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Analysis of cleaner technologies based on waxes and surfactant additives in road constructionMiguel Pérez-Martínez a,Fernando Moreno-Navarro a,Jesús Martín-Marín a,Carolina Ríos-Losada b,M a Carmen Rubio-Gámez a,*a Laboratorio de Ingeniería de la Construcción,University of Granada(LabIC.UGR),E.T.S.Ingenieros de Caminos,Canales y Puertos,Ed.Politécnico,Avda. Severo Ochoa,s/n,C.P.18071Granada,Spainb ServiàCantó,Spaina r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received11April2013 Received in revised form4September2013Accepted10September2013 Available online7October2013Keywords:Warm mix asphaltCleaner productionTriaxial testFour point bending testControl emissionsFuel consumption a b s t r a c tThe manufacture of hot mix asphalt for road construction is associated with a high consumption of fossil fuels and a high level of emissions.The use of temperature reduction technologies in the manufacture of warm mix asphalts favors a cleaner production of such materials,and therefore its use has become a major objective in thefield of road engineering.Thus,during the last few years different types of techniques are appearing in order to achieve this objective.This article presents the comparison established in terms of mechanical performance of three processes of temperature reduction technol-ogies in order to select one of them for its manufacture in plant,where control of emissions and fuel consumption have been collected.The results showed that the use of warm mix asphalt technologies with waxes or surfactant additives may not incur in a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the pavement.The use of surfactant bitumen in plant is possible to produce warm mix asphalts,reducing the consumption of fuel in the process.Ó2013Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionRoad construction is one of the principal works in thefield of civil engineering,and in turn is a major consumer of fossil fuels for the production of asphalt mixtures.The need to adapt this type of production to cleaner processes leads to a search for reducing manufacturing temperature,trying to make it more sustainable and healthy,reducing at the same time the greenhouse gases emissions rates(Rubio et al.,2012)that are so harmful to the environment.Traditionally the asphalt mixtures used in road construction are manufactured at170 C(HMA)(D’Angelo et al.,2008),and are characterized by developing the mechanical properties that guar-antee an appropriate behavior during its life of service(General Management of Roads,2008).On the contrary,during its produc-tion process,the emissions of gases generated,and the fuel con-sumption required are important(Kristjansdottir,2006).As an alternative to HMA’s,during the last few years new processes have been appearing in order to reduce the manufacture temperature.Within these temperature reduction technologies,three types of mixtures can be distinguished by the temperature range of manufacture,warm mix asphalt WMA(100 C e140 C),half warm mix asphalt HWMA(60 C e100 C)and cold mixtures(0 C e40 C) (EAPA,2010).Discarding cold mixtures due to their lack of use out of surface patches rehabilitation,the reduction is achieved by the application of different processes and technologies,mainly dis-tinguishing between three for the WMA,the foaming process and the use of organic or chemical additives(Zaumanis,2010),and two for the production of HWMA,the use of emulsions and eventually foamed bitumens(Rubio et al.,2013).In the case of HWMA’s,not only has been proved that the reduction of emissions and fuel consumption is a fact(Rubio et al., 2013),but also that the mechanical performance achieved by this type of mixtures is not as satisfactory as it was desired(Punith et al., 2013).On the other hand,WMA’s have shown a better mechanical performance than HWMA and comparable to HMA(Reyes-Ortiz et al.,2009),reducing at the same time the consumption of fuel and greenhouse emissions in the manufacturing process(Hamzah et al.,2010).*Corresponding author.E-mail addresses:fmoreno@ugr.es(F.Moreno-Navarro),crioslo@fcc.es(C.Ríos-Losada),mcrubio@ugr.es(M a C.Rubio-Gámez).Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Cleaner Productionjournal homep age:www.elsevi/locate/jclepro0959-6526/$e see front matterÓ2013Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.09.012Journal of Cleaner Production65(2014)374e379Based on the number of advantages associated to WMA mix-tures(D’Angelo et al.,2008),which result in environmental(lower emissions),economical(cost savings and lower energy consump-tion)and constructional benefits(better workability and larger compaction window,greater hauling distances and less opening time to traffic)this research compare three WMA technologies for reducing the manufacture temperature of conventional hot mix asphalts.Thefirst is one of the most common additives used for this purpose,the organic waxes,which are aliphatic hydrocarbons of long-chain produced by the Fischer e Tropsch process(Wax,2005). Meanwhile as growing alternative,surfactant additives are an en-ergetic reducing agent allowing the manufacture of WMA to a reduced temperature while maintaining their mechanical proper-ties,the addition was considered in two different ways,mixing the bitumen and the surfactant in plant before adding to the mixture (dry process),and a surfactant modified bitumen(wet process) blended in refinery to compare their influence.This paper shows a laboratory level characterization of an asphalt concrete AC16S mixture for the surface course(EN13108-1,2008)under three temperature reduction technologies.Based on the results obtained,one of the mixtures was chosen to adapt a HMA plant for the production of WMA mixtures and measure the emissions and fuel consumption during the manufacturing boratory works on the mixtures was based on Marshall test,water sensitivity test,triaxial test and four point bending test established the parameters to select the most appropriate mixture for being produced at bigger scale.During the manufacturing process in plant measurement of the emis-sions and fuel consumption of a HMA and the WMA were taken. Finally,the main the conclusions obtained from the analysis of results are exposed.2.Materials and methods2.1.Materials2.1.1.AggregatesAn AC16S(EN13108-1)mixture,which is found in roads and highways all over the world,was used to carry out the study.The aggregates were porphyry for the coarse fraction(12/18and6/12),and a combination of porphyry(0/6)and limestone(0/4)for the fine fraction.Moreover,thefiller employed was calcium carbonate. Table1lists the aggregate properties.The aggregates combination by percentage is shown in Table2, where the gradation of the mixture(Fig.1)was kept constant for all the mixtures developed at lower temperature and with different additives.2.1.2.BitumensFour different binders have been used for the attainment of the objectives of the investigation.Thefirst binder used was conven-tional50/70,and besides being used alone,it was the base for the other three bitumens.50/70bitumen,modified with an organic surfactant additive was used as second binder in order to improve its workability at lower temperatures.The bitumen modification was made in labo-ratory and the percentage of additive used was chosen following the manufacturer recommendations(1%over bitumen weight).The third one was modified50/70bitumen with surfactant products to improve the wettability of the binder as an alterna-tive to the conventional for the reduction of temperature.The last binder used was50/70bitumen modified with microcrys-talline waxes produced by the Fischer e Tropsch process as addi-tive.In both cases,the bitumen was modified in refinery.Table3 describes all the mixtures designed and the additives used,as well as the temperature reduction applied on their manufacture process.2.2.MethodologyThe methodology followed is composed of two phases,labora-tory works and the manufacturing industrial process in plant,being thefirst one divided in three steps and focused on the analysis of the working formula for its adaptation to the manufacture process under different temperature reduction technologies.And the sec-ond one based on the adaptation of a hot mix asphalt plant for the production of a warm asphalt mixture.In laboratory,firstly the optimum bitumen content needs to be determined for the conventional mixture of reference without additives.Based on the values of air voids(%),deformation(mm) and stability(kN)of the Marshall test(NLT-159,2000)the optimumTable1Reference values of the aggregates and mineral dust.Test/aggregate type Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate FillerGrain size(EN933-1)/(EN933-10)Sieves(mm)12/18Porphyry6/12Porphyry0/6Porphyry0/4Limestone Carbonate(CaCO3)24.4100100100100e1684100100100e8162100100e4158792e21160681000.51129301000.251121201000.125e e e e970.0630.50.911.81187Sand equivalent(EN933-8)(>50)4554Bulk density(EN-1097-3)(0.5e0.8Mg/m3)0.7Percentage of fractured face(EN933-5)(100%)100100Flakiness index(EN933-3)(25)1625Resistance to fragmentation(EN1097-2)(20)1515Cleaning(organic impurity content)(UNE146130,Annex C)(0.5%)0.50.5Particle density andabsorption(EN1097-6)r a(Mg/m3) 2.73 2.73 2.77 2.71r SSD*(Mg/m3) 2.70 2.71 2.72 2.67r RD(Mg/m3)2.69 2.70 2.70 2.65Water absorption after immersion(%)0.600.400.910.77M.Pérez-Martínez et al./Journal of Cleaner Production65(2014)374e379375content of binder was set,using the same in all the WMA ’s mix-tures.Furthermore,several test were carried out to assess the mechanical behavior of the conventional mix:water sensitivity test (EN 12697-12,2009),cyclic triaxial compression test (EN 12697-25,2006,method B)in order to study the plastic deformations,and the four point bending fatigue cracking test (EN 12697-24,2013,annex D)to assess the long term response of the mixture.In the second stage the Marshall test,with the optimum bitumen content determined,is undertaken for the three mixtures with temperature reduction technology at 140 C to study their Marshall stability (kN),voids content (%)and deformation (mm).The mechanical performance was also evaluated in the WMA mixtures applying the same test procedures and conditions as in the first stage for the Reference Mix.Finally,a comparative analysis of the four mixtures is developed.With this purpose their stability (kN),retained strength against water (%),creep modulus (MPa)and fatigue life parameters are compared.Based on this analysis,the warm mix asphalt technology with the best overall performance will be selected for its adaptation to the plant production and to construct a road section test.In plant works are centered on the adaptation of a HMA plant for the manufacture of a WMA mixture.For this purpose a HMA and WMA mixtures are produced,measuring during the process the emission of pollutants,as well as the consumption of fuel required.In the case of the control of emissions,the methodology was similar to the one followed by Rubio et al.in (2013).In-point source emissions were measured (Fig.2);humidity,wind,and temperature data were also collected to assure the spreading in similar atmospheric conditions for HMA and WMA gases to compare the results.The parameters evaluated were the Combustion Gases (CO,NO x ,O 2,CO 2)measured by a multi-parameter analyzer (TESTO MXL),the Total Organic Carbon (TOC)through a flame ionization detector (FID,M&A PT)and the emission of Particles (collected in a 47mm filter and subsequently calculated in the laboratory by gravimetry).To complete the investigation,the consumption of fuel used is also measured.3.Analysis of results 3.1.Marshall testThe Marshall test results in regards to the optimum bitumen content is shown in Table 4.As can be seen,the values of me-chanical resistance developed by the mixtures in terms of stability and deformation are slightly lower in the case of warm mix as-phalts produced at lower temperature.Furthermore,in the case of surfactants additives (both dry and wet process)a decrease in terms of density is attained by the mixtures as well as an increased in the air voids content.This is due to this type of additives,which produce an improvement in the adhesiveness aggregate/binder and a better wetting of the aggregate,but no change in the viscosity of the bitumen,and therefore it may have certain dif ficulties associ-ated to perform the compaction of the mixture at lower tempera-ture.In the case of wax bitumen,this fact does not occur as waxes modi fied binder viscosity and consequently the values of density and air voids are not affected by reducing the temperature of manufacture and compaction.3.2.Water sensitivity testA new set of 6specimens per mixture using the optimum bitumen content were produced to perform the water sensitivityTable 3Studied mixtures and bitumens used.DenominationBitumenAdditive natureAddition processMixturemanufacture temperature ( C)Reference Mix 50/70Nonee 160Dry Surfactant Mix50/70þ1%additive Surfactant Dry 140Wet Surfactant MixSurfactantmodi fied 50/70Surfactant Wet 140Wet Wax MixWax modi fied 50/70Microcrystalline waxesWet140Fig.1.Aggregate gradation for asphalt mix type AC-16S.Table 2Aggregates combination by percentage.Aggregate fraction PercentagePorphyry 12/1815Porphyry 6/1244Porphyry 0/620Limestone 0/415Calcium carbonate filler6Fig.2.Simpli fied HMA plant distribution and in-point source.Table 4Marshall results and optimum bitumen content.ParameterReference Mix Drysurfactant Mix WetSurfactant Mix Wet Wax Mix Optimum bitumen content (%) 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8Bulk density (kg/m 3)2423236423772437Marshall stability (kN)10.7079.4788.2049.053Marshall def.(mm) 2.3 2.9 3.5 3.7Vm (%) 4.0 5.1 4.6 3.1VMA (%)15.316.115.614.5M.Pérez-Martínez et al./Journal of Cleaner Production 65(2014)374e 379376test(EN12697-12,2009).Table5resumes the values of strength obtained in the test.Once again the resistance values,in this case indirect tensile strength,shown by warm mix asphalts are slightly lower than those of the Reference Mix,perhaps indicating that may be inter-esting to increase the energy of compaction when using this type of mixtures,but higher than the ones obtained by Oliveira et al.(2013) with and without rubber.However,the retained strength(ITSR) shown by warm mix asphalts is higher,and therefore can be considered that such materials will be less affected by the action of water.This is because,in the case of surfactant additived mixtures to the improvement of adhesiveness that they generate(not only improving the coating of the aggregate,but also acting as its stimulator).Meanwhile,in the Wet Wax Mix may be related to its compaction improvement and its lower void content.3.3.Cyclic triaxial compression testPlastic deformations were evaluated by the cyclic triaxial compression test(EN12697-25,2006,method B),taking at the same time the service stresses and strains into account by means of a confining load.The conditions selected involved the com-bined application at a constant temperature of40 C of a confining load of120kPa and another cyclic sinusoidal out-of-phase axial loading of300kPa at a frequency of3Hz during12,000load cycles.The creep modulus and permanent deformation parame-ters for each mix were calculated.Table6shows the triaxial test results.The values obtained for the creep modulus indicate that the most resistant mix against plastic deformations is the Wet Wax Mix.The Wet Surfactant Mix behaves similar to the Reference Mix, even manufactured at lower temperature and the permanent deformation experienced only varies in0.03%.In the case of the Dry Surfactant Mix,results showed an increase in plastic deformation, probably due to a lack of mix compaction(as it is showed in its void content).3.4.Four point bending testTo perform the test,specimens of408Â50Â50mm with sawn faces were manufactured,and a sinusoidal waveform load was applied.The tests were carried out at20 C,in strain control mode and at a frequency of10Hz.The mixtures were tested in six different strain amplitude levels,250m m/m;200m m/m;175m m/m; 150m m/m;125m m/m and100m m/m Fig.3shows the potential fatigue laws derived from the four-point bending test performed in the4types of mixtures tested.As can be observed,independently of the warm mix technology used,the fatigue behavior of the mixtures evaluated is very similar, which coincides with thefindings of other researchers(Jones et al., 2010).On the other hand,the correlation coefficients of the fatigue laws obtained are high,indicating a uniform mechanical behavior of the warm mix asphalts.This aspect agrees with the results ob-tained by Johnston et al.(2006),which showed that additive did not affect the homogeneity of its long-term mechanical behavior.Moreover,the fatigue behavior of the Dry and Wet Surfactant Mixes is very similar,regardless of the method used to add the additive.Meanwhile,it should be noted that the fatigue behavior of the Wet Wax Mix is slightly different.At higher strain amplitudes fatigue life is smaller,while for lower strain amplitudes it increases in relation to the other mixtures evaluated.This behavior is typical of more rigid materials,aspect which is supported by the results obtained in the triaxial test,where the Wet Wax Mix showed a low rate of permanent deformation(which means that is a more rigid material).Table6Triaxial test results.Parameter ReferenceMix DrySurfactantMixWetSurfactantMixWet WaxMixCreep modulus(MPa)178.57153.45175.95202.70Permanentdeformation(%)1.68 1.96 1.71 1.48Table5Water sensitivity test results.Parameter ReferenceMix Dry SurfactantMixWet SurfactantMixWet Wax MixITSR(kPa)dry group2030.01469.01749.71464.3ITSR(kPa)wet group1741.71281.01575.71357.3ITSR(%)85.587.290.192.7Fig.3.Fatigue behavior of the studied mixtures at strain controlled test(T¼20 C,f¼10Hz).M.Pérez-Martínez et al./Journal of Cleaner Production65(2014)374e3793773.5.Control of emissionsData collection for controlling emissions took place during the process of manufacturing the conventional HMA at 176 C and the mixture Wet Surfactant Mix selected as WMA at 140 C.Table 7resumes the results obtained.Fig.4shows the emissions results obtained from the manufacturing of WMA and HMA mixtures.They have been compared with the HMA and HWMA results from Rubio et al.(2013).In terms of CO 2and NO x WMA slightly reduces the emis-sions,while in TOC and CO the values obtained have been increased,which was not expected.It can be appreciated how HMWA reduce the emissions in comparison with the hot asphalt mix while no reduction is appreciated between the WMA and the hot asphalt mix.3.6.Fuel consumptionTable 8indicates the results from the measure of the fuel needed for the manufacture of HMA and WMA mixtures.According to the values obtained in plant,the consumption of fuel for the manufacture of WMA is 35%lower.Decreasing the flame modulator by 60%would save fuel.The increase of the time of mixing by 5s is to guarantee the good cover of the aggregates;it induces to a decrease in production but the savings on fuel consumption balances it.4.ConclusionsIn this paper,mechanical performance testing on three asphalts mixtures modi fied under different temperature reduction tech-nologies was conducted.The aim of the research was to select one of the processes to adapt a HMA plant into the manufacture of WMA mixes,and measure the emissions and consumption of fuel during the process.The results obtained during the investigation led to the following conclusions:e The use of both,surfactants and waxes,as additives can reduce the manufacture temperature of asphalt mixtures to 140 C,providing materials with similar mechanical behavior than the hot mix asphalt.e In the case of surfactant additived mixtures,its incorporation into the mixture directly through the bitumen modi fied intheFig.4.Gases emissions of HMA,WMA and HWMA (Rubio et al.,2013).Table 7Emissions data collected.ParameterHMA WMA Manufacture temperature 176 C 140 C CO (ppm)616.8635.5NO x (NO 2)(ppm)55.653.2TOC (mgC/Nm 3)33.553.2Oxygen (%)16.516.5CO 2(%)2.5 2.6Speed (m/s)15.414.6Humidity (%)5.85.7Table 8Fuel consumption.ParameterHMA WMA Manufacture temperature 176 C 140 C Flame modulator 95%33%Time of mixing (s)3540Production (tn/h)200180Fuel consume (l/tn)5.83.8M.Pérez-Martínez et al./Journal of Cleaner Production 65(2014)374e 379378refinery plant(wet process),seems to offer further guarantee of success than incorporating it directly on the mixture(dry pro-cess).Although not offering an improvement in the compaction process of the mixture,the improvement of adhesiveness in the mixing offered by this additive allows manufacturing such materials at lower temperatures while maintaining their me-chanical properties.Thus,retained resistance values are pre-served against the action of water,plastic deformation,and fatigue behavior,showing how the use of this type of additived bitumens may offer bituminous mixtures with similar charac-teristics to HMA,assuming an environmentally cleaner alter-native to road construction.e In turn,wax modified bitumens let ensure acceptable compac-tion of the mixes at lower temperatures,offering a good response to the action of water and plastic deformation,as well as good fatigue life.Based on the results obtained in this research,this technology presents itself as an interesting alter-native for the environmental improvement in the production of asphalt mixtures.e Among the temperature reduction technologies studied,thebest results provided,in terms of mechanical performance is the Wet Wax Mix.Nevertheless,the Wet Surfactant Mix has also shown good overall mechanical response.So,when deciding which technology could be used for the next phase of the investigation,surfactant modified bitumen in refinery could be considered if it results economically and more competitive than using waxes.e In relation to the pollutant emissions,data collected do notshow a decrease as expected.On the other hand,other studies where a higher decrease of temperature takes places(as HWMA manufacturing process)provide a more significant reduction of emissions.In this sense,to achieve a better knowledge and significant conclusion more research needs to be develop about emissions during the manufacturing process of asphalt mixes with reduction of temperature(evaluating other asphalt plants and WMA technologies).e Fuel consumption can be decreased by35%respect to the pro-duction of HMA due to the reduction of theflame to dry the aggregates.When reducing this temperature of drying the time of mixing may be increased,but the savings in fuel can be considerable.AcknowledgmentsAuthors would like to acknowledge the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad for its assistance in the project:INMBERS:Investigación de nuevas mezclas de baja energía para rehabilitación superficial.IPT-420000-2010-12.ReferencesD’Angelo,J.,Harm, E.,Bartoszek,J.,Baumgardner,G.,Corrigan,M.,Cowsert,J., Harman,T.,Jamshidi,M.,Jones,W.,Newcomb, D.,Prowell, B.,Sines,R., Yeaton,B.,2008.Warm-mix Asphalt:European Practice.Report FHWA-PL-08e 007.Office of International Programs,U.S.Department of Transportation, Washington DC,USA.EAPA,European Asphalt Pavement Association,January2010.The Use of Warm Mix Asphalt.EAPA position paper (accessed09.10.12.).EN12697e12,2009.Bituminous Mixtures.Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt.Part 12:Determination of Water Sensitivity of Bituminous Specimens.European Committee for Standardization,Bruxelles,Belgium.EN12697e24,2013.Bituminous Mixtures.Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt.Part 24:Resistance to Fatigue;Annex D,Four Point Bending Fatigue Cracking Test.European Committee for Standardization,Bruxelles,Belgium.EN12697e25,2006.Bituminous Mixtures.Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt.Part 25:Cyclic Compression Test;Method B,Cyclic Triaxial Compression Test.Eu-ropean Committee for Standardization,Bruxelles,Belgium.EN13108e1,2008.Bituminous Mixtures e Material Specifications.Part1:Asphalt Concrete.European Committee for Standardization,Bruxelles,Belgium. General Management of Roads,2008.General Technical Specification for Road and Bridge Works PG-3.Articles542and543(in Spanish),Madrid,Spain. Hamzah,M.O.,Jamshidi, A.,Shahadan,Z.,2010.Evaluation of the potential of SasobitÒto reduce required heat energy and CO2emission in the asphalt in-dustry.J.Clean.Prod.18,1859e1865.Johnston, A.,Yeung,K.,Bird,J.,Forflyow, B.,2006.Initial Canadian experience with warm-mix asphalt in Calgary,Alberta.In:Proc.51st Annual Conference of the CTAA,Charlotte-town,Prince Edward Island,Canada,pp.369e386. Jones,D.,Barros,C.,Harvey,J.T.,Tsai,B.W.,Wu,R.,2010.Preliminary results from California warm-mix asphalt study.In:Transportation Research Board89th Annual Meeting,Washington DC,USA.Kristjansdottir,O.,2006.Warm Mix Asphalt for Cold Weather Paving(PhD thesis).University of Washington,Seattle,WA,USA.NLT-159,2000.Marshall Test.Road Tests of the Road Study Center(in Spanish), Madrid,Spain.Oliveira,J.R.M.,Silva,H.M.R.D.,Abreu,L.P.F.,Fernandes,S.R.M.,e of a warm mix asphalt additive to reduce the production temperatures and to improve the performance of asphalt rubber mixtures.J.Clean.Prod.41,15e22.Punith,V.,Xiao, F.,Wingard, D.,2013.Performance characterization of half warm mix asphalt using foaming technology.J.Mater.Civ.Eng.25,382e 392.Reyes-Ortiz,O.,Pérez,F.,Miró,R.,Amorós,J.,Gil,S.,2009.The Phoenix Project at UPC.Warm mix asphalt mixtures.In:XV Ibero-Latin American Congress of Asphalt.Lisbon23-27November2009,Portugal(in Spanish).Rubio,M.C.,Martínez,G.,Baena,L.,Moreno,F.,2012.Warm mix asphalt:an over-view.J.Clean.Prod.24,76e84.Rubio,M.C.,Moreno,F.,Martínez-Echevarría,M.J.,Martínez,G.,Vázquez,J.M.,2013.Comparative analysis of emissions from the manufacture and use of hot and half-warm mix asphalt.J.Clean.Prod.41,1e6.Wax,Sasol,2005.Roads and Trials with / sasolwaxmedia/Downloads/Bitumen_Modification-p-409/Roads_and_trials.pdf (accessed17.09.12.).Zaumanis,M.,2010.Warm Mix Asphalt Investigation(PhD thesis).Technical Uni-versity of Denmark,Kongens Lyngby,Denmark.M.Pérez-Martínez et al./Journal of Cleaner Production65(2014)374e379379。
scrum精髓读书笔记Scrum是一种敏捷软件开发方法，旨在提高团队的生产力和交付价值。
本文将对Scrum精髓进行阐述和总结，包括Scrum的核心原则、角色和仪式。
1. Scrum的核心原则Scrum的核心原则包括自组织团队、迭代开发和持续反馈。
首先，Scrum强调自组织团队，团队成员具有高度的自主性和责任感，能够自主决策和解决问题。
其次，Scrum采用迭代开发的方式，将复杂的项目分解为一系列可管理的短期目标，每个迭代周期称为“冲刺”，通常为2-4周。
最后，Scrum鼓励持续反馈，通过经常性的检视和调整，团队能够不断改进工作方式和产品质量。
2. Scrum的角色Scrum定义了三个核心角色：产品负责人、Scrum团队和Scrum主管（又称Scrum Master）。
产品负责人负责梳理产品需求和优先级，确保团队开发的产品符合客户需求。
Scrum团队由开发人员组成，负责具体的开发工作。
Scrum主管是团队的教练和协调者，帮助团队克服障碍和提高效率。
3. Scrum的仪式Scrum定义了几个仪式，以保证团队的协作和进展顺利。
首先是Sprint Planning（冲刺计划会议），在每个冲刺开始之前进行，团队讨论并确定下一个冲刺周期内要完成的工作。
然后是Daily Scrum（每日站会），每天固定时间进行，团队成员交流工作进展和遇到的问题。
接下来是Sprint Review（冲刺回顾会议），每个冲刺结束时进行，团队展示并讨论已完成的工作，并接受反馈和建议。
最后是Sprint Retrospective（冲刺总结会议），每个冲刺结束时进行，团队回顾并讨论过去冲刺的工作流程和效果，以及改进的机会。
4. Scrum的价值观Scrum鼓励团队遵循一些核心价值观，包括专注、勇气、开放和尊重。
专注意味着团队成员专注于当前的任务，尽力完成工作。
勇气意味着团队成员敢于面对挑战和冲突，并提出自己的观点。
开放意味着团队成员相互之间的沟通和合作是非常重要的，他们需要分享信息、听取不同意见和反馈。
读Scrum 敏捷开发的入门书籍有感1210400631 温源首先很高兴老师向我们推荐这份文档让我们阅读了解，因为作者别具一格的写作手法让我感觉就像在读一本小说一样，仿佛看到刚毕业的自己会和书中的男主人公有一样的遭遇以及经历。
所以每当男主人公遇到很多棘手的问题的时候自己也会考虑，如果换做是我，我会怎么办、我该怎么办。
相对于教科书的枯燥乏味，这本书真的是抓住了读者最想要的东西，使我受益匪浅。
说到软件开发，我们也是这一学期刚开了《软件工程方法与实践》这门课，本来完全没有概念的东西经过一段时间的学习脑海里好像逐渐形成了一些关于软件开发的模糊的概念，但说真的看完这份关于Scrum敏捷开发的文档以后，真的是感觉醍醐灌顶。
之前已经讲过了作者新颖的写作手法，就作者自己的话来说，“本书的创作完全是由 4 位作者共同完成的，整个写作过程也是敏捷的：迭代、自我管理的团队、有条不紊的进度节奏、期间收集潜在读者的反馈继而调整本书的内容。
我们惊喜地发现：敏捷思想真的有效，而且不仅仅是对软件开发。
”读到这里的时候我很好奇，究竟是怎样的一种开放方法，作者竟然可以吃透到将其利用到本书的写作过程中，相对于传统的瀑布式开发究竟会有哪些不同。
这些都是题外话，接下来想谈谈我从这本书认识到的新的东西。
为什么说是新的东西，因为其中有的之前接触过，但是并没有吃透；当然现在也不能说完全吃透，但最起码是有了新的理解在里面。
边看书的同时遇到很多问题，我通过百度百科查阅了很多词条，收获不菲，在文章最后我会把链接附上，希望能够读这篇文章的你有所帮助。
我们先来说说关毅（书中男主人公）为什么会离开他的老东家(也就是他刚毕业就把自己的理想和热情寄托给它)X公司。
男主经过几年打拼，成为开发部的Team Leader，辛苦经营却还是抵不过最后的心灰意冷。
X公司采用传统的瀑布开发流程加上 CMM。
组里百十来号人，需求、设计、编码、测试，人人各司其职。
流程上是一环套一环，文档也是一堆一堆的。
目 录TABLE OF CONTENTS 概 述OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................................................................... 经营手册Operations Manual ........................................................................................................................................................ 企业概述Business Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 人力资源管理HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................ 雇佣政策Employment Policies .................................................................................................................................................... 员工记录Team Member Records ................................................................................................................................................. 招聘和选拔Recruitment and Selection ........................................................................................................................................ 业绩管理Performance Management ............................................................................................................................................ 培训Training ................................................................................................................................................................................. 沟通和激励Communication and Motivation................................................................................................................................ 职业健康和安全Occupational Health and Safety ........................................................................................................................ 客户服务CUSTOMER SERVICE ............................................................................................................................................... 服务标准Service Standards .......................................................................................................................................................... 顾客选择Customer Selection ....................................................................................................................................................... 顾客反馈Customer Feedback ....................................................................................................................................................... 市场营销MARKETING ............................................................................................................................................................... 企业识别Corporate Identity ......................................................................................................................................................... 战略营销Strategic Marketing ....................................................................................................................................................... 公共关系Public Relations ............................................................................................................................................................ 采购和存货管理PURCHASING AND STOCK MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................ 采购Purchasing ............................................................................................................................................................................. 存货管理Stock Management ........................................................................................................................................................ 行政管理ADMINISTRATION .................................................................................................................................................... 电话、信息和电子邮件Telephone, Messages and Email ........................................................................................................... 邮件和重要信函Mail and Couriers .............................................................................................................................................. 计算机和互联网Computers and the Internet ............................................................................................................................... 安全Security ................................................................................................................................................................................. 会 计ACCOUNTING ................................................................................................................................................................ 应付账款Creditors ........................................................................................................................................................................ 应收账款Debtors .......................................................................................................................................................................... 银行往来账Bank Accounts .......................................................................................................................................................... 固定资产Fixed Assets .................................................................................................................................................................. 领导能力LEADERSHIP .............................................................................................................................................................. 经营手册管理咨询工具-SME 实用手册中英文版【最新资料，WORD 文档，可编辑修改】Operations Manual经营手册的目的Purpose of the Operations Manual本经营手册旨在提供必要的资源, 以帮助员工改进工作表现, 并帮助企业达成目标。
digsilent 手册
DigSilent PowerFactory是一种强大的电力系统仿真软件，广泛用于电力系统规划、分析和运行。
它提供了丰富的功能和工具，以帮助工程师进行各种电力系统研究和分析。
关于DigSilent PowerFactory的手册主要包括以下内容：
1.基本介绍，手册通常会从DigSilent PowerFactory的基本概念和功能开始介绍，包括软件的安装和启动，界面布局，基本操作等内容。
2.模型建立，手册会详细介绍如何在DigSilent PowerFactory 中建立电力系统模型，包括各种元件（发电机、变压器、线路等）的建模方法，参数设置等。
3.分析方法，手册会介绍DigSilent PowerFactory中常用的分析方法，比如潮流分析、短路分析、稳定性分析等，以及如何进行这些分析并解释结果。
4.高级功能，手册还会介绍DigSilent PowerFactory的一些高级功能，比如脚本编程、用户自定义模型开发等，以及如何利用这
些功能进行更复杂的电力系统分析。
5.案例分析，一些手册可能会包含一些案例分析，通过实际案例来演示如何使用DigSilent PowerFactory进行电力系统规划和分析。
总的来说，DigSilent PowerFactory的手册会全面详细地介绍软件的各个方面，帮助用户快速掌握软件的使用方法和技巧，从而更好地应用于实际工程中。
希望这些信息能对你有所帮助。
扫描二维码查看李晶GET2016演讲PPT巨额融资潮，纽交所上市，在线外教一对一已然成为今年最受瞩目的赛道。
在 GET2016 教育科技大会上，ABC360创始人李晶做了主题演讲，他分享了在线外教口语领域创业五年跨过的坑和总结出的经验教训。
经过五年的创业，李晶在大会上提出了自己的观点：“领跑者未必是领先者”，先进来的人收入已经非常大了，但是产品的领先程度并不高；“业务分化，产品进化”，现在这个业务未来是个大市场，同时在产品形态、业务形态上还有很大的分化、进化的空间在；以下为李晶的演讲实录：大家也知道在线外教口语是成熟的比较大的领域，是红海。
ABC360 不是最大的也不是最好的，但相对有一点点小的特色。
像之前的大佬们分析行业趋势、讲讲行业问题等等，我觉得我们还是创业公司，不具备这个资格，就重点讲一讲我们在红海领域是怎么样一步步慢慢成长起来的，希望能给大家一点小小的启发。
不做“偷薪水的人”先说说我创业之前的故事。
06 年到日本，待到 11 年底，做程序员将近 6 年时间，创业之前有一件事，对整个【GET2016】李晶：回顾在线外教一对一创业这五年，ABC360 犯过的错误(内含PPT)作者：怡彭2016-11-13 00:45ABC360 的企业文化有根本性的影响。
我刚到日本的时候因为日语不好、技术也一般，到了富士通里之后，领导给了一份工作 ——“看代码”。
对于一个程序员来说看代码并不是个好的任务，价值体现在写代码，不让写。
看代码看了一段时间之后，有个日本同事找我，估计看我很不爽，因为我天天看代码很轻松，他们要加班我到点回家，这个日本同事有一天中午跟我说，“日本人对待工作态度很好、很负责任，另外讲到社会各种各样的东西，比如日本乞丐都不偷东西。
”我听了觉得不错，接着他话锋一转说，“如果一个人在公司里面工作，又不给公司创造价值，他领的薪水就是偷来的。
”我听了这句话脸就红了，本身我性格也比较腼腆，这么一说我才反应过来原来是在说我，这件事对我后面在日本的五六年影响很大。
项目管理及流程操作完全手册一、项目管理概述项目管理是一种将特殊的知识、技能、工具和技术应用于项目活动，以满足项目要求的综合活动。
其主要目标是确保项目在既定的时间、预算、品质等约束条件下，能够按照计划顺利完成。
二、项目启动阶段项目启动阶段是项目管理的第一步，主要目标是明确项目目标、范围和相关的约束条件。
具体包括以下步骤：1. 项目提案：提出项目的初步想法，包括项目目标、预期成果、相关风险等。
项目提案：提出项目的初步想法，包括项目目标、预期成果、相关风险等。
2. 项目评审：相关人员对项目进行评审，确定是否采纳项目提案。
项目评审：相关人员对项目进行评审，确定是否采纳项目提案。
3. 项目启动：项目得到批准后，正式启动项目，明确项目团队和项目经理。
项目启动：项目得到批准后，正式启动项目，明确项目团队和项目经理。
三、项目规划阶段在项目启动阶段之后，项目进入规划阶段。
在这个阶段，项目经理和团队需要详细规划项目的各个方面：1. 工作分解结构（WBS）：将项目的工作分解为更小、更易管理的部分。
工作分解结构（WBS）：将项目的工作分解为更小、更易管理的部分。
2. 项目时间管理：确定项目的时间表，包括各个任务的开始和结束时间。
项目时间管理：确定项目的时间表，包括各个任务的开始和结束时间。
3. 项目成本管理：计划项目的预算和成本控制策略。
项目成本管理：计划项目的预算和成本控制策略。
4. 项目质量管理：设置项目的质量标准和验收条件。
项目质量管理：设置项目的质量标准和验收条件。
四、项目执行阶段项目执行阶段是项目管理的核心阶段，包括以下几个关键步骤：1. 任务分配：根据项目规划，将任务分配给项目团队的各个成员。
任务分配：根据项目规划，将任务分配给项目团队的各个成员。
2. 项目监控：项目经理需要定期监控项目的进度，确保项目按计划执行。
项目监控：项目经理需要定期监控项目的进度，确保项目按计划执行。
3. 问题处理：解决项目执行过程中出现的问题，如需求变更、资源争用等。
Milestones Professional手册1. 简介Milestones Professional是一款强大的项目管理软件，被广泛应用于计划、跟踪和可视化项目进展。
本手册将深入介绍Milestones Professional的功能和用法，以帮助用户更好地利用这一工具进行项目管理。
1.1 Milestones Professional的定义解释Milestones Professional是什么，其作用和在项目管理中的地位，为读者提供整体认识。
1.2 软件特点和优势介绍Milestones Professional的特点，包括图形化项目计划、易用性和与其他项目管理工具的集成等方面的优势。
2. 安装与设置本节将详细讲解如何安装Milestones Professional并进行基本设置，以确保用户能够顺利启动和使用软件。
2.1 下载和安装提供Milestones Professional的下载链接和安装步骤，让用户能够轻松地完成软件的安装。
2.2 基本设置介绍软件的基本设置，包括语言选择、时间格式、项目文件存储位置等，以确保软件按照用户的需求进行配置。
3. 项目计划创建与编辑这一部分将详细说明如何使用Milestones Professional创建和编辑项目计划，包括添加任务、调整时间轴和设置关键里程碑等。
3.1 创建新项目讲解如何在Milestones Professional中创建新的项目，设置项目基本信息和计划开始日期。
3.2 任务添加与编辑介绍如何添加任务，设置任务的起止日期、优先级等信息，并讲解如何进行任务的编辑。
3.3 时间轴调整解释如何调整项目时间轴，包括放大、缩小、移动时间轴等功能，以满足不同项目的时间要求。
4. 项目可视化与报告Milestones Professional强大的可视化功能是其一大特点，本节将详细说明如何利用这些功能制作项目图表和报告。
4.1 甘特图绘制介绍如何使用Milestones Professional绘制甘特图，展示项目任务的时间关系和进度。
敏捷培训－Scrum项目周期管理最佳实践通过课程您得到的收获：全面了解完整的Scrum项目周期管理（Scrum PCM）中的各个环节。
通过具体的案例搭建Scrum的环境，体会可能遇到的各种挑战，并得到来自国内外成功Scrum案例的解决方案。
课程中始终贯穿着来自项目开发第一线的最佳实践。
课程时长：2天学员对象：软件开发企业的产品经理、项目经理、团队带头人、系统架构师、资深开发人员、负责软件产品规划与定义的相关人员、需要了解软件开发全过程的管理人员。
课程大纲一、敏捷背后的哲学您得到的收益：1. 敏捷的方法在哪些地方会帮助我们解决项目中的问题2. 当我们在实施中遇到困难，当我们在各种敏捷方法中寻找解决方案，它可以避免少走弯路二、Scrum项目周期管理框架您得到的收益：了解Scrum实施的路线图三、Scrum需要什么样的团队您得到的收益：这是实施Scrum最关键的一个环节，可以了解：1. 团队如何组成，和传统团队有何不同，最佳的团队结构2. 如何使团队更有效率和战斗力四、Scrum如何管理变化的需求您得到的收益：Scrum如何动态管理变化的需求，以提供最具商业价值的产品五、如何开始一个迭代周期您得到的收益：召开有效的迭代（Sprint）计划会议六、如何管理迭代周期中的项目您得到的收益：1. Scrum项目状态、风险如何可视化管理2. 典型Scrum项目风险的征兆和解决方案七、迭代周期内团队如何实现承诺您得到的收益：1. 文档、会议如何做才能达到简单和高效2. 有效沟通必须的辅助条件3. Scrum如何和Agile Modeling、XP等其他敏捷方法结合以保证质量八、如何结束一个迭代周期您得到的收益：1. 如何判断迭代结束达到了预期的要求。
如果没有达到，如何处理2. Scrum过程如何持续改进九、让我们搭建自己的Scrum您得到的收益：1. 所有课堂成员通过角色扮演体验Scrum的整个过程，把学到的知识变成可以实际应用的技能2. 了解业界Scrum开发的推荐模式十、Scrum实施的常见问题您得到的收益：了解到Scrum实施过程中普遍遇到的问题及解决方案，例如如何改良绩效考核以激励Scrum团队、QA在Scrum团队中如何工作等等十一、大型团队如何应用Scrum您得到的收益：大型团队应用Scrum的两种典型框架。
