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Lesson11 The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks, or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern.—metaphor2 They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into, each other’s lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.—simile3 It was on such an occasion the other evening, as the conversation moved desultorily here and there, from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter, without and focus and with no need for one that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at once they was a focus.—metaphor4 The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth.—simile5 Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips and slides in conversation.—metaphor ,alliteration6 When E.M. Forster writes of ―the sinister corridor of our age,‖we sit up at the vividness of the phrase, the force and even terror in the image.—metaphorLesson21 The little crowd of mourners –all men and boys, no women—threaded their way across the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, wailing a short chant over and over again.—elliptical sentence2 A carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed.—historical present, transferred epithet3 Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.—synecdoche4 As the storks flew northward the Negroes were marching southward—a long, dusty column, infantry, screw-gun batteries, and then more infantry, four or five thousand men in all, winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels.—onomatopoetic words symbolism5 Not hostile, not contemptuous, not sullen, not even inquisitive.—elliptical sentence6 And really it was like watching a flock of cattle to see the long column, a mile or two miles of armed men, flowing peacefully up the road, while the great white birds drifted over them in the opposite direction, glittering like scraps of paper.—simileLesson31 Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and towhich we are committed today at home and around the world.—alliteration2 Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, suppor any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.—parataxis consonance3 United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a power ful challenge at odds and split asunder. —antithesis4 …in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.—metaphor5 Let us never negotiate out of fear , but let us never fear to negotiate.—regression6 All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days.—historical allusion, climax7 And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.—contrast, windingLesson41 Charles Lamb, as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays, unfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream’s Children.—metaphor2 Read, then, the following essay which undertakes to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma.—metaphor, hyperbole3 Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.—antithesis4 What’s Polly to me, or me to Polly?—parody5 This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey.==understatement6 Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame.—metaphor, extended metaphor Lesson51 The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious questionings by the young: memories of the deliciously illicit thrill of the first visit to a speakeasy, of the brave denunciation of Puritan morality, and of the fashionable experimentations in amour in the parked sedan on a country road; questions about the naughty, jazzy parties, the flask-toting‖sheik‖, and the moral and stylistic vagaries of the ―flapper‖and the ―drug-store cowboy‖.—transferred epithet2 Second, in the United States it was reluctantly realized bysome—subconsciously if not openly—that our country was no longer isolated in either politics or tradition and that we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality or the geographical protection of our two bordering oceans.—metaphor3 War or no war, as the generations passed, it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success.—metaphor4 The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure, and by precipitation our young people into a pattern of mass murder it released their inhibited violent energies which, after the shooting was over, were turned in both Europe and America to the destruction of an obsolescent nineteenth century society.—metaphor5 The prolonged stalemate of 1915-1916,the increasing insolence of Germany toward the United States, and our official reluctance to declare our status as a belligerent were intolerable to many of our idealistic citizens, and with typical American adventurousness enhanced somewhat by the strenuous jingoism of Theodore Roosevelt, our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.—metonymy6 Their energies had been whipped up and their naive destroyed by the war and now, in sleepy Gopher Prairies all over the country, they were being asked to curb those energies and resume the pose of self-deceiving Victorian innocence that they now felt to be as outmoded as the notion that their fighting had “made the world safe for democracy‖.—metaphor7 After the war, it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and‖Puritanical‖gentility, should flock to the traditional artisticcenter(where living was still cheap in 1919)to pour out their new-found creative strength, to tear down the old world, to flout ht morality of their grandfathers, and to give all to art, love, and sensation.—metonymy synecdoche8 Younger brothers and sisters of the war generation, who had been playing with marbles and dolls during the battles of Belleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry, and who had suffered no real disillusionment or sense of loss, now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.—metaphor9 These defects would disappear if only creative art were allowed to show the way to better things, but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar, there was little remedy for the sensitive mind but to emigrate to Europe where‖they do things better.‖—personification, metonymy ,synecdocheLesson61 A market for knowingness exists in New York that doesn’t exist for knowledge.—paregmenon2 The condescending view from the fiftieth floor of the city’s crowds below cuts these peopleoff from humanity.—transferred epithet3 So much of well-to-do America now lives antiseptically in enclaves, tranquil andluxurious, that shut out the world. —synecdoche, metaphor。
高级英语第二册修辞高英下册部分课中的修辞手法的运用未注明的句子修辞均为metaphor…no one has any idea where it will go a s it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows.The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks, or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side…They are like the musketeers of Dumas…(simile)…did not delve into each other..…suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place,…The glow of the conversation burst into flames.The conversation was on wings.,we should think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasants.I have an unending love affair with dictionaries.The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and floated to the ends of the earth. (simile)Otherwise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there.We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest.Symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change(parallelism and repetition)..to assist free men and free government…（repetition）.friend and foe (alliteration)Pay any price, bear any burden.. (alliteration)Survival and success of liberty. (alliteration)United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do for we dare not a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.(antithesis) If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich(antithesis)Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us. (antithesis)Let us never negotiate out of fear but let us never fear to negotiate.(chiasmus)Ask not what your country can do for you but ask what you can do for your country. (chiasmus)..in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.And let every other power know that this hemisphere intend to remain the master of its own house...to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak.And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicionThe energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb’s frontier.Could Ruskin do more?(rhetorical question)Cool was I and logical (Inversion/irony)My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel (simile, hyperbole, and parallelism, irony)My brain ,…slipped into high gearIt is, after all, to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.(antithesis),.. desire waxing, resolution waning.(antithesis)If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object.来源于网络It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect (hyperbole)He just stood and stared at with a mad lust at the coat. (hyperbole)You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space. (hyperbole)..the raccoon coat huddled like a hairy beast at his feet. (simile)..logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma.There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear.(synecdoche)He has hamstrung his opponent before he could even start.I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein.(Antonomasia)…prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality.The war acted as merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure.After the war, it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry (metonymy, antonomasia).. to add their own little matchsticks to the conflagration of “flaming youth”,…now began to imitate the manners imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.When it did, I like many a writer before me upon the discovery that his props have all been knocked out from under him…a writer, when he has made his first breakthrough, has simply won a crucial skirmish in a dangerous, unending and unpredictable battle.It is not until he is released from the habit of flexing his muscles and proving that he is justa “regular guy” that he realizes how crippling this habit has beenAn American writer fights his way to one of the lowest rungs on the American social ladder by means of pure ….. and it is not easy for him to step out of that lukewarm bathIt is as though he suddenly came out of a dark tunnel and found himself beneath the open sky(simile)He needs sustenance for his journey来源于网络。
1.Metaphor（暗喻）1)Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans.2) .. those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.3) But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.4)And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.5)..we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective to strengthen its shield f the new and the weak.6)And if A beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion.7)The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world2.Antithesis（对照）A)United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative venture Divided, there is little we can do.2)If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.And So, my fellow Americans; ask not what your country can do for you;ask you can dofor your country.3.Parallelism（排比）1)..that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by hard and biter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, andunwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed.2)Together let us explore the stars, conquer the-deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.3) .. a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.4.Repetition（重复）1).. symbolizing an end As well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.2)For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.3)Let us never negotiate gut of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate:4).. and bring the absolute)power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.5.Alliteration（头韵）1)Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike...2)... whether it wishes us well or ill. that we shall pay any price bear any burden...,3)... both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom...4)...ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.6.Rhyme（尾韵）...whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden ..7.Synecdoche（提喻）...both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom...8.Climax（渐升）All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.。
The Review of Advanced English (Book 1)一、修辞（rhetoric）Ⅰ. 修辞手法：1）明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等。
2）隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不用比喻词进行，而直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
3）提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。
[用部分代整体，有隶属关系]4）借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
[用部分代整体，非隶属关系]5）拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。
6）叠言（rhetorical repetition）这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。
7）双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。
8）拟声（onomatopoeia）是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。
9）讽刺（irony）是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。
10）通感（synesthesia）是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。
11）alliteration（头韵）：在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。
assonance（腹韵）：相同或相近的元音在诗行中重复出现；consonance（假韵）：两个以上词的词尾辅音完全一致，但其前面的元音不相同；the end rhyme(尾韵)：诗行与诗行之间在末尾的压韵/ 尾韵/脚韵12）anadiplosis（联珠）：将一个或一组单词重复多遍；anticlimax（突降法）：也叫先扬后抑。
英语修辞手法总结1) Simile：(明喻）是常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来的一种修辞手法。
明喻的表达方法是：A像B。
2) Metaphor：(暗喻)是本体和喻体同时出现，它们之间在形式上是相合的关系，说甲（本体）是（喻词）乙（喻体）。
喻词常由：是、就是、成了、成为、变成等表判断的词语来充当。
暗喻又叫隐喻。
例如：何等动人的一页又一页篇章！这是人类思维的花朵。
（徐迟《哥德巴赫猜想》）3) Analogy: (类比)是基于两种不同事物间的类似,借助喻体的特征,通过联想来对本体加以修饰描摩的一种文学修辞手法。
4) Personification: (拟人)把事物人格化，把本来不具备人的一些动作和感情的事物变成和人一样的。
就像童话里的动物、植物能说话，能大笑。
5) Hyperbole: (夸张)是指为了达到强调或滑稽效果，而有意识的使用言过其实的词语，这样的一种修辞手段。
夸张法并不等于有失真实或不要事实，而是通过夸张把事物的本质更好地体现出来。
6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）7) Euphemism: (委婉）是指为了策略或礼貌起见,使用温和的,令人愉快的,不害人的语言来表达令人厌恶的,伤心或不宜直说的事实,8) Metonymy:(转喻）是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物，这样的一种修辞手段。
转喻的重点不是在“相似”；而是在“联想”。
转喻又称换喻，或借代。
9) Synecdoche (提喻）是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一种修辞手段。
10) Antonomasia (换喻）一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法11) Pun: (双关语）指在一定的语言环境中，利用词的多义和同音的条件,有意使语句具有双重意义，言在此而意在彼的修辞方式。
Rhetorical Devicessimile 明喻metaphor 暗喻hyperbole 夸张metonymy 转喻synecdoche 借喻mixed metaphor 混合暗喻personification 拟人antithesis 对仗parallelism 排比transferred epithet 转移修饰alliteration 押头韵onomatopoeia 拟声词1.The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere,and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. (mixed metaphor)2.Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think barconversation has a charm of its own. (hyperbole)3.The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks, or that their love affairshave broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. (metaphor)4.They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side byside with each other, did not delve into each other's lives.(simile & metaphor)5.The glow of the conversation burst into flames. (metaphor)6.The conversation was on wings. (metaphor)7.Is the phrase in Shakespeare? (synecdoche)8.…that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at oncethere was a focus.（metaphor）9.The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock.（simile）10.The King's English slips and slides in conversation.（alliteration）11.the sinister corridor of our age（metaphor）我们的时代罪恶的走廊12.Other people may celebrate the lofty conversations in which the greatminds are supposed to have indulged in the great salons of 18th century.（synecdoche）13. I have an unending love affair with dictionaries.（metaphor）14. Otherwise one will bind the conversation. （metaphor）15. We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to theNorman Conquest. （metaphor）16.The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like aderelict building-lot.（simile）17.…and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like brokenbrick.（simile）18. Are they really the same flesh as your self ?（synecdoche）19.They sweat and starve for a few years.（alliteration）20.…and sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, likeclouds of flies. （simile）21. …turning chair-legs at lightning speed. (hyperbole)22.There was a frenzied rush of Jews.（transferred epithet）23.…are working in dark fly-infested booths that look like caves. （simile）24.A white skin is always fairly conspicuous.（synecdoche）25.The soil is exactly like broken-up brick .（simile）26.…winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of ironwheels.（onomatopoeia）27.Their feet squashed into boots that looked like blocks of wood.（simile）28.And really it was like watching a flock of cattle to see the long column.（simile）29.…while the great white birds drifted ov er them in the opposite direction，glittering like scraps of paper.（simile）30.friend and foe（alliteration）31.（metonymy）32.We shall pay any price, bear any burden…（alliteration）33.United，there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures.Divided，there is little we can do，for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.（antithesis）只要我们团结一致，我们将无所不能，完成众多的合作事业；一旦我们分歧对立，我们将一事无成，因为我们不敢遇见一个与我们意见相左的强大挑战，最后导致四分五裂。
高级英语修辞手法总结归纳修辞是语言使用中的重要技巧，通过巧妙运用各种修辞手法，能使语言表达更为生动、有力或富有韵味。
以下是对常见的高级英语修辞手法的总结归纳：一、隐喻与明喻隐喻是将一个词或短语用来暗示另一个事物，而明喻则是直接将一个事物与另一个事物进行比较。
例如，“他像一只狮子一样勇猛”（明喻）和“爱情是一座城堡”（隐喻）。
二、拟人及拟物拟人是赋予非生物或抽象事物以人的特性，而拟物则是赋予人或动物以非生物的特性。
例如，“河流唱着轻快的歌曲”（拟人）和“他的怒火如野兽般狂暴”（拟物）。
三、排比与对偶排比是将三个或以上结构相似、意义相近的词、短语或句子并列使用，以增强语势。
对偶则是将意义相对或相反的词、短语或句子进行对比，以突出主题。
例如，“生命在于运动，死亡在于静止”（对偶）和“他跨越了山岭，穿越了沙漠，走过了平原”（排比）。
四、反复与交错反复是将相同的词、短语或句子重复使用，以强调某种情感或主题。
交错则是将不同的词、短语或句子相互交替使用，以达到特定的表达效果。
例如，“永远、永远、永远不要放弃”（反复）和“是与否，对与错”（交错）。
五、借代与提喻借代是用一个事物的某一部分来代替整体或其他部分，而提喻则是用整体来代替某一部分或用类属来代替个体。
例如，“我要用笔墨写下永恒”（借代）和“人是一本书”（提喻）。
六、反讽与戏谑反讽是通过说反话或正话反说来达到讽刺的效果，戏谑则是用幽默诙谐的语言来戏弄或嘲笑某人或某事。
例如，“他是一个天生的傻瓜”（反讽）和“爱情是人生的蜜糖”（戏谑）。
七、矛盾修辞法矛盾修辞法是将相互矛盾的概念或形象结合在一起，以引起读者的思考或表达复杂的情感。
例如，“孤独的狂欢”，“死亡的生命”。
八、头韵与脚韵头韵是使用相同或相似的音韵开头，脚韵是使用相同或相似的音韵结尾。
例如，“美丽的美女”（头韵）和“生活是一首歌”（脚韵）。
九、夸张与弱化夸张是通过夸大事实或形象来强调某种情感或主题，弱化则是通过缩小事实或形象来淡化某种情感或主题。
一、词语修辞格（1）simile 明喻①...a memory that seemed phonographic②Most American remember M. T. as the father of...（2）metaphor 暗喻①the last this intermezzo came to an end…②Mark Twain --- Mirror of America③saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...④main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart⑤All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...⑥When railroads began drying up the demand...⑦...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...⑧Twain began digging his way to regional fame...⑨Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...⑩The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind.⑪and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind…⑫I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.⑬I see the Russian soldiers standing on the thresthold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.⑭The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.⑮I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes.⑯We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.（3）metonymy 借代，转喻（4）synecdoche 提喻①The case had erupted round my head（5）personification 拟人①...to literature's enduring gratitude...②The grave world smiles as usual...③Bitterness fed on the man...④America laughed with him.⑤Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.（6）transferred epithet 移就①Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder②The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle.③Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.（7）hyperbole 夸张①If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.②...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...③The cast of characters... - a cosmos.④America laughed with him.⑤The trial that rocked the world⑥His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."（8）oxymoron 矛盾修饰法Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, "victorious defeat. "（9）euphemism 委婉语①… a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.②...men's final release from earthly struggle（10）irony -- the use of words to expresssomething different from and often opposite to theirliteral meaning. 反语用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法①Hiroshima—the ―liveliest‖ city in Japan②… until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century（11）sarcasm -- a cutting, often ironic remarkintended to wound. 讽刺，挖苦意在伤害他人的尖刻的，常带讽刺意味的话语①There is some doubt about that.（12）pun 双关①DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE.二、结构修辞格（13）antithesis 对比①Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe…②"The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below③...between what people claim to be and what they really are.④...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land...⑤...a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever（14）rhetorical question 修辞疑问句①Was I not at the scene of the crime?②Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue? Who can even imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye?③In what conceivable way does our car concern you?三、音韵修辞格（15）头韵法（alliteration）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。
L e s s o n 11.?Wind?and?rain?now?wiped?the?house.?----metaphor(暗喻)2.?The?children?went?from?adult?to?adult?like?buckets?in?a?fire?briga de.?----simile?(明喻)3.?The?wind?sounded?like?the?roar?of?a?train?passing?a?few?yards?aw ay.?-----simile4.?…it?seized?a?600,00?gallon?Gulfport?oil?tank?and?dumped?it?3.5? miles?away.?----personification(拟人)5.?We?can?batten?down?and?ride?it?out.?-----metaphor6.?Everybody?out?the?back?door?to?the?cars!—ellipsis?(省略)7.?Telephone?poles?and?20-inch-thick?pines?cracked?like?guns?as?the? winds?snapped?them.?-----simile8.?Several?vacationers?at?the?luxurious?Richelieu?Apartments?there?he ld?a?hurricane?party?to?watch?the?storm?from?their?spectacular?vantag e?point-----transferred?epithet移就9.?Strips?of?clothing?festooned?the?standing?trees,?and?blown?down? power?lines?coiled?like?black?spaghetti?over?the?roads----metaphor;?si mileLesson21.?The?burying-ground?is?merely?a?huge?waste?of?hummocky?earth,?l ike?a?derelict?building-lot.?-----simile2.?They?rise?out?of?the?earth,?they?sweat?and?starve?for?a?few?years, ?and?then?they?sink?back?into?the?nameless?mounds?of?the?graveyard?and? nobody?notices?that?they?are?gone.?-----alliteration押头韵3.?...?and?sore-eyed?children?cluster?everywhere?in?unbelievable?numb ers,?like?clouds?of?flies.?----simile4.?And?really?it?was?almost?like?watching?a?flock?of?cattle?to?see?th e?long?column,?a?mile?or?two?miles?of?armed?men,?flowing?peacefull y?up?the?road,?while?the?great?white?birds?drifted?over?them?in?the?opposite? direction,?glittering?like?scraps?of?paper.?-----?simile5.?The?little?crowd?of?mourners?all?men?and?boys,?no?women threaded?their?way?across?the?market?place?between?the?piles?of? pomegranates?and?the?taxis?and?the?camels,?wailing?a?short?chant?ov er?and?over?again.--—elliptical?sentence6.?A?carpenter?sits?cross-legged?at?a?prehistoric?lathe,?turning?chair-le gs?at?lightning?speed.—-?hyperbole7.?Instantly,?from?the?dark?holes?all?round,?there?was?a?frenzied?rush ?of?Jews,?many?of?them?old?grandfathers?with?flowing?grey?beards,?all? clamoring?for?a?cigarette.?-----transferred?epithet?8.?Still,?a?white?skin?is?always?fairly?conspicuous.—-synecdoche(提喻)9.?As?the?storks?flew?northward?the?Negroes?were?marching?southwa rda?long,?dusty?column,?infantry,?screw-gun?batteries,?and?then?more? infantry,?four?or?five?thousand?men?in?all,?winding?up?the?road?with? a?clumping?of?boots?and?a?clatter?of?iron?wheels.—---onomatopoetic?w ords?symbolism10.?Not?hostile,?not?contemptuous,?not?sullen,?not?even?inquisitive.?—--elliptical?sentence11.?This?wretched?boy,?who?is?a?French?citizen?and?has?therefore?be en?dragged?from?the?forest?to?scrub?floors?and?catch?syphilis?in?garrison ?towns,?actually?has?feelings?of?reverence?before?a?white?skin.?—- synecdoche提喻Lesson31.?…?and?no?one?has?any?idea?where?it?will?go?as?it?me anders?or?le aps?and?sparkles?or?just?glows.?---mixed-metaphor?or?metaphor2.?…?that?suddenly?the?alchemy?of?conversation?took?place,?and?all? at?once?there?was?a?focus.?----metaphor3.?The?glow?of?the?conversation?burst?into?flames.?----metaphor4.?We?had?traveled?in?five?minutes?to?Australia.?-----metaphor The?fact?that?their?marriages?may?be?on?the?rocks,?or?that?their?love ?affairs?have?been?broken?or?even?that?they?got?out?of?bed?on?the?w rong?side?is?simply?not?a?concern.--—metaphor5.?The?conversation?was?on?wings.?----metaphor6.?The?bother?about?teaching?chimpanzees?how?to?talk?is?that?they?w ill?probably?try?to?talk?sense?and?so?ruin?all?conversation.?-----sarcas m反讽7.?They?are?like?the?musketeers?of?Dumas?who,?although?they?lived? side?by?side?with?each?other,?did?not?delve?into?each?other's?lives?or?the? recesses?of?their?thoughts?and?feelings.?-----simile8.?They?are?like?the?musketeers?of?Dumas?who,?although?they?lived? side?by?side?with?each?other,?did?not?delve?into,?each?other’s?lives?o r?the?recesses?of?their?thoughts?and?feelings.—-simile9.?Is?the?phrase?in?Shakespeare??----metonymy10.?The?Elizabethans?blew?on?it?as?on?a?dandelion?clock,?and?its?see ds?multiplied,?and?floated?to?the?ends?of?the?earth.—simile11.?Even?with?the?most?educated?and?the?most?literate,?the?King’s?E nglish?slips?and?slides?in?conversation.—alliteration12.?When?E.M.F?orster?writes?of?“the?sinister?corridor?of?our?age,”? we?sit?up?at?the?vividness?of?the?phrase,?the?force?and?even?terror?in ?the?image.—--metaphorLesson 41.?United,?there?is?little?we?cannot?do?in?a?host?of?co-operative?vent ures.?Divided,?there?is?little?we?can?do,?for?we?dare?not?meet?a?power?full ?challenge?at?odds?and?split?asunder.—antithesis2.…in?the?past,?those?who?foolishly?sought?power?by?riding?the?b ack ?of?the?tiger?ended?up?inside.—metaphor3.?Let?us?never?negotiate?out?of?fear,?but?let?us?never?fear?to?negotia te.—regression?(回环:A-B-C)4.?All?this?will?not?be?finished?in?the?first?one?hundred?days.—allusi on?引典;?climax递进5.?And?so,?my?fellow?Americans?ask?not?what?your?country?can?do? for?you;?ask?what?you?can?do?for?your?country.—antithesis,?regression回环6?We?observe?today?not?a?victory?of?party?but?a?celebration?of?freed om,?symbolizing?an?end?as?well?as?a?beginning,?signifying?renewal?as?we ll?as?change.?----parallelism7.?Let?the?word?go?forth?from?this?time?and?place,?to?friend?and?foe ?alike….—alliteration8.?Let?every?nation?know,?whether?it?wishes?us?well?or?i11,?that?we? shall?pay?any?price,?bear?any?burden,?meet?any?hardship,?support?any?frien d,?oppose?any?foe?to?assure?the?survival?and?the?success?of?liberty.?----–parallelism;?alliteration9.?United,?there?is?little?we?cannot?do?in?a?host?of?co-operative?vent ures.?Divided,?there?is?little?we?can?do,?for?we?dare?not?meet?a?powerful? challenge?at?odds?and?split?asunder.?----antithesis对句10.?If?a?free?society?cannot?help?the?many?who?are?poor,?it?cannot?s ave?the?few?who?are?rich.?-----antithesis11.?…?to?assist?free?men?and?free?governments?in?casting?off?the?ch ains?of?poverty.?---repetition?12.?And?if?a?beachhead?of?co-operation?may?push?back?the?jungle?of ?suspicion…-----metaphor13.?Let?both?sides?explore?what?problems?unite?us?instead?of?belabor ing?those?problems?which?divide?us.?-----antithesis14.And?let?every?other?power?know?that?this?hemisphere?intends?to? remain?the?master?of?its?own?house.?-----metaphor15.?The?energy,?the?faith,?the?devotion?which?we?bring?to?this?endea vor?will?light?our?country?and?all?who?serve?it,?and?the?glow?from?that?f ire?can?truly?light?the?world.?-----extended?metaphor16.?…to?strengthen?its?shield?of?the?new?and?the?weak…?----metaph or17.With?a?good?conscience?our?only?sure?reward,?with?history?the?fin al?judge?of?our?deeds…?-----parallelismLesson51.?Read,?then,?the?following?essay?which?undertakes?to?demonstrate?t hat?logic,?far?from?being?a?dry,?pedantic?discipline,?is?a?living,?breathing ?thing,?full?of?beauty,?passion,?and?trauma.—-metaphor;?hyperbole 2.?Charles?Lamb,?as?merry?and?enterprising?a?fellow?as?you?will?me et?in?a?month?of?Sundays,?unfettered?the?informal?essay?with?his?me morable?Old?China?and?Dream’s?Children.—metaphor3.?Cool?was?I?and?logical.?----inversion?(倒装)4.?My?brain?was?as?powerful?as?a?dynamo,?as?precise?as?a?chemist's ?scales,?as?penetrating?as?a?scalpel.-----simile5.?My?brain,?that?precision?instrument,?slipped?into?high?gear.?---- metaphor?or?-mixed-metaphor6.Same?age,?same?background,?but?dumb?as?an?ox.?----simile7.?I?was?not?one?to?let?my?heart?rule?my?head.?----metonymy转喻8.?"I?may?do?better?than?that,"?I?said?with?a?mysterious?wink??and?c losed?my?bag?and?left.?----transferred?epithet9.?Maybe?somewhere?in?the?extinct?crater?of?her?mind,?a?few?embers ?still?smoldered.?----metaphor10.?We?went?to?the?Knoll,?the?campus?trysting?place,?and?we?sat?do wn?under?an?old?oak,?and?she?looked?at?me?expectantly.?-----allusion 11.?Just?as?Pygmalion?loved?the?perfect?woman?he?had?fashioned,?----allusion12.I?was?not?Pygmalion;?I?was?Frankenstein,?and?my?monster?had?me?b y?the?throat.?----allusion13.The?time?had?come?to?change?our?relationship?from?academic?to? romantic.?----assonance?(半)谐音14.?Back?and?forth?his?head?swiveled,?desire?waxing,?resolution?wani ng.—antithesis15.?What’s?Polly?to?me,?or?me?to?Polly?—parody16."Your?girl,"?I?said,?mincing?no?words.?----litotes?(间接肯定)17.?This?loomed?as?a?project?of?no?small?dimensions…?-----litotes?or ?understatement18.?Maybe?somewhere?in?the?extinct?crater?of?her?mind,?a?few?embe rs?still?smoldered.?Maybe?somehow?I?could?fan?them?into?flame.—-metaphor?or?extended?metaphor19.?There?is?a?limit?to?what?flesh?and?blood?can?bear.?----synecdoche ?20.He?has?hamstrung?his?opponent?before?he?could?even?start.?---- metaphor21.?Over?and?over?and?over?again?I?cited?instances?pointed?out?flaws ,?kept?hammering?away?without?let-up.?----metaphor22.?Suddenly,?a?g1immer?of?intelligence—the?first?I?had?seen--came? into?her?eyes.?----metaphor23.?I?saw?a?chink?of?light.?And?then?the?chink?got?bigger?and?the?su n?came?pouring?in?and?all?was?bright.?-----metaphor24..?You?are?the?whole?world?to?me,?and?the?moon?and?the?stars?an d?the?constellations?of?outer?space.?-----hyperbole;?metaphor25.?He's?a?liar.?He's?a?cheat.?He's?a?rat.?----climax?(递进)26.Look?at?me--a?brilliant?student,?a?tremendous?intellectual,?a?man? with?an?assured?future.?Look?at?Petey--a?knot-head,?a?jitterbug,?a?guy?who 'll?never?know?where?his?next?meal?is?coming?from.?-----antithesis对句Lesson71.?Here?was?the?very?heart?of?industrial?America,?the?center?of?its?m ost?lucrative?and?characteristic?activity,?the?boast?and?pride?of?the?richest ?and?grandest?nation?ever?seen?on?earth—and?here?was?a?scene?so?dreadfu lly?hideous,?so?intolerably?bleak?and?forlorn?that?it?reduced?the?whole? aspiration?of?man?to?a?macabre?and?depressing?joke.—metaphor;? hyperbole;?parallelism;?antithesis2.?Here?was?wealth?beyond?computation,?almost?beyond?imagination and?here?were?human?habitations?so?abominable?that?they?would?hav e?disgraced?a?race?of?alley?cats.—hyperbole;?antithesis3.?What?I?allude?to?is?the?unbroken?and?agonizing?ugliness,?the?shee r?revolting?monstrousness,?of?every?house?in?sight.?----transferred?epith et4.?…,?there?was?not?one?in?sight?from?the?train?that?did?not?insult?a nd?lacerate?the?eye.?----hyperbole;?double?negatives?(双否)5.There?was?not?a?single?decent?house?within?eye?range?from?the? Pittsburgh?suburbs?to?the?Greensburg?yards，and?there?was?not?one?that?was?not?misshapen,?and?there?was?not?on e?that?was?not?shabby.?----hyperbole;?repetition;?double?negatives 6.?The?country?itself?is?not?uncomely,?despite?the?grime?of?the?endle ss?mills.—litotes?or?understatement7.?Obviously,?if?their?were?architects?of?any?professional?sense?or?di gnity?in?the?region,?they?would?have?perfected?a?chalet?to?hug?the?hillsides —a?chalet?with?a?high-pitched?roof,?to?throw?off?the?heavy?winter?snows, ?but?still?essentially?a?low?and?clinging?building,?wider?than?it?was?t all.-—?ridicule?（讽刺）8.?This?they?have?converted?into?a?thing?of?dingy?clapboards,?with?a ?narrow,?low-pitched?roof.?----inversion?(倒装)9.?On?their?deep?sides?they?are?three,?four?and?even?five?stories?high ;?on?their?low?sides?they?bury?themselves?swinishly?in?the?mud.?----metap hor10.But?what?brick!?-----ellipsis?(省略)11.?…,?and?so?they?have?the?most?loathsome??towns?and?villages?ev er?seen?by?mortal?eye?.?----?hyperbole12.?I?award?this?championship?only?after?laborious?research?and?ince ssant?prayer.?----irony;?sarcasm13.?And?one?and?all?they?are?streaked?in?grime,?with?dead?and?ecze matous?patches?of?paint?peeping?through?the?streaks.—metaphor 14.?When?it?has?taken?on?the?patina?of?the?mills?it?is?the?color?of?a n?egg?long?past?all?hope?or?caring.—ridicule,?irony,?metaphor15.?I?award?this?championship?only?after?laborious?research?and?ince ssant?prayer.—irony16.?Safe?in?a?Pullman,?I?have?whirled?through?the?gloomy,?God-fors aken?villages?of?Iowa?and?Lansas,?and?the?malarious?tidewater?hamle ts?of?Georgia.—antonomasia?(换称：专有名词指代一般名词)?or?allusion 17.?It?is?as?if?some?titanic?and?aberrant?genius,?uncompromisingly? inimical?to?man,?had?devoted?all?the?ingenuity?of?Hell?to?the?making ?of?them.—hyperbole,?irony18.?They?like?it?as?it?is:?beside?it,?the?Parthenon?would?no?doubt?off end?them.—irony19.?It?is?that?of?a?Presbyterian?grinning.—metaphor20.A?few?linger?in?memory,?horrible?even?there:?a?crazy?little?church ?just?west?of?Jeannette?----personification21?…set?like?a?dormer-window?on?the?sid e?of?a?bare,?leprous?hill…-----?metaphor22.??a?steel?stadium?like?a?huge?rattrap?somewhere?further?down?the ?line.?----simile23.?They?like?it?as?it?is:?beside?it,?the?Parthenon?would?no?doubt?off end?them.?----?antonomasia?(换称：专有名词指代一般名词)?or?allusion 24.?When?it?has?taken?on?the?patina?of?the?mills?it?is?the?color?of?a n?egg?long?past?all?hope?or?caring.?----metaphor25.?It?is?as?if?some?titanic?and?aberrant?genius,?uncompromisingly? inimical?to?man,?had?devoted?all?the?ingenuity?of?Hell?to?the?making ?of?them.?----hyperbole;?irony26.?Such?ghastly?designs,?it?must?be?obvious,?give?a?genuine?delight ?to?a?certain?type?of?mind.?----synecdoche?(提喻)27.?Thus?I?suspect?(though?confessedly?without?knowing)?that?the?va st?majority?of?the?honest?folk?of?Westmoreland?county,?and?especially?t he?100%?Americans?among?them,?actually?admire?the?houses?they?live?i n,?and?are?proud?of?them.?-----irony;?sarcasm28.?It?is?incredible?that?mere?ignorance?should?have?achieved?such?m asterpieces?of?horror.?---ironyLesson81.One speaks of”human relations”and one means the most inhuman relations,those between alienated automatons;one speaks of happiness and means the perfect routinization which has driven out the last doubt and all spontaneity.—parallelismLesson91. In the streets between houses with red roofs and painted walls,between old moss-grown gardens and under avenues of trees,past great parks and public buildings,processions.—periodic sentence2.The air of morning was so clear that the snow still crowning the Eighteen Peaks burned with white-gold fire across the miles of sunlitair,under the dark blue of the sky.—metaphor3.In the silence of the broad green meadows one could hear the music winding through the city streets,farther and nearer and ever approaching,a cheerful faint sweetness of the air that from time to time trembled and gathered together and broke out into the great joyous clanging of the bells.—periodic sentence4.Some of them understand why,and some do not,but they all understand that their happiness,the beauty of their city,the tenderness of their friendships,the health of their children,the wisdom of their scholars,the skill of their makers,even the abundance of their harvest and the kindly weathers of their skies,depend wholly on this child’s abominable misery.—parallel construction5.Indeed,after so long it would probably be wretched without walls about it to protect it ,and darkness for its eyes,and its own excrement to sit in.—parallel constructionLesson101.The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious questionings by the young:memories of the deliciously illicit thrill of the first visit to a speakeasy,of the brave denunciationg of Puritan morality,and of the fashionable experimentations in amour in the parked sedan on a country road;questions about the naughty,jazzy parties,the flask-toting”sheik”,andthe moral and stylistic vagaries of the “flapper”and the “drug-store cowboy”.—transferred epithet2.Second,in the United States it was reluctantly realized by some—subconsciously if not openly—that our country was no longer isolated in either politics or tradition and that we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality or the geographical protection of our two bordering oceans.—metaphor3.War or no war,as the generations passed,it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success.—metaphor4.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure,and by precipitating our young people into a pattern of mass murder it released their inhibited violent energies which,after the shooting was over,were turned in both Europe and America to the destruction of an obsolescent nineteenth century society.—metaphor5.The prolonged stalemate of 1915-1916,the increasing insolence of Germany toward the United States,and our official reluctance to declare our status as a belligerent were intolerable to many of our idealistic citizens,and with typical American adventurousness enhanced somewhatby the strenuous jingoism of Theodore Roosevelt,our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.—metonymy6.Their energies had been whipped up and their naivete destroyed by the war and now,in sleepy Gopher Prairies all over the country,they were being asked to curb those energies and resume the pose of self-deceiving Victorian innocence that they now felt to be as outmoded as the notion that their fighting had”made the world safe for democracy”.—metaphor7.After the war,it was only natural that hopeful young writers,their minds and pens inflamed against war,Babbittry,and”Puritanical”gentility,should flock to the traditional artistic center(where living was still cheap in 19) to pour out their new-found creative strength,to tear down the old world, to flout ht morality of their grandfathers,and to give all to art,love,and sensation.—metonymy ,synecdoche8.Younger brothers and sisters of the war generation,who had been playing with marbles and dolls during the battles of Belleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry, and who had suffered no real disillusionment or sense of loss,now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.—metaphor9.These defects would disappear if only creative art were allowed to show the way to better things,but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar,there was little remedy for the sensitive mind but to emigrate to Europe where”they do thingsbetter.”—personification,metonymy ,synecdocheLesson111.This is because there are fewer fanatical believers among the English,and at the same time,below the noisy arguments,the abuse and the quarrels,there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling,not yet exhausted though it may not be filling up.—metaphor2.But there are not may of these men,either on the board or the shop floor,and they are certainly not typical English.—metaphor3.Some cancer in their character has eaten away their Englishness.—metaphor4. A further necessary demand,to feed the monster with higher and higher figures and larger and larger profits,is for enormous advertising campaigns and brigades of razor-keen salesmen.—metaphor5.It is a battle that is being fought in the minds of the English.It is between Admass, which has already conquered most of the Western world,and Englishness, ailing and impoverished,in no position to receive vast subsidies of dollars,francs,Deutschmarks and the rest,for public relations and advertising campaigns.—personification6.Against this,at least superficially, Englishness seems a poor shadowy show—a faint pencil sketch beside a poster in full color –belonging as it really does to the invisible inner world,merely offering states of mind in place of that rich variety of things.But then while things areimportant,states of mind are even more important.—metaphor7.It must have some moral capital to draw upon,and soon it may be asking for an overdraft.—metaphor8.Bewildered,they grope and mess around because they have fallen between two stools,the old harsh discipline having vanished and the essential new self-discipline either not understood or thought to be out of reach.—metaphor9.Recognized political parties are repertory companies staging ghostly campaigns,and all that is real between them is the arrangement by which one set of chaps take their turn at ministerial jobs while the other pretend to be astounded and shocked and bring in talk of ruin.—metaphor 10.Englishness cannot be fed with the east wind of a narrow rationality,the latest figures of profit and loss,a constant appeal to self-interest.—metaphor11.And this is true,whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernable mops of hair.—metonymyLesson121.When it did,I like many a writer before me upon the discovery that his props have all been knocked out from under him,suffered a species of breakdown ad was carried off to the mountains of Switzerland.—metaphor2.There, in that absolutely alabaster landscape armed with two BessieSmith records and a typewriter I began to try to recreate the life that I had first known as a child and from which I had spent so many years in flight.—metaphor3.Once I was able to accept my role—as distinguished,I must say,from my”place”—in the extraordinary drama which is America,I was released from the illusion that I hated America.—metaphor4.It is not meant,of course,to imply that it happens to them all,for Europe can be very crippling too;and,anyway,a writer,when he has made his first breakthrough,has simply won a crucial skirmish in a dangerous,unending and unpredictable battle.—metaphor5.Whatever the Europeans may actually think of artists,they have killed enough of them off by now to know that they are as real—and as persist—as rain,snow,taxes or businessmen.—simile6.In this endeavor to wed the vision of the Old World with that of the New,it is the writer,not the statesman,who is our strongest arm.—metaphorLesson131.I am asked whether I know that there exists a worldwide movement for the absolution of capital punishment which has every where enlisted able men of every profession,including the law.I am told that the death penalty is not only inhuman but also unscientific,for rapists and murderers are really sick people who should be cured,not killed.I am invited to use myimagination and acknowledge the unbearable horror of every form of execution.—parataxis2.Under such a law,a natural selection would operate to remove permanently from the scene persons who,let us say,neglect argument in favor of banging on the desk with their shoe.—metonymyLesson141.A market for knowingness exists in New York that doesn’t exist for knowledge.—paregmenon2.The condescending view from the fiftieth floor of the city’s crowds below cuts these people off from humanity.—transferred epithet3.So much of well-to-do America now lives antiseptically in enclaves,tranquil and luxurious,that shut out the world.—synecdoche,metaphor。
