第二部分 英语

第二部分：翻译（A）

英译汉

The acetabulum can be described as an incomplete hemispherical socket with an inverted

horseshoe-shaped articular surface surrounding the nonarticular cotyloid fossa.. This articula

socket is composed of and supported by two columns of bone, described by Judet and Letournel as

an inverted Y. The anterior column is composed of the bone of the iliac crest, the iliac spines, the

anterior half of the acetabulum, and the pubis. The posterior column is the ischium , the ischial

spine,, the posterior half of the acetabulum, and the dense bone forming the sciatic notch. The

shorter posterior column ends at its intersection with the anterior column at the top of the sciatic

notch. The column concept is used in classification of these fractures and is central to the

discussion of fracture patterns, operative approaches, and internal fixation.

The dome, or roof, of the actebulumn is the weight-bearing portion of the articular surface that

supports the femoral head. Anatomical restoration of the dome with concentric of the femoral head

beneath this dome is the goal of both operative and nonoperative treatment. The quadrilateral

surface is the flat of bone forming the lateral border of the true pelvic cavity and thus lying

adjacent to the medial wall of the prominence in the anterior column that lies directly over the

femoral head. Both the quadrilateral surface and the iliopectineal eminence are thin and adjacent

to the femoral head, limiting the types of fixation that can be used in these regions.

汉译英

腕管综合征如果症状轻微，并未出现鱼际肌的萎缩，腕管内注射氢化考地松可以缓解症状。特别注意的是应避免将药物直接注射入神经内。药物注射亦有助于证明非腕管内骨性或肿瘤压迫所致的腕管综合征；65%以上的腕管综合征由滑膜非特异性水肿引起，这部分患者对于局部注射反应更佳。局部注射亦有助于排除其他疾病的可能，尤其是颈椎间盘突出或胸廓出口综合征。有些患者希望在术前接受两到三次局部注射。如果局部注射反应良好，且无肌萎缩，可采用夹板固定与局部注射等保守治疗。当症状与体征持续存在并进行性加重，尤其是伴有鱼际肌萎缩时，应行腕横深韧带切断术。

第二部分：阅读和写作

根据要求用英文写出约150字的摘要 阅读文章写出摘要（A）

Traumatic spinal fractures with or without associated paralysis are

significant causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The

population-based rate of spinal cord injury over the last 30 years has

remained stable at approximately 40 to 50 per million population. 1,2 With

an average incidence of 11,000 cases per year resulting in an estimated

4 +billion dollars of medical and supportive care costs, the human and

economic costs of these injuries are substantial.

3 While

population-based studies of injured patients indicate that treatment

decisions and clinical outcomes are influenced by injury severity,

preinjury health status, patient age, and the location of care, 4–6 there

is a lack of population-based data regarding injury patterns, treatment,

and mortality of spinal fracture and spinal cord injuries. 7

Treatment patterns and clinical outcomes following traumatic injury vary

with patient age. Relative to nonelderly patients, elderly patients have

greater in-hospital mortality and increased death after discharge. 8–10

Elderly patients also have poorer functional outcome following cervical

cord injury and increased mortality from all cord injuries. 11,12

Differences in injury mechanisms, severity, and effects of treatment

between elderly and nonelderly adults are not well documented. 7

Population-based studies of clinical outcome following traumatic injury

often use in-hospital mortality as the sole measure of mortality.

4,5,13,14 While in-hospital mortality has been shown to under-represent

60-day postdischarge mortality following injury in the elderly population,

15 analyses of in-hospital and extended mortality following spinal

injuries have not been reported.

The purpose of this study was to review the patterns of care and outcome

for a population-based sample of patients with spinal fracture with or

without paralysis in a single state. We hypothesized that among a

population of hospitalized spinal fracture patients, identifiable

patient and injury characteristics exist that are predictive of risk of

mortality, and that these factors as well as treatment decisions and

mortality differ between hospitalized nonelderly adult and geriatric

populations. Finally, we sought to compare differences between mortality

rates based on in-hospital versus total mortality at 60 days

postdischarge. Materials and Methods

The hospital claims database for the state of Washington from January 1,

1990 to December 31, 1994 was obtained from the Comprehensive Hospital

Abstract Reporting System of state licensed acute care hospitals (CHARS).

16 The CHARS data are linked to death certificates to produce the Death

and Illness History Database, 17 which allows determination of mortality

within 60 days postdischarge for patients surviving hospitalization.