅速、有效地公共卫生控制及防御措施。
流行病学及其研究方法所带来的信息已经被广泛运用。
常见的用途有Assessing the community's health评估人群的健康Public health officials responsible for policy development. Implementation, and evaluation use epidemiologic information as a factual framework for decision making. To assess the health of a population or community. relevant sources of data must be identified and analyzed by person. place, and time. Sometimes, more detailed date may need to be collected and analyzed to determine whether health services are available. accessible. effective, and efficient.负责政策制定、实施和评价的公共卫生官员将流行病学信息作为决策的事实框架。
为了评估某个人群或社区的健康状况,相关的数据来源必须经过人口、地点和时间的认定和分析。
有时,为了确保医疗服务适当、充足、有效和高效,需要收集和分析更多的详细数据。
Making individual decisions影响个人的选择Many individuals may not realize that they use epidemiologic information to make daily decisions affecting their health. When persons decide to quit smoking. climbthe stairs rather than wait for an elevator, eat a salad rather than a cheeseburgerwith fries for lunch, or use a condom. they may be influenced consciously or unconsciously, by epidemiologists' assessment of risk. Many epidemiologic findings are directly relevant to the choices people make every day. choices that affect their health over a lifetime.许多人没有到他们利用率流行病学的信息来做出影响自身健康的日常决策。
当人们决定戒烟、选择爬楼梯而不是等电梯、中餐吃沙拉而不是薯条加面包或使用避孕套的时候,他们有意或无意地受到了流行病学家对风险评估的影响。
许多流行病学上的发现和人们每天做出的选择或影响他们一生健康的选择直接相关。
Completing the clinical picture填补临床拼图When investigating a disease outbreak. epidemiologists rely on health-care providers and laboratorians to establish the proper diagnosis of individual patients, But epidemiologists also contribute to physicians' understanding of the clinical picture and natural history of disease. For example, in late 1989, a physician saw three patients with unexplained eosinophilia ( an increase in the number of a specific type of white blood cell called an eosinophilia) and myalgia (severe muscle pains. Although the physician could not make a definitive diagnosis. he notified Public health authorities. Within weeks, epidemiologists had identified enough other cases to characterize the spectrum and course of the illness that came to be known aseoslnophilia-myalgia syndrome.研究疾病的爆发时,流行病学家以来医护人员和实验室工作人员来确立对病人的正确诊断。
但流行病学家也会帮助内科医生了解疾病的临床表现和历程。
例如在 1998 年后期,一位医生接触到三个有着不明原因的嗜酸性粒细胞过多(被称为特定的一种嗜曙红血球数量的增加)和肌痛的病例。