名词和名词词组,属格

名词和名词词组,属格

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课题Grammar Hierarchy 授课

时数

2

授课

类型

Lecture

教学目的1.To know the hierarchy of grammar

2. To know the usages of each grammar hierarchy

教学

重点

Different usages of each grammar hierarchy

教学

难点

The free usages of each grammar hierarchy

主要︵知识︶语言点1. definition of Grammar

2. basic usages of each grammar hierarchy

3. morpheme

4. word

5. phrase

6. clause

7. sentence

教

学过程

︵学时分配︶Step 1 Leading in

Step 2

* Definition of GRAMMAR

GRAMMAR: the structural system of a language.

the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and

morphology (and sometimes also

deals with semantics)

* Five Ranks

The grammar of the English language is organized into five

ranks:

the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word, the

morpheme

Diagram of the five ranks:

Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical

unit of the immediate

lower rank:

A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank

down to its smallest constituents---the morphemes.

0.1 Morphemes

1.Definition:

●the minimum or smallest grammatical unit

●the smallest meaningful element of speech.

2.Classification:

附记

或

教学说明

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教

学过程

︵学时分配︶

Two categories: Free Morphemes; Bound Morphemes.

1) Free Morphemes

1.Definition: ●has a complete meaning

●can stand by itself as a Simple Word

●can sometimes act as a complete utterance in connected

speech

●Can form Compound Words

●Can form Derivatives

2) Bound Morphemes

●are mostly affixes

●also meaningful, but the meaning is not complete in itself

unless it is attached to

some other form

●cannot stand by itself: it only exists as an Inflectional or

Derivational Affix.

●Inflectional Affix

●-’s (genitive case)

●-s/-es (plural nouns)

●-s/-es (the third person singular verbs in simple present)

●-ed (past tense verbs)

●-ing, -ed (-ing participle, -ed participle form of verbs)

●-er, -est (comparative, superlative degree of adjectives/

adverbs)

Derivational Affix

●Prefix, Suffix

●(Prefix) + Root + (suffix)

●co-exist exist ence co-exist ence

3) Allomorphs

Definition:

●The variants of the same morpheme are called allomorphs.

Explanation:

●the same morpheme in different contexts may take different phonological or

orthographical forms.

Examples:

In Orthography:

●in- im- il- ir-

●inactive immature illegal irrational

●incoherent immortal illogical irregular

●inexperienced imperfect illegible irrelevant

In phonology:

-s cats dogs houses

0.2 Words

●is composed of one or more than one morpheme.

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●can be classified in two ways:

●in terms of word-formation

grammatical function

In terms of Word-formation

a) Simple Word

b) Derivative

c) Compound Word

a) Simple Word:

also called Morpheme Word (free morpheme)

b) Derivative:

Structure:

(prefix) + root +(suffix) :

c) Compound Word

Structure: Free Morpheme + Free Morpheme

Classification:

Compound Noun

Compound Adjective Compound Verb

Compound Adverb

Compound Pronoun

Compound Conjunction

Compound Preposition

In terms of grammatical function

Closed-class words & Open-class words.

Closed-class words

Definition:

Closed-class words refer to those sets of words whose items

are closed or limited in number and are only exceptionally

extended by the creation of additional members. Scope:

All the Function Words: Preposition, Pronoun, Determiner,

Conjunction, Auxiliary

Open-class Words

Definition:

Open-class words refer to those sets of words whose items

are indefinitely extendable. New items are constantly being

created and old items are giving place to new ones. Scope:

All the Content Words: Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Main Verb

NOTE:

Cardinal Numeral, Ordinal Numeral and Interjection are

between closed and open

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0.3 Phrases

Definition:

●is composed of one or more than one word.

●is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key

Word as its Head.

●The word class of the Head determines the class of the phrase and the way in which the words are organized.

Word Class of Phrase : Noun Phrase, Verb Phrase, Adjective

Phrase, Adverb Phrase, Prepositional Phrase

1) The Noun Phrase:

Structure:

(Determiner) + (Pre-Modifier) + Noun + (Post-Modifier)

all the college students

His new book on phonology

Milton lived in the 17th century.

The author’s new novel that will soon come out

2) The Verb Phrase:

Simple Verb Phrase:

Structure:

(Modifier) + Main Verb + (Modifier)

She looks pale.

We utterly detested him.

Complex Verb Phrase:

Structure:

Auxiliary /Auxiliaries + Main Verb + (Modifier)

It is getting dark

She ought to have told him about it.

Joan will certainly object and so will Mary.

Finite Verb Phrase:

A finite verb phrase is initiated by a finite form, that is, a verb

form that changes according to Tense or Subject.