uint4 partB

C语言中内存四区的详解C语言编程2022-05-10 14:00来自：今日头条，作者：抖点料er链接：https:///article/7046019680989037069/1、内存四区1.1数据类型本质分析1.1.1数据类型的概念•“类型”是对数据的抽象•类型相同的数据有相同的表示形式、存储格式以及相关的操作•程序中使用的所有数据都必定属于某一种数据类型1.1.2数据类型的本质•数据类型可理解为创建变量的模具：是固定内存大小的别名。

•数据类型的作用：编译器预算对象（变量）分配的内存空间大小。

•注意：数据类型只是模具，编译器并没有分酤空间，只有根据类型（模具）创建变量（实物），编译器才会分配空间。

1.2变量的本质分析1.2.1变量的概念概念：既能读又能写的内存对象，称为变量；若一旦初始化后不能修改的对象则称为常量。

变量定义形式：类型标识符，标识符，…，标识符；1.2.2变量的本质1、程序通过变量来申请和命名内存空间int a = 0。

2、通过变量名访问内存空间。

1.3程序的内存四区模型流程说明1、操作系统把物理硬盘代码load到内存2、操作系统把c代码分成四个区栈区（ stack）：由编译器自动分配释放，存放函数的参数值，局部变量的值等堆区（heap）：一般由程序员分配释放（动态内存申请与释放），若程序员不释放程序结束时可能由操作系统回收全局区（静态区）（statIc）：全局变量和静态变量的存储是放在一块的，初始化的全局变量和静态变量在一块区域，未初始化的全局变量和未初始化的静态变量在相邻的另一块区域，该区域在程序结束后由操作系统释放常量区：字符串常量和其他常量的存储位置，程序结束后由操作系统释放。

程序代码区：存放函数体的二进制代码。

3、操作系统找到main函数入口执行1.4函数调用模型1.5函数调用变量传递分析（1）（2）（3）（4）（5）1.5栈的生长方向和内存存放方向相关代码：02_数据类型本质.c#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS #include<stdio.h>#include<stdlib.h>#include<string.h>#include<time.h>int main(){int a;//告诉编译器，分配4个字节int b[10];//告诉编译器，分配4*10个字节/*类型本质：固定内存块大小别名可以通过sizeof()测试*/printf("sizeof(a)=%d,sizeof(b)=%d\n", sizeof(a), sizeof(b));//打印地址//数组名称，数组首元素地址，数组首地址printf("b:%d,&b:%d\n",b,&b);//地址相同//b，&b数组类型不同//b，数组首地址元素一个元素4字节，+1 地址+4//&b,整个数组首地址一个数组4*10=40字节， +1 地址+40 printf("b+1:%d,&b+1:%d\n", b + 1, &b + 1);//不同//指针类型长度，32位机器32位系统下长度是 4字节// 64 64 8char********* p = NULL;int* q = NULL;printf("%d,%d\n", sizeof(p), sizeof(q));//4 , 4return0;}03_给类型起别名.c#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS#include<stdio.h>#include<stdlib.h>#include<string.h>#include<time.h>typedef unsigned int u32;//typedef 和结构体结合使用struct Mystruct{int a;int b;};typedef struct Mystruct2{int a;int b;}TMP;/*void 无类型1.函数参数为空，定义函数时用void修饰 int fun(void)2.函数没有返回值：使用void void fun (void)3.不能定义void类型的普通变量：void a;//err 无法确定是什么类型4.可以定义 void* 变量 void* p;//ok 32位系统下永远是4字节5.数据类型本质：固定内存块大小别名6.void *p万能指针，函数返回值，函数参数*/int main(){u32 t;//unsigned int//定义结构体变量，一定要加上struct 关键字struct Mystruct m1;//Mystruct m2;//errTMP m3;//typedef配合结构体使用struct Mystruct2m4;printf("\n");return0;}04_变量的赋值.c#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS#include<stdio.h>#include<stdlib.h>#include<string.h>#include<time.h>int main(){//变量本质：一段连续内存空间别名int a;int* p;//直接赋值a = 10;printf("a=%d\n", a);//间接赋值printf("&a:%d\n", &a);p = &a;printf("p=%d\n", p);*p = 22;printf("*p=%d,a=%d\n", *p, a);return0;}05_全局区分析.c#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS #include<stdio.h>#include<stdlib.h>#include<string.h>#include<time.h>int main(){//变量本质：一段连续内存空间别名int a;int* p;//直接赋值a = 10;printf("a=%d\n", a);//间接赋值printf("&a:%d\n", &a);p = &a;printf("p=%d\n", p);*p = 22;printf("*p=%d,a=%d\n", *p, a);return0;}06_堆栈区分析.c#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS#include<stdio.h>#include<stdlib.h>#include<string.h>#include<time.h>char* get_str(){char str[] = "abcdef";//内容分配在栈区，函数运行完毕后内存释放printf("%s\n", str);return str;}char* get_str2(){char* temp = (char*)malloc(100);if (temp == NULL){return NULL;}strcpy(temp, "abcdefg");return temp;}int main(){char buf[128] = { 0 };//strcpy(buf,get_str());//printf("buf = %s\n", buf);//乱码，不确定内容char* p = NULL;p = get_str2();if (p != NULL){printf("p=%s\n", p);free(p);p = NULL;}return0;}07_静态局部变量.c#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS#include<stdio.h>#include<stdlib.h>#include<string.h>#include<time.h>int* getA(){static int a = 10;//在静态区，静态区在全局区return &a;}int main(){int* p = getA();*p = 5;printf("%d\n",);return0;}08_栈的生长方向.c#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS#include<stdio.h>#include<stdlib.h>#include<string.h>#include<time.h>int* getA(){static int a = 10;//在静态区，静态区在全局区return &a;}int main(){int* p = getA();*p = 5;printf("%d\n",);return0;}版权申明：内容来源网络，版权归原创者所有。

校园英语 / 基础教育研究小学高年级英语前置性作业类型研究常熟市海虞中心小学/浦晓懿【摘要】小学高年级英语前置性作业是学生英语作业形式中的一项，也可以称之为英语前置性学习，是建立在预习的基础上，但是形式内容又比预习更高级的一种学习形式。

本文探讨了前置性学习的特点，具体研究分析了小学高年级英语前置性作业的各种类型，从而认为前置性作业是敲开英语知识的大门，可以使学生在思考和创造过程中找到真正的作业中的快乐，在实践中推进了认知结构的主动建构。

【关键词】小学 英语 前置性 作业 类型 研究引言教育应实现由“师本教育”向“生本教育”的转变，即把为教师的好教而设计的教育转向为学生的好学而设计的教育，实现学生积极、主动、活泼、健康地发展。

生本教育方法上注重“先做后学，先学后教”。

以往的教学形式在作业上的体现都是先教再布置作业。

然而，“先学”、“先做”在具体的小学英语作业中如何排序？要依据生本教育理念就小学高年级阶段英语开展前置性作业的价值进行了讨论，并结合小学英语的各种课型课例“前置性作业”的设计及实践进行具体的阐释。

一、小学高年级英语前置性作业的特点前置性学习的特点是：教师在传授下一节课文内容的前提就是，学生前一天回家会根据教师的预习要求或者问题去预习新课文，先让学生对课文的整体构造有个基础的了解，从而激发学生对某些问题的初步性思考；既可以是学生个人的行为，也可以安排学生组成小组进行专题讨论，通过相互学习来完成；还可以让学生进行探究性学习，总之这样的活动可以用各种形式来完成，诸如利用发达的网络，或做一些简单的实践探究等。

前置性作业成为课程成功开展的重要组成部分，作为一项学习任务和学习活动，它的作用是多方面的，在认知上和发展上都起到很大的作用，是提高教学质量重要因素，对实现教学目标有重大意义。

二、小学高年级英语前置性作业的类型1.听读尝试型。

小学高年级段的学生通过几年的英语学习能够掌握一些英语语言知识和英语知识。

5年级下册英语教学计划（精选4篇）5年级下册英语教学计划篇1一、八年级上册英语教学目标培养学生优良的英语学习兴趣、习惯，帮助学生树立自信心，养成良好的英语学习习惯，提高、发展自主学习的能力，形成有效的学习策略;使学生掌握一定的语言基本知识和技能，有较好的语感，获得初步运用英语的能力，为实际应运打下扎实的基础。

同时注重综合能力的开发、提高，培养他们的观察、思维、记忆、想象和创造等方面的能力;让学生了解中西方文化的差异，培养爱国主义精神，增强世界观意识，并结合课外学习，达到教学的秀性，培养学生良好的自学能力和习惯，并做到持之以恒，使本年段的英语教学能进一步发展、提高。

在这一学期中，主要培养学生学习英语的兴趣，继续培养学习英语的学习习惯，要很好地完成本学期的教学学习任务，重视阅读能力的培养，在实际教育工作中把做好学生思想工作放在学科教育的首位，通过师生的共同努力，为学科和学生本人再创佳绩。

二、八年级上册英语教材分析八年级英语是河北教育出版社出版的冀教版英语，教材编排有以下目的：1、要使学生受到听、说、读、写、英语的训练，掌握最基础的语言知识和语言技能以及培养初步援用英语交际的能力;养成良好的外语学习习惯，掌握学习外语的基本方法;为进一步学习和运用英语打下扎实的基础。

2、使学生明确学习英语的目的性，3、培养初步运用英语交际的能力和自学能力。

三、八年级上册英语教材重点、难点本册教材从语音、词汇、语法、阅读等方面着手1、语音教学本册课本在上册的基础上进一步学习和运用音标和单词的发音规则，着重抓好学生的预习，自学能力。

2、词汇教学本册课本所要学习、掌握的单词约400个，另有固定搭配和习惯用语若干条，任务较重。

3、语法教学本册课本的语法教学项目有：动词过去完成时、过去进行时、情态动词、五种简单句的结构等。

4、阅读教学是重中之重，本册课本中的阅读课文比上学期难了很多，仍以对话为主，还有一些简单的短文。

因此，提高学生的听说、表演对话的能力仍是本学期的一个教学重点，还应有一定的语法基础，具备相当的句子表达能力，能运用一定的词组和句型。

Matlab图像处理小结(2012-05-18 15:25:34)转载▼分类：图像处理标签：高斯台中函数图像数据图像文件经常做做图像处理的东西，时间长了，有些函数就忘了，看到网上有人总结，收藏了。

1. 图像和图像数据缺省情况下，MATLAB将图像中的数据存储为双精度类型(double)，64位浮点数，所需存储量很大；MATLAB还支持另一种类型无符号整型(uint8)，即图像矩阵中每个数据占用1个字节。

在使用MATLAB工具箱时，一定要注意函数所要求的参数类型。

另外，uint8与double 两种类型数据的值域不同，编程需注意值域转换。

从uint8到double的转换---------------------------------------------图像类型 MATLAB语句---------------------------------------------索引色 B=double(A)+1索引色或真彩色 B=double(A)/255二值图像 B=double(A)---------------------------------------------从double到uint8的转换---------------------------------------------图像类型 MATLAB语句---------------------------------------------索引色 B=uint8(round(A-1))索引色或真彩色 B=uint8(round(A*255))二值图像 B=logical(uint8(round(A)))---------------------------------------------2. 图像处理工具箱所支持的图像类型2.1 真彩色图像R、G、B三个分量表示一个像素的颜色。

如果要读取图像中(100,50)处的像素值，可查看三元数据(100,50,1:3)。

MIPS32™ Architecture For Programmers Volume I: Introduction to the MIPS32™ArchitectureDocument Number: MD00082Revision 2.00June 8, 2003MIPS Technologies, Inc.1225 Charleston RoadMountain View, CA 94043-1353Copyright © 2001-2003 MIPS Technologies Inc. All rights reserved.Copyright ©2001-2003 MIPS Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved.Unpublished rights (if any) reserved under the copyright laws of the United States of America and other countries.This document contains information that is proprietary to MIPS Technologies, Inc. ("MIPS Technologies"). Any copying,reproducing,modifying or use of this information(in whole or in part)that is not expressly permitted in writing by MIPS Technologies or an authorized third party is strictly prohibited. At a minimum, this information is protected under unfair competition and copyright laws. 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All rights reserved.Table of ContentsChapter 1 About This Book (1)1.1 Typographical Conventions (1)1.1.1 Italic Text (1)1.1.2 Bold Text (1)1.1.3 Courier Text (1)1.2 UNPREDICTABLE and UNDEFINED (2)1.2.1 UNPREDICTABLE (2)1.2.2 UNDEFINED (2)1.3 Special Symbols in Pseudocode Notation (2)1.4 For More Information (4)Chapter 2 The MIPS Architecture: An Introduction (7)2.1 MIPS32 and MIPS64 Overview (7)2.1.1 Historical Perspective (7)2.1.2 Architectural Evolution (7)2.1.3 Architectural Changes Relative to the MIPS I through MIPS V Architectures (9)2.2 Compliance and Subsetting (9)2.3 Components of the MIPS Architecture (10)2.3.1 MIPS Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) (10)2.3.2 MIPS Privileged Resource Architecture (PRA) (10)2.3.3 MIPS Application Specific Extensions (ASEs) (10)2.3.4 MIPS User Defined Instructions (UDIs) (11)2.4 Architecture Versus Implementation (11)2.5 Relationship between the MIPS32 and MIPS64 Architectures (11)2.6 Instructions, Sorted by ISA (12)2.6.1 List of MIPS32 Instructions (12)2.6.2 List of MIPS64 Instructions (13)2.7 Pipeline Architecture (13)2.7.1 Pipeline Stages and Execution Rates (13)2.7.2 Parallel Pipeline (14)2.7.3 Superpipeline (14)2.7.4 Superscalar Pipeline (14)2.8 Load/Store Architecture (15)2.9 Programming Model (15)2.9.1 CPU Data Formats (16)2.9.2 FPU Data Formats (16)2.9.3 Coprocessors (CP0-CP3) (16)2.9.4 CPU Registers (16)2.9.5 FPU Registers (18)2.9.6 Byte Ordering and Endianness (21)2.9.7 Memory Access Types (25)2.9.8 Implementation-Specific Access Types (26)2.9.9 Cache Coherence Algorithms and Access Types (26)2.9.10 Mixing Access Types (26)Chapter 3 Application Specific Extensions (27)3.1 Description of ASEs (27)3.2 List of Application Specific Instructions (28)3.2.1 The MIPS16e Application Specific Extension to the MIPS32Architecture (28)3.2.2 The MDMX Application Specific Extension to the MIPS64 Architecture (28)3.2.3 The MIPS-3D Application Specific Extension to the MIPS64 Architecture (28)MIPS32™ Architecture For Programmers Volume I, Revision 2.00i Copyright © 2001-2003 MIPS Technologies Inc. All rights reserved.3.2.4 The SmartMIPS Application Specific Extension to the MIPS32 Architecture (28)Chapter 4 Overview of the CPU Instruction Set (29)4.1 CPU Instructions, Grouped By Function (29)4.1.1 CPU Load and Store Instructions (29)4.1.2 Computational Instructions (32)4.1.3 Jump and Branch Instructions (35)4.1.4 Miscellaneous Instructions (37)4.1.5 Coprocessor Instructions (40)4.2 CPU Instruction Formats (41)Chapter 5 Overview of the FPU Instruction Set (43)5.1 Binary Compatibility (43)5.2 Enabling the Floating Point Coprocessor (44)5.3 IEEE Standard 754 (44)5.4 FPU Data Types (44)5.4.1 Floating Point Formats (44)5.4.2 Fixed Point Formats (48)5.5 Floating Point Register Types (48)5.5.1 FPU Register Models (49)5.5.2 Binary Data Transfers (32-Bit and 64-Bit) (49)5.5.3 FPRs and Formatted Operand Layout (50)5.6 Floating Point Control Registers (FCRs) (50)5.6.1 Floating Point Implementation Register (FIR, CP1 Control Register 0) (51)5.6.2 Floating Point Control and Status Register (FCSR, CP1 Control Register 31) (53)5.6.3 Floating Point Condition Codes Register (FCCR, CP1 Control Register 25) (55)5.6.4 Floating Point Exceptions Register (FEXR, CP1 Control Register 26) (56)5.6.5 Floating Point Enables Register (FENR, CP1 Control Register 28) (56)5.7 Formats of Values Used in FP Registers (57)5.8 FPU Exceptions (58)5.8.1 Exception Conditions (59)5.9 FPU Instructions (62)5.9.1 Data Transfer Instructions (62)5.9.2 Arithmetic Instructions (63)5.9.3 Conversion Instructions (65)5.9.4 Formatted Operand-Value Move Instructions (66)5.9.5 Conditional Branch Instructions (67)5.9.6 Miscellaneous Instructions (68)5.10 Valid Operands for FPU Instructions (68)5.11 FPU Instruction Formats (70)5.11.1 Implementation Note (71)Appendix A Instruction Bit Encodings (75)A.1 Instruction Encodings and Instruction Classes (75)A.2 Instruction Bit Encoding Tables (75)A.3 Floating Point Unit Instruction Format Encodings (82)Appendix B Revision History (85)ii MIPS32™ Architecture For Programmers Volume I, Revision 2.00 Copyright © 2001-2003 MIPS Technologies Inc. All rights reserved.Figure 2-1: Relationship between the MIPS32 and MIPS64 Architectures (11)Figure 2-2: One-Deep Single-Completion Instruction Pipeline (13)Figure 2-3: Four-Deep Single-Completion Pipeline (14)Figure 2-4: Four-Deep Superpipeline (14)Figure 2-5: Four-Way Superscalar Pipeline (15)Figure 2-6: CPU Registers (18)Figure 2-7: FPU Registers for a 32-bit FPU (20)Figure 2-8: FPU Registers for a 64-bit FPU if Status FR is 1 (21)Figure 2-9: FPU Registers for a 64-bit FPU if Status FR is 0 (22)Figure 2-10: Big-Endian Byte Ordering (23)Figure 2-11: Little-Endian Byte Ordering (23)Figure 2-12: Big-Endian Data in Doubleword Format (24)Figure 2-13: Little-Endian Data in Doubleword Format (24)Figure 2-14: Big-Endian Misaligned Word Addressing (25)Figure 2-15: Little-Endian Misaligned Word Addressing (25)Figure 3-1: MIPS ISAs and ASEs (27)Figure 3-2: User-Mode MIPS ISAs and Optional ASEs (27)Figure 4-1: Immediate (I-Type) CPU Instruction Format (42)Figure 4-2: Jump (J-Type) CPU Instruction Format (42)Figure 4-3: Register (R-Type) CPU Instruction Format (42)Figure 5-1: Single-Precisions Floating Point Format (S) (45)Figure 5-2: Double-Precisions Floating Point Format (D) (45)Figure 5-3: Paired Single Floating Point Format (PS) (46)Figure 5-4: Word Fixed Point Format (W) (48)Figure 5-5: Longword Fixed Point Format (L) (48)Figure 5-6: FPU Word Load and Move-to Operations (49)Figure 5-7: FPU Doubleword Load and Move-to Operations (50)Figure 5-8: Single Floating Point or Word Fixed Point Operand in an FPR (50)Figure 5-9: Double Floating Point or Longword Fixed Point Operand in an FPR (50)Figure 5-10: Paired-Single Floating Point Operand in an FPR (50)Figure 5-11: FIR Register Format (51)Figure 5-12: FCSR Register Format (53)Figure 5-13: FCCR Register Format (55)Figure 5-14: FEXR Register Format (56)Figure 5-15: FENR Register Format (56)Figure 5-16: Effect of FPU Operations on the Format of Values Held in FPRs (58)Figure 5-17: I-Type (Immediate) FPU Instruction Format (71)Figure 5-18: R-Type (Register) FPU Instruction Format (71)Figure 5-19: Register-Immediate FPU Instruction Format (71)Figure 5-20: Condition Code, Immediate FPU Instruction Format (71)Figure 5-21: Formatted FPU Compare Instruction Format (71)Figure 5-22: FP RegisterMove, Conditional Instruction Format (71)Figure 5-23: Four-Register Formatted Arithmetic FPU Instruction Format (72)Figure 5-24: Register Index FPU Instruction Format (72)Figure 5-25: Register Index Hint FPU Instruction Format (72)Figure 5-26: Condition Code, Register Integer FPU Instruction Format (72)Figure A-1: Sample Bit Encoding Table (76)MIPS32™ Architecture For Programmers Volume I, Revision 2.00iii Copyright © 2001-2003 MIPS Technologies Inc. All rights reserved.Table 1-1: Symbols Used in Instruction Operation Statements (2)Table 2-1: MIPS32 Instructions (12)Table 2-2: MIPS64 Instructions (13)Table 2-3: Unaligned Load and Store Instructions (24)Table 4-1: Load and Store Operations Using Register + Offset Addressing Mode (30)Table 4-2: Aligned CPU Load/Store Instructions (30)Table 4-3: Unaligned CPU Load and Store Instructions (31)Table 4-4: Atomic Update CPU Load and Store Instructions (31)Table 4-5: Coprocessor Load and Store Instructions (31)Table 4-6: FPU Load and Store Instructions Using Register+Register Addressing (32)Table 4-7: ALU Instructions With an Immediate Operand (33)Table 4-8: Three-Operand ALU Instructions (33)Table 4-9: Two-Operand ALU Instructions (34)Table 4-10: Shift Instructions (34)Table 4-11: Multiply/Divide Instructions (35)Table 4-12: Unconditional Jump Within a 256 Megabyte Region (36)Table 4-13: PC-Relative Conditional Branch Instructions Comparing Two Registers (36)Table 4-14: PC-Relative Conditional Branch Instructions Comparing With Zero (37)Table 4-15: Deprecated Branch Likely Instructions (37)Table 4-16: Serialization Instruction (38)Table 4-17: System Call and Breakpoint Instructions (38)Table 4-18: Trap-on-Condition Instructions Comparing Two Registers (38)Table 4-19: Trap-on-Condition Instructions Comparing an Immediate Value (38)Table 4-20: CPU Conditional Move Instructions (39)Table 4-21: Prefetch Instructions (39)Table 4-22: NOP Instructions (40)Table 4-23: Coprocessor Definition and Use in the MIPS Architecture (40)Table 4-24: CPU Instruction Format Fields (42)Table 5-1: Parameters of Floating Point Data Types (45)Table 5-2: Value of Single or Double Floating Point DataType Encoding (46)Table 5-3: Value Supplied When a New Quiet NaN Is Created (47)Table 5-4: FIR Register Field Descriptions (51)Table 5-5: FCSR Register Field Descriptions (53)Table 5-6: Cause, Enable, and Flag Bit Definitions (55)Table 5-7: Rounding Mode Definitions (55)Table 5-8: FCCR Register Field Descriptions (56)Table 5-9: FEXR Register Field Descriptions (56)Table 5-10: FENR Register Field Descriptions (57)Table 5-11: Default Result for IEEE Exceptions Not Trapped Precisely (60)Table 5-12: FPU Data Transfer Instructions (62)Table 5-13: FPU Loads and Stores Using Register+Offset Address Mode (63)Table 5-14: FPU Loads and Using Register+Register Address Mode (63)Table 5-15: FPU Move To and From Instructions (63)Table 5-16: FPU IEEE Arithmetic Operations (64)Table 5-17: FPU-Approximate Arithmetic Operations (64)Table 5-18: FPU Multiply-Accumulate Arithmetic Operations (65)Table 5-19: FPU Conversion Operations Using the FCSR Rounding Mode (65)Table 5-20: FPU Conversion Operations Using a Directed Rounding Mode (65)Table 5-21: FPU Formatted Operand Move Instructions (66)Table 5-22: FPU Conditional Move on True/False Instructions (66)iv MIPS32™ Architecture For Programmers Volume I, Revision 2.00 Copyright © 2001-2003 MIPS Technologies Inc. All rights reserved.Table 5-23: FPU Conditional Move on Zero/Nonzero Instructions (67)Table 5-24: FPU Conditional Branch Instructions (67)Table 5-25: Deprecated FPU Conditional Branch Likely Instructions (67)Table 5-26: CPU Conditional Move on FPU True/False Instructions (68)Table 5-27: FPU Operand Format Field (fmt, fmt3) Encoding (68)Table 5-28: Valid Formats for FPU Operations (69)Table 5-29: FPU Instruction Format Fields (72)Table A-1: Symbols Used in the Instruction Encoding Tables (76)Table A-2: MIPS32 Encoding of the Opcode Field (77)Table A-3: MIPS32 SPECIAL Opcode Encoding of Function Field (78)Table A-4: MIPS32 REGIMM Encoding of rt Field (78)Table A-5: MIPS32 SPECIAL2 Encoding of Function Field (78)Table A-6: MIPS32 SPECIAL3 Encoding of Function Field for Release 2 of the Architecture (78)Table A-7: MIPS32 MOVCI Encoding of tf Bit (79)Table A-8: MIPS32 SRL Encoding of Shift/Rotate (79)Table A-9: MIPS32 SRLV Encoding of Shift/Rotate (79)Table A-10: MIPS32 BSHFL Encoding of sa Field (79)Table A-11: MIPS32 COP0 Encoding of rs Field (79)Table A-12: MIPS32 COP0 Encoding of Function Field When rs=CO (80)Table A-13: MIPS32 COP1 Encoding of rs Field (80)Table A-14: MIPS32 COP1 Encoding of Function Field When rs=S (80)Table A-15: MIPS32 COP1 Encoding of Function Field When rs=D (81)Table A-16: MIPS32 COP1 Encoding of Function Field When rs=W or L (81)Table A-17: MIPS64 COP1 Encoding of Function Field When rs=PS (81)Table A-18: MIPS32 COP1 Encoding of tf Bit When rs=S, D, or PS, Function=MOVCF (81)Table A-19: MIPS32 COP2 Encoding of rs Field (82)Table A-20: MIPS64 COP1X Encoding of Function Field (82)Table A-21: Floating Point Unit Instruction Format Encodings (82)MIPS32™ Architecture For Programmers Volume I, Revision 2.00v Copyright © 2001-2003 MIPS Technologies Inc. All rights reserved.vi MIPS32™ Architecture For Programmers Volume I, Revision 2.00 Copyright © 2001-2003 MIPS Technologies Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 1About This BookThe MIPS32™ Architecture For Programmers V olume I comes as a multi-volume set.•V olume I describes conventions used throughout the document set, and provides an introduction to the MIPS32™Architecture•V olume II provides detailed descriptions of each instruction in the MIPS32™ instruction set•V olume III describes the MIPS32™Privileged Resource Architecture which defines and governs the behavior of the privileged resources included in a MIPS32™ processor implementation•V olume IV-a describes the MIPS16e™ Application-Specific Extension to the MIPS32™ Architecture•V olume IV-b describes the MDMX™ Application-Specific Extension to the MIPS32™ Architecture and is notapplicable to the MIPS32™ document set•V olume IV-c describes the MIPS-3D™ Application-Specific Extension to the MIPS64™ Architecture and is notapplicable to the MIPS32™ document set•V olume IV-d describes the SmartMIPS™Application-Specific Extension to the MIPS32™ Architecture1.1Typographical ConventionsThis section describes the use of italic,bold and courier fonts in this book.1.1.1Italic Text•is used for emphasis•is used for bits,fields,registers, that are important from a software perspective (for instance, address bits used bysoftware,and programmablefields and registers),and variousfloating point instruction formats,such as S,D,and PS •is used for the memory access types, such as cached and uncached1.1.2Bold Text•represents a term that is being defined•is used for bits andfields that are important from a hardware perspective (for instance,register bits, which are not programmable but accessible only to hardware)•is used for ranges of numbers; the range is indicated by an ellipsis. For instance,5..1indicates numbers 5 through 1•is used to emphasize UNPREDICTABLE and UNDEFINED behavior, as defined below.1.1.3Courier TextCourier fixed-width font is used for text that is displayed on the screen, and for examples of code and instruction pseudocode.MIPS32™ Architecture For Programmers Volume I, Revision 2.001 Copyright © 2001-2003 MIPS Technologies Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 About This Book1.2UNPREDICTABLE and UNDEFINEDThe terms UNPREDICTABLE and UNDEFINED are used throughout this book to describe the behavior of theprocessor in certain cases.UNDEFINED behavior or operations can occur only as the result of executing instructions in a privileged mode (i.e., in Kernel Mode or Debug Mode, or with the CP0 usable bit set in the Status register).Unprivileged software can never cause UNDEFINED behavior or operations. Conversely, both privileged andunprivileged software can cause UNPREDICTABLE results or operations.1.2.1UNPREDICTABLEUNPREDICTABLE results may vary from processor implementation to implementation,instruction to instruction,or as a function of time on the same implementation or instruction. Software can never depend on results that areUNPREDICTABLE.UNPREDICTABLE operations may cause a result to be generated or not.If a result is generated, it is UNPREDICTABLE.UNPREDICTABLE operations may cause arbitrary exceptions.UNPREDICTABLE results or operations have several implementation restrictions:•Implementations of operations generating UNPREDICTABLE results must not depend on any data source(memory or internal state) which is inaccessible in the current processor mode•UNPREDICTABLE operations must not read, write, or modify the contents of memory or internal state which is inaccessible in the current processor mode. For example,UNPREDICTABLE operations executed in user modemust not access memory or internal state that is only accessible in Kernel Mode or Debug Mode or in another process •UNPREDICTABLE operations must not halt or hang the processor1.2.2UNDEFINEDUNDEFINED operations or behavior may vary from processor implementation to implementation, instruction toinstruction, or as a function of time on the same implementation or instruction.UNDEFINED operations or behavior may vary from nothing to creating an environment in which execution can no longer continue.UNDEFINED operations or behavior may cause data loss.UNDEFINED operations or behavior has one implementation restriction:•UNDEFINED operations or behavior must not cause the processor to hang(that is,enter a state from which there is no exit other than powering down the processor).The assertion of any of the reset signals must restore the processor to an operational state1.3Special Symbols in Pseudocode NotationIn this book, algorithmic descriptions of an operation are described as pseudocode in a high-level language notation resembling Pascal. Special symbols used in the pseudocode notation are listed in Table 1-1.Table 1-1 Symbols Used in Instruction Operation StatementsSymbol Meaning←Assignment=, ≠Tests for equality and inequality||Bit string concatenationx y A y-bit string formed by y copies of the single-bit value x2MIPS32™ Architecture For Programmers Volume I, Revision 2.00 Copyright © 2001-2003 MIPS Technologies Inc. All rights reserved.1.3Special Symbols in Pseudocode Notationb#n A constant value n in base b.For instance10#100represents the decimal value100,2#100represents the binary value 100 (decimal 4), and 16#100 represents the hexadecimal value 100 (decimal 256). If the "b#" prefix is omitted, the default base is 10.x y..z Selection of bits y through z of bit string x.Little-endian bit notation(rightmost bit is0)is used.If y is less than z, this expression is an empty (zero length) bit string.+, −2’s complement or floating point arithmetic: addition, subtraction∗, ×2’s complement or floating point multiplication (both used for either)div2’s complement integer divisionmod2’s complement modulo/Floating point division<2’s complement less-than comparison>2’s complement greater-than comparison≤2’s complement less-than or equal comparison≥2’s complement greater-than or equal comparisonnor Bitwise logical NORxor Bitwise logical XORand Bitwise logical ANDor Bitwise logical ORGPRLEN The length in bits (32 or 64) of the CPU general-purpose registersGPR[x]CPU general-purpose register x. The content of GPR[0] is always zero.SGPR[s,x]In Release 2 of the Architecture, multiple copies of the CPU general-purpose registers may be implemented.SGPR[s,x] refers to GPR set s, register x. GPR[x] is a short-hand notation for SGPR[ SRSCtl CSS, x].FPR[x]Floating Point operand register xFCC[CC]Floating Point condition code CC.FCC[0] has the same value as COC[1].FPR[x]Floating Point (Coprocessor unit 1), general register xCPR[z,x,s]Coprocessor unit z, general register x,select sCP2CPR[x]Coprocessor unit 2, general register xCCR[z,x]Coprocessor unit z, control register xCP2CCR[x]Coprocessor unit 2, control register xCOC[z]Coprocessor unit z condition signalXlat[x]Translation of the MIPS16e GPR number x into the corresponding 32-bit GPR numberBigEndianMem Endian mode as configured at chip reset (0→Little-Endian, 1→ Big-Endian). Specifies the endianness of the memory interface(see LoadMemory and StoreMemory pseudocode function descriptions),and the endianness of Kernel and Supervisor mode execution.BigEndianCPU The endianness for load and store instructions (0→ Little-Endian, 1→ Big-Endian). In User mode, this endianness may be switched by setting the RE bit in the Status register.Thus,BigEndianCPU may be computed as (BigEndianMem XOR ReverseEndian).Table 1-1 Symbols Used in Instruction Operation StatementsSymbol MeaningChapter 1 About This Book1.4For More InformationVarious MIPS RISC processor manuals and additional information about MIPS products can be found at the MIPS URL:ReverseEndianSignal to reverse the endianness of load and store instructions.This feature is available in User mode only,and is implemented by setting the RE bit of the Status register.Thus,ReverseEndian may be computed as (SR RE and User mode).LLbitBit of virtual state used to specify operation for instructions that provide atomic read-modify-write.LLbit is set when a linked load occurs; it is tested and cleared by the conditional store. It is cleared, during other CPU operation,when a store to the location would no longer be atomic.In particular,it is cleared by exception return instructions.I :,I+n :,I-n :This occurs as a prefix to Operation description lines and functions as a label. It indicates the instruction time during which the pseudocode appears to “execute.” Unless otherwise indicated, all effects of the currentinstruction appear to occur during the instruction time of the current instruction.No label is equivalent to a time label of I . Sometimes effects of an instruction appear to occur either earlier or later — that is, during theinstruction time of another instruction.When this happens,the instruction operation is written in sections labeled with the instruction time,relative to the current instruction I ,in which the effect of that pseudocode appears to occur.For example,an instruction may have a result that is not available until after the next instruction.Such an instruction has the portion of the instruction operation description that writes the result register in a section labeled I +1.The effect of pseudocode statements for the current instruction labelled I +1appears to occur “at the same time”as the effect of pseudocode statements labeled I for the following instruction.Within one pseudocode sequence,the effects of the statements take place in order. However, between sequences of statements for differentinstructions that occur “at the same time,” there is no defined order. Programs must not depend on a particular order of evaluation between such sections.PCThe Program Counter value.During the instruction time of an instruction,this is the address of the instruction word. The address of the instruction that occurs during the next instruction time is determined by assigning a value to PC during an instruction time. If no value is assigned to PC during an instruction time by anypseudocode statement,it is automatically incremented by either 2(in the case of a 16-bit MIPS16e instruction)or 4before the next instruction time.A taken branch assigns the target address to the PC during the instruction time of the instruction in the branch delay slot.PABITSThe number of physical address bits implemented is represented by the symbol PABITS.As such,if 36physical address bits were implemented, the size of the physical address space would be 2PABITS = 236 bytes.FP32RegistersModeIndicates whether the FPU has 32-bit or 64-bit floating point registers (FPRs).In MIPS32,the FPU has 3232-bit FPRs in which 64-bit data types are stored in even-odd pairs of FPRs.In MIPS64,the FPU has 3264-bit FPRs in which 64-bit data types are stored in any FPR.In MIPS32implementations,FP32RegistersMode is always a 0.MIPS64implementations have a compatibility mode in which the processor references the FPRs as if it were a MIPS32 implementation. In such a caseFP32RegisterMode is computed from the FR bit in the Status register.If this bit is a 0,the processor operates as if it had 32 32-bit FPRs. If this bit is a 1, the processor operates with 32 64-bit FPRs.The value of FP32RegistersMode is computed from the FR bit in the Status register.InstructionInBranchDelaySlotIndicates whether the instruction at the Program Counter address was executed in the delay slot of a branch or jump. This condition reflects the dynamic state of the instruction, not the static state. That is, the value is false if a branch or jump occurs to an instruction whose PC immediately follows a branch or jump, but which is not executed in the delay slot of a branch or jump.SignalException(exce ption, argument)Causes an exception to be signaled, using the exception parameter as the type of exception and the argument parameter as an exception-specific argument). Control does not return from this pseudocode function - the exception is signaled at the point of the call.Table 1-1 Symbols Used in Instruction Operation StatementsSymbolMeaning。

按键控制数码管和流水灯设计报告实验报告摘要单片机自20世纪70年代以来，以其极高的性价比，以及方便小巧受到人们极大的重视和关注。

本设计选用msp430f249芯片作为控制芯片，来实现矩阵键盘对LED数码管显示的控制。

通过单片机的内部控制实现对硬件电路的设计,从而实现对4*4矩阵键盘的检测识别。

用单片机的P3口连接4×4矩阵键盘，并以单片机的P3.0－P3.3口作键盘输入的列线，以单片机的P3.4－P3.7口作为键盘输入的行线，然后用P0.0－P0.7作输出线，通过上拉电阻在显示器上显示不同的字符“0－F”。

在硬件电路的基础上加上软件程序的控制来实现本设计。

其工作过程为：先判断是否有键按下，如果没有键按下，则继续检测整个程序，如果有键按下，则识别是哪一个键按下，最后通过LED数码管显示该按键所对应的序号。

关键字：单片机、流水灯、数码管、控制系统SCM since the nineteen seventies, with its high price, and a convenient compact attention and great concern. Thisdesign uses msp430f249 chip as the control chip, to realize the control of the LED digital tube display matrix keyboard. Through the internal control single chip to realize the hardware design of the circuit, so as to re alize the detection and recognition of 4*4 matrix keyboard. 4 * 4 matrix keyboard connected with the MCU P3 port, and the MCU P3.0 P3.3 port for a keyboard input, MCU P3.4P3.7 port as the lines of keyboard input, and then use theP0.0 P0.7 as the output line, by a pull-up resistor display different characters "0F on display". Control with software programs based on the hardware circuit to realize the design. The working process is: first to determine whether a key is pressed, if no key is pressed, it will continue to test the whole procedure, if a key is pressed, the Keywords: SCM, water lights, digital tubes, control system键盘控制流水灯和数码管实验报告目录一设计的目的 (2)二任务描述及方案设计 (3)1. 任务描述 (3)2. 方案设计 (3)三硬件设计方案 (3)1. Msp430f149单片机的功能说明 (3)2. 显示器功能 (4)3. 复位电路 (4)4. 按键的部分 (4)5. 74HC573的特点 (4)6. 流水灯和数码管电路原理图 (4)7. 元器件清单 (4)四程序设计方案 (5)1. 用IAR Embedded Workbench软件编程序 (5)2. 仿真电路图 (6)五实物实验 (7)1. 实物图 (7)2. 测试结果与分析 (7)六结论 (11)八参考文献 (16)一、设计目的1、进一步巩固和加深学生所学一门或几门相关专业课理论知识，培养学生设计、计算、绘画、计算机应用、文献查阅、报告撰写等基本技能;2、培养学生实践动手能力及独立分析和解决工程实践问题能力;3、培养学生的团队协作精神、创新意思、严肃认真的治学态度和严谨求实的工作作风。

精选全文完整版（可编辑修改）英语六年级（上）课程纲要学校名称：设计教师：日期：课程名称：小学英语课程类型：学科课程教材来源：PEP人教版适用年级：六年级教学课时：48课时一、课程背景1.教材分析本册教材以《义务教育英语课程标准》（2011年版）为依据，体现英语课程的工具性和人文性的双重属性。

整册书共六个学习单元和两个学习单元，按照每单元6课时编排，每单元包含3个大部分：Part A，PartB和PartC(选学) ,A、B每一部分又分为两个小部分：A中的Let’s talk和Let’s learn. B中的Let’s talk、Let’s learn和Read and write. 六年级的教材与四、五年级的比较，在单元结构上发生了变化：从六年级开始去掉了Let’s spell板块，设计了新的小板块Let’s try、Let’s wrap it up和Tips for pronunciation. Let’s try是一个听力练习，通过听音、看图、理解关键词等，感知Let’s talk部分的新句型，从而引入新句型的学习。

Let’s wrap it up是对每一单元出现的语法知识的小总结。

Tips for pronunciation部分由原来的字母组合朗读和绕口令新欣赏过渡到连读、重读、爆破和意群的练习。

本册教材话题大都是前六册曾出现的旧话题，这样的安排可以不断滚动复现旧话题、融合旧知识，带出新语言，分散、弱化难度，让学生在温故知新的过程中不断展开进一步的学2.学生基本情况分析六年级英语在小学英语教学中起着承上启下的作用，既是五年级的衍生又是初中一年级的铺垫。

六年级学生已经接触了三年英语，有一定的英语基础。

涉及到“问路”的主要句型有“Where is …?”在三和五年级都有方位介词的学习：on，under, in front of, beside, behind, near。

五上U2 《My week》重点学习了一般现在时，现在进行时也学习过，在此基础上开始接触be going to…句型，第四单元涉及的动词短语大部分都是以前曾经学过的：dance, sing, play football, do kung fu. 谈论人物的职业的单词在四年级有涉及到：farmer, nurse, driver, football player.所以在设计教学活动中应考虑学生已有的知识水平，我们在教学中应注意以旧带新，这样能相应在降低教学难度，又能自然地引出新的教学内容，在此基础上适当拓展语言。

有了C++的基础知识我们就能够很好地理解G4的程序结构了。

G4是采用的gcc编译器，因此其程序结构是和C++一样的。

首先包括有一个主程序main，然后分别包含有子程序src和头文件include以及其他调用文件othersG4里面为了与C++相区别，程序后缀都是.cc，头文件后缀都是.hh其中头文件在.cc里面写也没问题，但是那样看起来不方便，建议还是按照c++的习惯一一对应比较好。

那么，关键问题是要进行一个模拟我们都需要写哪些src和include的？下面我们首先看G4里面的几个基本类，这些基本类基本上是与src一一对应的。

G4RunManager——对应主程序这个类在主程序中用以初始化模拟信息的，或者形象地说是用于连接子程序的，而连接方式是通过Set函数来完成的大家可以从$G4INSTALL/source/run/G4RunManager.hh里面查看各种Set函数，如public: // with descriptioninline void SetUserInitialization(G4VUserDetectorConstruction* userInit){ userDetector = userInit; }inline void SetUserInitialization(G4VUserPhysicsList* userInit){physicsList = userInit;kernel->SetPhysics(userInit);}可以说G4RunManager类是贯穿整个程序模拟过程的总线，因此一般说来只能有一个而开始一次Run的信号则是通过BeamOn函数发出的，其格式是virtual void BeamOn(G4int n_event,const char* macroFile=0,G4int n_select=-1);可以通过多次调用BeamOn来实现循环计算。

寻乌县2022年小学英语优秀教学设计S: He has a big green bag. Yes, she has got the key words. He has a green bag. So James has a gift, too.T: Number 2, read it. What’s her name?S: Her name is---. Ann . Her name is Ann.T: How do you know? Why?S: Because he has orange shoes. How about number 4? Read together. Maybe you can read it better.T: He is short and thin.S: His name is Ben.T:句子易错，纠正。

His name is Ben. Who is he?S: His name is Ben. How do you know? He has glasses, so Ben has got a gift.由学生身边的人进行操练重点语句，这样可吸引学生的注意力，激发学生的学习动机，进而启发学生的思维，提高教学效率。

再回到学生身边进行游戏，最后通过一个小阅读进行综合能力的整合。

这样的有梯度的练习，使语言知识不断得到加强和巩固。

T:This time, take out your paper, write the name, then circle the words.下去巡查并辅导学生，T:Work in pairs. He is -----or she is -----, He has-----or she has ----.T:汇报展示：小组同学描述人物，其他小组猜出是哪位人物形象。

S: Number 3.T: Let’s read it. 读课文做连线。

Ss: She is tall, she is friendly. She has a blue hat.T: What’s her name? Now take out your paper, find the name. Then match the sentences with the students.T: What’s her name? What’s her name?S: Her name is Kate.T: Bingo. Her name is---Kate. Yes, Kate.自然拼读读法教授Kate的发音。

年级：四年级学科：英语时间：2011.06Uint 5 How much is it?单元备课一、单元内容分析：1．本单元重点学习有关衣服和鞋子的大小、评论价格、颜色和款式，其中难点在于A部分的Let's talk和B部分的Let's learn。

2．建议教师采用实物教学的方式教授并分解难点。

注意“How much is it?”和“How much are they?”的比较教学，即，用前者带动后者，同时复习惯以复数形式出现的衣物名词二、单元教学目标：1．能力目标（1）能够简单描述衣服、鞋子的大小，评论价格、颜色和款式，如：It's expensive / colourful．（2）能够询问价格并做简略评价，如：How much is it? It's....（3）能够听懂并发出与各种鞋相关的简单指令，如：Put on your sneakers．Run in the park．2．知识目标（1）掌握A、B部分Read and write的单词和句子。

（2）听、说、认读A、B部分Let's learn和Let's talk中的单词和句子。

（3）理解let's do、Let's chant等部分的内容。

（4）了解Story time、Good to know等部分的内容。

3．情感、策略、文化等有关目标（1）情感态度：能以得体的方式与人交际。

（2）文化目标：了解英美两国与我国的衣物尺码标记的不同。

4．单元教学课时安排建议：六课时第一课时：A Let's learn Let's chant第二课时：A Let's talk C Good to know第三课时：A Read and write C Story time第四课时：B Let's learn Let's do C Let's sing 第五课时：B Let's talk Group work C Let's check 第六课时：B Read and write C Task time Pronunciation第（）课时总（）课时教学内容： A Let’s learn Let’s chant课型：单词教学一、教学目标：1．能够听、说、认读本课时的主要单词：colourful, pretty, cheap, expensive。

P I C单片机应用开发典型模块第四章程序Company number：【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】（1）多功能波形信号发生模块程序应用#INCLUDE<16F>RTCC EQU 01HPC EQU 02HPCLATH EQU 0AHTEMP0TIME EQU 20H ;方波次数TEMP0CONST EQU 21H ;方波常数TEMO0DOT EQU 22H ;方波点数TEMP0OUT EQU 23H ;方波输出值TEMP1TIME EQU 30H ;锯齿波次数TEMP1CONST EQU 31H ;锯齿波常数TEMP1 DOT EQU 32H ;锯齿波点数TEMP1OUT EQU 33H ;锯齿波输出值TEMP2TIME EQU 40H ;三角波次数TEMP2CONST EQU 41H ;三角波常数TEMP2 DOT EQU 42H ;三角波点数TEMP2OUT EQU 43H ;三角波输出值OPTION_R EQU 81HWBU EQU 2FH ;W暂存SBU EQU 2EH ;STATUS暂存RCC EQU 0FAH ;最大频率常数;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ORG 0SYS_RESETGOTO START;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ORG 4 ;中断程序MOVWF WBUSWAPF WB0, 0SWAPF STATUS, 0MOVWF SBUCALL SERV_INTSWAPF SBU, 0MOVWF STATUSSWAPF WBU, 0RETFIE;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ORG 40HNOPSTARTCALL INTCALL INTPORTCALL INTTMOLOOP ;延时NOPNOPGOTO LOOP;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ INTCLRF TEMP0DOTCLRF TEMP1DOTCLRF TEMP2DOTCLRF TEMP0OUTCLRF TEMP1OUTCLRF TEMP2OUTMOVLW 03HMOVWF TEMP0TIMEMOVWF TEMP0CONSTMOVWF TEMP2TIMEMOVWF TEMP2CONSTMOVLW 06HMOVWF TEMP1TIMEMOVWF TEMP1CONSTRETURN;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ INTPORT ;端口初始化BCF STATUS, 0BCF STATUS, 1BCF STATUS, 5CLRF PORTCCLRF PORTDBSF PORTE,1BSF STATUS, 5MOVLW 00HMOVWF TRISDMOVLW OF4HMOVWF TRISC;定义RE1为输出，其他为输入MOVWF TRISEBCF STATUS, 5RETURN;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ INTTM0 ;定时器初始化BSF STATUS, 5MOVLW 80HMOVWF OPTION_ RBCF STATUS, 5MOVLW 0A0H;开放定时器中断MOVLW RCC ;RCC=最大频率延时常数MOVWF RTCCRETURN；;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SERY_ INT ;中断服务程序BTFSC INTCON，2GOTO SERVRTCCCLRF INTCONBSF INTCON, 5RETURNSERVRTCCMOVLW RCCMOVWF RTCCBCF INTCON，2CALL OUTPUTRETFIE;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------OUTPUT ;输出波形BCF STATUS,5FBO DECFSZ TEMP0TIME，1 ;方波GOTO J BOCALL FANGBOJBO DECFSZ TEMP1TIME，1 ;锯齿波GOTO SJ BOCALL JUCBOSJBO DECFSZ TEMP2 TIME,1 ;三角波RETURNCALL SJIAOBORETURN;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FANGBOBCF PORTS, 1 ;MR为低BCF PORTC, 0 BCF PORTC, 1 ;选择输出通道， 0通道为方波INCF TEMP0DOT，1MOVF TEMP0CONST, 0MOVWF TEMP0TIMEBTFSC TEMP0DOT，7GOTO GAOGOTO DIGAO MOVLW OFFHMOVWF PORTDBSF PORTE, 1RETURNDI M0VLW 00HMOVWF PORTDBSF PORTE, 1RETURN;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JUCBOBCF PORTE, 1BCF PORTC，0 ;选择输出通道， 1通道为锯齿波MOVF TEMP1CONST，0MOVWF TEMP1TIMEINCFSZ TEMP1DOT, 1GOTO JUBO1MOVF TEMP1OUT, 0MOVWF PORTDINCF TEMP1OUT, 1RETURNJUBO1 MOVLW 00HMOVWF TEMPlOUTRETURN;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SJIAOBOBCF PORTE, 1BCF PORTC, 1 ;选择输出通道， 2通道为三角波MOVF TEMP2CONST, 0MOVWF TEMP2TIMEINCFSZ TEMP2DOT, 1GOTO SJBO2CALL SJBO0SJB02 MOVF TEMP2OUT, 0MOVWF PORTDBSF PORTE, 1MOVLW 02HBTFSS TEMP2DOT，7GOTO SJBO1ADDWF TEMP2OUT, 1RETURNSJBO1SUBWF TEMP2OUT，1RETURNSJBO0 CLRF TEMP2OUTRETURNEND（2）PWM信号发生模块程序应用#include <>/*CCP1模块的PWM工作方式初始化子程序*/void INIT_CCP1(){PR2=0XFF; /*设置PWM周期*/CCPR1L=0X7F; /*设置工作循环的高8bit为01111111*/CCP1CON=0X3C; /*设置CCP1为PWM工作方式，且工作循环的低bit2为11*/INTCON=0X00; /*禁止总中断和外围中断*/TRISC=0XFB; /*设置RC2/CCP1为输出*/}/*主程序*/main(){INIT_CCP1(); /*CCP1模块的PWM工作方式初始化*/T2CON=0X03; /*前分频比为16，打开TMR2，同时输出PWM信号*/}（3）正弦信号发生模块程序应用#include <>//本程序将通过PIC16F877的I2C方式驱动D/A 转换器MAX518，使其D/A0 通道输出//一个连续的正弦波形const char table[ ] = {0X80，0X86，0X8D， 0X93，0X99，0X9F，0XA5，0XAB，0XB1，0XB7，0XBC，0XC2，0XC7，0XCC，0XD1，0XD6，0XDA，0XDF，0XE3，0XE7，0XEA，0XEE，0XF1，0XF4，0XF6，0XF8，0XFA，0XFC，0XFD，0XFF，0XFF，0XFF，0XFF，0XFF，0XFF，0XFE，0XFD，0XFB，0XF9，0XF7，0XF5，0XF2，0XEF，0XEC，0XE9，0XE5，0XE1，0XDD，0XD8，0XD4，0XCF，0XCA，0XC5，0XBF，0XBA，0XB4，0XAE，0XA8，0XA2，0X9C，0X96，0X90，0X89，0X83，0X80，0X79，0X72，0X6C，0X66，0X60，0X5A，0X55，0X4E，0X48，0X43，0X3D，0X38，0X33，0X2E，0X29，0X25，0X20，0X1C，0X18，0X15，0X11，0X0E，0X0B，0X09，0X07，0X05，0X03，0X02，0X00，0X00，0X00，0X00，0X00，0X00，0X01，0X02，0X04，0X06，0X08，0X0A，0X0D，0X10，0X13，0X16，0X1A，0X1E，0X22，0X27，0X2B，0X30，0X35，0X3A，0X40，0X45，0X4C，0X51，0X57，0X5D，0X63，0X69，0X6F，0X76，0X7C}；//以上的数组用于存放正弦表，在定义数组时，前面应该加上 const，//使数组存放于ROM 中，而不至于占用太多的RAMunsigned char i；unsigned char j；unsigned char n；//I2C 初始化子程序void i2cint(){SSPCON = 0X08；//初始化SSPCON 寄存器TRISC3 =1；//设置SCL 为输入口TRISC4 =1；//设置SDA 为输入口TRISA4 = 0；SSPSTAT=0X80；//初始化SSPSTAT 寄存器SSPADD=0X02；//设定I2C 时钟频率SSPCON2=0X00；//初始化SSPCON2 寄存器di()；//关闭总中断SSPIF=0；//清SSP 中断标志RA4=0；//关掉74HC165 的移位时钟使能，以免74HC165//移位数据输出与I2C 总线的数据线发生冲突SSPEN=1；//SSP模块使能}//I2C 总线输出数据子程序void i2cout(){SEN=1；//产生I2C 启动信号for(n=0x02；--n；)continue；//给予一定的延时，保证启动do{RSEN=1；//产生I2C 启动信号}while(SSPIF==0)；//如果没能启动，则反复启动，直到启动为止SSPIF=0；//SSPIF 标志清0SSPBUF=0X58；//I2C 总线发送地址字节do {；}while(SSPIF==0)；//等待地址发送完毕SSPIF=0；//SSPIF 标志清0SSPBUF=0X01；//I2C 总线发送命令字节do {；}while(SSPIF==0)；//等待命令发送完毕SSPIF=0；//SSPIF 标志清0SSPBUF=j；//I2C 总线发送数据字节do {；}while(SSPIF==0)；//等待数据发送完毕SSPIF=0；//SSPIF 标志清0PEN=1；//产生停止条件do {；}while(SSPIF==0)；//等待停止条件产生SSPIF=0；//SSPIF 标志清0}//主程序main (){i2cint()；//I2C 初始化while(1){for(i=0x00；i<=127；++i){j=table[i]；//从数组中得到需要传输的数据量i2cout()；//利用I2C 总线方式送出数据}}（4）简易频率计模块程序#include <>#include <>#include <>bank3 int cp1z[11]；//定义一个数组，用于存放各次的捕捉值union cp1{int y1；unsigned char cp1e[2]；}cp1u； //定义一个共用体unsigned char COUNTW，COUNT； //测量脉冲个数寄存器unsigned char COUNTER，data，k；unsigned char s1[4]；//定义4个显示缓冲数组unsigned char s2[4]；unsigned char s3[4]；unsigned char s4[4]；int T5，uo；double RE5；double puad5；//CCP 模块工作于捕捉方式初始化子程序void ccpint( ){CCP1CON=0X05；//首先设置CCP1 捕捉每个脉冲的上升沿T1CON=0X00；//关闭TMR1 震荡器PEIE=1；//外围中断允许(此时总中断关闭)CCP1IE=1；//允许CCP1 中断TRISC2=1；//设置RC2 为输入}//系统其它部分初始化子程序void initial( ){COUNT=0X0B；//为保证测试精度，测试5 个脉冲的参数后//求平均值，每个脉冲都要捕捉其上升、下降沿，故需要有11 次中断}//中断服务程序void interrupt cp1int(void){CCP1IF=0；//清除中断标志[0]=CCPR1L；[1]=CCPR1H；cp1z[data]=；//存储1 次捕捉值CCP1CON=CCP1CON^0X01； //把CCP1 模块改变成捕捉相反的脉冲沿data++；COUNT--；}//周期处理子程序void PERIOD( ){T5=cp1z[10]-cp1z[0]；//求得5 个周期的值RE5=(double)T5；//强制转换成双精度数RE5=RE5/5；//求得平均周期，单位为μs}//频率处理子程序void FREQUENCY( ){PERIOD( )；//先求周期RE5=1000000/RE5；//周期值求倒数，再乘以1000000，得频率，单位为Hz}//脉宽处理子程序void PULSE( ){int pu；for(data=0，puad5=0；data<=9；data++){pu=cp1z[data+1]-cp1z[data]；puad5=(double)pu+puad5；data=data+2；} //求得5 个脉宽的和值RE5=puad5/5； //求得平均脉宽}//占空比处理子程序void OCCUPATIONAL( ){PULSE( )；//先求脉宽puad5=RE5；//暂存脉宽值PERIOD()；//再求周期RE5=puad5/RE5；//求得占空比}precision(RE5) //为了保证小数点的精度，对RE5进行处理{k=5；if(RE5<1){RE5=RE5*1000； //若RE5<1，则乘以1 000，保证小数点的精度k=0x00；}else if(RE5<10){RE5=RE5*1000； //若RE5<10，则乘以1 000，保证小数点的精度k=0x00；}else if(RE5<100){RE5=RE5*100； //若RE5<100，则乘以100，保证小数点的精度k=0x01；}else if(RE5<1000){RE5=RE5*10； //若RE5<1000，则乘以10，保证小数点的精度k=0x02；}else RE5=RE5 ；}//主程序main( ){ccpint()；//CCP模块工作于捕捉方式初始化initial()；//系统其它部分初始化data=0x00；//存储数组指针赋初值TMR1H=0；TMR1L=0；//定时器1 清0CCP1IF=0；//清除CCP1 的中断标志，以免中断一打开就进入//中断ei( )；//中断允许TMR1ON=1；//定时器1 开while(1){if(COUNT==0)break；} //等待中断次数结束di()；//禁止中断TMR1ON=0；//关闭定时器//进行下面的数值转换和显示工作PERIOD()；//进行周期处理precision(RE5);uo=(int)RE5；sprintf(s1，"%4d"，uo)；//把周期数据转换成4 位ASII 码，且放入数组S１中FREQUENCY()；//进行频率处理precision(RE5);uo=(int)RE5；sprintf(s2，"%4d"，uo)；//把频率数据转换成4 位ASII 码，且放入数组S２中OCCUPATIONAL()；//进行占空比处理precision(RE5);uo=(int)RE5；sprintf(s2，"%4d"，uo)；//把占空比数据转换成4 位ASII 码，且放入数组S３中PULSE()；//进行脉宽处理precision(RE5);uo=(int)RE5；sprintf(s2，"%4d"，uo)；//把脉宽数据转换成4 位ASII 码，且放入数组S４中}（5）交流电压测量模块程序#include <>#include <>#include <>union adres{inty1；unsigned charadre[2]；}adresult；//定义一个共用体bank3 int re[40]；//定义存放A/D转换结果的数组，在bank3中unsigned char k，data；//定义几个通用寄存器double squ,squad；//平方寄存器和平方和寄存器，squ又通用为存储其它数值int uo；bank1 unsigned char s[4]；//此数组用于存储需要显示的字符的ASII码//A/D转换初始化子程序void adinitial(){ADCON0=0x41；//选择A/D通道为RA0，且打开A/D转换器//在工作状态，使A/D转换时钟为8ToscADCON1=0X8E；//转换结果右移，及ADRESH寄存器的高6位为"0"//把RA0口设置为模拟量输入方式ADIE=1；//A/D转换中断允许PEIE=1；//外围中断允许TRISA0=1；//设置RA0为输入方式}//系统其它初始化子程序voidinitial(){CCP2IE=0；//禁止CCP中断SSPIE=0；//禁止SSP中断CCP2CON=0X0B；//初始化CCP2CON，CCP2为特别事件触发方式CCPR2H=0X01；CCPR2L=0XF4；//初始化CCPR2寄存器，设置采样间隔500 μs， //一个周期内电压采40个点}//中断服务程序void interruptadint(void){CCP2IF=0；ADIF=0；//清除中断标志[0]=ADRESL；[1]=ADRESH；//读取并存储A/D转换结果，A/D转换的结果//通过共用体的形式放入了变量y1中re[k]=；//1次A/D转换的结果存入数组k++；//数组访问指针加1}//主程序main( ){adinitial()；//A/D转换初始化initial()；//系统其它初始化k=0；//数组访问指针赋初值TMR1H=0X00；TMR1L=0X00；//定时器1清0ei()；//中断允许T1CON=0X01；//打开定时器1while(1){if(k==40)break；//A/D转换次数达到40，则终止}di()；//禁止中断for(k=0；k<40；k++)re[k]=re[k]-0X199；//假设提升电压为2 V，对应十六进制数199H，则 //需在采样值的基础上减去该值for(k=0，squad=0；k<40；k++){uo=re[k]；squ=(double)uo；//强制把采得的数据量转换成双精度数，以便运算squ=squ*5/1023；//把每点的数据转换成实际数据squ=squ*squ；//求一点电压的平方squad=squad+squ；}//以上求得40点电压的平方和，存于寄存器 squad中squ=squad/40；//求得平均值squ=sqrt(squ)；//开平方，求得最后的电压值squ=squ*；//通过变压器的变比和分压电阻分配确定该系数//以上得到了实际电网的电压值squ=squ*10；//为了保证显示的小数点的精度，先对电压值乘以10uo=(int)squ； //强制把U转换成有符号整型量sprintf(s，"%4d"，uo)；//通过sprintf函数把需要显示的电压数据转换成 ASII码，并存于数//组S中}。

ispLEVER4.2简明中⽂教程（上）Lattice CPLD/FPGA 开发⼯具ispLEVER4.2简明中⽂教程（上）黄俊2005年4⽉概述ispLEVER是Lattice(莱迪思)的数字设计⼯具套件，它⽀持莱迪思所有的FPGA、CPLD、ispGDX和SPLD器件。

ispLEVER包含莱迪思以及CAE业界领先者们所开发的⼯具，⽤于设计输⼊、综合、验证/仿真、适配、布局和布线以及器件编程。

本⽂简要说明了ispLEVER中的各种⼯具的使⽤⽅法，并说明如何查看ispLEVER中的报告。

本⽂共分为三篇。

第⼀篇介绍如何安装ispLEVER；第⼆篇以⼀个简单的4位⽐较器为例介绍开发CPLD的流程，最后还重点介绍了原理图编辑法；第三篇以在EC系列FPGA中实现⼀个简单的RTL级的VHDL设计为实例介绍开发FPGA 的⽅法，并向⽤户展⽰如何对设计进⾏仿真、功耗估算、静态时序分析、布局布线、阅读输出报告。

关于Help⽂件z学习⼀个软件的最佳途径就是学习它的Help，ispLEVER的Help⽂档⾮常详细，不仅有对软件各功能的详细解释还学习指南；z⽤户可以在软件的任何环境下按F1打开Help；z在不同的窗⼝下的菜单栏内点击Help菜单，即可以打开相应的Help⽂件；z为尽快掌握ispLEVER的操作，⽤户也可以联系代理商以安排软件培训。

在这⾥做个⼴告，我们公司——晏阳科技（总公司为彦阳科技）是Lattice的代理商之⼀，我是深圳办事处的⼀名应⽤⼯程师，客户主要在福建和深圳。

我们深圳办事处的总机号码是0755-********，传真是0755-********。

福州联络处的电话是：0591-********系统需求z若开发CPLD，建议内存256M以上，推荐512M；z若开发FPGA，建议内存512M以上，推荐1G；z强烈建议使⽤Windows XP系统。

第⼀篇软件安装1、放⼊安装光盘，ispLEVER Setup会⾃动启动。

Unit One Hello!Part A一、连词成句。

1.I, a, have, pencil（.）______________2.I’m ,white ,Miss(.)__________________二．看中文意思选择正确的单词。

（10分）（）1.铅笔 A. pen B. pencil（）2.蜡笔 A. crayon B. ruler（）3.橡皮 A. eraser B. bag（）4.书 A. pencil box B. book三．读一读，选择正确的答案。

（10分）（）1.当吴一凡向别人介绍自己时，他会说：A. Hello! I’m Wu Yifan.B. Hi! I’m Sarah. （）2.“我有一把尺子”用英语怎么说？A. Show me a ruler.B.I have a ruler.Unit One Hello!Part B一、给下列汉语找相应的翻译。

( )1.你好！ A. What’s your name? ( )2.再见！ B.I’m Miss White. ( )3.你叫什么名字？ C.Hello!( )4.我是怀特小姐。

D.Goodbye!( )5.我的名字叫汤姆。

E.My name’s Tom.二、完成下面单词，并与相应的图片连线。

1.p_nc_l2.b_ _k3.r_l_ _4.b_g5.p_nc_l b_xUnit Two ColoursPart A一、从方框中选择适当的词填空。

Miss morning your is1.This ___Zhang Hong.2.Good _____,Mr Chen.3.What ’s _____name?4.Mr Black,this is_____Green.二、根据描述涂色并连线。

1.red eraser2.yellow ruler3.green pen4.blue bagUnit Two ColoursPart B一、选择正确的答案。

A VR单片机用I/O口4位总线的字符型液晶显示模块的部分驱动程序及初始化程序pr1: ；写入指令代码子程cbi portd，3 ；RS=0sbi portd，4 ；R/W=1pr11：cbi ddrb,7 ；置B口高四位三态输入cbi portb,7cbi ddrb,6cbi portb，6cbi ddrb，5cbi portb，5cbi ddrb,4cbi portb,4sbi portd,5 ;E=1cbi portd，5 ；E=0in temp,pinb ；读B口高四位bst temp,7 ；T=BFsbi portd，5 ;E=1cbi portd,5 ；E=0brts pr11 ;T=1跳转到pr11cbi portd,4 ；R/W=0sbi ddrb，7 ;置B口为输出sbi ddrb,6sbi ddrb,5sbi ddrb，4rcall writ ;写指令高四位swap wdc ；写指令低四位rcall writretpr2：；写入显示数据子程cbi portd，3 ;RS=0sbi portd，4 ;R/W=1pr21：cbi ddrb，7 ；置B口高四位三态输入cbi portb,7cbi ddrb,6cbi portb,6cbi ddrb，5cbi portb,5cbi ddrb，4cbi portb，4sbi portd，5 ；E=1cbi portd,5 ;E=0in temp,pinb ;读B口高四位bst temp，7 ;T=BFsbi portd,5 ；E=1cbi portd,5 ;E=0brts pr21 ；T=1跳转到pr21sbi portd，3 ;RS=1 ＊*＊＊**＊cbi portd,4 ;R/W=0sbi ddrb,7 ；置B口为输出sbi ddrb,6sbi ddrb，5sbi ddrb,4rcall writ ；写指令高四位swap wdc ;写指令低四位rcall writretwrit：;对LCD写四位指令代码或显示数据子程cbi portb,7 ;清portb7，6，5,4cbi portb,6cbi portb,5cbi portb，4sbrc wdc，7 ;把com7，6，5,4传送到portb,7,6，5,4sbi portb,7sbrc wdc，6sbi portb，6sbrc wdc,5sbi portb,5sbrc wdc，4sbi portb,4sbi portd,5 ;E下降沿写入LCDcbi portd,5retint：；初始化子程ldi temp，$ff ；设置B口输出out ddrb,tempout portb，tempcbi portb,7 ；工作方式设置指令代码$30cbi portb，6sbi portb，5sbi portb,4cbi portd,3 ；RS=0cbi portd，4 ；R/W=0ldi r19，3 ；3次循环，要写入3次iint1：sbi portd，5 ；E=1cbi portd，5 ;E=0，E下降沿写入指令代码rcall delaydec r19brne iint1cbi portb，4 ;设置工作方式指令代码$20,(地址增量，画面不动) sbi portd,5 ;E下降沿写入指令代码cbi portd，5ldi wdc，$28 ;工作方式设置为4位接口,两行显示rcall pr1ldi wdc,＄01 ;设置请屏rcall pr1rcall delayldi wdc,$06 ；设置为数据读写后rcall pr1ldi wdc，$0d ；设置显示方式rcall pr1retdelt: push temp ；延时子程ldi temp，$ffdet1: dec tempbrne det1pop tempretdelay：push temp ;延时子程ldi temp,$80mm1: push tempmm2: push tempmm3：dec tempbrne mm3pop tempdec tempbrne mm2pop tempdec tempbrne mm1pop tempretcg_write: ;写自定义字符库子程ldi wdc,$40 ；设置CGRAM起始地址rcall pr1ldi r19,64 ;写入64字节（8个自定义字符）ldi r22，0 ;从第0个字节依次查表写入cg1：ldi ZH，high（cgtab＊2)ldi ZL，low（cgtab＊2)add ZL,r22lpmmov wdc,r0rcall pr2inc r22dec r19brne cg1ret。