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2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(20 points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition__1__manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheother hand,puttingyour__2__,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh__3__. __4__,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.__5__people placetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsrelease oxytocin,ahormonethat__6__peasurablefeelingsandtriggersthe herdinginstructthatpromptshumansto__7__withoneanother. Scientistshavefoundthatexposure__8__thishormoneputsusina trusting__9__:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothe nosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantly higheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir__10__who inhaledsomethingelse.__11__forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay__12__us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscan differentiate__13__acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlers wereeach__14__toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetester wouldask,"What'sinhere?"beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling, andexclaiming,"Wow!"Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook__15__. Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf__16__thecontainerwas empty—andrealizedthetesterhad__17__them. Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere__18__ tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthat theytrustedhisleadership.__19__,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpaired withthe"__20__"testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.A.onB.likeC.forD.from2.A.faithB.concernC.attentionD.interest3.A.benefitB.debtC.hopeD.price4.A.ThereforeB.ThenC.InsteadD.Again5.A.UntilB.UnlessC.AlthoughD.When6.A.selectsB.producesC.appliesD.maintainspare8.A.atB.byC.ofD.to9.A.contextB.moodC.periodD.circle10.A.counterpartsB.substitutesC.colleaguesD.supporters11.A.FunnyB.LuckyC.OddD.Ironic12.A.monitorB.protectC.surpriseD.delight13.A.betweenB.withinC.towardD.over14.A.transferredB.addedC.introducedD.entrusted15.A.outB.backC.aroundD.inside16.A.discoveredB.provedC.insistedD.remembered17.A.betrayedB.wrongedC.fooledD.mocked18.A.forcedB.willingC.hesitantD.entitled19.A.IncontrastB.AsaresultC.OnthewholeD.Forinstance20.A.inflexibleB.incapableC.unreliableD.unsuitableSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1 Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethat willprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:What happenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareat highriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy, withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobs likegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations—trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—have arousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywill befine.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnological upheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolution didn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanized looms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobs thanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboost productivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkers fromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkers mayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinThe SecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining. Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege—shouldevolvetofocus lessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplex communication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffostering problem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots. Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextra trainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenew skillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt. ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange, entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombine laborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualreality haven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwill inventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetween capitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetobe rethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidies suchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswould boostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,and reduceinequality. Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenext fewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesand careersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomi ngforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbe indispensable.21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?A.Leadingpoliticians.B.Low-wagelaborers.C.Robotowners.D.Middle-classworkers.22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor'sview?A.Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.B.Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.C.Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.D.Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.cationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasis on________.A.creativepotentialB.job-huntingskillsC.individualneedsD.cooperativespirit24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat________.A.encouragingthedevelopmentofautomationB.increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestmentC.easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoorD.preventingtheincomegapfromwidening25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith________.A.opposingviewsonitB.possiblesolutionstoitC.itsalarmingimpactsD.itsmajorvariationsText2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsof youngAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.The implicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobe filteredthroughothersource,notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform. MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetas distrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheir medialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016 presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitter usersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,according totheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNews found44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthe mediagiant. Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmore skillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnight Foundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24 foundtheyuse"distributedtrust"toverifystories.Theycross-check sourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythose thatareopenaboutanybias."Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealof personalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingo utopposingviewpoints,"thesurveyconcluded. Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityof Wisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedia ledtogreaterpoliticalengagement. Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimately andimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasa projectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemore consciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarna researchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefake newsphenomenonis"readererror,"moresothanmade-upstoriesor factualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenews liesin"misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews"viasocialmedia .Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheart oftheissue."Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityin counteractingthisproblem,"saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarna Group.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,they revealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills—andintheirchoiceson whentoshareonsocialmedia.26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscast doubtson________.A.thejustificationofthenews-filteringpracticeB.people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatformsC.theadministration’sabilitytohandleinformationD.socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews27.Thephrase"beerup"(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto________.A.sharpenB.defineC.boastD.share28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople________.A.tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspaceB.verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresourcesC.haveastrongsenseofresponsibilityD.liketoexchangeviewson"distributedtrust"29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblem is________.A.readersoutdatedvaluesB.journalists'biasedreportingC.readers'misinterpretationD.journalists'made-upstories30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnlineB.ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrendC.TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMediaD.ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterestsText3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartby acknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleading artificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthis workappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurther concentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.Itisagainstthatbackground thattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedher damningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS, whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin 2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccount ofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy. DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendedits ways.Furtherarrangements—andtheremaybemany—betweentheN HS andDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessary permissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahas beencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn .Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemost important.Ms.DenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust, sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely “processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessing andaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalu e. Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedata thatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamage toanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthe waythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualthere gainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountless millionsmore. Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeels slightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.Itis notenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefit patientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivate monopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftware promisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybe expectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginning ofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegigantic consequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureof digitalfeudalism.Ms.Denham'sreportisawelcomestart.31.WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?A.Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.B.Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient'srights.C.Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.D.Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith______.A.emptypromisesB.toughresistanceC.necessaryadjustmentsD.sincereapologies33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that________.A.privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcostsB.leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingitC.makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegalD.thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdeal is________.A.theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmasB.theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylawC.theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftwareD.themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis______.A.ambiguousB.cautiousC.appreciativeD.contemptuousText4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreported anetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearits expenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120 billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirement costs.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisina historicsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanently decreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,and a regulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustits operationstothenewreality Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakers exertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimate overseer—Congress—insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePost alService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisis whyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvital modernization. Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved—Democrats,Republicans,th ePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinally agreedonaplantofixthesystem.Legislationismovingthroughthe HousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears, whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures. Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrate increaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstep wouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretiree healthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSand itsunion.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughthe Senate—wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare, bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,not comprehensivereform.There'snochangetocollectivebargainingatthe USPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80 percentoftheagency'scosts.Alsomissingisanydiscussionof eliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoy swidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse. Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsare gettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapsea ttheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey'regettingseriousabout transformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby________.A.itsunbalancedbudgetB.itsrigidmanagementC.thecostfortechnicalupgradingD.thewithdrawalofbanksupport37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto________.A.theinterferencefrominterestgroupsB.theinadequatefundingfromCongressC.theshrinkingdemandforpostalserviceD.theincompetenceofpostalunions38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbe addressedby________.A.removingitsburdenofretireehealthcareB.makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehiclesC.adoptinganewrate-increasemechanismD.attractingmorefirst-classmailusers39.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith______.A.respectB.toleranceC.discontentD.gratitude40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDaysB.ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheeseC.TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCureD.ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-AidPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoa coherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothe numberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.(10 points)[A]InDecemberof1869,Congressappointedacommissiontoselect asiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartment Building.Thecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsf ortheWarandNavyDepartments.Tothehorrorofsomewhoexpecteda GreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheother sideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyle designbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingto houseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.[B]Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthe firsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin 1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwit hcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavy Departmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewalland ceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeofthe Secretary.[C]TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown, housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimately associatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicyin thelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthe twentiethcentury—theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasan internationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation'smost significantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmany historicevents.[D]ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls. TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD. Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bush allhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused 16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24Secretariesof State.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapanese emissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthe bombingofPearlHarbor.[E]TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsa uniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritage oftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury, AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowing staffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneof thebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.[F]Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingby wing.WhentheEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildingin Washington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors. Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwood wasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircase sofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecapped byfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.[G]ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswere laid.Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820 .Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)and overcrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasury Building.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasury BuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding. PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatethe underlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewritten neatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Shakespeare'slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinary activityandachievementinthedrama.(46)Bythedateofhisbirth Europewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthe creationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyand comedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsand performedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwestern Europe,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningto makethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalor medieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,school,organizationsofamateurs, andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesire fordramaticentertainment;and(47)noboywhowenttoagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhich gaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland. WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsoldthefirstpublicplayhouse wasbuiltinLondon.Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthis publicstage.Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschools orcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul'sandtheroyalchapel,who, however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.(48)Butthe professionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,and universitymenwithliteraryambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheaters asofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimethatShakespearewas twenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreecehadmadecomediesthatwereat oncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit; andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommon stage—wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.(49)A nativeliterarydramahadbeencreated,itsalliancewiththepublic playhouseestablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeen begun. ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-five yearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthis briefperiod,wemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecay ofmanykindsofplays,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtoday atthemerenumberofplaysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundred thousandinhabitants.(50)Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity, wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthat probablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived. SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions: Writeanemailtoallinternationalexpertsoncampus,invitingthemto attendthegraduationceremony.Inyouremail,youshouldincludethe time,placeandotherrelevantinformationabouttheceremony. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSWERSHEET. e"LiMing"instead. (10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyour essay,youshould1)Describethepicturebriefly,2)Interpretthemeaning,and3)GiveyouranswerneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）答案及解析参考答案：1-5：CADBD6-10：BCDBA11-15：BBACD16-20：ACBAC21-25：DCADB26-30：DABCA31-35：BCDDB36-40：BAACD41-45：EGABD46.参考译文：在他出生之前，欧洲正在经历宗教戏剧的衰退，古典悲剧和喜剧催生了新的戏剧形式。
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2018年非全日制研究生全国统一初试考试英语一真题及参考答案(完整版)，具体内如如下：SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:ReadthefollowingteGt.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedb lankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition1many worthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingy our2,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrus tinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoGytocin,ahormonet hat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptsh umansto7withoneanother.ScientistshavefoundthateGposure8thishor moneputsusinatrusting9:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoGytocini ntothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignific antlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhale dsomethingelse.11forus,wealsohaveasiGthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadia nstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.SiGtytoddlerswereeach14toanadultte sterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“What’sinhere?”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andeG claiming,“Wow!”Eac hsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf 16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocoop eratewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrusted hisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerp articipatedinafollow-upactivity.SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtb ychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40p oints)TeGt1Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillpro bablygounmentionedintheneGtpresidentialcampaign:Whathappens whentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareathighrisk ofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOGfordstudy,withthemi ddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeni ngordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinte rest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalh asbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowell forLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butitevent uallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Like wise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedeman dbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinth emediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecond MachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculu ms—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmem orizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcompleGcommunication.Vocati onalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsand helpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansuppleme ntthetraditionalkind.ItcouldmakeeGtratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgo ingintodebt.ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.t oreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbem adeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneur ssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmac hines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninvented yet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalin comeandlaborincome,taGesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought. TaGesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheear nedincometaGcreditshouldbeeGpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,en couragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.TechnologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmallovertheneGtfewye ars,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupe ndedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpo liciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.TeGt2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungA mericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump’suseofTwitter.Theimplicatio nisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroug hothersource,Notapresident’ssocialmediaplatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrus thasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialit eracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcam paign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepolitica llycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofO Gford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFac ebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulat separatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-gro upsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distri butedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfr omdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,”the surveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A20XXsurveyconductedinA ustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madi sonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoli ticalengagement.SocialmediaallowsuserstoeGperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandi mmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionof theirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirrol einpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthe topreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“reader error,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Ab outathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationore Gag gerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosha renewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatestherei sarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRo Ga nneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyreve alamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills–andintheirchoicesonwhentoshare onsocialmedia.TeGt3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sN ationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledging thatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintellige nce(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealth careisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerint hetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissi oner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyal FreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherec ordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhich tookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheireGpectationsofpr ivacy.DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Fur therarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeep Mindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionsh avebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Ther earelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnotthe onlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchoset oconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceundereG istinglawit“con trolled”thedataandDeepMindmerely“processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemereposs essionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatatha tourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoani ndividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewayth esurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalu eonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlyma ladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.Itisnotenoughtos aythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsaveli ves.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdeve lopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthe scalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeeGpectedtobehaveasabigphar mhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoice snowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewil lbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenham'sreportisaw elcomestart.TeGt4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearitseGpenseshaveeGc eededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabil ities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanyban kruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechn ologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-an d-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesm anagementthefleGibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewrealityAndinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakerse Gertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS’sultimateoverseer-Congress -insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthest atusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatre formlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabl etopayitsbillseGceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved---Democrats,Republicans,the PostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinallyagr eedonaplantofiGthesystem.LegislationismovingthroughtheHousetha twouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhe lppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoney wouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrateincreaseandfromsh iftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressi ngalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunion.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenat e–wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,baremi nimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,notcomprehensiveref orm.There’snochangetocollectivebargainingattheU SPS,amajoromis sionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80percentoftheagency’sc osts.AlsomissingisanydiscussionofeliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery. Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoyswidepublicsupportandwouldsavet heUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohave killedit,atleastintheHouse.Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasig nthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassings hort-termcollapseattheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey’regettin gseriousabouttransformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45, youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticleby choosingfromthelistA-GandfillingthemintothenumberedboGes.Para。
2018 年中国人民公安大学刑事科学技术（0838Z1）考试科目，考研参考书目、复试线、招生简章考试科目研究方向考试科目01 痕迹检验技术①101 思想政治理论02 图像检验技术②201 英语一03 理化检验技术③302 数学二04 文件检验技术④822化学或823刑事科学技术基础参考书目重点：罗亚平版本的《刑事科学技术》复试线男生：346 女生：385招生简章（一）政治条件1．拥护中国共产党的领导；2．品德优良，遵纪守法，无违法犯罪记录；3．学习、工作期间无党纪、政纪处分；4．无不宜从事公安工作的其他原因。
（二）年龄条件报考“非定向就业”（录取后档案需要转入我校）硕士研究生的考生年龄不超过27周岁（1990年7月1日以后出生）；报考“定向就业”（录取后档案不转入我校）硕士研究生的考生年龄不超过45周岁（1972年7月1日后出生）。
（三）学历条件考生必须符合下列学历条件之一：1.国家承认学历的应届本科毕业生（2017年9月1日前取得国家承认的本科毕业证书。
含普通高校、成人高校、普通高校举办的成人高等学历教育应届本科毕业生，及自学考试和网络教育届时可毕业本科生）。
2.具有国家承认的大学本科毕业学历的人员。
3.获得国家承认的高职高专毕业学历后满2年（截至2017年9月1日），达到与大学本科毕业生同等学力的人员。
4.国家承认学历的本科结业生，按照同等学力身份报考。
5.已获博士、硕士学位的人员。
在校研究生报考须在报名前征得所在培养单位同意。
（四）身体条件考生既须符合普通高等学校招生体检标准及细则的要求，还应达到以下标准：1．男生身高原则上不低于170厘米，体重不轻于50公斤、不超过标准体重25%；女生身高原则上不低于160厘米，体重不轻于45公斤、不超过标准体重25%；左右眼裸视力不低于4.6（0.4）；无色盲、色弱。
2．五官端正，面部无明显特征和缺陷（如唇裂、对眼、斜眼、斜颈、各种疤麻等）；嗅觉不迟钝，无鸡胸、驼背、腋臭，无严重静脉曲张，无明显八字步、罗圈腿，无重度平跖足（平脚板），无纹身、少白头，无各种残疾；两耳无重听，无口吃；本人和直系亲属无精神病史。
120403 教育经济与管理华南师范大学公共管理学院教育经济与管理专业底蕴深厚，是全国少数几所完整设置本科、硕士研究生、博士研究生培养体系的院校之一。
经过多年的建设，本专业现已形成年龄结构合理、梯队完整、研究方向齐备的导师队伍。
目前共有14名导师，其中包括四名兼职导师，他们中有教授9人，其中5人为博士生导师，副教授5人。
本专业注重培养学生的理论创新意识，提倡严谨扎实的学风，注重培养学生在教育管理实践过程中提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力。
本专业的招生与培养适应范围较为广泛，学生毕业后适合从事与本专业相关的教学工作、教育科学研究工作、教育行政管理工作以及教育管理咨询工作等。
考试大纲：《教育学（二）》科目考查目标：系统掌握教育学的基础知识、基本概念、基本理论和现代教育观念；理解教学、德育等教育活动及其管理活动的任务、过程、原则和方法；能运用教育的基本理论和现代教育理念来分析和解决教育中的现实问题。
考查内容：教育与教育学、教育与人的发展、教育与社会发展、教育目的、教育制度、教师与学生、课程、教学、德育、美育、体育、学校教育与学生生活、班级管理与班主任工作、学生评价、教学评价、教师的教育研究、学校管理、教育改革与发展。
考试题型：概念、简答、论述。
《教育管理学》科目教育管理学的学科性质与特点：现当代教育管理的理论基础；现当代教育管理的主要理论流派；教育行政管理体制；教育政策与教育法律；教育计划；教育督导；教育财政；课程与教学管理；教育信息管理；教育人力资源管理；学生事务管理；学校管理过程；学校组织结构与管理制度；教育管理中的激励；教育评价；教育领导081203 计算机应用技术本专业师资力量雄厚，现有教授16人，副教授近27人，博士导师4名，硕士导师40名，旨在培养计算机科学与技术应用学科领域从事计算机科学技术研究、软件工程设计与应用项目开发等方面的高级专门人才。
本专业要求学生既要全面、系统地掌握计算机科学与技术领域的基本理论、知识、基本技能和方法，能独立开展计算机应用技术研究；还要求学生基础知识牢固、专业面宽、分析、开发、管理能力强、富有创新精神，具备适应二十一世纪计算机科学与技术发展需要的综合业务素质。
一、考试科目：专业一336艺术基础专业二934艺术创意二、考核方式：理论+实践三、教学内容：艺术基础：理论知识艺术创意：实践影视项目创意、策划、编剧写作、方案设计、作品分析四、教学模块：艺术理论+电影理论+电视理论+实践创意策划+核心专题梳理+案例分析+论文期刊热点专题五、教学计划：【基础】【强化】【提高】【冲刺】【点睛】五层次系统教学育明教育针对每一模块都有详细版的具体授课内容，可供各位考生直接背诵记忆，欢迎大家有不懂的随时咨询育明教育小李老师。
北京大学艺术学院有悠久的传统，2006年增设艺术硕士（MFA）专业学位（广播电视艺术专业），至今已有十几年的教学经验和较丰富的艺术知识，广播电视专业在全国范围内也排在前几名的位置，难度系数可想而知，相关的考试资料又很难获取到，对于2018年的考生来讲，最基本的学校和专业考试信息必须要了解，除此之外能够获取到权威的考试资料和有专业的老师指导是必须的，本专业如此，跨专业的考生更要全面了解。
育明教育小李老师解析：2017年北京大学艺术学院(135105)广播电视专业共有216人报考，其中缺考84人，实际参加考试的人数为132人，最高分416分，通过北京大学艺术硕士复试分数线的考生有77人，其中72人进入广播电视复试名单，7人进入音乐剧方向复试名单。
北京大学艺术硕士专业学位广播电视专业介绍：北京大学艺术硕士专业学位以广播电视为主干专业，分为节目策划与主持、编导与创意写作、节目制片与管理、数字媒体制作、音乐创作与编辑五个研究方向。
课程设置将必修课与选修课相结合，一方面训练学生所必须的艺术学理论、东西方文化理论、专业基础知识和影视制作技能，另一方面，开阔学生的学术视野、理论认知，使其具有突出的跨学科基础理论知识和前沿问题研究能力以及不同专业领域内的专业知识结构。
聘请的实践指导老师除北京大学从事广播电视、新媒体、艺术管理与文化产业等专业的专职老师外，还聘请敬一丹、白岩松、王丹彦、高峰、孙健君等校外导师。
新疆师范大学2018年非全日制专业学位硕士研究生招生专业目录及参考书目学院代码、专业代码、专业名称、研究方向指导教师招生人数初试科目复试科目0451教育硕士74 003政治与公共管理学院 4045102学科教学（思政）马岳勇、马凤强、陈年红、周新胜、路永照①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④850思想政治学科教学论1、外语2、专业面试3、辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义原理004马克思主义学院 5045102学科教学（思政）周月华、任新丽、宋新伟、吐尔逊娜依·赛买提、阿不力孜·沙吾提、侯兰梅①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④850思想政治学科教学论1、外语2、专业面试3、辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义原理005教育科学学院14045101教育管理赵建梅、孙钰华、孟凡丽、毛菊、刘利平、朱建军、杨淑芹、于影丽、李尽晖、程良宏、闵兰斌6 ①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④851教育管理学1、外语2、专业面试3、管理学045114现代教育技术王炜、孙卫国、李爱民、古丽娜·玉素甫、李锦军、李世群4 ①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④852教育技术的理论与实践1、外语2、专业面试3、中学信息技术教学045116心理健康教育闻素霞、买合甫来提·坎吉、贾德梅、董莉、刘革、焦江丽、徐春霞4 ①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④853学校心理辅导1、外语2、专业面试3、心理咨询的理论与技术008历史学学院 5045109学科教学（历史）施新荣、盖金伟、阿利亚·艾尼瓦尔、孙梅、叶亚军、陈世杰①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④854历史课程与教学论1、外语2、专业面试3、历史教育学概论009文学院 6045103学科教学（语文）03语文夏敏、赵新华、朱建军、李运理、岳学贤、王小红、邵雪丽、王艾、庞建英、王玉桂①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④855中学语文课程与教学论1、外语2、专业面试3、中学语文教学能力测试010语言学院 5045103学科教学（语文）04汉语华锦木、王阿舒、赵江民、王洋、张兴、古力加娜提·艾乃吐拉、赵霞①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④856汉语教学论1、外语2、专业面试3、第二语言教学理论011外国语学院7045108学科教学（英语）曹湘洪、兰杰、阿米娜·阿布力孜、李嘉东、古丽米拉·阿不来提、陈华英、辛相茂、龙玉红①101政治②204英语二③333教育综合④857英语教学理论与实践1、外语2、专业面试3、语言学014数学科学学院 5045104学科教学（数学）吐尔洪江·阿布都克力木、杨军、曾世威、刘婷、李昌成、阿力木·阿不力克木①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④858数学基础1、外语2、专业面试3、数学教育概论015物理与电子工程学院 5045105学科教学（物理）金美芳、吴建琴、张冬波、吕志新、张万军、杨学东①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④859大学物理1、外语2、专业面试3、中学物理教学概论017地理科学与旅游学院 5045110学科教学（地理）焦黎、陆亦农、李雁飞、王智群、丁玉华、孟东、祝斌、陈苓、叶茂①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④860地理教学论1、外语2、专业面试3、人文地理学018生命科学学院 5045107学科教学（生物）汪建红、曾献春、付建红、谷连福、顾亚南、李凤丽、向蜀兰、赵惠新、张瑞①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④861中学生物学教学论1、外语2、专业面试3、普通生物学019化学化工学院 3045106学科教学（化学）关明、范江文、粟智、王莉①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④862化学教学论1、外语2、专业面试3、无机及分析化学021初等教育学院 5045115小学教育付东明、肖新燕、韩光明、伍军、姜玉琴、张海燕、田征、朱薪羽①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③333教育综合④863小学教育综合1、外语2、专业面试3、小学教育课程与教学论1351艺术硕士8 013美术学院8135107美术①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③750中国美术史④866外国美术史1、外语2、专业面试3、素描、专业快题03中国画康书增、邓维东、周静、李建国、周尊圣、王钧兵、徐永明、王建林04油画莫合德尔·亚森、李勇、刘建新、王光新、买买提·艾依提、赵培智、腰进发、郭峰0453汉语国际教育硕士8 020国际文化交流学院8045300汉语国际教育梁云、刘宏宇、闫丽萍、郭卫东、安德源、周珊、李建军（学报）、伊莉曼·艾孜买提、张全生、王新青、范晓玲、郭熙、邢欣、周庆生、李建军（学院）、彭永华、张洁、刘明、尹小荣、李雅、刘伟乾①101政治②201英语一202俄语203日语任选③354汉语基础④445汉语国际教育基础1、外语2、专业面试3、汉语作为第二语言教学0852 工程硕士 5 016计算机科学技术学院5085211计算机技术玉素甫·艾白都拉、潘伟民、年梅、马致明、栾静、张海军、杨勇①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③302数学二④867计算机学科专业基础1、外语2、专业面试3、程序设计基础0352 社会工作 5 007民族学与社会学学院5035200社会工作迪木拉提·奥迈尔、南快莫德格、关丙胜、王平、艾山江·阿不力孜、汪英、①101政治②204英语二202俄语203日语任选③331社会工作原理④437社会工作实务1、外语2、专业面试3、社会工作综合各专业考试科目主要参考书目0451教育硕士初试科目（333教育综合）：《教育学基础》全国十二所重点师范大学联合编写教育科学出版社2014年；《中国教育史》孙培青华东师范大学出版社2009年；《外国教育史》张斌贤教育科学出版社2015年；《教育心理学》陈琦、刘儒德高等教育出版社2011年第2版。
2018年非全日制研究生全国统一初试考试英语一真题及参考答案(完整版)，具体内如如下：Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 , in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a p lastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14an d24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peopl e’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsib ility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMindwill be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under e xisting law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation havefailed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. ParagraphsC and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, theelaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions ledto the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.【答案】41. (E)→C →42. (G) →43. (A)→F→44. (B)→45. (D)Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48) but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was thedramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.【参考译文】46.到莎士比亚出生的年代，欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的影响下新的戏剧形式的产生。
