陶瓷产业技术创新中英文对照外文翻译文献

关于中国陶瓷的英文作文英文：China is known for its rich history and culture, and one of the most prominent aspects of this culture is its ceramics. Chinese ceramics have a long and fascinating history, dating back to the Neolithic period. The art of pottery-making was perfected during the Tang dynasty, and since then, Chinese ceramics have been highly sought after by collectors and enthusiasts all over the world.Chinese ceramics are known for their exquisite beauty and intricate designs. The use of vibrant colors and intricate patterns has made Chinese ceramics some of the most visually stunning works of art in the world. The blue and white porcelain that originated during the Ming dynasty is particularly famous, and is still highly prized by collectors today.In addition to their beauty, Chinese ceramics are alsoknown for their durability. Many pieces have survived for centuries, and are still in excellent condition today. This is due in part to the high quality of the materials used in their creation, as well as the skill and care of theartisans who made them.Overall, Chinese ceramics are a testament to the rich cultural heritage of China. They are not only beautiful works of art, but also a reflection of the skill and creativity of the Chinese people throughout history.中文：中国以其丰富的历史和文化而闻名，其中最突出的方面之一就是陶瓷。

外文原文：The new advanced manufacturing technology developmentAbstract : This paper has presented the problems facing today's manufacturing technology, advanced manufacturing discussed in the forefront of science, and a vision for the future development of advanced manufacturing technology.Keyword：Advanced manufacturing technologies; Frontier science; Applications prospectsModern manufacturing is an important pillar of the national economy and overall national strength and its GDP accounted for a general national GDP 20%~55%. In the composition of a country's business productivity, manufacturing technology around 60% of the general role. Experts believe that the various countries in the world economic competition, mainly manufacturing technology competition. Their competitiveness in the production of the final product market share. With the rapid economic and technological development and customer needs and the changing market environment, this competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and that Governments attach great importance to the advanced manufacturing technology research.1 .Current manufacturing science to solve problemsManufacturing science to solve the current problems focused on the following aspects :(1) Manufacturing systems is a complex systems, and manufacturing systems to meet both agility, rapid response and rapid reorganization of the capacity to learn from the information science, life science and social science interdisciplinary research, and explore new manufacturing system architecture, manufacturing models and manufacturing systems effective operational mechanism. Manufacturing systems optimized organizational structure and good performance is manufacturing systemmodelling, simulation and optimization of the main objectives. Manufacturing system architecture not only to create new enterprises both agility and responsiveness to the needs and the ability to reorganize significance, but also for the soft production equipment manufacturing enterprises bottom reorganization and dynamic capacity to set higher demands. Biological manufacturing outlook increasingly being introduced to the system to meet new demands manufacturing systems.(2) The rapid rise in support of manufacturing, geometric knowledge sharing has become a modern manufacturing constraints, product development and manufacturing technologies of the key issues. For example, in computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) integration, coordinates measurements (CMM) and robotics fields, in 3D real space (3-Real Space), there are a lot of geometric algorithm design and analysis, especially the geometric said, geometric calculation and geometric reasoning; In measurement and robot path planning and parts search spaces (such as Localization), the existence of space C- interspace (configuration space Configuration Space) geometric calculation and geometric reasoning; Objects in operation (rescue, paying and assembly, etc.) means paying more description and robot planning, campaign planning and assembly operations planning is needed in the types of space (Screw Space) geometric reasoning. Manufacturing process of physical and geometric mechanics phenomenon of scientific research to create a geometric calculation and geometric reasoning, and other aspects of the research topic, the theory pending further breakthrough, the new one door disciplines -- computer geometric are being increasingly broad and in-depth study.(3) In the modern manufacturing process, information not only manufacturing industries have become dominated the decisive factor, but also the most active ones. Manufacturing information systems to improve throughput of modern manufacturing has become a focus of scientific development. The manufacturing information system organization and structure required to create information access, integration and integration show three-dimensional in nature, measuring the multidimensional nature of the information, and information organizations nature. Information structure models in the manufacturing, manufacturing information consistency constraint, andthe dissemination of data processing and the manufacture of enormous knowledge base management, and other areas, there is a need to further breakthroughs.(4) The calculation of the wisdom of artificial intelligence tools and methods in the manufacture of a wide range of applications for manufacturing smart development. Category based on the calculation of biological evolution algorithms smart tools, including activation issues optimize GPS technology portfolio by growing concern is in the manufacture of the complete portfolio optimization problems combined speed and precision of GPS issues both in size constraints. Manufacturing wisdom manifested in the following aspects : wisdom activation, wisdom design, intelligent processing, robotics, intelligent control, intelligent process planning, smart diagnostic, and other aspects. These innovative products are the key theoretical issues, but also by creating a door for a science skills in the important basic issues. The focus in these issues, we can form the basis of product innovation research system.2. Modern mechanical engineering at the frontiers of scienceCross-integration between the different science will produce new scientific gathering, economic development and social progress of science and technology created new demands and expectations, thus creating a frontier science. Frontier science is settled and unsettled issues between the scientific community. Frontier science, with a clear domain, and dynamic character of the area. Works frontier science from the general basic science is an important characteristic of the actual works, it covers the key emerging science and technology issues. Ultrasonic electrical, ultra-high-speed machines, green design and manufacturing, and other fields, and has done a lot of research work, but innovation is the key question is not clear mechanical science. Large complex mechanical system design and performance optimization of product innovation design, smart structures and systems, intelligent robots and their dynamics, nano Mocaxue, manufacturing process 3D numerical simulations and physical simulation, precision and ultra-fine processing technology key basis, about 10 mega large and sophisticated equipment design and manufacturing base, virtual manufacturing and virtual instruments, nanometer measurement and instrumentation, parallel connection axis machine tools, and although the field ofmicro-electromechanical systems have done a lot of research, but there are still many key science and technology issues to be resolved. Information science, nano science, materials science, life science, management science and manufacturing science of the 21st century will be to change the mainstream science, and the resulting high-tech industry will change the face of the world. Therefore, the above areas of cross-development manufacturing systems and manufacturing informatics, nano manufacturing machinery and nano science, better machinery and better manufacturing science, management science and manufacturing systems will be critical to the 21st century mechanical engineering science is important frontier science.2.1 Manufacturing science and information science cross -- manufacturing informaticsMechanical and electrical products, chemical raw materials in the information. Many modern value added products primarily reflected in the information. Thus the manufacturing process for the acquisition and application of information is very important. Information science and technology is to create an important symbol of globalization and modernization. While the manufacturing technology began to explore product design and manufacturing processes, the nature of the information, on the other hand, to create technology to transform itself to adapt to the new information makes its manufacturing environment. Along with the manufacturing process and manufacturing systems to deepen understanding, researchers are trying to new concepts and approaches to their description and expression to achieve further control and optimization purposes.And manufacturing-related information mainly product information, technical information and information management in this area following major research direction and content :(1) manufacturing information acquisition, processing, storage, transmission and application of knowledge to create information and decision-making transformation.(2) Non-symbols expressing information, manufacturing information enables transmission, manufacturing information management, manufacturing informationintegrity in a state of non-production decision-making, management of virtual manufacturing, based on the network environment of the design and manufacturing, manufacturing process control and manufacturing systems science. These elements are manufactured in science and the scientific basis for the integration of product information, constitute the manufacture of the new branch of science -- to create informatics.2.2 Micro mechanical and manufacturing technology researchMicro-electronic mechanical systems (MEMS) refers to the collection of micro-sensors, micro-devices and the implementation of signal processing and control circuits, interface circuits, communications and power with the integration of micro-electromechanical system integrity. MEMS technology objectives through system miniaturization, to explore a new theory of integration, new functional components and systems. MEMS development will greatly facilitate the pocket of various products, miniaturization, a number of devices and systems to enhance the level of functional density, information density and Internet density, significantly saving, thin section. Not only can it reduce the cost of mechanical and electrical systems, but also to be completed and the size of many large systems impossible task. For example, using sophisticated 5μm diameter micro tweezers walls are made of a red blood cell can; Created to keep the cars 3mm size; In the magnetic field, like butterflies flying size aircraft. MEMS technology has opened up a completely new technology areas and industries, with many traditional sensors incomparable advantages in manufacturing, aerospace, transportation, telecommunications, agriculture, biomedical, environmental monitoring, military, families, and access to almost all areas have very broad application prospects.Micro machinery is machinery and electronic technology in nano-scale technology integration photogenic product. Back in 1959 scientists have raised the idea of micro-mechanical and micro-1962, the first silicon pressure sensors. 1987 California University of California Berkeley developed rotor diameter of the silicon micro-60~120 16ug m electrostatic electric motors, show produced using silicon micro-machining small movable structures and compatible with IC manufacturingmicro system potential. Micro-mechanical technology might like 20th century microelectronics technology, the technology of the world in the 21st century, economic development and national defense building a tremendous impact. Over the past 10 years, the development of micro-mechanical spectacular. Its characteristics are as follows : a considerable number of micro-components (micro structure, the implementation of micro-sensors and micro-machines, etc.) and micro-systems research success reflects the current and potential applications of value; The development of micro-manufacturing technology, particularly semiconductor processing technology have become small micro systems support technology; micro-electromechanical systems research needs of the interdisciplinary research team, micro-electromechanical systems technology in the development of microelectronics technology on the basis of multidisciplinary cross-frontier area of research, involving electronic engineering, mechanical engineering, materials engineering, physics, chemistry and biomedical engineering and other technical and scientific.The current micro-mechanical systems under the conditions of the campaign laws, the physical characteristics and micro components of the role of the mechanics payload acts lack adequate understanding is not yet in a theoretical basis for a micro-system design theory and methodology, and therefore can By experience and test methods research. Micro-mechanical systems, the existence of key scientific research issues of micro-scale system effects, physical properties and biochemical characteristics. Micro-system research are in the eve of a breakthrough, which is the in-depth study of the area.2.3 Material produced / manufactured parts integration of new technologies for processing.Material is a milestone in the progress of mankind, is the manufacturing and high-tech development. Every important to the success of the production and application of new materials, will promote the material and the promotion of national economic strength and military strength. 21, the world will be resource consumption-based economy to a knowledge-based industrial transformation for materials and parts and functions of a high performance, intelligent features; Requestmaterials and components designed to achieve quantitative-based and digitized; Prepare materials and components for the rapid, efficient and achieve both integration and integrated. Digital materials and components designed to be a simulation and optimization of materials and components to achieve high quality production / manufacturing and other integration, integrated manufacturing key. On the one hand, to be completed through computer simulation optimization can reduce the material is produced in the course of manufacture of spare parts and experimental links to the best craft programmes, materials and components to achieve high quality production / manufacturing; On the other hand, according to the requirements of different material properties, such as flexible modules volume, thermal expansion coefficient, magnetic performance, Research materials and components designed form. And the removal of traditional materials-manufacturing technology, and increase the level of information technology, the research group of synthetic materials is a process technology. Forming materials and components manufacture digital theory, technology and methods, such as rapid adoption of emerging technologies material growing principles, a breakthrough in the traditional law and to build law mechanical deformation processing many restrictions, no processing tools or dies, can rapidly create arbitrary complex shape and has a certain function 3D models or entity parts.2.4 machinery manufacturing breakthroughThe 21st century will be the century of life science, mechanical and life sciences depth integration will generate new concept products (such as better intelligence structure), to develop a new process (such as the growth processes shape) and the opening of new industries and to resolve product design, manufacturing processes and systems provide a series of problems new solutions. This is a highly innovative and leading edge area in the challenge.Earth's biological evolution in the long accumulated fine qualities of human manufacturing activities to address the various problems with examples and guidelines. Learning from life phenomena organizations operating complex systems and methods and techniques, manufacturing is the future solution to the current problems facing many an efficient way. Better manufacturing refers to the replicationof biological organs from organizations, since healing, self growth and evolution since the function of the model structure and operation of a manufacturing system and manufacturing process. If the manufacturing process mechanization, automation extends human physical and intelligent extension of the human intellectual, then "create better" may be said to extend its own organizational structure and human evolution process.Gene involved in the manufacture of biological science is the "self-organization" mechanism and its application in manufacturing systems. The so-called "self-organization" refers to a system in its internal mechanism driven by the organizational structure and operation mode learning, thereby enhancing the capacity for environmental adaptation process. Create better "since the organization" bottom-up mechanism for parallel product design and manufacturing processes of automatic generation, the dynamics of production systems and manufacturing systems and products more automatic a theoretical foundation and achieve superior conditions.Create a better manufacturing and life sciences "far edge hybrid" of the 21st century manufacturing will have an enormous impact. Create better research content is twofold :2.4.1 To create better livesResearch lives of the general phenomenon of the law and models, such as artificial life, cellular automatic machines, biological information processing skills, biological wisdom, biological-based organizational structure and mode of operation and the evolution of biological mechanisms and getting better;2.4.2 Oriented manufacturing breakthrough manufacturingResearch organizations better manufacturing systems since the mechanisms and methods, for example : based on full information-sharing breakthrough design principles, multi-discipline modules based on the distributed control and coordination mechanism based on the evolution of an excellent strategy; Study the concept of creating better system and its basis, such as : the formalization described space and better information shine upon relations better system and its evolution of complexity measurement methods.Machinery manufacturing is better and better mechanical science and life science, information science, materials science disciplines such as high integration, the study includes growth formative processes, better design and manufacturing systems, mechanical and biological wisdom better shape manufacturing. Currently doing research mostly forward exploratory work, with distinct characteristics of the basic research, if the research continues to seize opportunities that might arise revolutionary breakthroughs. Future research should concern areas of biological processing technology, better manufacturing system, based on rapid prototype manufacturing engineering technology organizations, as well as biological engineering related key technical basis.3. Modern manufacturing technology trendsSince the beginning of the 1990s, the nations of the world have manufacturing technology research and development as a national priority for the development of key technologies, such as the United States advanced manufacturing technology plan AMTP, Japan wisdom manufacturing technology (IMS) international cooperation schemes, Korea senior national plan of modern technology (G--7), Germany plans to manufacture 2000 and the EC Esprit and BRITE-EURAM plan.With the electronics, information, the constant development of new and high technologies, market demand individuality and diversity, the future of modern manufacturing technology to the overall development trends of the sophisticated, flexible, and networked, virtual and intelligent, green integrated, globalization direction.Current trends in modern manufacturing technology has the following nine areas :(1) Information technology, management techniques and technology closelyintegrated technology, modern production model will be continuousdevelopment.(2) Design techniques and more modern means.(3) Shaped and manufacture of sophisticated technology and manufacturingprocesses to achieve longer.(4) The formation of new special processing methods.(5) Development of a new generation of ultra-sophisticated, ultra-high-speedmanufacturing equipment.(6) Machining skills development for the engineering sciences.(7) Implementation of clean green manufacturing.(8)The widespread application of virtual reality technology to the manufacturingsector.(9) To create people-oriented.译文：先进制造技术的新发展摘要：本文介绍了当今制造技术面临的问题，论述了先进制造的前沿科学，并展望了先进制造技术的发展前景。

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Policies for Development of Iron and Steel IndustryThe iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with international competitive capacity that may basically satisfy the demand of the national economy and social development in terms of quantity, quality and varieties, we have formulated the policies for development of the iron and steel industry according to the relevant laws and regulations and the domestic and internationalsituations that the iron and steel industry faces so as to guide the sound development of the iron and steel industry.Chapter I Aim of the PolicyAccording to the requirement of our country's economic and social development and the situation of resources, energy and environmental protection, the production capacity of iron and steel shall maintain at a reasonable scale, which may be specifically resolved in the relevant planning. The comprehensive competitive capacity of iron and steel industry may reach to the international advanced level so that China may become a large country in iron and steel production and a great power country in world-wide competitive.By the year 2010, through the means of structural adjustment of products, the proportion of good iron and steel products shall be elevated considerably, the majority of products shall be basically satisfied the development requirements of most industries in the national economy such as construction, machinery, chemical industry, auto-mobiles, household appliances, vessels, traffic, railway, military industry and new industries.We may elevate the industrial concentration by means of organizational and structural adjustment of the iron and steel industry, and expand the scale of those backbone enterprise groups with comparative advantages by means of amalgamate and reorganization . By 2010, the number of iron and steel smelting enterprises shall be considerably reduced and the production capacity of the iron and the output of steel enterprise groups that rank top 10 in the domestic market shall be reached to 50 % and above of the national total production capacity; by 2020, the proportion shall bereached to 70% and above.By means of layout adjustment of the iron and steel industry, by 2010, the unreasonable layout shall be improved; by 2020, a comparatively reasonable industrial layout that complies with the supply of resources and energy, allocation of traffic and transportation, supply and demand of the market and environmental capacity shall be formed.According to the concept of sustainable development and recycling economy, we should elevate the comprehensive level of environmental protection and resource utilization, and should save energy and lower consumption. We should elevate the comprehensive utilization capacity of waste gases, water and rubbishes to the largest possible extent, strive for the goal of realizing "zero discharge" and establish iron and steel factories of the recycling type. The iron and steel enterprisesmust develop the business of generating power by using reclaimed heat and energy. An iron and steel associated enterprise with the production scale of more than 5 million tons shall strive for the goal of having more than enough power to support itself and providing the surplus to outsiders. By 2005, the comprehensive energy consumption for each ton of steel shall be lowered to 0.76 ton of standard coal, the comparable energy consumption for each ton of iron shall be lowered to 0.70 ton of standard coal and the water consumption for each ton of steel shall be lowered to less than 12 tons in the whole industry; by 2010, the corresponding index shall be lowered to 0.73 ton of standard coal, 0. 685 ton of standard coal and less than 8 tons of water, respectively; by 2020, the corresponding index shall be lowered to 0.7 ton of standard coal, 0.64 ton of standard coal and less than 6 tons of water, respectively. That is, in the coming 10 years, the iron and steel industry shall, on the precondition that the total consumption of water resources decreases and the total energy consumption increases by a small margin, and realize a proper development in total quantity.Before the end of 2005, all the wastes as discharged by iron and steel enterprisesshall have been met the standards of the state and local provisions, and the total discharge volume of major wastes shall have been met the controlling index as verified by the local environmental department.Chapter II Industrial Development PlanningThe state shall guide the iron and steel industry to develop in a sound, sustainable and harmonious manner through the development policies and the mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry. The mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry shall be formulated by the National Development and Reform Commission (hereinafter referred to the NDRC) in collaboration with other relevant departments.An enterprise group with a production capacity of more than 5 million tons in 2003 may, according to the state mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry and the overall planning of the city where it is located, formulate the planning of its own, which shall be implemented upon the approval of the State Council or the NDRC after making necessary cohesion and balancing efforts. The specific construction projects of the planning shall not be required to be subject to the examination and approval or verification of the NDRC, but shall be organized and implemented by the enterprise itself after such formalities for examination and approval of land, environmental protection, security and credit have been handled, and shall be reported to the NDRC for archival filing according to the relevant provisions.The development of any other iron and steel enterprise shall also meet the requirements of the development policies and mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry.Chapter III Adjustment of Industrial LayoutAdjustment of Industrial LayoutArticle 10For the adjustment of industrial layout, we should take such conditions as mineral resources, energy, water resources, traffic and transportation, environmental capacity, market allocation and overseas resources into account in a comprehensive manner. For the layout adjustment of the iron and steel industry, we shall not establish any new iron and steel associated enterprise alone, independent iron-smelting or steel-smelting factory as a general principle. It's not encouraged to establish any independent steel-rolling factory. We should, on the basis of those established enterprises that meet relevant conditions and in combination with merger and relocation, carry out reform and expansion in those regions with such comparative advantages as water resources, raw materials, transportation and market consumption. We should combine new increase of production capacity with elimination of backward production capacity and shall not, as a general rule, substantially expand the production capacity.In the important regions of environmental protection, the regions in serious short of water, the urban district of big cities, the iron and steel smelting and production capacity shall not be expanded any more. Those enterprises established within the districts shall, in combination of the adjustment of organizational structure, equipment structure and product structure, cut production and move to other places so as to meet the requirements of environmental protection and resource economization.Thinking over the bulk ores, energy, resources, water resources, transportation condition and the domestic and overseas market the large-scale iron and steel enterprises shall be mainly located along the coastal areas. The iron and steel enterprises in inland regions shall, in combination with the local market and bulk ore resources, determine their production according to the mines available, and shallregard the sustainable production as the main factor for consideration other than strive for any expansion of production scale.There are abundant resources of iron mines in the Anshan-Benxi region in north-east China, which is near the production bases of coal and has a certain condition of water resources. According to the development strategy of vitalizing the old north-east industrial base, the iron and steel enterprises in this region shall, according to the requirements of associated reorganization and establishing a top-quality production base, eliminate the backward production capacity so as to build up a large enterprise group with international competitive capacity. .As the region of North China is in short of water resources and the production capacity and level thereof is low and excessive, we should, according to the ecological requirements of environmental protection, put the focus on structural adjustment, carry out merger and reorganization, strictly control the continuous over-increase of production factories and expansion of production capacity. We should relocate the Capital Steel Corporation and the reorganize it with the iron and steel industry of Hebei Province.The steel material market in North China has a big potential. However, the layout of iron and steel enterprises thereof are over-intensified and thus, the large backbone enterprises with comparative advantages within this region may, in combination of the adjustment of organizational structure and product structure, elevate their production concentration and international competitive capacity .As the central-southern region has abundant water resources andconvenient water transportation, the south-east coastal regions shall make full use of the advantage of deep waters and good harbors to build up large iron and steel associated enterprises in combination with the industrial reorganization and the relocation of urban steel factories.There are abundant water resources in the west-south regions, and in thePanzhihua-Xichang area has a large storage capacity of iron mines and coal resources but with inconvenient transportation. The key backbone enterprises existed shall improve their equipments level, adjust the variety structure, develop high-value-added products, determine the production capacity according to the sustainable supplying capacity of bulk ores rather than blindly pursue the increase of quantity.As the west-north region is in short of bulk iron ores and water resources, the backbone enterprises existed shall put the focus on satisfying the requirement of local regional economic development other than pursue the expansion of production scale, and shall make good use of the mineral resources in neighboring countries actively.政策发展钢铁工业钢铁工业是国民经济的重要基础产业，是实现工业化和技术，资本密集型产业的支撑产业，资源和能源，以及它的发展需要各种外部条件的综合平衡。

英国陶瓷产业的技术创新之路摘要通常情况下，创新在行业中发挥的作用是至关重要的。

以往学者专门讨论在技术上更新兴的产业（例如，汽车和药品）。

但在传统和成熟的行业上，如纺织品和陶瓷产业，往往被忽视。

本文在英国陶瓷产业技术创新中的作用纠正这种让失衡。

回顾以往的和当前的创新，根据同行业中的案例分析，其中包括用突出创新和技术创新取得成功的例子。

1.英国陶瓷行业的一个简史陶瓷，定义为无机非金属材料，陶瓷派生于的希腊扎罗斯，大致翻译为烧土。

著名陶艺家乔赛亚·韦奇伍德，托马斯·明顿和斯波德乔赛亚在18世纪在英国斯塔福德郡成立了陶器联盟，合并成为特伦特河畔斯托克。

这个地区由于其当地丰富的粘土窑煤是最适合陶瓷生产。

这些资源在1777年在特伦特和默西运河畔有力的助力了英国陶瓷产业的初期成长。

2. 创新和新技术的作用可以说，英国陶瓷产业已亲眼目睹了两个技术创新和新技术革命。

当第一个陶工在特伦特斯托克河畔开始他们的陶瓷生产，迅速地由一个工艺作坊转变为一个行业。

这个传统陶瓷行业的初始生产（即，餐具，瓷砖，砖和卫生洁具行业）带来了创新的主要问题即生产的连续性，制造一个杯子，砖瓦如前所述。

为了应对这种革命性的生产经营单位产生了，这个先行者就是韦奇伍德。

许多行业经过了长时间的巩固，直到二十世纪中叶，陶瓷产品的制造很难再从200年来的生产发生改变。

今天，新技术的重要性对英国的陶瓷生产与日俱增。

与其他产品的出现（例如，玻璃和塑料）和国外市场的竞争增加，需要新的技术提供更快的生产和更高的质量是非常重要的。

这种创新活动关注的大多数是陶瓷产品生产更快，更便宜，更可靠和更耐用。

提高机械化水平成了瓷砖、卫生洁具和餐具制品生产厂家的重要工作。

陶艺工业生产商的理想是在机器的一端放入原材料，在机器的另一端成品就出来了。

3. 研究和技术组织（RTO）的作用实时系统和研究协会是专门为英国和国际公司提供技术服务，是一家创新技术的生成和扩散的私营公司。

陶瓷产业技术创新中英文对照外文翻译文献在英国陶瓷产业的技术创新中，研究和技术组织（RTO）扮演着重要的角色。

英国的研究机构，如英国玻璃和陶瓷研究机构（BCRI）和___（TWI），致力于开发新的陶瓷材料和技术。

这些机构与企业合作，共同研究如何提高生产效率、降低成本和改善产品质量。

此外，___也提供了大量的资金支持，促进陶瓷产业的技术创新。

4.未来的挑战和机遇英国陶瓷产业面临着许多挑战和机遇。

随着全球市场的竞争加剧，英国陶瓷制造商需要不断地进行技术创新，以提高生产效率和产品质量。

此外，随着消费者对环保和可持续性的关注增加，陶瓷制造商需要寻找更环保和可持续的生产方法。

这些挑战也为英国陶瓷产业带来了机遇，如开发新的陶瓷材料和技术，满足消费者的需求。

总之，英国陶瓷产业在技术创新方面取得了巨大的进步，但仍面临着许多挑战和机遇。

通过与研究机构和政府的合作，英国陶瓷制造商可以继续推动技术创新，保持其在全球市场上的竞争力。

首先，需要清除文章中的格式错误，然后删除明显有问题的段落。

接着，对每个段落进行小幅度的改写，以使其更加流畅和易于理解。

实时系统和研究协会是一家私营公司，专门为英国和国际公司提供技术服务，致力于创新技术的生成和扩散。

RTO通常代表一个技术型行业，建立在提供技术服务的公司成员的基础上。

他们对特定行业或部门更加了解，这使得他们成为该部门创新的理想经纪人，能够满足企业的要求和需求。

他们与监管机构和企业合作，为行业技术创新提供驱动力。

陶瓷技术研究所（RTO）成立于1948年，为所有陶瓷企业提供广泛的服务，包括咨询、测试和技术支持。

他们致力于协助和创新陶瓷技术，成为组织成员之间的主要凝聚力，可以促进企业间合作研究、开发新技术和有利于技术转让项目，提高公司的资金和管理能力。

在同行业中，提高商业意识的证据越来越多。

各种工业认为，坦克和战略方向的团体，例如制造改进会，研究项目的引进，强调进一步认识创新过程的意愿。

英语作文-陶瓷制造业：技术创新与知识产权保护In recent years, the ceramic manufacturing industry has witnessed significant advancements in technology and an increased focus on the protection of intellectual property rights. This article aims to explore the relationship between technological innovation and the safeguarding of knowledge in the ceramic industry.Technological innovation plays a crucial role in the development of the ceramic manufacturing industry. It enables companies to improve their production processes, enhance product quality, and reduce costs. One of the key areas of innovation in this industry is the development of advanced materials and manufacturing techniques. For example, the use of nanotechnology has revolutionized the production of ceramic materials, making them stronger, lighter, and more durable.However, with technological advancements comes the challenge of protecting intellectual property rights. In the ceramic industry, companies invest significant resources in research and development to create new and innovative products. It is essential for these companies to protect their knowledge and prevent unauthorized use or replication of their inventions.To address this issue, many ceramic manufacturers have implemented strategies to safeguard their intellectual property rights. One common approach is to obtain patents for their inventions. Patents provide legal protection and exclusive rights to the inventor, preventing others from using or selling the patented technology without permission. By securing patents, ceramic companies can maintain a competitive advantage in the market and ensure a return on their investment in innovation.Apart from patents, companies in the ceramic industry also rely on trade secrets to protect their knowledge. Trade secrets refer to confidential information that gives a company a competitive edge and is not publicly known. This can include manufacturing processes, formulas, or customer lists. By keeping these trade secrets confidential andimplementing strict security measures, ceramic manufacturers can prevent others from accessing and using their valuable knowledge.In addition to patents and trade secrets, collaboration and partnerships play a vital role in protecting intellectual property rights in the ceramic industry. Many companies form strategic alliances with research institutions, universities, and other industry players to jointly develop new technologies. These collaborations often involve the exchange of knowledge and expertise, but also require the establishment of clear agreements to protect the intellectual property rights of all parties involved.Furthermore, international cooperation and adherence to intellectual property laws are essential for the global ceramic industry. As the industry becomes increasingly interconnected, it is crucial for countries to work together to enforce intellectual property rights and prevent infringement. This can be achieved through international agreements and organizations that promote the protection of intellectual property, such as the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).In conclusion, technological innovation and the protection of knowledge are closely intertwined in the ceramic manufacturing industry. Advancements in technology have led to improved production processes and product quality, while the safeguarding of intellectual property rights ensures that companies can benefit from their innovations. Through the use of patents, trade secrets, collaborations, and international cooperation, the ceramic industry can continue to thrive and contribute to the global economy.。

陶瓷的英文作文范文英文：Ceramics are one of the oldest forms of art and craftsmanship, dating back thousands of years. They are made from clay that is molded and fired at high temperatures to create a hard, durable material that can be used for a variety of purposes.One of the benefits of ceramics is their versatility. They can be used to create everything from delicate porcelain tea sets to sturdy roof tiles. They are also highly customizable, as the shape, size, and color of the clay can be altered to fit the desired purpose.Another advantage of ceramics is their durability. Once fired, they can withstand high temperatures, moisture, and wear and tear, making them ideal for use in a variety of settings, from kitchens to industrial plants.Ceramics also offer a unique aesthetic appeal. The natural color and texture of the clay can be enhanced with glazes and other decorative elements, creating beautifuland intricate designs that are both functional and visually appealing.Overall, ceramics are a versatile, durable, and aesthetically pleasing material that has stood the test of time. Whether used for practical purposes or as works of art, ceramics are a testament to the creativity andingenuity of human beings.中文：陶瓷是一种最古老的艺术和工艺品，可以追溯到数千年前。

陶瓷的英文作文范文英文：Ceramics have been an important part of human culture for thousands of years. From ancient pottery to modern-day porcelain, ceramics have served both functional and aesthetic purposes. As someone who has always been fascinated by ceramics, I believe that they are an incredibly versatile and beautiful medium.One of the things that I love about ceramics is their durability. Unlike other materials, such as glass or plastic, ceramics can last for centuries if they are properly cared for. This means that ceramics can be passed down from generation to generation, becoming treasured family heirlooms. For example, my grandmother had a set of ceramic dishes that were passed down to her from her own grandmother. They were over a hundred years old, but still in excellent condition.Another thing that I appreciate about ceramics is their beauty. From intricate designs to simple, elegant shapes, ceramics can be used to create a wide range of artistic expressions. One of my favorite examples of this is Japanese pottery, which is known for its delicate beauty and attention to detail. Each piece is unique and reflects the skill and creativity of the artist who made it.中文：陶瓷作为人类文化的重要组成部分已经有数千年的历史。

文化创意产业创新外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Creative China must find its own PathJustin 0'ConnorIt is commonly said that China needs to ‘catch-up’ with `the west' or the `developed world'. This phrase implies a singular path; there may be short cuts and `late-comer advantages' but the destination一a modern, developed country一is the same. But just when it seems China is within touching distance, the `developed world' changes the definition of what it is to be `developed' and puts more obstacles in the path of those trying to catch-up. In English we call this `moving the goal-posts'. After manufacturing, services andhigh-technology seemed to present clear goals for China, the cultural creative industries arrive as the new `value-added' product and service sector, posing yet more problems for the country's policy-makers. Many in the West have argued that China will take a long time to catch-up in these areas and that this provides a new source of competitive advantage tothe West. Indeed, for some, the absence of a competitive cultural creative industries sector is evidence that China is not, and maybe can never be, fully `developed'.Much of this can be dismissed as another example of the West's superiority complex; however, there can be no doubt that the cultural creative industries present great possibilities but also great challenges for China. These industries一from visual and performing arts, to recorded music, film and TV, to digital animation and new media services, through to fashion, design and architecture一are highly creative and innovative products and services, relying on complex flows of knowledge and intellectual property. They are also cultural or symbolic products that reflect and influence our pleasures and ambitions, and our individual and collective sense of meaning and identity. For these reasons all nations have sought to protect and develop their own national culture and traditions by investing in cultural infrastructure and expertise. In the second half of the twentieth century this was expanded beyond `the arts，一galleries, museums, opera houses, universities, arts schools, journals etc. 一to include broadcast media, film, publishing and recorded music. In the last 20 years the emphasis has shifted from building economic infrastructures for reasons of national cultural identity to mobilizing culture and creativity for reasons of economic development.The cultural creative industries are now strongly linked with the knowledge economy, which emphasizes high levels of research, knowledge transfer and, above all, innovation. In the West artists or `cultural producers' have long been associated with dynamic, often unpredictable creative innovation. Now the innovative capacity of the cultural industries is extended to a new range of creative products and services and is also seen as a catalyst for innovation right across the economy. In China this agenda has also meant moving beyond the idea of a better industrialization or marketisation of existing cultural products towards a more systematic approach to the idea of cultural and creative innovation and its wider economic impacts. This demands the ability to anticipate new products and services, finding new audiences, differentiating rather than imitating what already sells. It requires new kinds of `soft skills' that are hard to acquire as they are often`tacit', demandingexperience rather than formal education (though this is also necessary). It demands understanding different models of production, complex value chains and the interaction between cultural, creative and business skills. In the last few years the central driving force behind cultural and creative industries policies has been the idea of `cluster'. Starting from a few isolated examples in Beijing, Shanghai and other smaller coastal cities the concept has now become a central policy platform. Cultural and creative clusters exist in the West, though these terms cover extremely diverse developments. There are some good reasons why China would choose this policy platform above others. In many large cities experiencing de-industrialisation there are empty factories that seem ripe for this kind of development. The model of concentration to facilitate rapid development also fits well with China's history of collectivization and more recently its development of high-tech and other R&D parks. Clusters are also attractive to policy makers because they are highly visible一successful ones give publicity to them and the city. At the same time they offer clear and concrete steps to support a sector that is very new and not very well understood. However, there are some real problems to be overcome if these clusters are to deliver what is expected of them.Many clusters emerged organically, with artists looking for cheap workspace; but in China, as in the West, they soon drew attention from property developers. The first big problem faced by clusters is that cultural and creative producers raise the profile of a place and this is very quickly translated into rent rises, typically driving out the first occupants. This is a complex problem, but my main point would be that policy cannot be driven by the dynamics of real estate. Some have said that if creative industries are seconomically important we should let the market decide. There is some truth in this; it is very easy to subsidise bad artists and creative producers. However, the dynamics of real estate markets and the creative economy are very different, especially at the early stages. Cultural profile can raise rents much more rapidly than with other kinds of occupancy, often from a low base, and can provide good profit. But these rent rises are often too fast for a slowly emerging sector, which is not just to be seen as individual companies but as a complex emerging `creative ecology'. The real estate market measures `good' or `bad' creative bytheir ability to pay the rent, not on their long-term effect on innovation. There are easy measures for real estate success一higher rent yield一but how are we measuring the innovative capacity of the local economy? In general, local governments should not give tax breaks to real estate companies and then allow them to apply pure market rules to rents. More subtle intelligence and policy instruments are needed if government is find a productive balance in this area.Clusters are often conceived as places for the `industrialization' of cultural products一that is, mass production and marketing. The need for innovation is forgotten in the process. There are many visual art clusters that are very much like factories, reproducing extremely outdated products for the lowest end of the art market. This might provide jobs in the short term but simply confirms China as the world's low value producer. Similar things could be said about traditional crafts, which are extremely repetitive and are usually only protected by inter-provincial tariffs. These products might inflate the statistics一according to one report China is third largest exporter of cultural products一but they are very misleading; most of the products counted do little to enhance the innovation capacity of the cultural creative sector.Better understanding and governance of clusters is necessary. Clusters deliver benefits for many but not the entire cultural creative sector. Computer games, for example, does not benefit from clusters because more or less everything is produced in-house in great secrecy. They go to clusters because of tax and rent subsidies, not to be in proximity to others. Visual artists benefit from cheaper rents, the reputation of a `cool' place and from space to work in quiet; they do not necessarily engage in intensive networking and knowledge transfer. Other project based industries, such as new media, want the networking possibilities provided by clusters, what economists called `untraced interdependencies'. There are thus different requirements for the different branches, and both the mix of companies and the quality of the space need to be carefully understood.There is real scope for informed government policy here. In general they should look to raise the quality of production as well as developing new audiences and markets. Clusters can have a role in this, but they have to form part of a wider policy strategy. For example, universities are vital to building new human capital一they have to be encouraged to look to creative skills not just teaching from established models,.Local television stations can be encouraged to pay more for high quality content一at the moment the purchase is a one size fits all approach which often pays the worst and the best exactly the same. The design of urban spaces can be enhanced to support the city as a `creative milieu'. More directly, the cultural creative industries need new creative attitudes and mentalities that take some time to come through; they also demand a range of `soft skills' associated with project management, brand development and marketing which have to be learned `on the job'. But they find it hard to learn these skills when they are mostly delivering services at the lowest part of the value chain, where innovation effects and intellectual property go abroad. Talent is wasted in servicing when it should be focused on developing original content. Local governments have to realize that though the cultural creative industries have strong economic benefits they are also about quality一high values which demand the long term view not the quick return of the `bottom line'. This push for high quality and higher levels of innovation is something that demands a more holistic approach to policy; and clusters can play a crucial role in this.Rather than be seen as convenient containers for cultural creative producers they need to become focal points for targeted development. Universities and art schools need to be more involved. As do their cultural creative industry research centres. Real knowledge transfer can be encouraged and facilitated by intelligent cluster managers. The skills to run a cluster are just emerging and there are some good exemplars一but much of it is just real estate management as in any other sector and this is a wasted opportunity. Networking events, joint marketing, seminars with foreign companies, spaces and occasions for experimentation, a carefully managed programme for the general public (too much tourism can destroy a cluster, as in Tianzi fang in Shanghai), intelligent links to other clusters and larger creative companies一all these demand specific skills to deliver. Theseskills also should be disseminated and improved across between the clusters. China does need to look to foreign experts and models; but it has also shown time and again that it can also find its own way, and in ways that have astonished outsiders. It can do this with the cultural creative industries but it has to look long term, beyond immediate economic gain (including rent increases) to the long-term creative and innovative capacity of the country. It has to recognize that it is catching up at a time when western creative industry corporations are more global than ever, looking to penetrate local Chinese markets just when the country is trying to develop its own creative sector. This presents a real challenge, but I would say that rather than try and use policy tools derived from the West, China should look to its own traditions and strengths. I do not just mean its traditional culture in terms of calligraphy or opera or ink painting; I mean its resources for social and economic development that uses, but is not subservient to, the `free' market. In fact the UK, closely associated with the creative industries agenda, has very little capacity to deliver industry support, relying on demands that people be more `entrepreneurial' rather than deliver systematic and intelligent sectoral strategy. This is why it has let a 250-year-old world famous ceramics company一Wedgewood一go bankrupt. China has some things to learn from the UK, but its deep resources of intelligent and pragmatic policy will be ultimately decisive. Most important, policy makers should not loose sight of the importance of culture for collective meaning and identity. This is much more diverse, fluid and open to new influences, and the Chinese government has increasingly stood back from direct intervention. In the search for the new economic benefits of the cultural creative industries their deeper cultural contexts should not be neglected.中国要有自己的创新之路贾斯丁奥·康纳人们总是说中国需要赶超西方或发达国家，这似乎意味着是唯一的道路。

外文资料翻译题目POLISHING OF CERAMIC TILES抛光瓷砖专业复合材料与工程MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, 17(3), 401–413 (2002)POLISHING OF CERAMIC TILESC. Y. Wang,* X. Wei, and H. YuanInstitute of Manufacturing Technology, Guangdong University ofTechnology,Guangzhou 510090, P.R. ChinaABSTRACTGrinding and polishing are important steps in the production of decorative vitreous ceramic tiles. Different combinations of finishing wheels and polishing wheels are tested to optimize their selection. The results show that the surface glossiness depends not only on the surface quality before machining, but also on the characteristics of the ceramic tiles as well as the performance of grinding and polishing wheels. The performance of the polishing wheel is the key for a good final surface quality. The surface glossiness after finishing must be above 208 in order to get higher polishing quality because finishing will limit the maximum surface glossiness by polishing. The optimized combination of grinding and polishing wheels for all the steps will achieve shorter machining times and better surface quality. No obvious relationships are found between the hardness of ceramic tiles and surface quality or the wear of grinding wheels; therefore, the hardness of the ceramic tile cannot be used for evaluating its machinability.Key Words: Ceramic tiles; Grinding wheel; Polishing wheelINTRODUCTIONCeramic tiles are the common decoration material for floors and walls of hotel, office, and family buildings. Nowadays, polished vitreous ceramic tiles are more popular as decoration material than general vitreous ceramic tiles as they can *Corresponding author. E-mail: cywang@401Copyright q 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. have a beautiful gloss on different colors. Grinding and polishing of ceramic tiles play an important role in the surface quality, cost, and productivity of ceramic tiles manufactured for decoration. The grinding and polishing of ceramic tiles are carried out in one pass through polishing production line with many different grinding wheels or by multi passes on a polishing machine, where different grinding wheels are used.Most factories utilize the grinding methods similar to those used for stone machining although the machining of stone is different from that of ceramic tiles. Vitreous ceramic tiles are thin, usually 5–8mm in thickness, and are a sintered material,which possess high hardness, wear resistance, and brittleness. In general, the sintering process causes surface deformation in the tiles. In themachining process, the ceramic tiles are unfixed and put on tables. These characteristics will cause easy breakage and lower surface quality if grinding wheel or grinding parameters are unsuitable. To meet the needs of ceramic tiles machining, the machinery, grinding parameters (pressure, feed speed, etc.), and grinding wheels (type and mesh size of abrasive, bond, structure of grinding wheel, etc.) must be optimized. Previous works have been reported in the field of grinding ceramic and stone[1 –4]. Only a few reports have mentioned ceramic tile machining[5 –8], where the grinding mechanism of ceramic tiles by scratching and grinding was studied. It was pointed out that the grinding mechanism of ceramic tiles is similar to that of other brittle materials. For vitreous ceramic tiles, removing the plastic deformation grooves, craters (pores), and cracks are of major concern, which depends on the micro-structure of the ceramic tile, the choice of grinding wheel and processing parameters, etc. The residual cracks generated during sintering and rough grinding processes, as well as thermal impact cracks caused by the transformation of quartz crystalline phases are the main reasons of tile breakage during processing. Surface roughness Ra and glossiness are different measurements of the surface quality. It is suggested that the surface roughness can be used to control the surface quality of rough grinding and semi-finish grinding processes, and the surface glossiness to assess the quality of finishing and polishing processes. The characteristics of the grinding wheels, abrasive mesh size for the different machining steps, machining time, pressure, feed, and removing traces of grinding wheels will affect the processing of ceramic tiles[9].In this paper, based on the study of grinding mechanisms of ceramic tiles, themanufacturing of grinding wheels is discussed. The actions and optimization of grinding and polishing wheels for each step are studied in particular for manualpolishing machines.GRINDING AND POLISHING WHEELS FOR CERAMIC TILEMACHININGT he mac hi ni ng of cer a mi c t i l es i s a vol ume-pr oduc t i on pr oc e s s t hat uses significant numbers of grinding wheels. The grinding and polishing wheels forceramic tile machining are different from those for metals or structural ceramics. In this part, some results about grinding and polishing wheels are introduced for better understanding of the processing of ceramic tiles.Grinding and Polishing WheelsCeramic tiles machining in a manual-polishing machine can be divided into four steps—each using different grinding wheels. Grinding wheels are marked as 2#, 3#, and 4# grinding wheels, and 0# polishing wheel; in practice, 2# and 3# grinding wheels are used for flattening uneven surfaces. Basic requirements of rough grinding wheels are long life, high removal rate, and lower price. For 2# and 3# gr inding wheel s, Si C a brasi ve s wi th me s h #180 (#320)a r e bonde d by m a g n e s i u m o x yc h l o r i d e c e m e n t(M O C)t o g e t h e r w i t h s o m e p o r o u s f i l l s, waterproof additive, etc. The MOC is used as a bond because of its low price, simple manufacturing process, and proper performance.T he 4# grinding wheel will refine the surface to show the brightness of ceramic tile. The GC#600 abrasives and some special polishingmaterials, etc., are bonded by MOC. In order to increase the performance such as elasticity, etc., of the grinding wheel, the bakelite is always added. The 4# grinding wheels must be able to rapidly eliminate all cutting grooves and increase the surface glossiness of the ceramic tiles. The 0# polishing wheel is used for obtaining final surface glossi ness, which is made of fine Al2O3 abrasives and fill. It is bonded by unsaturated resin. The polishing wheels must be able to increase surface glossiness quickly and make the glossy ceramic tile surface permanent.Manufacturing of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Grinding WheelsAfter the abrasives, the fills and the bond MOC are mixed and poured into the models for grinding wheels, where the chemical reaction of MOC will solidify the shape of the grinding wheels. The reaction will stop after 30 days but the hardness of grinding wheel is essentially constant after 15 days. During the initial 15-day period, the grinding wheels must be maintained at a suitable humidity and temperature.For MOC grinding wheels, the structure of grinding wheel, the quality of abrasives, and the composition of fill will affect their grinding ability. All the factors related to the chemical reaction of MOC, such as the mole ratio of MgO/MgCl2, the specific gravity of MgCl2, the temperature and humidity to care the cement will also affect the performance of the MOC grinding wheels.Mole Ratio of MgO/MgCl2When MOC is used as the bond for the grinding wheels, hydration reaction takes place between active MgO and MgCl2, which generates a hard XMg e OH T2·Y e MgCl2T·ZH2O phase. Through proper control of the mole ratio of MgO/MgCl2, a reaction product with stable performance is formed. The bond is composed of 5Mg e OH T2·e MgCl2T·8H2O and 3Mg e OH T2·e MgCl2T·8H2O: As the former is more stable, optimization of the mole ratio of MgO/MgCl2 to produce more 5Mg e OH T2·e MgCl2T·8H2O is required. In general, the ideal range for the mole ratio of MgO/MgCl2 is 4–6. When the contents of the active MgO and MgCl2 are known, the quantified MgO and MgCl2 can be calculated.Active MgOThe content of active MgO must be controlled carefully so that hydration reaction can be successfully completed with more 5Mg e OH T2·e MgCl2T·8H2O: If the content of active MgO is too high, the hydration reaction time will be too short with a large reaction heat, which increases too quickly. The concentrations of the thermal stress can cause generation of cracks in the grinding wheel. On the contrary, if the content of active MgO is too low, the reaction does not go to completion and the strength of the grinding wheel is decreased.Fills and AdditivesThe fills and additives play an important role in grinding wheels. Some porous fills must be added to 2# and 3# grinding wheels in order to improve the capacity to contain the grinding chips, and hold sufficient cutting grit. Waterproof additives such as sulfates can ensure the strength of grinding wheels in processing under water condition. Some fills are very effective in increasing the surface quality of ceramic tile, but the principle is not clear.Manufacturing of Polishing WheelsFine Al2O3 and some soft polishing materials, such as Fe2O3, Cr2O3, etc., are mixed together with fills. Unsaturated resin is used to bond these powders, where a chemical reaction takes place between the resin and the hardener by means of an activator. The performance of polishing wheels depends on the properties of resin and the composition of the polishing wheel. In order to contain the fine chips, which are generated by micro-cutting, some cheap soluble salt can be fed into the coolant. On the surface of the polishing wheel, the salt will leave uniform pores, which not only increase the capacity to contain chips and self-sharpening of the polishing wheel, but also improves the contact situation between polishing wheel and ceramic tiles.Experimental ProcedureTests were carried out in a special manual grinding machine for ceramictiles. Two grinding wheels were fixed in the grinding disc that was equipped to the grinding machine. The diameter of grinding disc was 255 mm. The rotating speed of the grinding disc was 580 rpm. The grinding and polishing wheels are isosceles trapezoid with surface area 31.5 cm2 (the upper edge: 2 cm, base edge: 5 cm, height: 9 cm). The pressure was adjusted by means of the load on the handle for different grinding procedures. A zigzag path was used as the moving trace for the grinding disc. To maintain flatness and edge of the ceramic tiles, at least one third of the tile must be under the grinding disc. During the grinding process, sufficient water was poured to both cool a nd wash the grinding wheels and the tiles. Four kinds of vitreous ceramic tiles were examined, as shown in Table 1.Two different sizes of ceramic A, A400 (size: 400 ￡400 ￡5mm3T and A500(size: 500 ￡500 ￡5mm3T were tested to understand the effect of the tile size. For ceramic tile B or C, the size was 500 ￡500 ￡5mm3: The phase composition of thetiles was determined by x-ray diffraction technique. Surface reflection glossiness and surface roughness of the ceramic tiles and the wear of grinding wheels were measured.The grinding and polishing wheels were made in-house. The 2# grindingwheels with abrasives of mesh #150 and 3# grinding wheels with mesh #320 were used during rough grinding. Using the ceramic tiles with different surface toughness ground by the 2# grinding wheel for 180 sec, the action of the 3# grinding wheels were tested. The ceramic tile was marked as A500-1 (or B500-1, C500-1, A400-1) with higher initial surface toughness or A500-2 (or B500-2, C500-2, A400-2) with lower initial surface toughness.Two kinds of finishing wheels, 4#A and 4#B were made with the same structure, abrasivity, and process, but different composition of fills and additives. Only in 4#B, a few Al2O3, barium sulfate, and magnesium stearate were added for higher surface glossiness. The composition of the polishing wheels 0#A and 0#B were different as well. In 0#B, a few white alundum (average diameter 1mm), barium sulfate, and chrome oxide were used as polishing additives, specially. After ground by 4#A (or 4#B) grinding wheel, the ceramic tiles were polished with 0#A (or 0#B). The processing combinations with 4# grinding wheels and 0#RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSEffects of 2# and 3# Grinding WheelsSurface QualityIn rough grinding with a 2# grinding wheel, the surface roughness for all the tiles asymptotically decreases as the grinding time increases, see Fig. 1. The initial asymptote point of this curve represents the optimized rough grinding time, as continued grinding essentially has no effect on the surface roughness. In these tests, the surface roughness curves decrease with grindingtime and become smooth at ,120 sec. The final surface quality for different kinds of ceramic tiles is slightly different. In terms of the initial size of the tile, the surface roughness of ceramic tile A400 e ￡400 ￡5mm3T is lower than that of A500 e500 ￡500 ￡5mm3T: The surface roughness ofc e r a m i c t i l e B500r a p id l y d r o p s a s t he g r i n d i n g t i m e i n c r e a s e s.Thus, it is easier to remove surface material from the hardest of thethree kinds of the ceramic tiles (Table 1). However, as the final surface roughness of ceramic tile A500 is the same as that of ceramic tile C500, the hardness of theceramic tile does not have a direct relationship with the final surface quality.In the 3# grinding wheel step, all craters and cracks on the surface of ceramic tiles caused by the 2# grinding wheel must be removed. If residual cracks and craters exist, it will be impossible to get ahigh surface quality in the next step. The surface roughness obtained by the 2# grinding wheel willalso affect the surfaceFigure 1. Surface roughness of several ceramic tiles as a function of grinding time for 2# grindingwheel.quality of next grinding step by the 3# grinding wheel. In Fig. 2, the actions of the 3# grinding wheels are given using the ceramic tiles with different initial R a, which were ground by the 2# grinding wheel for 180 sec. The curves of surface vs. grinding time rapidly decrease in 60 sec. Asymptotic behavior essentially becomes constant after 60 sec. In general, the larger the initial surface roughness, the worse the final surface roughness. For example, for ceramic tile B500-1, the initial R a was 1.53mm, the finial R a was 0.59mm after being ground by the 3# grinding wheel. When the initial R a was 2.06mm for ceramic tile B500-2, the finial R a was 0.67mm. In Ref. [8], we studied the relations between abrasive mesh size and evaluation indices of surface quality, such as surface roughness and surface glossiness. In rough grinding, the ground surface of ceramic tile shows fracture craters. These craters scatter the light, so that the surface glossiness values are almost constant at a low level. It is difficult to improve the surface glossiness after these steps. Figure 3 shows the slow increase in surface glossiness with time by means of the 3# grinding wheel. It can be seen that the glossiness of ceramic tile B500-1 is the highest. The surface glossiness of ceramic tile A400-1 is better than that of A500-1 because the effective grinding times per unit area for former is longer than for latter. These trends are similar to those for surface r o u g h n e s s i nFig. 2.Wear of Grinding WheelsThe wear of grinding wheels is one of the factors controlling the machining cost. As shown in Fig.4, the wear of grinding wheels is proportional to grindingFigure 2. Surface roughness of several ceramic tiles as a function of grinding time for 3# grindingwheel.Figure 3. Surface glossiness of several ceramic tiles as a function of grinding time by 3# grindingwheel.time for both the grinding wheels and the three types of ceramic tiles. The wear rate of the 3# grinding wheel is larger than the 2# grinding wheel. It implies that the wear resistance of the 3# grinding wheel is not as good as 2# for constant grinding time of 180 sec. When the slope of the curve is smaller, life of thegrinding wheels will be longer. Comparison of the ceramic tiles hardness (Table 1) with the wear resistance behavior in Fig. 4 does not reveal a strong dependency. Therefore, the hardness of the ceramic tile cannot be used to distinguish the machinability. The difference ofFigure 4. Wear of grinding wheels of several ceramic tiles as a function of grinding time for 2# and3# grinding wheels.initial surface roughness of ceramic tile will affect the wear of grinding wheel. In Fig. 4, the wear of the 3# grinding wheel for ceramic tile B500-1 is smaller than that for ceramic tile B500-2. The initial surface roughness of the latter is higher than that of the former so that additional grinding time is required to remove the deeper residual craters on the surface. Improvement of the initial surface roughness can be the principal method for obtaining better grinding quality and grinding wheel life during rough grinding.Effects of 4# Grinding Wheels and 0# Polishing WheelsSurface QualityThe combination and the performance of 4# grinding and 0# polishingwheels show different results for each ceramic tile. The grinding quality vs. grinding (polishing) time curves are presented in Fig. 5, where all the ceramic tiles were previously ground by 2# and 3# grinding wheels to the same surface quality.The surface glossiness is used to assess surface quality because the surface roughness is nearly constant as finishing or polishing time increases[8]. In this test, the ceramic tile A400 were fast ground by 4#A and 4#B grinding wheels [Fig. 5(a)]. The surface glossiness increased rapidly during the initial 90 sec and then slowly increased. The surface glossiness by grinding wheel 4#B is higher than by 4#A. Afterwards, polishing was done by four different combinations of finishing wheel and polishing wheel. By means of polishing wheels 0#A and 0#B, we processed the surface finished by 4#A grinding wheel (described as 4#A–0#A and 4#A–0#B in Fig. 5), and the surface f i n i s h e d b y4#B g r i n d i n g w h e e l (described as 4#B–0#A and 4#B–0#B in Fig. 5). The curves of surface glossiness vs. polishing timeshow parabolic behavior. After 60 sec of polishing, the surface glossiness reaches to ,508, thenslowly increases. The polishing wheel 0#B gives a better surface quality than 0#A.In Fig. 5(a), the maximum surface glossiness of ceramic tile A400 is about ,75 by 4#B–0#B.The relation between initial surface glossiness and the final surface quality is not strong. The effect of pre-polishing surface glossiness can be observed by 0#B polishing wheel as polishing ceramictile A500 [Fig. 5(b)]. The maximum surface glossiness that can be achieved is 748 in 240 sec by4#A–0#B or 4#B–0#B. This value is lower than that of ceramic tile A400 [Fig. 5(a)].The final surface glossiness by 4#A grinding wheel is highly different from that by 4#B grinding wheel for ceramic tile B500, as shown in Fig. 5(c), but the final polishing roughness is the same when 0#A polishing wheel is used. The better performance of 0#B polishing wheel is shown because the surface glossiness canincrease from 17 to 228 in 30 sec. The maximum surface glossiness is 658 by 4#B–0#B. Thecurves of polishing time vs. surface glossiness in Fig. 5(d) present the same results as polishing of ceramic tile B500 [Fig. 5(c)]. With 0#A polishingFigure 5. Surface glossiness for ceramic tiles (a) A400, (b) A500, (c) B500, and (d) C500 as afunction of grinding (polishing) time for 4# grinding wheels and 0# polishing wheels.wheel, the action of pre-polishing surface glossiness is significant. The best value of surface glossiness in 240 sec is 708 by 4#B–0#B as polishing ceramic tile C500. The results discussedearlier describe that the surface glossiness by 0# polishing wheel will depend not only on the pre-polishing surface glossiness formed by 4# grinding wheel, but also on the characteristics of the ceramic tiles and the performance of 0# polishing wheel. The differences of initial surface glossiness and final surface glossiness are larger for 4#A and 4#B. If the prepolishing surface roughness is lower, the final surface glossiness will be higher.Figure 5. Continued.The polishing time taken to achieve the maximum surface glossiness will be also shorter. The initial surface quality will limit the maximum value of polishing surface glossiness that can beobtained. To reach a final surface glossiness of above 608, the minimum pre-polishing surface glossiness must be above 208.The performance of the polishing wheel is the key to good surface quality. The polishing ability of the polishing wheels depends on the properties of the ceramic tiles as well. Even if the same grinding and polishing wheels are used, on all four ceramic tiles, the maximum surface glossiness values of ceramic tiles are different. The ceramic tile A500 shows the best surface glossiness, and ceramictile B500 shows the worst, although it is easier to roughly grind ceramic tile B500. The peak value of the surface glossiness is also limited by the properties ofceramic tiles.Wear of Grinding and Polishing WheelsThe life of 4# grinding wheels and 0# polishing wheels (Fig. 6) are longer than those of the rough grinding wheels (Fig. 4). For finer grinding (Fig. 6), it is impossible to distinguish the relation between grinding wheels and ceramic tiles. Polishing wheels have longer life because they produce more plastic deformation than removal.SUMMARY OF RESULTS(1) The performance of grinding and polishing wheels will affect its life and the surface quality of ceramic tiles.(2) In ceramic tile machining, the surface quality gained in the previous step will limit the final surface quality in the next step. The surface glossiness of pre-polishing must be higher than 208 inorder to get the highest polishing quality. The optimization of the combination of grinding wheels and polishing wheels for all the steps will shorten machining time and improve surface quality. Optimization must be determined for each ceramics tiles.Figure 6. Wear of grinding wheels 4# and polishing wheels 0# for several ceramic tiles as afunction of grinding time.(3) The effect of hardness of ceramic tiles is not direct, thus the hardness of ceramic tiles cannot be used for evaluating the machinability ofceramic tiles.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors thank Nature Science Foundation of Guangdong Province and ScienceFoundation of Guangdong High Education for their financial support.REFERENCES1. Wang, C.Y.; Liu, P.D.; Chen, P.Y. Grinding Mechanism of Marble. AbrasivesGrinding 1987, 2 (38), 6–10, (in Chinese).2. Inasaki, I. Grinding of Hard and Brittle Materials. Annals of the CIRP 1987, 36 (2),463–471.3. Zhang, B.; Howes, D. Material Removal Mechanisms in Grinding Ceramics. Annalsof the CIRP 1994, 45 (1), 263–266.4. Malkin, S.; Hwang, T.W. Grinding Mechanism for Ceramics. Annals of the CIRP1996, 46 (2), 569–580.5. Black, I. Laser Cutting Decorative Glass, Ceramic Tile. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 1998,77 (9), 53–57.6. Black, I.; Livingstone, S.A.J.; Chua, K.L. A Laser Beam Machining (LBM) Database for the Cutting of Ceramic Tile. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 1998, 84 (1–3), 47–55.7. Jiang, D.F. Mirror Surface Polishing of Ceramic Tile. New Building Mater. 1994, 20(11), 27–30, (in Chinese).8. Ma, J.F. Analysis on Man-Made Floor Brick and Manufacture of Grinding SegmentUsed for Floor Brick. Diamond Abrasive Eng. 1996, 6 (95), 35–46, (in Chinese). 9. Wang, C.Y.; Wei, X.; Yuan, H. Grinding Mechanism of Vitreous Ceramic Tile. Chin.J. Mech. Eng. 1998, 9 (8), 9–11, 46 (in Chinese).材料与制造工艺17(3), 401–413 (2002)抛光瓷砖王CY,* 魏X, 袁H制造技术研究所，广东工业大学科技，广州510090，中国P.R.摘要研磨和抛光，是装饰玻璃陶瓷砖的生产中的重要步骤。