现在完成时复习
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现在完成时讲解与练习一、构成现在完成时是由助动词h a v e(h a s)+动词的过去分词构成。
助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围,它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。
过去分词是主要的谓语动词,说明句子的意义。
二、用法(1)表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。
常被j u s t、a l r e a d y、y e t等副词修饰。
如:-H a v e y o u h a d l u n c h y e t?-Y e s,I h a v e.I'v e j u s t h a d i t.你(已经)吃午饭了吗?我刚刚吃过。
(现在我不饿了)(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。
常带有f o r和s i n c e等表示一段时间的状语。
如:H e h a s t a u g h t h e r e s i n c e1981他自1981年就在这儿教书。
(可能还要继续教)I h a v e n't s e e n h e r f o r f o u r y e a r s.我有四年没见到她了。
(3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,(即表示过去的经历)一般译为汉语“过”,常带有t w i c e,e v e r,n e v e r,t h r e e t i m e s等时间状语。
如:I h a v e b e e n t o B e i j i n g t w i c e.我去过北京二次。
三、结构1).陈述句结构:主语+h a v e(h a s)(n o t)+过去分词+其它。
h a v e n o t=h a v e n’t h a s n o t=h a s n’t.2).一般疑问句结构:H a v e(H a s)+主语+过去分词+其它?3).特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+h a v e(h a s)+主语+过去分词+其它?e g.H e h a s a l r e a d yf i n i s h e d h i s h o m e w o r k.H e h a s n’t f i n i s h e d h i s h o m e w o r k y e t.H a s h e f i n i s h e d h i s h o m e w o r k y e t?--Y e s,h e h a s./N o,h e h a s n’t./N o,n o t y e t.四、现在完成时的时间状语(1)现在完成时属于现在时范围,故不能和过去的时间状语连用。
初三英语专项复习(一)现在完成时一、现在完成时的定义:(1)(标志词有:、、、、、其中表示否定的有、(置于于句末)。
(2)可以和表示从过去某时刻开始延续到现在的时间状语连用,常用的词有+ 时间;+ 时间(词组/句子);(迄今为止);(从那以后);before. 在这种用法中需要强调的是动词必须是动词。
背过下面短暂性动词转换成延续性动词:(1)用含有相同意义的近(同)义词(组)替换如:borrow→keep;become/come→be;catch a cold/cough/fever→have a cold/cough/fever;get/begin to know→know;go/get to sleep→sleep;buy→have;put on →wear (2)用表示延续状态的系表结构“be+形容词(介词短语/副词/名词)表示,如:arrive in(at)/get to /reach→be in/at;come (to ) →be in/at;fall ill(sick)/asleep→be ill(sick)/asleep;jion→be in the…/be a…member;die→be dead;close→be closed;lose→be lost;go(come) out→be out;leave→be away;get up→be up;open→be open;begin/start→be on;end/finish→be over(3)用句型“It has been/It’s +时间段+since从句”或“时间段+has passed +since从句”注意since 后面的从句用一般过去时。
二、在完成时的句式构成(必须理解、记住)肯定形式:主语+ / +否定行式:主语+ / / +一般疑问形式:/ +主语+ ?三、动词过去分词的变化同于过去式的变化,分规则变化(变化规则:1.直接在后面加—ed:2.以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,要先双写这个字母再加—ed;3.以辅音字母加y结尾的,把y边i,再加—ed.)和不规则变化(课本255—257页,必须背过,可以分类去记忆:1.AAA型;2.AAB型;3.ABB型;4.ABA型;5.ABC型)四、现在完成时与一般过去时的异同相同之处:动作都发生在过去不同之处:(1)一般过去时只强调在过去发生某一个动作;现在完成时强调的是过去发生的动作与现在的关系(对现在的影响或结果;过去发生的动作持续到现在)(2)一般过去时常与具体的过去时间“合作”(yesterday,last week,three days ago,in 1988,just now,when he was young.)。
现在完成时一、现在完成时的用法1. 表示过去发生的或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
如:I have had my lunch. 我吃过午饭了。
(强调现在已经饱了)I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔弄丢了。
(过去某个时间丢的,强调现在还没有找到)I have already watched the TV play. 我已经看过这部电视剧了。
---H ave you found your lost pen? 你找到丢失的钢笔了吗?---No.I haven't found it yet. 没,我还没有找到。
already:“已经”,用于肯定句,可放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可放在句末。
yet:“还,仍然”,用在疑问句或否定句中,常放在句末2. 表示动作或状态在过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还要持续下去,常与for, since(自从)引导的时间短语或从句连用.for+ 时间段; since+ 时间点或一般过去式的句子.eg: She has learned English for 5 years. (她已经学习五年英语了)解释:一直在学,持续了五年,并且还可能持续学下去.He has lived in Beijing since he was born . (自从他出生以后就居住在北京)解释:从出生后就一直住在北京,持续到现在,还有可能一直住下去)Have you stayed here since 3 o’clock? (自从3点后你就一直呆在这儿吗?)如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。
如:It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。
习题:选用for和since填空1.We haven’t seen each other ____________ a long time.2.His father has been in the factory __________ 10 years ago.3. The film has been on ___________ 20 minutes.4. Mr. Green has worked here _______________ he came to China.5. His grandparents have been dead __________ several years.6. It’s five years _________________ we met last time.二、现在完成时的结构1.肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他+时间.He has ever read that book . 他曾经看过这本书. (了解书的内容)They have just cleaned their hands. 他们刚刚洗过手了. (手是干净的)2.否定句:主语+haven’t/ hasn’t+过去分词+其他+时间.He hasn’t ever read that book .They haven’t just cleaned their hands.3.一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他+时间?肯定回答:Yes, 主语+have/ has. 否定回答:No, 主语+haven’t/hasn’t.Has he ever read the book? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.Have they just cleaned their hands? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+其他+时间?What has he ever done?What have they just done?习题:按要求改写句子1.I have already had dinner.(否定句) I __________ _______ dinner _______.2. Mum has cooked the dinner.(否定句) Mum __________ ________ the dinner.3. Susan has learned English at school.(否定) Susan________ ___________English at school. 4I have checked my e-mail.(一疑并肯否回答) ____________________________________________ ___________________ ______________________5. I have already had dinner. (提问) _______ _______ _________ ___________ __________?6. He has just finished his homework. _______ _______ _______ __________ __________?7. Susan has learned English at school. ________ _________ ________ ___________ _________?8. Mum has cooked the dinner. _______ ________ ________ ________ ________?三、过去分词的规则变化和不规则变化1.过去分词的规则变化和过去式一致:○1一般情况下,在动词后直接加–ed:jump – jumped○2以不发音的e结尾时直接加–d:bake – baked○3以辅音加y结尾时去y变i加–ed:empty – emptied2.不规则动词的过去分词(本册中出现的词):buy —bought —bought send —sent— sent eat — ate — eatenfind — found — found cut — cut — cut go — went — goneget — got — got put — put — put see — saw — seensweep — swept — swept read — read —read speak — spoke — spokentell — told — told set — set — set give — gave — givenhave — had — had shut — shut — shut hear — heard — hearddo — did — done leave — left — left come — came — comeswim — swam — swum meet — met — met understand — understood — understood四、现在完成时的几个标志词1.already,yet和 justjust:“刚刚”,表示动作刚刚结束,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。
现在完成时时态讲解一、注意弄清时态的实际意义现在完成时表示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的动作/状态,或者过去的动作或状态对现在造成的影响或结果。
They have left. --他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里I have had my lunch. --我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,或有可能有可能停止,或有可能继续延续下去。
He has learned English since 2001. -从2001年开始学的,现在还在继续学着呢二、基本句型结构现在完成时的构成形式:have /has (助动词)+done(过去分词)I/You/They/We have talked . He/She has talked.现在完成时的否定结构就是在助动词have或has后加上否定词not;I/You/They/We haven’t(have not) talked . He/She hasn’t(has not) talked.其一般疑问句就是将助动词have或has提到句首,Have I/You/They/We talked . Has he/she talked.肯定的简略回答是:Yes,主语+have/has.,否定的简略回答是:No,主语+have/has not.。
如:I have seen the film. →Have you seen the film?Yes,I have./No,I haven’t.三、注意掌握两种基本用法1.“过去的经历”:动作发生在过去的某一时刻且已经结束,但未说明动作发生的具体时间或情景,强调该经历(即动作发生后)对现在所造成的影响或产生的结果。
如:I have heard of the man. 我听说过这个人。
2. “完成情况”:表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态,或有可能继续延续下去。
句子中一般有说明其完成情况的短语或从句。
现在完成时知识点详解(初中英语专项复习)知识点01现在完成时基本结构【语法详解】主语+have/has+动词的过去分词①肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+宾语.①否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词)+宾语.①一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语.①特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词(V-ed)+其他)【即学即练】—In the past few years,China’s space program__________a lot.—That’s true.It successfully sent twelve more astronauts to the space station.A.achieves B.achieved C.has achieved D.is achieving【答案】C【详解】句意:——在过去几年,中国的航天已经取得了很大的成就。
——对的,它成功地将12名宇航员送入了太空站。
考查时态。
achieves一般现在时;achieved一般过去时;has achieved现在完成时;is achieving 现在进行时。
根据“In the past few years”可知,用现在完成时,故选C。
知识点02过去分词变化规则【语法详解】1.规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。
变化规则有四点:(1)一般动词,在词尾直接加"-ed"。
work→worked→worked visit→visited→visited(2)以"e"结尾的动词,只在词尾加"-d"。
live→lived→lived(3)以"辅音字母+y"结尾的动词,将"y"变为"i",再加"-ed"。
study→studied→studied cry→cried→cried(4)重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加"-ed"。
现在完成时时态讲解1)现在完成时通常表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果。
说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。
My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如recently, already, yet, just, l ately, for…, since…,等。
如:I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday.3)现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.We have had four texts this semester.4). have been to 和have gone to的区别have been to 强调“去过”,现已不在那里,如:He has been to the USA three times.他到美国去过三次。
(过去“到美国”,现在已“不have gone to主要强调的是“去了”,现在人不在说话的现场在美国”)如:--Where's your mother? --你妈妈在哪?--She has gone to the hospital. --她去医院了。
一结构1.肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他2.否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他3.一般疑问句:have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他Yes, 主语+have/has. No , 主语+have/has+not4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他二常和现在完成时一起连用的时间状语注意:.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语)如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for, since 连用.1.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用如already(肯定), yet(否定,疑问), just, before, recently, still, lately,Just, already, yet, ever, never, before, twice(重复性时间),for+短时间,since+点时间,so far, how long 提问的疑问句中.......He has already obtained a scholarship.I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet ?2. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如ever, never, twice, several times等:Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met that gentleman several times.3. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如up to these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present(now), so far等Peter has written six papers so far.Up to the present everything has been successful.三当现在完成时与表示短时间的时间状语连用时,谓语动词必须使用延续性动词。
现在完成时现在完成时的用法: 现在完成时表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。
现在完成时常被称为“与现在有联系的过去”,因此它不能与明确的过去时间状语连用。
现在完成时和一般过去时的比较①两者都可表示过去发生过的动作:但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响,而后者则只是表示过去有这一动作的事实。
He locked the door. 他锁过门。
(但现在门是开是锁不清楚。
)He has locked the door. 他把门锁上了。
(现在门是锁着的。
)Who turned on the light? 谁开的灯?(着眼开灯的动作,不管现在灯是开是关。
)Who has turned on the light? 谁把灯打开了?(着眼开灯的结果,即现在灯还亮着。
)②两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作:现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续,而一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。
He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。
(现在仍住那儿。
)He lived in Beijing for four years. 他曾在北京住了四年。
(现在不住那儿了。
)在下列情形下用现在完成时一.九个词语①already 已经(肯定句中或句尾)例: I have already found my pen. = I have found my pen already.②yet已经,仍然 (否定句和疑问句尾)例:I have not finished the work yet . Have you bought a computer yet?③ever曾经(句中)例:Have you ever seen pandas?④never从不(句中)例:I have never been to Beijing.⑤just 刚刚(句中)例:I have just done my work.⑥before以前(句尾) 例:I have never been there before.⑦so far到目前为止例:So far he has learnt 200 words.⑧how long 多久例:How long have you lived here?⑨how many times 多少次例:How many times has he been to Beijing?1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here12. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.13. I’ve known him __________ we were children.14. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.15. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.16. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.17.I've been like this ever since _________ .st weekB.for a weekC.a week beforeD.the last week18.My mother has worked in this factory _____2 years.A.aboutB.forC.inD.since19. I haven't heard from him ______last week.A.sinceB.forC.agoD.before20.His father joined the party_________.A.for three yearsB.since three years agoC.three years agoD.in two years' time三.三词组Have/has gone to去了某地(还没回来) 例: He has gone to Beijing (去了北京) Have/has been to去过某地(已经回来) 例: He has been to Beijing. (去过北京) have(has) been in表示“在某地呆多长时间”,例:Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。
现在完成时时态讲解1)现在完成时通常表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果。
说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。
My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如recently, already, yet, just, l ately, for…, since…,等。
如:I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday.3)现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.We have had four texts this semester.4). have been to 和have gone to的区别have been to 强调“去过”,现已不在那里,如:He has been to the USA three times.他到美国去过三次。
(过去“到美国”,现在已“不have gone to主要强调的是“去了”,现在人不在说话的现场在美国”)如:--Where's your mother? --你妈妈在哪?--She has gone to the hospital. --她去医院了。
一结构1.肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他2.否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他3.一般疑问句:have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他Yes, 主语+have/has. No , 主语+have/has+not4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他二常和现在完成时一起连用的时间状语注意:.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语)如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for, since 连用.1.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用如already(肯定), yet(否定,疑问), just, before, recently, still, lately,Just, already, yet, ever, never, before, twice(重复性时间),for+短时间,since+点时间,so far, how long 提问的疑问句中.......He has already obtained a scholarship.I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet ?2. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如ever, never, twice,1 / 7several times等:Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met that gentleman several times.3. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如up to these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present(now), so far等Peter has written six papers so far.Up to the present everything has been successful.三当现在完成时与表示短时间的时间状语连用时,谓语动词必须使用延续性动词。
现在完成时复习一、初中英语现在完成时1.The tall building here for 100 years.A. isB. wasC. has beenD. is been【答案】 C【解析】【分析】那幢高楼在这里已经有100年了。
根据for 100 years可知“高楼在这里”是过去发生的动作一直持续到现在,要用现在完成时态,其谓语动词形式为have/has+动词过去分词。
故选C。
【点评】此题考查现在完成时,平时应多归纳总结各种时态,语态和句式的结构及用法。
2.—Do you still play basketball?—Oh, no. I ____ it for the past two years.A. haven't playedB. didn't playC. won't playD. hadn't played【答案】A【解析】【分析】句意:——你还打篮球吗?——哦,不了。
我已经有两年没有打过了。
根据句中的for the last two years可知应与完成时态连用,又有时间是the last two years可知是从现在往前两年,因此应使用现在完成时态,故选A。
【点评】考查动词时态中的for+段时间与完成时态连用,根据时间确定是现在完成还是过去完成。
3.—How do you like Beijing, Miss Read?—I've no idea. I _____ there.A. have goneB. have beenC. haven't beenD. haven't gone【答案】 C【解析】【分析】句意:---你觉得北京怎么样,瑞得小姐?---我不知道,我没有去过那儿。
短语:have been to去过某地(已经返回);have gone to去了某地(尚未返回),根据句意,故答案为C。
【点评】考查短语辨析,区分have been to与have gone to,理解句子,根据语境判断答案。
现在完成时语法复习构成:have/has + 动词的过去分词用法:1.表示动作发生在过去或者已经完成对现在仍有影响。
I have lost my key.(钥匙在过去丢了,现在还没有找到)—Have you eaten your lunch?—Yes, I have. I have just eaten it.(现在不饿了)2.表示动作或状态在过去已经开始,并持续到现在,也许还要持续下去。
可以和表示一段时间的状语连用,表示持续的动作或状态多用延续性动词。
注意:表示一段时间的状语常用“since+时间点/从句”“for+时间段”表示。
Miss Liu has taught English for 20 years.We have known each other since 10 years ago.I haven’t seen you since you left here.3.表示到现在为止多次发生的动作。
I have read this book several times.My father has watched the film twice.标志词:already,yet,ever,recently,just,never,before(用于句末),so far,for+时间段,since+时间点/一般过去式的句子,in the past years……(1)already:已经,用于肯定句;yet:已经,还,用于否定句或疑问句。
注意:肯定句变否定句或者疑问句,要把already改为yet。
I have already finished my homework.I haven’t finished my homework yet.Have you finished your homework yet?(2)ever:曾经,用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词和过去分词之间。
Have you ever been to London?(3)just:刚刚,表示动作刚刚结束,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。