北京大学考博儿科学专业介绍,考博真题,真题解析

教育学院博士研究生考试教育管理教育博士专业学位（Ed.D.）考博复习资料--育明考博一、北京大学教育博士专业学位（Ed.D.）考博招生报考分析（育明考博）招生专业计划招生人数招考方式考试内容045101教育管理（教育博士专业学位）2016年15人2017年13人申请-考核制专业笔试（教育管理综合）专业面试A、学术潜力和研究设想B、学术基础和研究素质）育明教育考博：点击咨询杜老师1、教育管理-教育博士专业学位考博的报录比平均在5:1左右，招生对象为从事教育管理及相关工作经历的考生。

2、2016年实际录取的考生包括15名统考考生，1名港澳台考生。

2017年实际录取15人，其中包括3名专项计划录取学生。

3、从2013年开始北大教育学院的博士招生开始实行“申请-审核制”，与以往的考试制在考查方式、考查测重点方面都有所区别。

“申请制”不代表不考试，也不代表考试不重要，最终决定能否被录取的还是考试成绩（材料审核成绩不计入最终排名的总分）。

4、材料审核中重点打分项：①科研成果（论文、working paper、参与课题）②工作履历③外语水平④本硕院校⑤博士修习计划5、报考北大教育学院博士的考生如果没有能够证明英语能力的材料需参加“北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试”（教育学院单独命题）6、学生须交纳培养费共计人民币10万元，分4年交清，每学年25000元。

交通食宿费用及国外学习考察费用自理。

二、北京大学教育博士专业学位（Ed.D.）考博报考条件1．品行端正，遵纪守法；2．具有硕士学位；3．高等学校中高层管理人员；4．有5年以上教育或相关领域全职工作经历；5．健康状况符合规定的体检标准；6.入学后能脱产学习一学年以上的申请者在同等条件下优先考虑。

三、北京大学教育经济与管理专业考博申请材料（1）通过网上报名系统打印的《报名登记表》；（2）学位、学历证书的复印件；（3）身份证复印件；（4）硕士课程成绩单的原件或复印件（提供复印件的同学须在复试时提交原件）；（5）硕士学位论文；（6）两位与所申请学科相关的副教授（或相当于副教授）以上职称专家的推荐信；（7）攻读博士学位期间本人想致力研究的问题和设想的陈述书；（8）学习和工作经历、经验、能力、特别成就、公开发表的学术论文、所获专利及其他原创性研究成果的陈述和证明；（9）外语水平证明复印件。

北京大学儿科学考博参考书和考博真题一、专业介绍儿科学属临床医学的二级学科，其研究对象是自胎儿至青春期的儿童，研究内容可以分为以下四个方面：1.研究儿童生长发育的规律及其影响因素，不断提高儿童体格、智力发育水平和社会适应性能力。

2.研究儿童各种疾病的发生、发展规律以及临床诊断和治疗的理论和技术，不断降低疾病的发生率和死亡率，提高疾病的治愈率。

3.研究各种疾病的预防措施，包括免疫接种、先天性遗传性疾病的筛查、科学知识普及教育等，这是现代儿科学最具有发展潜力的内容，将会占据越来越重要的地位。

4.研究儿童中各种疾病的康复可能性以及具体方法，尽可能地帮助这些儿童提高他们的生活质量乃至完全恢复健康。

随着医学研究的进展，儿科学也不断向更深入专业的三级学科细化发展，同时也不断派生出新的专业。

儿科学的三级学科分支类似内科学，主要以系统划分，如呼吸、消化、循环、神经、血液、肾脏、内分泌等。

此外，还有传染病和急救医学等特殊专业。

小儿外科学则为外科学下的三级学科。

上述学科虽然在分类上与内科学相似，但是其研究内容及内在规律与成人差别颇大，应予以注意，不能混淆或替代。

新生儿医学和儿童保健医学是儿科学中最具特色的学科，其研究内容是其他临床学科极少涉及的方面：新生儿期的死亡率仍然非常高，占婴儿死亡率的60%～70%，此期疾病的种类和处理方法与其他时期有诸多不同，是一个非常时期;儿童保健医学是研究儿童各时期正常体格生长、智力和心理发育规律及其影响因素的学科，通过各种措施，促进有利因素，防止不利因素，及时处理各种偏离、异常，保证儿童健康成长。

由于某些年龄阶段的儿童具有特殊的临床特点，近年来发展出了围生期医学。

围生期医学实际上是介于儿科学和妇产科学间的边缘学科，一般指胎龄28周至出生后不满1周的小儿，由于此期受环境因素影响颇大，发病率和死亡率最高，而且与妇产科的工作有密切联系，需要两个学科的积极合作来共同研究处理这一时期的问题。

随着医学科学和技术的不断发展，儿科学必将向各个分支纵深分化，新的学科、边缘性的学科必将继续应运而生。

考博详解与指导系所名称公共卫生学院招生总数21系所说明本院采取“申请-考核”制方式招收应试生。

招生专业：儿少卫生与妇幼保健学(100404)本专业计划招生4人；限招收推荐直博生。

研究方向指导教师考试科目备注01.孕产妇健康王燕推荐直博生02.儿童早期发展王晓莉推荐直博生03.生长发育及影响因素马军推荐直博生04.儿童青少年健康及影响因素陈晶琦推荐直博生从以下三个方面进行评价：1、语言准确性（语法和用词的准确性、语法结构的复杂性、词汇的丰富程度、发音的准确性）2、话语的长短和连贯性（内容的连贯性、寻找合适词语而造成的停顿频率及长短、表达思想的语言长短等）3、语言的灵活性和适合性（语言表达是否灵活、自然，话语是否得体，语言能否与语境、动能和目的相适应）评价成绩为：a优秀--能用外语就指定的话题进行口头交流，基本没有困难b良好--能用外语就指定的题材进行口头交流，虽有些困难，但不影响交流c及格--能用外语就指定的话题进行简单的口头交流d不及格--不具有口头表达能力中科院招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语口试暂行办法口试内容与结构分为两部分，有两名教师参加口试工作，一名教师主持口试，随时与考生交谈并评分；另一名教师专事评分，不参与交谈。

两名口试教师所给的分数各占口试成绩的50%。

4、面试过程中不要放屁，即使放了，不要承认，让三个老师互相猜疑去。

这是以上三条中最重要的一条，做不到这一条以上三条都白搭。

第一部分：考查学生理解并回答有关日常生活、家庭、工作、学习等问题的能力（3分钟）。

第二部分：考查学生连续表达的能力。

考生从所给你的问题中选择一个话题，就此话题表达自己的看法（3分钟）。

口试用材料（部分,仅供参考）part ainterlocutor(问话者)：------good morning.my name is……,and this is my colleague…..he is just going to listening to us.are your name is…..?------first of all,we’d like to know sth.about you,so i’m going to ask some questions about yourself.(从以下各项问题中选择几个适当的问题提问考生)------hometownwhere are you from?how long have you lived there?how do you like it?why?do you live near here?where about?what do you think are the good points about living in this city?------familycould you tell us sth.about you family?what does your family usually do for the weekend?what do you think about living together with your parents?------leisuredo you have any hobbies?how did you become interested in the hobbies?------study/workwhy do you choose to study at our institute?why do you want to go to graduate school instead of finding a job?what are your favorite subjects?what kind of job did you do?have you ever worked during the vacation?why do you want to go back to study instead of going on with your work?what qualifications are needed in order to do your job well?what did you enjoy most about your campus life?------future planswhat do you expect to achieve during your study if you are enrolled into this institute?do you think english is important for your future plans?in what aspects is it important?part binterlocutor(问话者)：------now i’d like you to talk about sth.for about3minutes.here is a list of topics(将一组话题或问题递给学生)，pls read the topics and choose one from the list you like to talk about.you’ll have5minutes to prepare for your talk.(5分钟后)could you tell me what you want to talk about?all right,you’ll have3minutes to give your talk.would you begin?(the interloculor may intervene only when necessary)topics/questions(只列举了一部分话题)------give your comment on the statement that“a part-time job is an important experience that every college student should have.”------use specific examples to set forth your views on the saying“haste makes waste”.------describe one of your own experiences to demonstrate that“nothing ever becomes real till it is experienced”------explain your understanding of the conventional belief that“age brings wisdom”------what are the current problems of college education?how to resolve them?------some people say there is no absolute truth because“truth”is defined by people and there is no objectivity whenever people are involved.does absolute truth exist or not?why?对策1.自我介绍(self-introduce)。

儿科学试题含答案一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1、患儿,男,5岁,反复眼睑水肿2个月尿常规:尿蛋白(++),红细胞满视野,血清中乙肝标志物为大三阳,既往无肾炎病史,家族中无血尿患者。

曾经诊断肾病综合征,使用足量肾上腺皮质激素治疗,水肿无减轻,尿蛋白无减少。

肾活检结果可能是下列哪项?( )A、膜性肾病B、毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎C、膜增生性肾小球肾炎D、IgM肾病E、微小病变型肾病正确答案：A2、系统性红斑狼疮的特异性表现是( )。

A、颊部蝶形皮疹及蛋白尿B、大量龋齿提示C、膝关节受累D、第一趾较剧烈疼痛E、腕、掌指、近指关节受累正确答案：A3、一早产儿,生后窒息,生产史无异常,其母吸毒(注射吗啡类)。

此早产儿出生后窒息的原因最可能是哪项?( )A、早产所致B、宫内缺氧所致C、吗啡中毒D、羊水吸入E、颅内出血所致正确答案：C4、8个月女孩,近2个月腹泻,有异食癖,因皮肤苍白,厌食来诊。

体温正常,心肺未见异常,肝肋下1cm,脾肋下0.5cm.血象:RBC3.9×1012/L,Hb 64/L,MCV 64fl,MCH 25pg,WBC 8.0×109/L,血小板250×109/L。

预防该患儿的贫血应强调( )。

A、及时添加富含B族维生素辅食B、及时添加水果,蔬菜类辅食C、母乳喂养D、牛乳喂养E、及时添加蛋黄、肉类辅食正确答案：E5、患儿,女,5个月,高热、频繁呕吐2天,嗜睡1天,惊厥2次。

查体:精神差,双眼凝视,前囟隆起,心、肺无异常,脑膜刺激征阴性,外周血白细胞16×109/L,中性粒细胞0.90,淋巴细胞0.10,最可能的诊断是( )。

A、上呼吸道感染B、结核性脑膜炎C、病毒性脑炎D、化脓性脑膜炎E、急性胃炎正确答案：D6、患儿,男,2岁半。

因一次误服大量维生素A滴剂发生急性中毒。

下列各项中哪项为其主要表现( )。

A、毛发稀少、干脆、易脱B、头痛,呕吐,眼震颤,复视,眼底视神经乳头水肿C、转移性骨痛、软组织肿胀D、低热,消化紊乱E、皮疹,瘙痒,脱皮正确答案：B7、5个月健康婴儿,系母乳喂养。

爱考机构考研－保研－考博高端辅导第一品牌第二临床医学院儿科学招生目录系所名称第二临床医学院招生总数57～60系所说明本院招生计划中70％为推荐免试。

第三位代码是“５”为专业学位研究生，其他为科学学位研究生。

招生专业及人数100201内科学8 100202儿科学 1100204神经病学1100208临床检验诊断学1100210外科学 5100211妇产科学1105101内科学9 105102儿科学 2105104神经病学1105106皮肤病与性病学2105107影像医学与核医学3105109外科学9105110妇产科学4105111眼科学 3105112耳鼻咽喉科学2105116麻醉学 1105127全科医学3105128临床病理学1第二临床医学院儿科学考试科目系所名称第二临床医学院招生总数57～60系所说明本院招生计划中70％为推荐免试。

第三位代码是“５”为专业学位研究生，其他为科学学位研究生。

招生专业：儿科学 (105102) 人数:2研究方向01.临床医疗技能训练与研究考试科目1 101思想政治理论2 201英语一3 306西医综合第二临床医学院儿科学专业简介本仁恕博爱之怀，导聪明精微之智，敦廉洁醇良之行”——“创建中央医院记”碑文（1918年1月27日）中寥寥数字，为身处首善之区的北京大学人民医院（原北京中央医院）留下了连亘九十四载的历史印迹，激励人民人不断向“建设医疗、教学、科研、管理与国际接轨的大学医院”的发展战略迈进——北京大学人民医院创建于1918年，是中国人自行筹资建设和管理的第一家综合性西医医院，最初命名为“北京中央医院”，中国现代医学先驱伍连德博士任首任院长。

北京大学人民医院94年发展历程，是中国医学进步的见证。

医院成功进行了亚洲第一例、世界第四例异体同基因骨髓移植，诞生了中国第一支乙肝疫苗和中国第一台体外震波碎石设备，为中国医疗卫生事业的发展做出了重要的贡献。

经过94年的艰苦创业，北京大学人民医院发展成为集医疗、教学、科研为一体的现代化综合性大学医院，成为我国重要的医疗诊治、医学教育、医学研究中心。

Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35 . According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit. And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality. Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea. Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire,resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them. It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?Part II Structure and Written Expression（20%）11.【A】A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满足需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”。

北京大学考博专业课试卷2000年眼科学（眼科中心）
一、名词解释
1、Devic氏综合征（3分）
2、雪盲（3分）
3、弱视（3分）
4、眼球萎缩（3分）
5、水眼（3分）
6、交感性眼炎（3分）
7、Sherrington氏定律（2分）
8、Horner 氏综合征（3分）
9、调节作用（3分）
10、Fuchs综合征（2分）
二、填空（共22分，每空一分）
1、脉络膜的Bruch氏膜由外向内依次由下列各层组成-------，--------，--------，--------，-------。

2、急性视网膜坏死的主要临床体征：---------，--------，--------，--------。

3、视网膜色素上皮细胞越过锯齿缘向前延伸为睫状体的-------细胞，继续向前延伸至虹膜，为虹膜-----肌上皮。

4、Zinn总键环位于-------，Zinn小带又叫-----，其生理功能为----------。

Zinn动脉环为-----动脉发出的分支形成的血管环，主要供血给---------
5、泪膜的最外层谓-----层，由-----腺分泌形成；泪膜的中层谓----层，由----腺分泌形成；泪膜的内层谓-----层，由----分泌形成。

三、问答题（共50分，每题10分）
1、试述恶性青光眼的发病机理及临床处理原则。

2、简述糖尿病可能引起致盲的眼部并发症
3、急性虹膜睫状体炎是致盲疾患之一，试述其致盲的临床病理过程
4、简述急性球后视神经炎，前部缺血性视乳头病变及视乳头水肿的鉴别诊断
5、简述眼球的血液供应。