Chapter4Wordformation(II)PPT课件
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eg; (a) Noun compounds
day + break = daybreak play + boy = playboy brain + wash = brainwash baby + sit = babysit heart + felt = heartfelt duty + free = dutyfree (N+V) (V+ N) (N+V) (N +V) (N +V-ed) (N+ Adj )
(b) Verb compounds (c) Adjective compounds
2.Derivation or Affixation [派生法]
Different from compounds, derivation shows a relationship between roots and affixs.
4. Abbreviation [缩略法]
• a. 首字母缩略法
CIA = Central Intelligence Agency EEC = European Economic Community WB = World Bank
b. Acronyms 首字母拼音法
• UNESCO = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization • NATO = the North Atlantic Treaty Organization • OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Hand in your book, please.
4构词法wordformationPPT课件
2020年9月28日
2
cide = kill; cut suicide 自杀 insecticide 杀虫剂
confid = trust confidential 机密的 confide 吐露(秘密) confidant 密友 知己 cred = trust; belief
credit 信用；信任 incredible 难以置信的 credulous 轻信的
meter/metri = measure thermometer 温度计 gas-meter
2020年9月28日
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mit /miss = send
emit 放射
vomit 呕吐
dismiss 开除，解散
transmission 播送，传送 promise 许诺
nomin = name
nominal 名义上 nominate 提名
fin = end; limit final最后的 infinite 无限的
define 限定，下定义
2020年9月28日
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flect/flex = bend
reflect 反射，反映 flexible 易弯曲的
flu = flow
influence 影响
fluent 流利
fluid 流动的；液，流体
liter = letter
literature 文学 illiterate 文盲
literal 按照词的本意的；直译的
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11
loc = place location 地点 allocate 分配 local
lumi = light; bright illuminate 照明
magni = big; great magnificent 宏大的
新编英语词汇学教程 第二版 Chapter 4 Word Formation
Chapter 4
Word Formation
CONTENT
1
Introduction
2 Root, stem and affix
3 Inflection and derivation
4
Ordinary processes of word formation
5
Other processes of word formation
4.2 Root, stem and affix
• A free root is one which can stand alone as a word such as help, care and walk. Nevertheless, there are some roots that can not stand alone but combine with other morphemes to form words, such as -ceive in receive and conceive, -mit in permit and submit, -tain in retain and maintain, and -cur in incur and occur. Elements like -ceive, -mit, -tain, and -cur are all roots, but they are meaningless independent of other morphemes,and such roots are called bound roots. Bound roots are limited in number as opposed to free roots, but they are useful to enrich our the vocabulary.
Word Formation
CONTENT
1
Introduction
2 Root, stem and affix
3 Inflection and derivation
4
Ordinary processes of word formation
5
Other processes of word formation
4.2 Root, stem and affix
• A free root is one which can stand alone as a word such as help, care and walk. Nevertheless, there are some roots that can not stand alone but combine with other morphemes to form words, such as -ceive in receive and conceive, -mit in permit and submit, -tain in retain and maintain, and -cur in incur and occur. Elements like -ceive, -mit, -tain, and -cur are all roots, but they are meaningless independent of other morphemes,and such roots are called bound roots. Bound roots are limited in number as opposed to free roots, but they are useful to enrich our the vocabulary.
Chapter 4 word-formation
Exercises
1.用否定前缀 用否定前缀in-(及其变体 un-, non-构成下列单词反义词 及其变体), 用否定前缀 及其变体 构成下列单词反义词
1.mature: 2. regular: 3.considerate: 4.noble: 5.contentious: 6.legitimate 7.metal: 8.passive: 9.ferrous 10.accuracy: 11.endurable: 12.variance 13.inductive: 14.legible: 15.reasonable 16.rational: 17.scrupulous: 18.staple 19:balance: 20.legalize:
Key to the exercises: 3
1. apologized 2. beautify 3. lengthening 4. sympathized 5. fatten 6. deepen 7 . modernize 8. Sterilize
harden (harden one’s heart), horrify( a horrifying sight), memorize (memorize the words), falsify(falsify records 伪造记录）, glorify（glorify the hero’s deeds), intensify (intensify the difference)
Means of word formation
prefixation 1. affixation (derivation) suffixation 2. conversion (functional shift, zero derivation) 3. composition 4. back-formation 5. blending 6. shortening
WordFormation.ppt
constitute a word by itself. E.g bed, tree, sing, dance
Bound morpheme
A bound morpheme is one that cannot appear alone. It may appear with at least one other morpheme.
e.g purify=pur(e)+ -ify
the rule: A verb can be formed by adding “-ify” to an adjective.
More examples:
amplify, simplify, falsify, intensify
2. Types of morphemes Free morpheme A free morpheme is one that may
e.g “tele-” in “telephone”, “television”, “telegraph”, “telescope”
Affixes: used only when added to another morphemes (the root).
Derivational affixes: affixes addபைடு நூலகம்d to other morphemes to create new words
e.g –ant assistant *helpants
inconsiderate *inhelpful
un- should be followed by positive roots
e.g unhappy *unsad
unkind
*uncruel
3 Word-formation The expansion of vocabulary in
Bound morpheme
A bound morpheme is one that cannot appear alone. It may appear with at least one other morpheme.
e.g purify=pur(e)+ -ify
the rule: A verb can be formed by adding “-ify” to an adjective.
More examples:
amplify, simplify, falsify, intensify
2. Types of morphemes Free morpheme A free morpheme is one that may
e.g “tele-” in “telephone”, “television”, “telegraph”, “telescope”
Affixes: used only when added to another morphemes (the root).
Derivational affixes: affixes addபைடு நூலகம்d to other morphemes to create new words
e.g –ant assistant *helpants
inconsiderate *inhelpful
un- should be followed by positive roots
e.g unhappy *unsad
unkind
*uncruel
3 Word-formation The expansion of vocabulary in
Chapter4 Word formation(II)
Verb compounds
Verb compounds are not as common as the other two classes.through conversion or backformation N+V: to brainwash, to housekeep,to moonwalk V+V: to dive bomb, to drop kick Adj+V: t dry clean, to safeguard, to sweet talk Adv+V: to overdo, to out-distance,to uplift, to uphold, to outtake, to outsmart
4.1.2Suffixation
Definition and its major feature Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. A suffix is a letter of a group of letters placed at the ending of a word to change its class or function. Suffixes can be classified into groups on a grammatical basis.
Table: the most productive suffixes to know Noun suffixes:-eer,-er,-ette,-let,-ster,-dom,-ery, -hood,ing,-ism,-ship, -ant,-al, -ance,-ation, -ence,-ment,-ity,ness,-ist, -ite,-an, -ese,-ure,or,-cy,-y Adjective suffixes:-ed,-ant,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,-al,esque,-ic,-ous,-able,-ative,-ive,-ise Verb suffixes;-ate,-en,-ify,-ize,-ise Adverv suffixes:-ly,-ward(s),-wise
词汇学第四章word formation (课堂PPT)
An example has been done for you.
Word
prefix
root
retell
re
tell
ex-wife
misleading
multimedia
automobile
microcomputer
vice-chairman
Observe the words and their roots or stems, do you think
it is the formation of new words by adding prefix to stems.
• Features:
non-class changing
• Exceptions:
class-changing prefixes
In modern English, there are small part of
every word enjoys the same part of speech with its root or
stem?
2020/4/5
5
• On semantic basis, prefixes are divided into
ten groups:
① Negative Prefixes否定前缀 ② Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀 ③ Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀 ④ Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀 ⑤ Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀 ⑥ Locative prefixes方位前缀 ⑦ Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀 ⑧ Number prefixes数字前缀 ⑨ Conversion prefixes转化前缀 ⑩ Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀
word-formationPPT课件
postpostwar
fore-(前，预先)
• Word-formation (2)
Some English words are made by changing the Part of Speech of a word you know. This is called Conversion (转化) .
常见的转化形式两种：
动词 --- 名词 名词 --- 动词
Observation 1
bus-driver = bus + driver
downtown = down + town
newspaper = news + paper
cowboy = cow + boy
• Can you find something in common? • Can you find out more similar
examples?
Conclusion
• Word-formation (1)
Some English words are made by joining two words together, sometimes with a hyphen “-” or two. This is called Compounding(合成).
见
non -nonsmoker (常用在n. adj. adv. 前)
的
in -inactive, inhuman, indirect (常用在adj.前)
前
dis - disagree, disappear
im - impolite, impossible
缀
(用在b,p,m 开头的词前)
il-illegal
fore-(前，预先)
• Word-formation (2)
Some English words are made by changing the Part of Speech of a word you know. This is called Conversion (转化) .
常见的转化形式两种：
动词 --- 名词 名词 --- 动词
Observation 1
bus-driver = bus + driver
downtown = down + town
newspaper = news + paper
cowboy = cow + boy
• Can you find something in common? • Can you find out more similar
examples?
Conclusion
• Word-formation (1)
Some English words are made by joining two words together, sometimes with a hyphen “-” or two. This is called Compounding(合成).
见
non -nonsmoker (常用在n. adj. adv. 前)
的
in -inactive, inhuman, indirect (常用在adj.前)
前
dis - disagree, disappear
im - impolite, impossible
缀
(用在b,p,m 开头的词前)
il-illegal
Word Formation英语构词法PPT课件
mis-misunderstand, misdirect(误导)
第10页/共19页
• (C)表示两个,双边的前缀：bi- bicolor ( 双色的), bicycle
• (D)表示相互, 交互, 在一起的前缀 inter—interview, international,
• (E)表示又,再,重新的前缀 re—review, return, rewrite
第16页/共19页
Some types of backformation
Noun-verb pedlar - peddle （叫卖）
swindler -swindle （诈骗）beggar - beg （乞讨）editor - edit （编辑
Adjective →verb
peevish - peeve (气恼) cozy - coze（使感 到舒适）lazy - laze （偷懒）greedy greed （贪婪）gruesome - grue （因害怕 发抖）
第12页/共19页
-ness happiness,meanness, carelessness -ity ability, possibility 3.名词变形容词： -y windy, rainy, healthy, funny, -ish foolish, feverish -some handsome, troublesome -ous dangerous, humorous -ful helpful, careful, peaceful, -less homeless, helpless, careless
第2页/共19页
Types of Word Formation
Compounding(合成法） Acronym Derivation（派生法） Initialism Conversion（转化法） Backformation（逆向构词法） Clipping（截短构词法） Blending
第10页/共19页
• (C)表示两个,双边的前缀：bi- bicolor ( 双色的), bicycle
• (D)表示相互, 交互, 在一起的前缀 inter—interview, international,
• (E)表示又,再,重新的前缀 re—review, return, rewrite
第16页/共19页
Some types of backformation
Noun-verb pedlar - peddle （叫卖）
swindler -swindle （诈骗）beggar - beg （乞讨）editor - edit （编辑
Adjective →verb
peevish - peeve (气恼) cozy - coze（使感 到舒适）lazy - laze （偷懒）greedy greed （贪婪）gruesome - grue （因害怕 发抖）
第12页/共19页
-ness happiness,meanness, carelessness -ity ability, possibility 3.名词变形容词： -y windy, rainy, healthy, funny, -ish foolish, feverish -some handsome, troublesome -ous dangerous, humorous -ful helpful, careful, peaceful, -less homeless, helpless, careless
第2页/共19页
Types of Word Formation
Compounding(合成法） Acronym Derivation（派生法） Initialism Conversion（转化法） Backformation（逆向构词法） Clipping（截短构词法） Blending
初升高英语衔接课4-words-formation
Read the following words and see how are they formed?
showcases = show + case + s breakthroughs = break + through + s bioengineering = bio + engineer + ing outstanding = out + stand + ing enable = en + able indirectly = in + direct + ly strengthened = strength + en + ed
合成法即是两个词合成一个新词的方法. 名词+名词 silkworm 蚕 bloodtest 验血 形容词+名词double-dealer 两面派 shorthand 速记 动名词+名词waiting-room候车室 sleeping-pills安眠药 动词+名词 pickpocket 扒手 break-water 防水堤 名词+动名词 handwriting 书法sun-bathing 日光浴 动词+副词get-together 联欢会break-through 突破 副词+动词downfall 垮台outbreak 爆发
谢谢观赏
I pour some water in the pot.
His argument contains too many ifs and buts. This book is a must for students of English. Have you considered the why and how of the plan?
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Word formation(II)
This unit deals with the major word-building to create new words in the English language. By studying this unit, learners are expected to
ing,-ism,-ship, -ant,-al, -ance,-ation, -ence,-ment,-ity,ness,-ist, -ite,-an, -ese,-ure,or,-cy,-y Adjective suffixes:-ed,-ant,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,-al,esque,-ic,-ous,-able,-ative,-ive,-ise Verb suffixes;-ate,-en,-ify,-ize,-ise Adverv suffixes:-ly,-ward(s),-wise
4.2 Compounding(composition)
Definition and its major features New words are sometimes constructed by
the ending of a word to change its class or function. Suffixes can be classified into groups on a grammatical basis.
Table: the most productive suffixes to know Noun suffixes:-eer,-er,-ette,-let,-ster,-dom,-ery, -hood,-
4.1.2Suffixation
Definition and its major feature Suffixation is the formation of new words by
adding suffixes to stems. A suffix is a letter of a group of letters placed at
4.1.1 Prefixation is the formation of new words by
adding prefixes to bases (stems).
1Prefixes which are negative: a-, dis-, in-, non-, un2Reversative (逆向)or privative: de-, dis-, un3Prjorative:mal-,mis-,pseudo4Of degree or size: arch- extra, hyper-,macro-,micro-
3kinds of word formation
Add, borrowing, imitation, coinage, invention
Shorting: abbreviation (clipping, blending, initialization), backformation
Know the major word-building processes used to create new words in English
Be acquainted with commonly used morphemes
Be able to use the word formation knowledge to improve vocabulary learning
Neither adding nor shorting: conversion
4.1 Affixation (Derivation)
Definition and its major features Means the formation of new words by adding
affixes to other words or morphemes. eg, disagreement is derived from the verb agree by the addition of the dis- and the noun-forming suffix –ment. Affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixationand suffixation
,mini-,out-,over-, sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under 5of attitude: anti-,co-,contra-,counter-,pro-, 6locative:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,super-, tele-,trans-, 7of time and order: ex-,fore-,pre-,post-,re8of number:semi-, uni-,mono-,bi-,di-,tri-,multi-,poly9of conversion: a-, be-, en-, 10Of a miscellaneous:auto-,neo-,pan- proto-,vice-
As we can know from the above list, many suffixes are polysemantic, they have more than one meaning.for example, the demorminal suffixes –er has varied meanings,1) something having x, glover 2)inhavitant of x, londoner 3)maker of x, wheeler
This unit deals with the major word-building to create new words in the English language. By studying this unit, learners are expected to
ing,-ism,-ship, -ant,-al, -ance,-ation, -ence,-ment,-ity,ness,-ist, -ite,-an, -ese,-ure,or,-cy,-y Adjective suffixes:-ed,-ant,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,-al,esque,-ic,-ous,-able,-ative,-ive,-ise Verb suffixes;-ate,-en,-ify,-ize,-ise Adverv suffixes:-ly,-ward(s),-wise
4.2 Compounding(composition)
Definition and its major features New words are sometimes constructed by
the ending of a word to change its class or function. Suffixes can be classified into groups on a grammatical basis.
Table: the most productive suffixes to know Noun suffixes:-eer,-er,-ette,-let,-ster,-dom,-ery, -hood,-
4.1.2Suffixation
Definition and its major feature Suffixation is the formation of new words by
adding suffixes to stems. A suffix is a letter of a group of letters placed at
4.1.1 Prefixation is the formation of new words by
adding prefixes to bases (stems).
1Prefixes which are negative: a-, dis-, in-, non-, un2Reversative (逆向)or privative: de-, dis-, un3Prjorative:mal-,mis-,pseudo4Of degree or size: arch- extra, hyper-,macro-,micro-
3kinds of word formation
Add, borrowing, imitation, coinage, invention
Shorting: abbreviation (clipping, blending, initialization), backformation
Know the major word-building processes used to create new words in English
Be acquainted with commonly used morphemes
Be able to use the word formation knowledge to improve vocabulary learning
Neither adding nor shorting: conversion
4.1 Affixation (Derivation)
Definition and its major features Means the formation of new words by adding
affixes to other words or morphemes. eg, disagreement is derived from the verb agree by the addition of the dis- and the noun-forming suffix –ment. Affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixationand suffixation
,mini-,out-,over-, sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under 5of attitude: anti-,co-,contra-,counter-,pro-, 6locative:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,super-, tele-,trans-, 7of time and order: ex-,fore-,pre-,post-,re8of number:semi-, uni-,mono-,bi-,di-,tri-,multi-,poly9of conversion: a-, be-, en-, 10Of a miscellaneous:auto-,neo-,pan- proto-,vice-
As we can know from the above list, many suffixes are polysemantic, they have more than one meaning.for example, the demorminal suffixes –er has varied meanings,1) something having x, glover 2)inhavitant of x, londoner 3)maker of x, wheeler