LIFE CYCLES

植物的生命周期植物是地球上最古老的生物之一，它们经历着独特而复杂的生命周期。

植物的生命周期包括种子萌发、生长、开花和结果四个阶段，每个阶段都具有重要的生物学意义。

一、种子萌发种子是植物生命周期的起点，它包含了植物生长所需的营养物质和基因信息。

当种子受到适当的水分和温度刺激时，它会开始萌发。

种子的萌发过程包括吸水、胚轴伸长、根生和芽出等步骤。

这个阶段是植物生命周期中最关键的阶段，种子的品质和环境条件都会影响到萌发的成功率。

二、生长种子萌发后，植物开始进入生长阶段。

在这个阶段，植物通过光合作用和水分吸收等过程获得营养，逐渐长成成熟植物。

生长的速度和形态会受到光照、温度、水分、土壤质地等因素的影响。

植物的生长过程中会发生根系生长、叶片展开、茎干生长等重要现象，这些都是植物生命周期中不可或缺的部分。

三、开花对于大多数植物来说，开花是生命周期中最引人注目的阶段。

植物的开花受到光照、温度、水分和养分等因素的影响，一旦环境条件适宜，植物就会开始开花。

植物花朵的形态、颜色和香气吸引了许多传粉者，为了达到繁殖的目的，植物会产生花粉和花蜜来吸引传粉者，完成传粉过程。

四、结果在传粉过程完成后，植物就会开始结果。

果实是植物生命周期中的重要产物，它包含了植物的种子，具有传播和繁殖的功能。

植物果实的形态各异，有着不同的传播方式和适应环境的特点，如坚果、浆果、蒴果等。

通过果实，植物能够将种子传播到更广阔的地域，确保了物种的延续。

植物的生命周期是一个与环境紧密相关的过程，植物会根据周围的环境因素做出相应的生理和形态调整，以维持自身的生存繁衍。

了解植物的生命周期不仅有助于我们更好地欣赏和保护植物，也对农业生产和生态保护具有重要的指导意义。

希望通过对植物生命周期的深入了解，能够更好地理解和尊重自然的规律，为人类与自然的和谐共处做出贡献。

植物从种子到成熟植株所经历的生命周期是一个持续不断的过程。

一些植物可能经历数年乃至数十年才能完成整个生命周期，如巨型红杉等，而一些植物可能只需要数周到数月便能完成整个过程，如一些短命植物。

adolescent(noun)A teenager goes through manychanges as an adolescent .1.The growth spurt that an adolescentmay experience is a normal part of growing up.2.Before Elena was an adolescent , sheknew that she wanted to be a writer someday.3.seedling(noun)A seedling is a young tree thatmeasures no more than 3 feet in height.1. A seedling grows from a seed andturns into a sapling.2.He made sure the young seedlinggot plenty of sunshine and water so it would grow to be big and strong.3.egg(noun)An egg is a reproductive structure that is produced by a female animal.1.Mammals, birds, fish, insects, reptiles,and amphibians can all produce an egg .2.The egg of many animals has a protective covering that allows a fertilized embryo to develop outside the mother's body.3.embryo(noun)The yolk of a chicken egg is anembryo .1.An embryo is an unborn animal inthe early stages of development.2.The embryo , or unborn offspring,was growing inside its mother.rva(noun)A larva is an immature, wormlikeinsect that has hatched from an egg,and more than one are larvae (LAR-vee).1. A butterfly or moth larva is acaterpillar.2. A larva eats an amazing amount offood every day.3.life cycle(noun)A life cycle includes all stages ofdevelopment that a living organism goes through.1.The stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult are the stages in the life cycle of a butterfly.2.The life cycle of most animals begins with fertilization and ends with death.3.metamorphosis(noun)A metamorphosis is a change or transformation.1.Metamorphosis results in a complete or obvious change in physical form,structure, or substance.2.The caterpillar underwentmetamorphosis by becoming a pupa and then emerging from its cocoon as a moth.3.pupa(noun)A pupa is an insect at the last stagebefore its metamorphosis into an adult.1.The pupa of a moth spins a cocoonor goes through this stageunderground or on the ground.2.The pupa of a butterfly is encasedin a chrysalis.3.adult(noun)An adult is a full-grown or mature person or other animal.1.An adult is an animal that is fully developed and is able to produce offspring.2.In deer, an adult can be a doe (female) or a stag (male).3.DAY 1SynonymDefinition _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________AntonymWord PictureSynonymDefinition _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________AntonymWord PictureINSTRUCTIONS: Record a vocabulary word in each word box. Then write a synonym and an antonym, draw a picture, and define each word. Use each word in a sentence on the back of this worksheet.Name: _______________________________________________________(Page 1 of 1)WORD CARD DEFINITION CARDadolescenta person between childhood and adulthood(noun)WORD CARD DEFINITION CARDseedlinga young, developing plant that has grown from aseed (noun)egga female reproductive cell; the beginning stage in the life cycle of manyorganisms (noun)WORD CARD DEFINITION CARDembryothe early stage during which a plant or animalbegins to grow(noun)WORD CARD DEFINITION CARDlarvathe caterpillar or wormlike stage in the life cycle of some insects(noun)life cyclethe stages of change that an organism goes throughduring its life (noun)WORD CARD DEFINITION CARDmetamorphosisthe transformation from an immature form to anadult form (noun)WORD CARD DEFINITION CARDpupaan immature insect in the stage between a larva andan adult (noun)adultthe stage in which a person or other animal isfully developed(noun)Name:An analogy shows a relationship between two sets of words. The words in the first pair must have the samerelationship as the words in the second pair. To complete an analogy with a missing word, you must first discover the relationship between the completed pair. (Example: Cat is to meow as dog is to bark .)baby personmalemagneticmothconsumptionwormeggchildINSTRUCTIONS: Determine the relationship between the first pair of words. Then use the words in the word box to complete thesecond pair of words.Adultis toyoung ...as...parentis to1.Seedlingis toplant...as...child is to2.Life cycle is todevelopment...as...food chainis to3.Adolescentis to teenager...as...infantis to4.Embryois to embryonic...as... magnetis to5.Metamorphosisis totransformation...as... larvais to6.Eggis to female...as...spermis to7.Pupa is to cocoon ...as... embryo is to8.Name:An analogy shows a relationship between two sets of words. The words in the first pair must have the samerelationship as the words in the second pair. To complete an analogy with a missing word, you must first discover the relationship between the completed pair. (Example: Cat is to meow as dog is to bark .)baby personmalemagneticmoth consumptionworm eggchildINSTRUCTIONS:Determine the relationship between the first pair of words. Then use the words in the word box to complete thesecond pair of words.Larva is to caterpillar ...as... adult is to9.CLOZE SENTENCESDAY 2(Page 1 of 1) Name:adolescent seedlingeggembryolarvalife cyclemetamorphosispupaadultINSTRUCTIONS:Use the vocabulary words in the word box above to complete the sentences below.The stages of development of a living organism are part of its1.An animal that is fully developed is called an2.Before it is hatched, a baby bird is called an3.Anis a person who is between childhood andadulthood.4.Ais a young plant.5.Anis a reproductive structure produced by some animals.6.Theof a butterfly develops into a pupa before becoming an adult.7.is a complete change in physicalform, structure, or substance.8.A is an insect at the stage between a larva and an adult. 9.Name:A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. If the noun is the name of a person ora specific place, it is called a proper noun. A proper noun is always capitalized.INSTRUCTIONS: Read the words below. Decide whether the word is best classified as a person, place, thing, or idea. Then write each word in the appropriate column.adolescent seedlingeggembryolarvalife cyclemetamorphosispupaadultPERSONPLACETHINGIDEAUse each noun from the table in a sentence.1.2.3.4.5.Name:A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. If the noun is the name of a person ora specific place, it is called a proper noun. A proper noun is always capitalized.6.7.8.9.Write three words that are not nouns.CONCEPT COMPLETIONDAY 4(Page 1 of 1) Name:INSTRUCTIONS: Use what you know about the vocabulary words to complete the following sentences.The metamorphosis of a caterpillar results in a1.A pupa will develop into2.A larva is an immature3.An adolescent experiences changes in4.An embryo develops into5.The life cycle of a human begins6.An adult is an animal that7.Two animals that can lay an egg are8.To survive, a seedling needs9.ASSESSMENTDAY 5(Page 1 of 1)Name:INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the best answer to complete each statement.Rapid physical changes are a normal part of for an adolescent. eating growing up getting sleepy1.Ais called a seedling.small flower young plant small seed2.reproduce through the laying of an egg. Mice Horses Birds3.An embryo is animal.a young a dying an unborn4.A larva is an immature egg insect mammal5.is a stage in the life cycle of a human. Adolescence Hibernation Camouflage 6.A metamorphosis is a complete development improvement transformation7.A butterfly pupa is encased in a caterpillar cocoon chrysalis8.An adult is not fully developed mature immature9.。

The Life Cycle of a ButterflyThe life cycle of a butterfly is a fascinating and intricate process that showcases the wonders of nature and the incredible transformations that occur in the insect world.This process,known as metamorphosis, involves four distinct stages:egg,larva(caterpillar),pupa(chrysalis),and adult butterfly.Each stage is crucial for the development and survival of the butterfly,and together they form a remarkable journey from a tiny egg to a beautiful,winged insect.The first stage of a butterfly's life cycle begins with the egg.Female butterflies lay their eggs on the leaves of specific host plants,which will later serve as food for the emerging caterpillars.The eggs are often tiny and can vary in shape and color depending on the species.The duration of the egg stage can range from a few days to several weeks,depending on environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity.Once the egg hatches,the second stage of the life cycle begins:the larva, commonly known as a caterpillar.Caterpillars are voracious eaters and spend most of their time consuming the leaves of their host plants.This stage is characterized by rapid growth,and as the caterpillar grows,it undergoes a series of molts,shedding its exoskeleton to accommodate its increasing size.Caterpillars can have a wide variety of colors,patterns, and shapes,which often serve as camouflage or a warning to predators. The larval stage is critical for accumulating the energy and nutrients needed for the next stage of development.After reaching a certain size and undergoing several molts,the caterpillar enters the third stage of the life cycle:the pupa,or chrysalis. During this stage,the caterpillar undergoes a remarkable transformation. It finds a suitable spot to attach itself,often using silk,and then sheds its final larval skin to reveal the chrysalis.Inside the chrysalis,the caterpillar's body undergoes a complete reorganization through a process called histolysis,where larval tissues break down,and histogenesis,where adult structures form.This transformation can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months,depending on the species and environmental factors.The final stage of the butterfly's life cycle is the adult butterfly.When the transformation within the chrysalis is complete,the adult butterflyemerges.This process,known as eclosion,involves the butterfly breaking free from the chrysalis and expanding its wings.Initially,the wings are soft and crumpled,but within a few hours,they harden and become strong enough for flight.The adult butterfly's primary focus is on reproduction and feeding.Butterflies are known for their striking colors and patterns,which serve various purposes,including attracting mates,camouflage,and warning predators.Adult butterflies feed on nectar from flowers,using their long proboscis to reach deep into the blossoms.They play a vital role in pollination, transferring pollen from one flower to another as they feed.This mutualistic relationship benefits both the butterflies and the plants, contributing to the health and diversity of ecosystems.In conclusion,the life cycle of a butterfly is a remarkable journey that highlights the beauty and complexity of nature.From the tiny egg to the vibrant adult butterfly,each stage of metamorphosis is a testament to the adaptability and resilience of these incredible insects.Understanding and appreciating the life cycle of butterflies not only deepens our connection to the natural world but also underscores the importance of conserving their habitats and ensuring the survival of these delicate and enchanting creatures for future generations to enjoy.。

蝴蝶的生命循环英语作文英文回答：The life cycle of a butterfly is a fascinating process that involves several distinct stages. It begins with the egg, which is usually laid on a plant. After a period of time, the egg hatches and a caterpillar emerges. The caterpillar then goes through a period of rapid growth, during which it eats voraciously to fuel its growth. This stage is known as the larva stage.During the larva stage, the caterpillar molts several times, shedding its old skin and growing a new one. Each time it molts, it becomes larger and more developed. Eventually, the caterpillar enters the pupa stage. It attaches itself to a surface, such as a leaf or a twig, and forms a protective casing around itself called a chrysalis.Inside the chrysalis, the caterpillar undergoes a remarkable transformation. Its body breaks down into asoupy substance, and then reforms into a completely different creature – the butterfly. This process is known as metamorphosis. After a period of time, the adult butterfly emerges from the chrysalis, its wings still soft and folded. It takes some time for the wings to expand and dry out, but once they do, the butterfly is ready to fly.The adult butterfly then goes in search of a mate. Once it finds a suitable partner, the female butterfly lays her eggs on a plant, and the cycle begins again.中文回答：蝴蝶的生命周期是一个迷人的过程，涉及几个明显的阶段。

Life Cycles•This software has been created to inform classmates about the life cycle of a butterfly.The program explains how the life cycle of the butterfly develops, and includes games to reinforce this life cycle.Click on the butterfly to begin. 共板法兰风管螺旋风管排烟风机防火阀 龙门吊单梁起重机大连渤海起重The Life CycleWhich came first, theegg or the adult?Of the ButterflyStage 1 The Egg•Butterfly egg s differ from one to another. Sometimes the adult lays one egg, other times they lay hundreds of them. The egg can range in color from green and red, to yellow or brown. The eggs can be long and oval like a pickle, or can be flat and round like a pancake.Stage 2 The Larvae or Caterpillar•The larvae is what comes from the egg. The larvae does not look like a butterfly. It looks more like a worm-known as a caterpillar. The caterpillar grows larger bymolting its skin several times and eating large amounts of food. This stage takes from two weeks to one month to complete.Stage 3 The Pupa•Stage 3 begins when the caterpillar enters a chrysalis, or cocoon known as the pupa.The pupa does not eat during this stage, but does grow wings, legs and internal organs.It may take just four days or up to several months to complete this stage.Stage 4 The Adult•When the adult breaks out of the pupa, it is a beautiful butterfly. The new adult butterfly is immediately ready for reproduction. The life span of a butterfly lasts from just a few days up to 12 months.Can you put the Need more review?Do you know the life cycle of the butterfly?Click on the arrow to test your skills.If you need another look at the cycles, click on the house!Your turn•Which came first?•Click on the correct stage and move to the next question.Awesome Job!•What stage happens next?Don’t give up!•The third stage of the butterfly life cycle is…?Need help?You can do it!•And the final stage to a butterfly’s life cycle…Need help?Great Job!•Now that you know the stages of the butterfly life cycle, its time to…Match the picture to the stage name! If you answer correctly, you automatically move to the next question.Ready for matchingWhat is this?LarvaePupaButterflyEggNeed a hint?What is this?•Larvae•Pupa•Butterfly•EggNeed a hint?What is this?•Larvae•Pupa•Butterfly•EggNeed a hint?What is this?•Larvae•Pupa•Butterfly•EggNeed a hint?Great Job!•Now you’re an expert on the life cycle of the butterfly!!!I have found a great book that is fun to read. It eventells about the life cycle of the butterfly. Add it toyour collection! Eric Carle is the author of The Very Hungry Caterpillar. This book describes the stages of a butterflies life leading up to itsadulthood, and the trouble it getsinto by eating too much food in thepupa stage.GET n c m/justsay cust-rec rate-item communit tg/stores/d Click the caterpillar to finishHope you had a FLY time!sources Try Again。

plant life cycles文章翻译-回复植物生命周期[植物生命周期]是指从植物种子萌发开始到成熟能够繁殖后代的全过程。

在整个生命周期中，植物经历了各种不同的发育阶段和形态变化。

这个过程包括种子的发芽、苗期的生长、成年期的繁殖以及死亡和衰老。

每个阶段都具有特定的特征和功能，以适应植物在不同环境条件下的生存需求。

植物生命周期的第一步是从种子发芽。

种子是植物繁殖的基本单位，它包含了植物新生命的所有物质和遗传信息。

种子通常包裹在果实或者花的内部，以保护其免受外界环境的伤害。

在适宜的环境条件下，种子通过水分和温度的刺激开始发芽。

首先，种子吸收水分，令种子壁膨大，然后种子开始分解储存在内部的养分。

接下来，根从种子中长出，向土壤中延伸，以吸收水分和养分。

芽也会从种子中伸展出来，与阳光接触，并开始进行光合作用以合成能量。

一旦植物发芽，它进入了苗期的生长阶段。

苗期是植物生命周期中的关键时期，植物在这个阶段会经历快速的生长和发育。

在这个阶段，根和茎将进一步生长和分化，以支持植物的生命活动和养分吸收。

叶子也会逐渐变大，并开始进行光合作用。

植物通过吸收水分和养分，并利用光合作用产生的能量，不断积累自身的生物质。

苗期的生长持续时间因植物种类的不同而有所差异，可以从几周到几年不等。

当植物生长到一定程度时，它进入了成年期。

在成年期，植物的生长速度减缓，并开始进行繁殖。

成年期的特征包括茎的增粗和加固，以支持植物的结构和稳定性。

植物在这个阶段还会形成花和果实。

花是植物性繁殖器官，它们用于吸引传粉媒介（如昆虫、鸟类或风）来传播花粉。

花粉是植物生殖细胞，其中包含了植物的遗传信息。

当花粉传播到花的雌蕊时，受精过程开始，花就会结出果实。

果实是种子的容器，它们可以吸引动物来吃甜美的果肉，从而帮助种子传播到新的地点。

最后，植物将经历死亡和衰老。

植物的寿命因物种的不同而有所差异，有些植物可以活几十年甚至上百年，而有些植物只能活数周或数月。

ACCA F5知识点：Product life cycle今天给大家介绍ACCA F5知识点中的Product life cycle，即产品的生命周期理论，这是计算成本中一个非常重要的理论。

Life cycle costing aims to cost a product,service,customer or project over its entire lifecycle with the aim of maximizing the return over the total life while minimizing costs.Traditionally the costs and revenues of a product are assessed on a financial year or period by period basis.Product life cycle costing considers all the costs that will be incurred from the design to abandonment of a new product and compares these to the revenues that can be generated from selling this product at different target prices throughout the product’s life.The product life cycle(PLC)can be divided into five stages.(1)Development stage(研发阶段)A high level of setup costs will be incurred in this stage.Research and development,product design and production facilities.(2)Introduction stage(开始阶段)A large amount of marketing and promotion costs will be incurred in this stage.(3)Growth stage(成长阶段)Marketing and promotion will continue through this stage.Sales revenue increases dramatically.Costs decreases as fixed costs are recovered over greater sales volumes.(4)Maturity stage(成熟阶段)Initial profits will continue to increase as initial setup and fixed costs are recovered.Marketing and distribution economies are achieved.Price competition and product differentiation will start to erode profitability as new customers are limited.(5)Decline stage(衰减阶段)Product is phasing out,production economies may be lost and marketing costs are cut in this stage.A replacement product needs to have been developed.Additional development costs may be incurred to refine the model or function to extend the life cycle.这里还有三个产品生命周期理论对于现代环境的影响。

用英文表达四季的句子1. 用英语来描述一年四季我有急用.第一篇：一年四季（The Four seasons） A year has four seasons.Every season has three months.The weather of one season is different from that of any other.The life cycles of plants are controlled by the seasons.The first season is spring.The three months in it are March,April and May.During that time we have warm weather and fine days.All plants come to life.Animals wake up from hibernation.It is time for farmers to get ready for their fields.The second season is summer.The three months are June,July and August.The weather is very hot and it often rains.People can go swimming and sightseeing.It is time for all things to grow up.The third season is autumn.The three months are September,October and November.The weather becomes cooler and cooler.Leaves begin to fall to the ground.It is the harvest time for farmers.The fourth season is winter.December,January and February are the three months of that season.The weather is very cold,and most of the plants die at that time.Sometimes it snows.People can enjoy skating and skiing.But winter doesn' t stay with us for a long time,for spring comes again soon.翻译：一年四季一年有四季，每个季节有三个月，每个季节的气候都不一样.生命的轮回由四季控制.第一个季度是春季.春季的三个月为三月、四月和五月.在这段时间里，天气温暖、晴朗，万物复苏.冬眠的动物们也醒过来了，农民们开始忙农活.第二个季节是夏季，包括六月、七月和八月.天气非常热，而且老是下雨.人们能游泳、观光.夏季也是万物生长的好时候.第三个季节是秋季，三个月分别是九月、十月和十一月.天气越来越凉，树叶开始飘落.这是一个收获的季节.最后一个季节是冬季，这一季包括十二月、一月和二月.天气非常冷，大多数植物都死了.有时候还下雪，人们可以滑冰和滑雪.但是冬天不会太长，因为春天马上就要来临了.第二篇：四季（Four Seasons）There are four seasons in a year.They are spring、summer、fall and winter.I like spring.It is warm.It often rains.I can plant trees and flowers in spring.The spring is green.Summer is very hot.I can swim in the river.Fall is a good season.It is nice.I can fly kites in fall.I can eat many apples too.Winter is cold.I wish I can play snow and make a snowman in Beijing someday.Because it does not snow in Xinxing.I love all the seasons,because they are nice.第三篇：The Four seasons-四季The Four seasonsA year has four seasons.Every season has three months.The weather of one season is different from that of any other.The life cycles of plants are controlled by the seasons.The first season is spring.The three months in it are March,April and May.During that time we have warm weather and fine days.All plants come to life.Animals wake up from hibernation.It is time for farmers to get ready for their fields.The second season is summer.The three months are June,July and August.The weather is very hot and it often rains.People can go swimming and sightseeing.It is time for all things to grow up.The third season is autumn.The three months are September,October and November.The weather becomes cooler and cooler.Leaves begin to fall to the ground.It is the harvest time for farmers.The fourth season is winter.December,January and February are the three months of that season.The weather is very cold,and most of the plants die at that time.Sometimes it snows.People can enjoy skating and skiing.But winter doesn' t stay with us for a long time,for spring comes again soon.本人水平有限，只能帮你至此！若回答不尽人意，请你谅解！那么本人在此说声抱歉！参考资料：自己的英语基础。

frog life cycle英语作文Frogs are fascinating creatures that undergo a remarkable life cycle. From their beginning as tiny eggs to transforming into adult frogs, they experience various stages in their development. Let's explore the intriguing journey of a frog's life cycle.The life cycle of a frog begins in the water. Female frogs lay their eggs in bodies of water such as ponds, lakes, or even puddles. These eggs are surrounded by a jelly-like substance and are called frogspawn. Each batch of frogspawn can contain hundreds of individual eggs. Over time, the eggs develop and begin to hatch.Once the eggs hatch, tiny tadpoles emerge. Tadpoles are the larval stage of a frog. At this stage, they have long tails and no legs. Tadpoles rely on gills to breathe underwater and feed on algae or small organisms present inthe water. They start to grow and gradually develop into a more frog-like form.As the tadpoles continue to grow, they undergo a process called metamorphosis. Metamorphosis is a series of changes in their body structure. The most notable change is the development of hind legs. Initially, the tadpole relies onits tail to propel through the water, but as the legs grow, they become the primary means of movement.During metamorphosis, the tadpole also develops front legs. Their body gradually transforms, becoming less like a fish and more like a frog. At this point, the tadpole starts to acquire lungs for breathing air. It also develops lungs while retaining its gills. This allows the tadpole to breathe both in water and air.As the tadpole continues to grow and metamorphose, its tail begins to shrink. At the final stages of metamorphosis, the tail disappears almost entirely, and the hind legs becomestronger. The front legs become fully formed, and thetadpole's respiratory system shifts completely to the lungs. It can now breathe air instead of only relying on its gills.Once the metamorphosis is complete, the tadpole is no longer a tadpole but a young frog. It leaves the water and becomes capable of surviving on land. The young frog is still small and lacks the vibrant colors typically associated with adult frogs. However, it will continue to grow and develop into an adult over time.As the young frog matures, it will undergo further growth and development. Its body will become larger, and it will develop the vibrant colors and patterns associated with its particular species. The frog will reach sexual maturity and be able to reproduce, continuing the life cycle by laying its own eggs.In conclusion, the life cycle of a frog is a remarkable journey of development and transformation. From the initialstage as an egg to becoming a tadpole, undergoing metamorphosis, and ultimately transforming into an adult frog, each stage brings unique changes and adaptations. Observing and understanding the frog life cycle showcases the wondersof nature's intricate processes.。

4ALife Cycle Assessment (LCA)Mikkel Thrane and Jannick SchmidtThe aim of this chapter is to introduce life cycle assessment (LCA) and its application according to the ISO 14040-43 standards. The chapter provides the basis for carrying out an LCA screening at company level and includes tables which can be used a checklists for LCA practitioners. The chapter will focus on the application of the Danish EDIP method with respect the calcu-lations of environmental impact potentials. This will include a discussion of principles used in the newest version “EDIP 2003”, but as this version is not integrated in the LCA software tool Simapro 6.0, the empirical chapter (4B) will apply a previous version “EDIP 96” for practical reasons.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool used to assess the environmental impacts from a product (or a service) over the entire life cycle (from raw material extraction to final disposal). To avoid confusion with other life cy-cle approaches – LCA is sometimes described as “environmental product life cycle assessment”.LCA can be applied at company level, but it can also be used at societal level in the process of designing and adjusting environmental policies and regulations. The latter is highly relevant but will not be further elaborated in this book, where the focus is company level. LCA is an ideal tool for learn-ing and awareness rising, and gives an overview of different types of envi-ronmental impacts and impact chains that often are isolated to separate re-search disciplines.The life cycle perspective, applied in LCA means that all life cycle stages from “cradle to grave” are included in the environmental assessment - see figure 1.54 · Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)"Cradle to Grave" perspective"Cradle to Gate" perspectiveFigure 1:An LCA ideally includes all stages from raw material acquisition to final use and disposal - a cradle to grave perspective -.In some cases LCA studies only include selected life cycle stages such as the stages from raw material extraction to final processing. In this case the per-spective would be “cradle to gate” but the analysis is still termed an LCA, even though it is somewhat amputated. Unfortunately, LCAs are frequently based on the “cradle to gate” perspective, when performed at company level. History of LCAThe roots of LCA go back to the late 1960s and early 1970s where environ-mental studies applying the life cycle perspective were used to estimate the environmental burden for beverage containers by the Coca Cola company. A British researcher, Ian Bousted, used similar approaches in the 1970s to es-timate the total energy used to produce a number of different packaging ma-terials. Still, it was not until the late 1980s that the life cycle approach re-gained its momentum. (Jensen et al. 1997).The first guidelines for LCA were published in 1993. The guidelines were termed the “Code of Practice” and developed by a working group in the So-ciety of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). The “Code of Practice” put LCA on the agenda both as a generally accepted term, and method to assess products environmental performance. Today the “Code of Practice” has been replaced with an international set of standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization in the period 1997 to 2000 (ISO 14040-43). Even though the ISO standards are far more detailed, the “Code of Practice” was more ambitious with respect to improvement assessment, which is not included in the ISO standard (Jensen et al. 1997; Jerlang et al. 2001). The ISO standard will be elaborated later in this chapter. Why LCA?As suggested by Ehrlich (1968), the environmental burden from human ac-tivities roughly depends on three variables: The size of the population, the affluence, and the applied technology. This is often referred to as the global IPAT equation. The IPAT equation suggests that the environmental impact (I) is the product of population (P), per capita affluence (A) and technology (T) (Ehrlich, 1968). The United Nations suggest that the global population, as well as the average standard of living (the affluence level), will increase considerably within the next 50-100 years (UNEP 2002; Lutz et al. 2001).Thrane and Schmidt · 55 Thus, if the technology factor remains constant, the environmental impact (I) can be expected to increase with a factor 4 over the next 50-100 years. However, some scientist argues that it is possible to increase the efficiency of the applied technology considerable. More precisely, it is often argued that it is possible to produce the same products and services with less than one fourth of the environmental burden typically generated today. In IPAT terms, this implies that the efficiency of the T-factor is increased with a fac-tor of four. In a shot term perspective this means that we may double our wealth while halving the resource consumption, and thus creating a more sustainable world. Especially, if the increase in wealth mainly affects the developing countries (Weizsaecker et al. 1998). It may seem unrealistic to develop products that all represent a reduction of the environmental burden with a factor 4, but 50-100 years down the road, it is not only wishful think-ing. Thus, in a longer perspective the development of “factor 4 products” means, that we actually can avoid an increase in the environmental burden (worldwide), despite of the expected population growth and the increase in affluence level.LCA is an important, because it can be a guiding tool in the search for cleaner products and services. LCA can be used to compare the environ-mental impact potential for different product concepts/types in the search for greener alternatives. This is relevant in product development, but also in the process of advising consumers of which products to buy. LCA can also help us answering question like: Where in a given products life cycle is the envi-ronmental impact potential most significant. Is it during raw material extrac-tion (in south Africa), in the material manufacturing stage (in Italy), at the processing stage (in Germany), in the use stage (in Denmark) or during transport across countries? At company level this can be important knowl-edge in the search for eco-friendly suppliers and at society level it can be used to adjust the environmental policies and regulation – thus, avoiding a mismatch between regulatory focus and environmental hot-spots. The appli-cation at societal level is relevant but not further elaborated in this book. The application of LCA at company levelAn LCA be used to compare the environmental performance of two or more products (a comparative LCA), but it can also be an analysis of a single product (a single product LCA). In both situations the objective can be documentation as well as improvement.Documentation can be a respond to demands from customers or authorities, but it can also be a part of a more proactive green-marketing effort that in-cludes various types of eco-labelling. Documentation can also be used to verify that new products or environmental technologies (e.g. wastewater56 · Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)treatment, fuel cells, windmills etc.) represent an overall benefit for the envi-ronment in a life cycle perspective. A study of different wastewater treat-ment solutions has concluded that certain high-tech solutions provide an overall negative result in terms of the environmental impact potentials (NIRAS, 2000). Other studies have shown that modern windmills represent a significant bonus for the environment – mainly because they have produced an equivalent amount of energy as it costs to produce them – in a few months (Vestas, 2004).Improvement can be a company’s choice to produce the more eco-friendly product design/concept pinpointed in a comparative LCA. However, a single product LCA can also lead to improvements. As an example, companies can benefit from a single product LCA in the process of adjusting environmental targets, and the development of action plans addressing the environmental hot-spots at the production site or in the product chain. This is particular relevant for companies with environmental management systems (EMS) described in chapter 2 or product oriented environmental management sys-tems mentioned in the introduction to part II. The term environmental “hot-spot” refer to one or more life cycle stages or processes that represent a sig-nificant environmental impact potential (relative to other stages/processes).A “hot-spot” assessment often refers to a single product LCA where the purpose is to identify processes or life cycle stages that represents the largest environmental impacts.Even though documentation and improvement have been described as two different types of application, it can also be seen as complementary ap-proaches. Sometimes companies need to document their improvements and sometimes documentation may lead to improvements because decision mak-ers get a deeper insight. Even though, LCA can be used as part of an im-provement process, it is not a tool that generated ideas for improvements – at least not explicitly. LCA is basically a tool for environmental assessment. Tools that directly aims at idea generation are further elaborated in chapter 5A about EcoDesign.The potentials in LCAThe most significant improvements can be expected when LCA is used pro-actively, as part of strategic product development, or strategic decisions with implications that reach into the future. Here, it should be mentioned that the applied LCAs in this case ideally should reflect future technologies. This can be handled by future predictions in areas where the technological develop-ment is supposed to change significantly.Knowledge about the environmental burden from different life cycle stages is essential in the attempt to avoid sub-optimisation. A great part of the envi-Thrane and Schmidt · 57 ronmental burden from a car is generated in the use stage, due to fuel con-sumption. This is often the case for “active products” that uses energy in the use stage. If car designers used too many resources on environmental solu-tions addressing the processing stage, sub-optimisation could easily be the result. The avoidance of sub-optimisation is also an issue with respect to different design options. As an example, car designers can use LCA to com-pare the potential environmental impact from alternative design options such as the use of light weight (but energy intensive) materials with traditional steel that is heavier but less energy intensive to produce. Obviously, the lat-ter will result in larger fuel consumption in the use stage, but maybe not enough to compensate for the larger energy consumption during material extraction and manufacturing. This is a trade-off situation. Here, LCA can help determine, which option is the most eco-friendly from a life cycle per-spective.The choice between different engine designs, catalyst converters and particle filters are other examples of situations where tradeoffs exist and where LCA can help the designers to choose the best solutions from an environmental point of view. In the end practical and economical aspects should be consid-ered as well. The most obvious solutions represent a significant environ-mental improvement, and are easy to implement and relatively cheap at the same time – see also figure 9 in chapter 4B.For more radical design options it can also help assessing the difference between a traditional combustion engine, with a hybrid vehicle or even a car with a fuel cell engine running on hydrogen. Obviously, LCA can be used on all types of products including electronics, food products, building mate-rials or services such as cleaning, waste treatment etc.Definition of LCAAccording to the ISO 14040 standard LCA is a compilation and evaluation of the input, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. A product system is a collection of materi-ally or energetically connected unit processes, which performs one or more defined functions. In the ISO standard, the term product and product system are used as synonyms and includes service systems such as cleaning etc. (ISO 14040, 1997).Inputs are material or energy that enters a unit process. Outputs are material or energy that leaves a unit process. A unit process is the smallest portion of a product system for which data are collected when performing a life cycle assessment (ISO 14040, 1997). It is important to be aware that the input and outputs (that is exchanges) include non-flow related impacts such as land use, seabed effects or aspects of occupational health. Some authors choose to58 · Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)use the word “interventions” instead of “exchanges” to emphasize that non-flow related aspects are included.We often distinguish between two types of exchanges; immediate exchanges and indirect exchanges. In an LCA of a fish product an immediate exchange would be the consumption of x MJ electricity or y gram salt during fish processing, while the indirect exchange include the exchanges related to the production of x MJ electricity and y gram salt.LCA studies cannot measure the “real” impacts, but only “potential” im-pacts, because the actual impacts depend on many variables such as expo-sure, and sensitivity of the receiving environment (ecosystems, humans etc.) in the area affected – see figure 2. Emission Fate Exposure Actual damage to Sensitivity of recie-ving environment Mid-point Exchange Figure 2: The impact chain for an emission of a given substance, inspiredby Hauschild and Potting (2003, p. 19).As illustrated the impact chain links an environmental exchange to an end-point, which is something that we want to protect (a value item). An example of an exchange is the emission of CFC gases, which causes a depletion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere (mid-point), which results in increased levels of radiation (mid-point) that eventually cause a certain number of people to die from skin cancer (end-point) depending on exposure and sensitivity on receiving environment (dark versus light skin colour, amount of sun block etc.).Even though LCA methodologies are being developed to include more of these aspects, LCA studies will always be a model of the world and can only provide information about the “potential” environmental impact or damage (Udo de Haes et al. 2002). In relation to figure 2, it is worth to note that the effectiveness of communication of message tends to increase from left to right, while the level of certainty in the assessment tend to decrease.The characteristics of LCALCA can be used to assess where and how different parts of the product chain contributes to different potential impacts such as global warming, ozone depletion and eutrophication. The most important characteristics of LCA (compared to other methods for environmental assessment) are that it applies the life cycle perspective and that the exchanges are “translated” into potential environmental impacts – see figure 3.Thrane and Schmidt · 59Figure 3: The two dimensions of LCA 1) the life cycle perspective and 2) the transformation of exchanges into potential environmental impacts.Hence, LCA has to potential to provide a qualified estimate on where in the product lifecycle the largest environmental burden occurs, and which types of environmental impacts we should be most concerned about – for the given product. In other words, LCA makes it possible to elucidate where the envi-ronmental impacts occur in the lifecycle, how important they are, and which processes or substances they are related to. This knowledge is highly rele-vant for prioritisation of environmental matters.LCA methodology – overviewBased on the ISO 14040 methodology this section provides a description of the most important elements of conducting an LCA.Conceptual-, screening and detailed LCAObviously, different ambition levels can be chosen. The simplest approach is a “conceptual LCA”, which is a qualitative assessment of the environmental aspects from cradle to grave. Besides basic environmental knowledge, this method does not require knowledge about LCA methodology and can be performed in a matter of hours.On the more detailed level the practitioner can choose between a screening LCA and a detailed LCA. These approaches are more quantitatively oriented and require profound knowledge about LCA methodology. The screening LCA is characterized by a relatively simple data collection with a focus on existing data from literature and databases. Besides the screening LCA typi-cally only include a few impact categories. The detailed LCA includes a comprehensive data collection including empirical data and a larger number of impact categories. In addition, the detailed LCA must include a compre-hensive analysis of the uncertainty, sensitivity and consistency of the analy-sis.Potential impact The life cycle dimension The impact dimension (impact chain)60 · Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)The following introduction to LCA methodology is mainly intended to be used for screening LCA, but can also be used as inspiration for a detailed LCA. ISO 14040-43 describes the requirements for a detailed LCA and should be carefully studied when conducting a detailed LCA.The four phases of LCAAccording to the ISO 14040 standard a LCA study include four phases, as illustrated in figure 4 (ISO 14040, 1997).ISO 14040 (1997).The application area, the right side of figure 4, is not a part of the LCA method as such. However, the intended application should be carefully con-sidered as part of the goal and scope definition, as the result may depend on the purpose of study or the question asked. Each of the four phases will be separately described in the following. Another point, is that we use the word “stages” when referring to the different life cycle stages in the products life cycle, while the word “phases” is used to describe the different phases of conducting an LCA.First, we have a provided a quick overview of the most essential elements of the four phases (a more detailed description of each phase follows).1. Goal and scope: The LCA-practitioner formulates and specifies the goal and scope of study in relation to the intended application. The object of study is described in terms of a functional unit (explained later). An over-view of relevant processes and the methodology applied is also described here. The system delimitation and therefore also the results, depends on the purpose of the LCA study.Thrane and Schmidt · 612. Inventory: The Inventory involves the actual collection, describtion and verification of data. The data must be related to the functional unit defined in the goal and scope definition. Data can be presented in tables and some in-terpretations can be made already at this stage.3. Impact assessment: The first step of impact assessment is termed charac-terization and “translates” the inventory data into environmental impact po-tentials such as global warming and acidification. If necessary, a valuation is carried out, which can include normalization and/or weighting. Normaliza-tion provides a basis for comparing different types of environmental impacts and the weighting step reflects the seriousness of each impact category.4. Interpretation: The Interpretation is basically the conclusion on the study, but besides a presentation of the key results it must include a critical reflec-tion about the study, uncertainty, sensitivity and methodological choices. The numbers 1-4 indicates that we begin with the goal and scope definition and end with the interpretation. Still, the double arrows in figure 4 illustrate that LCA is an iterative process, where changes in various choices at differ-ent phases occur continuously as the LCA practitioner gradually becomes wiser and more focused. For example, it may appear that the impact category “land use” turns out to be much more important after the “impact assess-ment” phase than initially assumed. This may lead to inclusion of this impact category in the “Goal and scope” phase, and a reconsideration of the data collection in the “Inventory” phase where new and better data for land use aspects might be required. Another example would be the appearance of new processes during the LCI, which require that the practitioner returns to the “Goal and scope” phase and includes these new processes in the scope. Fi-nally, one could also imagine a situation where the LCI and the LCIA phase, provides completely new knowledge about production patterns and produc-tion restrictions, in a way that undermines the whole purpose of the study, which then have to be re-considered.This was a quick overview of the LCA methodology, but the following sec-tions will provide a more detailed description of each of the four phases, beginning with phase 1.Phase 1: Goal and scope definitionThe goal and scope definition is one of the most important phases of the LCA and the main elements are illustrated in table 1. Unless other references are specifically mentioned the reference will be ISO 14041 (1998) through-out this section.62 · Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Phase one: Goal and scope definitionPurpose of the study:•Intended application•Target audience• Functional unit•Product/service alternatives Scope:• Scope definition•Procedure for co-product allocation •Cut-off criteria Methodology :• Impact categories•Method for impact assessment (LCIA) •Key assumptions and exceptions Data collection and treatment:• Data types•Demands to data quality•Strategy for data collection•Plans for verification of resultsTable 1:The main elements of the goal and scope definitionThe different elements of this phase will be elaborated in the following. Purpose and object of the studyIntended application and target audience. First, it is important to describe the context in which the LCA is performed, that is who is the target audi-ence, who has paid for the study, what are the most important stakeholders and what is the overall purpose.At company level the LCA can be applied for documentation purposes or purposes of a more strategic character such as product development. For strategic product development with long time perspectives, it is important that the LCA include reflections about the future environmental profile of the product. Obviously, LCA can also be used as a environmental assess-ment tool as part of life cycle management (LCM) or product oriented envi-ronmental management systems (POEMS).Functional unit and product alternatives. The object of the study must also be carefully considered and described in terms of a functional unit – espe-cially in a study that compares two ore more products (comparative LCA). A functional unit is defined as a quantified performance of a product system used as a reference unit in a LCA. The functional unit must reflect a quantity (amount, volume or size) a duration period and some qualitative characteris-tics. If we want to compare two types of wall paint it is important to know how much the two pots contain (quantity), how long time the two types of paint can last without fading or flaking off (duration) and if the two pains are comparable with respect to gloss, repellent qualities etc. (quality). In certain cases it is also relevant to consider if the two products are comparable with respect to non-market relevant qualities. This could be the heat delivered from electronic equipment, which may substitute other heat sources.In some cases LCA studies are only performed with the purpose of identify-ing environmental hot-spots, and in this case less attention can be given to the functional unit, which may be defined in terms of a simple quantitative indicator.Thrane and Schmidt · 63 Scope and system delimitationScope definition. Considerations of temporal, geographical and technological scope are also necessary in this phase. The temporal scope was briefly dis-cussed above, and it can be argued that historical data are most suitable for documentation purposes, while future data and scenarios ideally should be used for LCA studies of a more strategic character.With respect to the geographical and technological aspects – the scope will depend on the product in question and the affected suppliers. By “affected” we mean the suppliers that are actually influenced if we choose to either increase or decrease the demand for the product or process in question. If we use electricity in a certain company in Denmark, the affected suppliers are not the average supplier of electricity, as the average would include wind-mills and other types of electricity generation that do not respond to a mar-ginal change in demand. Obviously, windmills produce as a function of the wind not the demand. In the Nordic electricity grid it is more likely it is ei-ther coal or gas based power plants that are able to respond to small changes in demand, and it is therefore these suppliers that should be accounted for in the LCA. Thus, most essential in this phase, is the identification of the af-fected suppliers.(Weidema, 2003).If there are specific ties to certain suppliers and if they can respond to a change in demand, it only remains to establish where the given suppliers are situated and which level of technology they represent. Still, there will often be certain products, which are bought on a market with no particular ties. For food products, examples of products that are traded on a global market are coffee and soy protein. For screening purposes it is possible to use average data from databases or literature studies. Still, for more detailed LCAs it can be fruitful to make a further assessment of the suppliers that are most likely to be affected.Weidema (2003) presents a procedure for identification of the affected sup-pliers. First it has to be established whether a local, regional or even global market is affected. However, we also have to consider which type of suppli-ers that are affected on these markets. For small-scale changes, which often occur at company level LCAs, the method suggests that the most competi-tive producers (presumably high level of technology) are affected on ex-panding markets, because they are most able to respond to a chance in de-mand. The opposite happens if the market is in regress, because the com-pany then affect the capacity that is being taken out of the market). Informa-tion about market trends, and the regional scope of markets for a number of products is available in Weidema (2003) together with a number of default assumptions that can be used for these kinds of assessments.64 · Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Still, we should also consider products that appear in related product sys-tems. An example is electricity, which typically not appears as a part of the immediate product chain, but occurs in a related product system for almost all types of products and all life cycle stages. Danish companies obtain elec-tricity from the grid and as the electricity grid is part of a Nordic grid net-work, the affected suppliers must be identified in a regional context. For Danish companies the method suggest that the affected supplier is coal or gas based power plants, as they are most likely to respond to a change in demand. In this respect gas is supposed to be the marginal source of electric-ity in the next decade (Weidema, 2003).Procedure for co-product allocation. Product systems often deliver more than one product. In other words, we typically have one (or several) determining products and one or several dependent products (by-products) leaving a unit process or a product system. According to Weidema (2001) the determining product is the product that determines the production volume of a process. That a product is determining for the production volume of a process is the same as saying that this process will be affected by a change in demand for this product. The determining product often reflects the largest revenue of the co-products. A more detailed procedure for identification of determining and dependent co-products is available in Weidema (2001).An example of a determining product is herring filet from a plant that proc-esses herring, while the dependent in this case would be fish waste (skin, head and bone from the herring), which is used for animal fodder. The ques-tion here is how much of the exchanges that should be allocated to herring filet and fish waste respectively.The ISO standard suggests the following methods are used for co-product allocation. Notice that co-product allocation is avoided in item 1 and 2.1.Divide the unit process to be allocated into two or more sub-processesand collect the input and output data related to these sub-processes (co-product allocation is avoided)2.Expand the product system to include the additional functions related tothe co-products, taking into account the requirements of functional unit (co-product allocation is avoided)3.Where allocation cannot be avoided, the inputs and outputs of the systemshould be partitioned between its different products or functions in a way that reflects the underlying physical relationship.4.Where physical relationships alone cannot be established or used as thebasis for allocation, the inputs should be allocated between the products and functions in a way, which reflects other relationships between them,e.g. based on considerations of value.。

生命的循环英文作文英文：Life is a cycle that we all experience. From birth to death, we go through different stages of life, each withits own challenges and opportunities. As we grow older, we learn new things, make new friends, and experiencedifferent emotions. We also face different obstacles, such as illnesses, failures, and losses.In my opinion, the most important stage of life is childhood. This is the time when we learn the most and form our personalities. We learn how to communicate, how to walk, and how to interact with others. We also develop our creativity and imagination. Childhood is a time ofinnocence and wonder, and it shapes who we become as adults.Another important stage of life is adolescence. This is the time when we start to become more independent and explore our identities. We may rebel against authorityfigures, experiment with different lifestyles, and form closer friendships. Adolescence is a time of self-discovery and growth, but it can also be a time of confusion and uncertainty.As we enter adulthood, we face new challenges, such as finding a career, starting a family, and managing our finances. We may also experience more stress and responsibility. However, adulthood is also a time of stability and maturity. We have more control over our lives and can make decisions based on our own values and priorities.Finally, as we reach old age, we may face physical and mental decline. However, this stage of life can also be a time of reflection and wisdom. We may have more time to pursue hobbies and interests, and we may have a greater appreciation for life. We can also share our experiences and knowledge with younger generations.In conclusion, life is a cycle that we all experience, and each stage of life has its own challenges andopportunities. Whether we are in childhood, adolescence, adulthood, or old age, we can learn and grow from our experiences and make the most of our lives.中文：生命是一个我们都经历的循环。

《设备管理定义和术语》PMS/T 3-2016【说明】：1.《设备管理定义和术语》将根据企业需要每年增加，为了方便设备管理相关人员了解及查询设备管理常用术语，起草小组特将此草案放在网上供大家使用。

2.欢迎大家为丰富、完善《设备管理定义和术语》提供更多的与设备管理有关的定义和术语，也欢迎大家对本定义和术语中不妥之处提出修改建议，欢迎您补充。

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分资料的人贡献你的智慧。

6.设备管理术语汇编和其它词典一样，根据新增的术语而不断地更新，我们也会根据使用的需要不断努力地随时更新我们的语言。

我们希望设备管理同行们能够向我们提出更多的建议，以便进一步增添术语。

7.设备定义和术语分为以下9大类：1.设备管理基础术语? ? ? ? ? ?2.设备现场环境术语3.设备前期管理术语? ? ? ? ? ?4.设备使用与维护术语5.设备点检与监测术语? ? ? ?6.设备故障与维修术语7.设备润滑管理术语? ? ? ? ??8.备件管理术语9.设备管理模式术语【词汇贡献记录】：1.【徐伟? 广州王老吉药业股份有限公司】2013-5-31?补充及修改词汇：容器、仪器仪表、零件、部件、总成、电气设备、设备安装周期、校准、泄漏源、质量源，（其他修改建议待征求意见完成后一并修改。

）2.（期待您的贡献！）?《设备管理定义和术语》PMS/T 3-2016?前?言为了方便设备管理相关人员了解设备管理常用术语，规范设备管理体系术语的使用，促进设备管理标准化建设，制订本标准。

本标准规定了设备管理体系建设及日常工作经常涉及的术语和定义。

本标准为首次发布。

本标准为指导性标准。

本标准主要起草单位：中国设备管理评价中心、成都华标企业管理咨询有限公司本标准主要起草人：蒋良君??1 ?范围? ? 本标准规定了设备管理体系及日常工作经常涉及的术语和定义。

本标准适用于：? ? a）通过实施设备管理体系寻求提升设备管理水平的组织；?? ? b）设备管理相关人员；? ? d）就设备管理方面所使用的术语需要达成共识的人员和组织（如：供方、顾客、评价机构等）；? ? e) 设备管理星级评价机构的人员和机构；? ? f）对组织设备管理体系提出建议、咨询或提供培训的内部或外部人员和机构；? ? g）制定相关标准的人员。

蝴蝶的生命循环英语作文The life cycle of a butterfly consists of four stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and adult butterfly.The first stage of a butterfly's life cycle is the egg. The female butterfly lays her eggs on a host plant, which will provide food for the emerging caterpillars. The eggs are usually small, round, and attached to a leaf or stem.Next, the egg hatches into a larva, also known as a caterpillar. The caterpillar's main goal is to eat and grow. It molts several times as it grows larger, eventually reaching its full size.After the caterpillar has eaten enough and grown to its full size, it forms a chrysalis, also known as a pupa.Inside the chrysalis, the caterpillar undergoes a process called metamorphosis, where its body completely changes. This transformation can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months, depending on the species of butterfly.Finally, the adult butterfly emerges from the chrysalis. At this stage, the butterfly's main goal is to find a mateand reproduce. The adult butterfly will typically only live for a few weeks to a few months, during which time it will lay eggs and continue the life cycle.蝴蝶的生命周期包括四个阶段：卵、幼虫（毛虫）、蛹和成虫蝴蝶。

动物生长周期的英语作文五年级简单全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Amazing Life Cycles of AnimalsHave you ever wondered how a tiny egg can turn into a big frog? Or how a fuzzy caterpillar becomes a beautiful butterfly? The way animals start out so small and go through amazing changes as they grow up is really cool! Their life cycles are incredible journeys.What Is a Life Cycle?A life cycle is the series of changes that an animal goes through from the beginning of its life until its death. Most animals start out as just a tiny egg or even just a cell! As they grow, their bodies transform into different stages until they become adults. The adult animal then mates and produces eggs or babies to begin the life cycle over again. Pretty neat, right?Frog Life CycleOne life cycle I find super fascinating is that of the frog. It all starts when a female frog lays lots of tiny eggs in the water.These cute little eggs are jelly-like and greenish-brown in color. After a few days, the eggs hatch into tadpoles!Tadpoles don't look much like frogs at all. They have a big head, a long tail, and gills to breathe under water - kind of like little fishes! The tadpoles swim around and eat plants for a few weeks as they steadily grow bigger.Then an amazing metamorphosis (pronouncedmet-a-mor-fa-sis) happens. The tadpole sprouts back legs first. Next, front legs form and the tail slowly disappears. Gills become lungs to breathe air. Finally, the tadpole becomes a tiny frog! How crazy is that total body transformation?The little froglet continues growing for 2-4 years until it is a full adult frog. And then the cycle can start over again when the adult frog lays eggs of its own in the water. Phew, what a journey!Butterfly Life CycleAnother fascinating life cycle is that of the butterfly. It begins when a butterfly lays her tiny egg on a leaf. After a few weeks, a caterpillar hatches out and immediately starts munching on the leaf.The caterpillar just eats and eats, getting bigger and bigger! When it has grown a lot, it hangs upside down and spins a silky case called a chrysalis around itself. Inside the chrysalis, the caterpillar is rapidly changing and transforming.Finally, an amazing butterfly emerges from the chrysalis! It pumps fluid into its wings to unfurl them. Once its beautiful wings have dried, the butterfly can take flight. The butterfly life cycle is complete when it finds a mate and lays eggs to start the process all over again.Isn't it mind-blowing how a fuzzy caterpillar undergoes such an incredible change inside that chrysalis? It comes out as a totally different creature with wings! Metamorphosis is such an awesome process.Chicken Life CycleLet's look at one more life cycle example - the chicken! This cycle begins when a mother hen lays an egg. She'll sit on the egg, keeping it warm for about 21 days. During that time, a baby chick develops inside the egg.Once the egg hatches, out comes a tiny, fuzzy chick. The chick grows quickly, sprouting feathers within a couple of weeks.It may stay under the mother hen's warm wings for protection at first.After several more weeks, the chick has grown into a pullet, which is a teenage chicken! When the pullet is around 18 weeks old, she'll either become a egg-laying hen if she's female or a rooster if he's male.The hens will continue the cycle by laying eggs regularly once they reach adulthood. Pretty cool how a little chick can grow into a big hen or rooster in just a few months' time!Life Cycles Are EverywhereThose are just three examples of life cycles, but every animal on the planet goes through a cycle of birth, growth, and reproduction. From the smallest insect to the largest whale, all animals have an amazing life journey.Some animals like frogs and butterflies go through complete metamorphosis, totally transforming their body. Others like chickens and humans have a more gradual change as they grow from baby to adult.Either way, life cycles are a spectacular process of nature. Each organism starts out so small and transforms through multiple stages to continue its species. How an animal goesthrough these precisely timed changes never ceases to amaze me.The next time you see a tadpole in a pond or a fuzzy caterpillar on a leaf, remember the astonishing life cycle journey it is on. All living things follow nature's remarkable cycles in order to live and reproduce. Life cycles are happening all around us - we just need to keep our eyes open and our minds full of wonder at the amazing life cycles of animals!篇2The Life Cycles of AnimalsAll animals have life cycles. A life cycle is the journey an animal takes from being born to giving birth or reproducing themselves. Different animals have very different life cycles. Some are short and some are long. Let me tell you about a few of them!FrogsOne of my favorite animals is the frog. Frogs start out as tiny eggs laid in water like a pond or stream. The mom frog lays hundreds of little eggs all clustered together in a jelly-like mass. After a few days, the eggs hatch into tadpoles. Tadpoles look likelittle fish with a round body and a long tail. They breathe through gills like fish.As the tadpoles get bigger, they grow legs. First the back legs appear, then the front ones. Their tail also starts to shrink. This is called the metamorphosis stage. The tadpole is becoming a frog! Finally, the tail disappears and they develop lungs to breathe air. They are now adult frogs and leave the water to live on land. The whole life cycle takes around 12-16 weeks.ButterfliesButterflies have one of the most amazing life cycles. It begins when a female butterfly lays her tiny eggs on a leaf. In a few weeks, a caterpillar hatches out and begins eating the leaf. Caterpillars are eating machines! As it eats and grows bigger, it actually molts and sheds its skin several times.After a few weeks as a hungry caterpillar, it attaches itself upside-down to a twig or branch and begins spinning a casing called a chrysalis around itself. Inside the chrysalis, the caterpillar is rapidly changing. Its body is metamorphosizing into a beautiful butterfly with wings!After 1-2 weeks in the chrysalis, an adult butterfly emerges. It pumps fluid into its wings to inflate them and then flies away.The butterfly only lives for 2-6 weeks as an adult. During that time, it sips nectar from flowers and mates to being the life cycle over again by laying eggs. What an amazing transformation!Sea TurtlesSea turtles have an extremely long life cycle compared to frogs and butterflies. It all starts when a big female sea turtle drags herself onto a beach and digs a hole to lay her eggs. She can lay up to 200 eggs in the nest! She then covers them up and heads back to the ocean.Two months later, the eggs hatch at nig篇3The Life Cycles of AnimalsHi there! My name is Jamie and I'm a 5th grader. For my latest writing assignment, I need to write about the life cycles of different animals. I think this is a really cool topic because there are so many unique and fascinating ways that animals are born, grow up, and reproduce.To begin, let's talk about mammals like cats, dogs, cows, and even humans! Mammals give birth to live babies rather than laying eggs. The babies get nutrients from drinking theirmother's milk when they are first born. As the mammal babies grow older, they start eating solid foods as well until they are big enough to survive on their own without needing milk from their mother.One really neat mammal life cycle is that of kangaroos. After being pregnant for about 30 days, a teeny tiny jelly bean sized baby kangaroo is born! It has to climb alllllll the way from the mother's birthing area into her pouch. Once there, it attaches to one of the mother's teats to drink milk and continue developing for several more months before emerging from the pouch and riding on the mother's back. Wild stuff!Moving on to birds, their life cycles involve hatching from eggs laid by the mother bird. The father and mother birds take turns sitting on the eggs to keep them warm until they hatch. Once hatched, the baby birds are called hatchlings. They have to rely on their parents to bring them food while they grow feathers and get strong enough to leave the nest. My favorite birds are penguins - the whole family takes turns carrying an egg on their feet and keeping it warm!Now let's look at amphibians like frogs and salamanders. Their life cycle is kind of crazy! Amphibians start out as eggs laid in the water. The eggs hatch into larvae (also called tadpoles forfroglets) that live in the water and breathe through gills like fish. As they get older, they gradually develop legs and lungs to breathe air. This stage is called a metamorphosis where the larvae transforms into an adult frog or salamander! The coolest part is that some amphibians can even regrow body parts like tails or legs if they lose them.Reptiles like snakes and turtles have a life cycle that starts with eggs laid on land and buried underground or in a nest. The eggs develop and eventually little baby reptiles hatch out of their shells. For the most part, reptiles don't go through a big metamorphosis like amphibians. They just get bigger and bigger as they continue to grow through adolescence and into adulthood. I wonder if I'll get a pet turtle someday?One of the most complex life cycles belongs to insects like butterflies, ladybugs, and bees. It all starts when an adult female lays eggs. The eggs hatch into larvae (better known as caterpillars for butterflies). The larvae just eat and eat until they go through a pupa stage where they are in a sort of cocoon and their bodies transform entirely into adults through metamorphosis. When they emerge, they are fully grown with wings to fly around and reproduce, starting the cycle all over!Fish have a life cycle that is a little more straightforward. They hatch from eggs laid by the mother fish in water. The babies are called fry and they have a yolk sac attached to their bodies containing nutrients. As the fry grow into juveniles, they start hunting for their own food and eventually mature into adults that can reproduce and lay more eggs. I went snorkeling in Hawaii once and saw tons of brightly colored fish at different life stages!Those are some of the most common animal life cycles, but there are tons of variations even within each group. Like how male emperor penguins carry the egg, not the female. Or how some insects like bees and ants have different roles like workers, drones, and queens that determine their life cycle. Or how some fish start out as males and become females later in life! The natural world is endlessly fascinating.I hope you enjoyed learning about all the unique ways animals develop and grow up as much as I did. From egg to adult, each life cycle is perfectly adapted to allow that species to survive and reproduce in its environment. Maybe you can go observe some animals in your backyard or at a local park and try to figure out what life stage they are in. Nature is full of theselittle miracles happening right under our noses if we just take the time to notice. Thanks for reading my essay!。

观点VIEW炭黑全生命周期的碳足迹分析作者 马宝亮 刘鹏达 杨 津 乔习学李义彬一、研究背景自20世纪50年代开始，科学家们开始关注温室气体的排放与人类生存环境的关系，并提出了温室气体的排放将导致地球变暖，从而直接危胁到人类生存的观点。

这个观点得到了联合国成员国的一致认可。

1992年5月9日，联合国大会通过了《联合国气候变化公约》，1994年3月21日150多个国家和主要经济体共同签署，《公约》正式生效。

《公约》的终极目标是将大气中温室气体浓度维持在一个稳定的水平，以期到21世纪末，维持地球的环境温度升高在1.5℃～2.0℃以内。

1995年开始缔约方每年召开一次年会，至2022年共举行过27次年会。

在第21次年会上提出了《巴黎协定》。

围绕着《巴黎协定》，各缔约方反复讨论，提出了多种落实方案，各缔约方被要求向《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处提交国家自主贡献（Nationally Determined Contribu-tions ，NDC ）计划或方案。

我国在2020年9月22日宣布“力争2030年前实现碳达峰，努力争取2060年实现碳中和”。

2022年11月11日，我国向《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处正式提交了《中国落实自主贡献目标进展报告（2022）》。

2022年8月，9部委印发《科技支撑碳达峰碳中和实施方案（2022-2030）》。

可以说，我国已经将“双碳”目标的实现作为经济工作的重点，从政策层面、组织架构都在逐步落实，这也就要求每个企业采取行动，承担责任和义务。

炭黑生产企业也不例外。

炭黑的生产是以有机烃类物质为原料，通过不完全燃烧和裂解来生产。

其产品的全生命周期将会产生多少CO 2的排放，炭黑全生命周期中“碳足迹”是如何分布的等问题，都是炭黑生产企业要认真分析的。

只有全面了解并解决了这个问题，才能确立企业的温室气体减排目标，并据此制定相应的行动方案及行动路 线图。

本文参照产品全生命周期（Life Cycle Assessment ）定义，对炭黑产品的全生命周期的各阶段进行了划分，并对各阶段碳足迹进行了分析。

简介用英语怎么说简介，即简明扼要的介绍。

是当事人全面而简洁地介绍情况的一种书面表达方式，它是应用写作学研究的一种日常应用文体。

那么你知道简介用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。

简介英语说法1：synopsis简介英语说法2：summary简介英语说法3：brief introduction简介英语例句：这是一本简介我们产品资料的手册。

Here is a brochure outlining our product information.请寄给我公司简介。

Can you send me a brochure about your company?这些特性在简介的小册子中有完整的说明。

The particulars are given in this brochure.寿命周期评估简介?What is life cycle assessment?一家报纸刊登了几位候选人夫人的简介。

A newspaper published profiles of the candidates 'wives.可以以一系列简介开始，如果必要的话。

Begin with a round of introductions if necessary.本文简介了铁谱分析技术。

In this paper the ferrography analysis technology is briefly introduced.笙歌喧腾剧情介绍,笙歌喧腾简介,获得奖励,精彩对白,幕后制作花絮,穿帮镜头The merriest pair on the screen in a great new musical show!本节会简介一些基本的图形原语。

This section introduces some of the basic graphics primitives.这介绍表格提供新进员工简介训练时间表日期。

The introduction form provides the scheduled date.《Alone》这一集的剧情简介：有一组幸存者找到了避难所;一组避难者找到了真正的保护。

Life-cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment Wastewater treatment is an essential process that ensures the safe disposal of wastewater, preventing it from contaminating the environment and posing a risk to human health. However, the process of wastewater treatment itself can have significant environmental impacts. To assess these impacts, life-cycle assessment (LCA) is used. LCA is a tool that evaluates the environmental impacts of a product or process throughout its life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal. In this essay, we will examine the life-cycle assessment of wastewater treatment and its environmental impacts.The life-cycle assessment of wastewater treatment includes three phases: the inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation. In the inventory analysis phase, data is collected on the inputs and outputs of the wastewater treatment process. This includes energy and material inputs, such as chemicals, electricity, and water, as well as outputs such as treated water, sludge, and greenhouse gas emissions. The impact assessment phase evaluates the potential environmental impacts of these inputs and outputs, using established impact categories such as climate change, acidification, and eutrophication. Finally, in the interpretation phase, the results of the impact assessment are analyzed and presented to stakeholders.One of the main environmental impacts of wastewater treatment is energy consumption. The treatment process requires a significant amount of energy to operate pumps, aerators, and other equipment. The energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change. Additionally, the use of chemicals in the treatment process can have negative environmental impacts, such as the release of toxic substances into the environment. Therefore, it is important to consider the environmental impacts of the materials and energy used in the treatment process when conducting an LCA.Another important aspect of the life-cycle assessment of wastewater treatment is the disposal of the treated wastewater and sludge. The disposal of wastewater can have significant impacts on the environment, particularly if the treated water is discharged into bodies of water without proper treatment. This can lead to eutrophication, a process inwhich excess nutrients in the water cause algal blooms and other negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Sludge disposal can also have negative environmental impacts, particularly if it is not properly treated before disposal. Improperly disposed sludge can lead to soil and water contamination, as well as greenhouse gas emissions.The life-cycle assessment of wastewater treatment also considers the social and economic impacts of the process. For example, the treatment process can have significant costs, both in terms of capital and operating expenses. These costs may be passed on to ratepayers, who may experience financial hardship as a result. Additionally, the treatment process can have impacts on local communities, particularly if the plant is located in a residential area. Noise and odors from the plant can negatively impact the quality of life for nearby residents.In conclusion, the life-cycle assessment of wastewater treatment is an important tool for evaluating the environmental impacts of the treatment process. It considers the inputs and outputs of the process, as well as the social and economic impacts. The assessment can help identify areas where improvements can be made to reduce the environmental impacts of the treatment process, such as reducing energy consumption and improving the disposal of treated wastewater and sludge. As the world continues to face environmental challenges such as climate change and water scarcity, the importance of conducting life-cycle assessments of wastewater treatment will only increase.。