Study of the content of different parts inSaussures involucrata HPLC fingerprint chromatogram

2023~2024学年江苏省镇江市八校高二下学期期末联考英语试卷1. How many pages does the woman want from someone working alone?A．Two. B．Three. C．Four.2. What does the woman do every day?A．She exercises. B．She sits in the park. C．She feeds the ducks. 3. What did the speakers both do this morning?A．They drank coffee.B．They made their lunch.C．They took a shower.4. Where are the speakers?A．In a store. B．In a bank. C．At home.5. How much money will the woman pay?A．$6. B．$8. C．$10.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

6. How does the woman feel about applying for jobs?A．Excited. B．Ashamed. C．Nervous.7. Where did the man fill out a job application?A．At a toy store. B．At a gas station. C．At a car rental agency. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

8. Why will the boy read a book this weekend?A．He wants to take his mother’s advice.B．He has to do it for school.C．He thinks he’ll be bored.9. What is the relationship between the speakers?A．Classmates. B．Mother and son. C．Teacher and student.10. What type of book is The Story of Life?A．A fantasy story. B．A textbook. C．A science fiction story. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

一、名词解释1.Diachronic历时的It refers to say of the study of developing of language and languages over time.研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。

2.Arbitrariness任意性Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义之间没有天然或逻辑的联系。

It is refers to absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.任意性是指语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系。

3.Parole言语It refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.指语言在实际使用中的实现。

4.Creativity创造性By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences including the sentences that were never heard before.创造性是指语言具有能产型，因为语言有双重性和递归性,也就是说话者能够结合各个语言单位形成无尽的句子，其中很多句子是以前没有的或者没有听说过的。

英语词汇学自考题-17(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Ⅰ.1. Lexicology is a branch of ______.A. language B. meaning C. linguistics D. etymology2. Lexicology inquires into the ______ and meanings of words.A. relations B. disciplines C. origins D. development3. English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as ______, semantics, stylistics, etymology, lexicography.A. idioms B. grammar C. morpheme D. morphology4. Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of ______ construct.A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root5. Modern English is derived from the languages of early ______ tribes with a fairly small vocabulary.A. Germanic B. Pacific C. Roman D. Celtic6. English lexicology deals with English ______.A. grammar B. vocabulary C. pronunciation D. spelling7. Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user's choices of linguistic elements in a particular ______ for special effects.A. situation B. context C. time D. place8. Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a ______ difference.A. spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic9. Semantics is the study of meanings of different ______ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguistic B. grammatical C. arbitrary D. semantic10. ______ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words.A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics11. There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and ______.A. chronic B. realistic C. specific D. diachronic12. The "wife" now means "a married woman", but it has an obsolete meaning "woman" which is only preserved in "midwife", "housewife", etc. This is from a ______ point of view.A. diachronic B. synchronic C. prescriptive D. descriptive13. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.A. sounds B. meaning C. form D. function14. A word is a ______ that stands for something else in the world.A. symbol B. system C. structure D. pattern15. A word is ______ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A.a smallest form B. a minimal free form C. a constituent form D. a separate part16. We consider that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the ______ form.A. written B. practical C. oral D. grammatical17. The reason for that more and more differences occur between sound and form is that the English alphabet was adopted from the ______.A. Pacifics B. Germanics C. Celtics D. Romans18. In different languages, the same concept can be represented by ______ and the same sound can show ______.A. different sounds; different meanings B. same sounds; different meanings C. different sounds; same meanings D. same sounds; same meanings19. The differences between sound and form are due to the following EXCEPT ______.A. the fact of more phonemes than letters in English B. stabilization of spelling by printing C. influence of the work of scribes D. innovations made by linguists20. In old English sound and form are ______.A. different B. not the same C. consistent greatly D. inconsistent greatly21. The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.A. more slowly than B. as quickly as C. more rapidly than D. notso quickly as22. In spite of the differences, at least ______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.A. sixty B. seventy C. eighty D. ninety23. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over ______ words.A. one billion B. two million C. two billion D. one million24. If we classify English words by use frequency, the two types of words are ______.A. the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary B. content words and functional words C. native words and borrowed words D. functional words and notional words25. Words can be classified according to the following criteria except ______.A. notion B. use frequency C. foundation D. origin26. Words may fall into content words and functional words by ______.A. use frequency B. notion C. origin D. stability27. Words of the basic word stock denote the **mon things and phenomena of the world around us. Which of the following words is related to the natural phenomena?A. Father. B. Fire. C. Evil. D. Old.28. Which of the following is not one of the obvious characteristics of the basic word stock? ______A. Creativity. B. Stability. C. Duality. D. All national character.29. Words of the basic word stock can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes, e.g. foot is the father of football, footage and footprint. This demonstrates that one of the characteristics of the words of the basic stock is ______.A. productivity B. polysemy C. stability D. collocability30. ______ refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and **municate among themselves.A. Slang B. Argot C. Jargon D. Archaism31. Nonbasic vocabulary includes ______.A. argot and jargon B. archaisms and neologisms C. technical terms D. all the above32. Which category do the following words fall into: photoscanning, trigonometry, sonata and audiovisual?A. Neologism. B. Jargon. C. Terminology. D. Slang.33. ______ belong to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot34. ______ are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. Neologisms B. Archaisms C. Jargons D. Terminologies35. The expression "can-opener", which means all-purpose key, belongs to ______.A. slangs B. terminologies C. argots D. archaisms36. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions. Which of the following is not an example of neologisms?A. SARS. B. Can-opener. C. Futurology. D. Freak out.37. ______ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. Argots B. Slangs C. Jargons D. Dialectal words38. ______ constitute the main body of the English vocabulary.A. Functional words B. Content words C. Numerals D. Pronouns39. Which types of words belong to functional words?A. Adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions. B. Adjectives, nouns, articles. C. Articles, prepositions, conjunctions. D. Verbs, pronouns, prepositions.40. Which of the following is not content word?A. Five. B. And. C. Earth. D. Never.41. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as ______ words.A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal42. There are ______ functional words in the following sentence. It is fun to play with children.A.3 B.4 C.5 D. 643. "I'm sure that they **e today."There are ______ content words in the above sentence.A. 2 B.3 C.4 D. 544. Native words have ______ features.A. two B. seven C. five D. six45. Which are the features of native words?A. All national characters. B. Neutral in style. C. Frequent in use. D. All the above.46. The words borrowed from French or Latin are mostly ______.A. colloquial B. informal C. formal D. slangy47. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute ______ percent of the modern Englishvocabulary.A. 60 B. 70 C. 80 D. 9048. ______ are loan words that have naturalized or assimilated in English.A. Denizens B. Semantic-loans C. Translation-loans D. Aliens49. Which of the following isn't the denizen? A. Port. B. Cup. C.D. Skirt.50. Which of the following isn't the alien? A. B. Bazaar. C. Shift.D. Emir.51. Which of the following doesn't belong to the translation-loans?A. Mother tongue. B. Long time no see. C. Black humour. D. Status quo.52. The word "kowtow" in English is called an alien word because ______.A. it is a newly-created word from another language B. it has been assimilated into the English language C. it has undergone a semantic change D. it has retained its original pronunciation53. Which of the following belongs to the semantic-loans?A. Change. B. Pork. C. Dream. D. Tea.。

翻译研究方法翻译研究方法是一种学术研究手段，它强调在翻译工作中应用系统的、可量化的方法来研究母语和目标语之间的差异。

这些方法通常涉及对母语和目标语文本之间内容、结构和语法上的差异进行分析，以及识别并解释翻译者使用的不同翻译策略和技巧。

翻译研究方法的主要目的是分析和理解翻译工作的复杂性，并识别影响翻译质量的因素。

它主要关注的是母语与目标语之间的差异，以及翻译者如何将这些差异转化为有意义的翻译。

翻译研究方法的分析和理解可以帮助翻译者更好地理解语言，更好地解决翻译问题，并更好地理解文本之间的差异。

翻译研究方法涉及许多不同的概念，其中包括：母语分析、目标语分析、语言对比、翻译过程分析、翻译策略与技巧分析、原文内容分析、翻译研究结果分析等。

母语分析是母语文本的系统分析，以识别出母语文本中的语言特征和文本结构特征，例如句子构成、语法特征和词汇特征。

目标语分析是对目标语文本进行系统分析，以识别出其中的语言特征和文本结构特征，例如句子构成、语法特征和词汇特征。

语言对比是比较母语和目标语之间的不同之处，如语义差异、语法差异、语用差异等，以了解母语和目标语之间的差异，并提出翻译策略。

翻译过程分析是指深入研究翻译者面临的障碍，并识别翻译者正在使用哪些策略来解决这些障碍。

翻译策略与技巧分析是指研究翻译者使用的不同翻译策略和技巧，以及它们如何影响翻译质量。

原文内容分析是指对母语文本进行系统分析，以识别出其中的文化、历史和文学背景信息，以及文本中可能存在的隐喻和象征。

最后，翻译研究结果分析是指对翻译过程中的结果进行系统分析，以识别出那些影响翻译质量的因素，并提出有效的翻译策略和技巧。

翻译研究方法是一种重要的学术研究手段，它可以帮助翻译者更好地理解语言，更好地解决翻译问题，并更好地理解文本之间的差异。

该方法涉及多个不同的分析和理解概念，它们可以帮助翻译者更好地理解语言，更好地解决翻译问题，并有助于改善翻译质量。

Translation research methods are an academic research means that emphasize the application of systematic and quantifiable methods in translation work to study the differences between source language and target language. These methods usually involve the analysis of the differences in content,structure and grammar between source language and target language texts, as well as theidentification and interpretation of different translation strategies and techniques used by translators.The main purpose of translation research methods is to analyze and understand the complexity of translation work, and identify factors that affect the quality of translation. It focuses mainly on the differences between source language and target language, and how translators can turn these differences into meaningful translations. The analysis and understanding of translation research methods can help translators better understand languages, better solve translation problems, and better understand the differences between texts.Translation research methods involve many different concepts, including: mother tongue analysis, target language analysis, language comparison, translation process analysis, translation strategy and skill analysis, original content analysis, translation research resultsanalysis, etc. Mother tongue analysis is a systematic analysis of the mother tongue text to identify the language features and text structure characteristics in the mother tongue text, such as sentence composition, grammar features and vocabulary features. Target language analysis is a systematic analysis of the target language text to identify its language features and text structure characteristics, such as sentence composition, grammar features and vocabulary features. Language comparison is the comparison of the differences between source language and target language, such as semantic differences, grammatical differences, pragmatic differences, etc., to understand the differences between source language and target language, and to propose translation strategies.Translation process analysis refers to the in-depth study of the obstacles faced by translators and the identification of which strategies translators are using to overcome them. Translation strategy and skill analysis refers to the study of the different translation strategies and techniquesused by translators, and how they affect thequality of translation. Original content analysis refers to the systematic analysis of the source language text to identify its cultural, historical and literary background information, as well as possible metaphors and symbols in the text. Finally, translation research results analysis refers to the systematic analysis of the results of the translation process in order to identify the factors that affect the quality of translation and propose effective translation strategies and techniques.Translation research methods are an important academic research means that can help translators better understand languages, better solve translation problems, and better understand the differences between texts. This method involves several different analytical and understanding concepts, which can help translators better understand language, better solve translation problems, and contribute to improving the quality of translation.。

英语词汇学试题复习参考（分章节）英语词汇学试题Introduction and Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarilythrough the use of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. rootis traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. StylisticsEnglish is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semanticis the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. placeshares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. JargonB. ArgotC. Dialectal wordsD. Slang10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.A. workersB. criminalsC. any personD. policemanare words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. ArgotB. SlangC. JargonD. Dialectal words12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. commonB. littleC. slightD. great13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.A. newB. oldC. badD. good14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. newII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology,______,etymology, stylistics, ________.19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______./doc/152063694.html,nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words 4)characteristics of the basic word stock.A B21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail22. Collocbility( ) B. aught23. Jargon( ) C. por24. Argot ( ) D. uponwords( ) E. hypo26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart27. Aliens ( ) G. man28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh30. Empty words ( ) J. emirIV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )33. can-opener ( ) ( )35. bottom line ( ) ( )37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )( ) 40. take ( )V. Define the following terms.41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loans VI. Answer the following Questionsthe relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock Illustrate your points with examples.48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirtKey to Exercises:I. 1. historical, usages 18. semantics, . vocabularyII.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. the basic word stock; productivity32. the basic word stock; collocabilitybasic word stock; argotword stock; slang35. nonbasic word stock; jargon36. nonbasic word stock ;terminologyword stock; dialectal words38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms40. the basic word stock; polysemyV-----VI. (see the course book)VII. 49. Content words: earth, clould, run, walk, frequently, never, fiveFunctional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.50. Denizens: port, shirt,Aliens: bazaar, kowtowTranslation-loans: lama, masterpieceSemantic-loans:dream, pioneerChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternativeanswers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, whichcan be grouped into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D. 20002.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in greatnumbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again byNorwegian and Danish Vikings. With theinvaders, many ________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modernEnglish.A. 500B. 800C. 1000 .D. 9007.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continualflow of ______ words into English.A. FrenchB. GreekC. RomanD. Latin8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the lawcourts, and government and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14th9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which arederived from the dead language.A. SanskritB. LatinC. RomanD. Greek12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.A. LatinB. HellenicC. Indian D . Germanic13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian allbelong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon14.The ________family consists of the four Northern EuropeanLanguages: Norwegian, Icelandic,Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or socialpower and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10th D. 13thII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of______.18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) tothe present _____ language.19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be groupedinto an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English. III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words 2)history off English development 3) language family.A B21. Celtic ( )22. religious ( )( ) C. Persian24. French ( )25. Old English ( ) E. abbot( ) F. skirtEnglish ( ) G. sunu28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight( ) J. NorwegianIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.31. earth ( ) ( )33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )V. Define the following terms.41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stemVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.46. Describe the characteristics of Old English .47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.VII. Answer the following questions with examples.49. What are the three main sources of new words50. How does the modern English vocabulary developKey to exercises:I.II. English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic (1700-up to the present )III.21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. CIV.31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free rootroot( See the course book )VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :(1)The rapid development of modern science and technology ,. astrobiology, greenrevolution ;(2)Social , economic and political changes; . Watergate, soy milk;(3)The influence of other cultures and language; . felafel, Nehru Jackets.50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, . consideration, carefulness; (2) semantic change, . Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;. tofu, gongful. Chapter 3 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II（练习3）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locativeprefixes2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice,mis trust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.A. number prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locativeprefixesare contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________./doc/152063694.html,s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________./doc/152063694.html,s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames, fore tell and post-election contain________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. locative prefixes10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student andcontra flow are _____-.A.prefixes of degree or sizeB. prefixes of orientation and attitudeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________./doc/152063694.html,s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixesII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____., also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.19. _________ is the formation of new words by combiningparts of two words or a word plusa part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.A B21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes ( ) A. priceless22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.) ( ) C. engineer24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action, etc) （）D. darken25. De-adjective noun suffixes （）Ｅviolinist26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( )27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( )29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survivalIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms.( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) ( ) 40. perm ( )V.Define the following terms .41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45.suffixationVI. Answer the following questions with examples.46. What are the characteristics of compounds47. What are the main types of blendings48. What are the main types of compoundsVII. Analyze and comment on the following:49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion(2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter(4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words.(1) I’m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.Key to exercises :1. B2. C3. A4. B5. AII. 16. derivation , compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau)III. 22. I 23. H 24. J. Front clipping, earthquake32. Back clipping, stereophonicand back clipping, influenzaclipping, public house35. Initialisms, care of36. Acronyms, Victory Day37. Initialisms, tuberculosis38. Back clipping, discotheque39. Front clipping, helicopter40. Phrase clipping, permanent wavesV-VI. (See the course book). There are mainly four types of back-formation.(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others(4) From adjectives50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun(4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verbChapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the humanmind.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Context3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.A. outsideB. withC. beyondD. inside4. Most English words can be said to be ________.A. non-motivatedB. motivatedC. connectedD. relatedis a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. onomatopoeicallyD. etymologically6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically7.In the sentence ‘ He is fond of pen ’ , pen is a ______ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.A. onomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexicalmeaning in particular.A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. arbitrary meaningunstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.A.Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning meaning indicates the speaker’s _______towards the person or thing in question.A. feeling .B. likingC. attitudeD. understanding12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.A. PrepositionsB. InterjectionsC. ExclamationsD. Explanations13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because ina sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.A.conceptual meaningB. grammatical meaningC. lexical meaningD. collocative meaningthe same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.A. only one wordB. two wordsC. more than threeD. different wordsis the relationship between language and the ______.A. speakersB. listenersC. worldD. specific countryII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______/doc/152063694.html,pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum totalof the morphemes combined.18. _______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.19. The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the historyof the word explains the meaning of the word.20. Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.A B21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)27. Etymological motivation ( )28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and awordthe following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )III.Define the following terms .41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaning IV.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.46. What is reference 47. What is concept 48. What is senseV.Analyze and comment on the following.49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.Key to exercises:I. 1. CII.16. meanings motivation meaningIII.21. DIV.31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation35. Connotative meaning meaning37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative39. collocative meaning 40. appreciativeV-VI. See the course book.VI.49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.50. Associative meaning comprises four types:(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by theconceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc..(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylisticfeatures, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc.,all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thingin question. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones;notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don’t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5)of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages2.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and developmentof the semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional3._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and thesecondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning ofa word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenationimportant criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.A. PolysemantsB. SynonymsC. AntonymsD. Hyponyms7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and floweris _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, . bow/bau/; bow/beu/.A. HomophonesB. HomographsC. Perfect homonymsD. Antonyms9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms10.The antonyms big and small are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms11.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms/doc/152063694.html,position and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms13.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employedin a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms14.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with onlyone meaning . The first meaning is called ______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. basic meaning15.Synchronically, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called_______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. secondary meaningII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their____, the second principal consideration is ________.17.In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one ______whereas homonyms。

词汇学考试精简笔记-Charter1-4Introduction0.1 The Nature and Domain of English LexicologyThe definition of Lexicology: (P1)Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words (WNWD), the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 0.2 The Relation to Other DisciplinesThe definition of Morphology: (P1)Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct.The definition of Etymology: (P2)Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.The definition of Semantics: (P2)Semantics is the study of meanings of different linguistic levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.The definition of Stylistics: (P2)Stylistics is the study of style.The definition of Lexicography: (P2)Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.The difference of Lexicography and Lexicology: (P2)A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use.Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1 What is a WordIn visual terms, a word can be defined as a meaningful group; according to semanticists, a word is a unit of meaning. (P6) 选择、填空The definition of Word: (P7) 名词解释A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A word comprises the following points:1. A minimal free form of a language;2. A sound unity;3. A unit of meaning;4. A form that can function alone in a sentence.1.2 Sound and MeaningThe connection of Sound and Meaning两者之间的关系: (P7) 选择、填空The symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship, the relationship is conventional.Woman, for example, becomes ‘Frau’ in German, ‘Fremme’ in French and ‘Funu’ in Chinese.：体现了sound，meaning的关系1.3 Sound and FormThe reasons caused the difference between Sound and Form: 读⾳和拼写不⼀致的原因(P8-9 具体例⼦看书本) 简答题1. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does nothave a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and insome cases the two have drawn far apart.3. A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4. Finally comes the borrowing, which do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling.*Printing印刷术was established in the late 1500.Sound and form is imperfect: (P10)The written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the spoken form.1.5 Classification of Words*Three classifications of words: (P11) 选择、填空Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic VocabularyThe difference between BW and NBW: (P11)BW is in use in a high frequency; and NBW is not.The features of Basic Word (P11-12) 简答题●All national character 全民通⽤性●Stability 相对稳定性●Productivity 多产性●Polysemy ⼀词多义●Collocability 搭配性Therefore, ‘all national character’is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.The definition of Productivity: (P12)They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.The definition of Polysemy: (P12)Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.The definition of Collocability: (P12)Many words of the basic word stock enter quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.The types of Nonbasic word vocabulary (P13-15) 简答题●Terminology 专业术语●Jargon ⾏话●Slang 俚语●Argot ⿊话●Dialectal words ⽅⾔●Archaisms 古词语●Neologisms 新词语The definition of Terminology: (P13)It consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine.●例⼦有：mathematics, music, education.The definition of Jargon: (P13)It refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.●例⼦有：bottom line, bargaining chipsThe definition of Slang: (P14)Slang belongs to the sub-standard language亚标准语⾔, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words.The definition of Argot ⿊话: (P15)Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals.The definition of Dialectal words: (P15)Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.The definition of Archaisms: (P15)Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.The definition of Neologisms: (P15)Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.1.5.2 Content Words and Functional WordsThe difference between Content words and Functional words: (P16) 简答题●Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words.●Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As theirchief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words.1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordsThe definition of Native Words: (P17)Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes (⽇⽿曼部落).The 2 features of Native Words: (P17)1. Neutral in style (French or Latin are literary and in formal style) ⽂体中⽴，即任何场所可⽤2. Frequent in use使⽤频繁The definition of Borrowed Words: (P18)Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowing in simple terms. 三个⿊体字同义Four classes of Borrowed Words: (P19)1. Denizens 同化词Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language.2. Aliens ⾮同化词Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.3. Translation-loans 译借词、外来词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.4. Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form.Chapter 2The Development of the English vocabulary2.1 The Indo-European Language FamilyThe Indo-European Language has approximately 3000languages and group into roughly 300language families on the basis of Basic Word and Grammar. It is made up of most of language of Europe, the Near East, and India.印欧三⼤语系(P23) Germanic family = Scandinavian languages斯堪的纳维亚语的;北北欧⽇⽿曼语系(P24)The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.In western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic(希腊语的). (P24)2.2.1 Old English (450 – 1150) (P25)The Germanic tribes are the earliest.The introduction of Christianity had a great impact on the English vocabulary. It brought many new ideas and customs and also many religious terms such as abbot, candle, alter, amen, apostle.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words, e.g. handbook. (P26)Old English is a highly inflected language.Skirt, skill, window, leg, grasp, birth, they, their, them, egg, these words are from Scandinavian origin.2.2.2 Middle English (1150 – 1500) (P26)Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. 诺曼⼤帝带来了⼤量的法语词。

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 30% 1.______ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Stylistics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Semantics2. Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Germanic C. Italian D. Roman3. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _______ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. A. linguistic B. grammatical C. arbitrary D. semantic4. Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular_______ for special effects A. context B. situation C. time D. place5. Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference. A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic6. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. A. different B. artistic C. technical D. academic7. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great8. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ____meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good9. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 10. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called ___words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. A. content B. new C notional D. empty11. It is assumed that the world has approximately _____ languages, which can be grouped into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. A. 5000 B. 4000 C. 3000 D. 2000 12. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ____language. A. inflected B. derived C. developed D. analyzed 13. After the ___, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers. A. Greeks B. Indians C. French D. Romans 14. The introduction of ____had a great impact on the English vocabulary. A. Hinduism B. Buddhism C. Christianity D. Islamism15. In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many _____words came into the English language. A. Greek B. Roman C. CelticD. Scandinavian16. The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of ______ words into English. A. French B. Greek C. Roman D. Latin 17. By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status. A. 12th B. 13th C. 14th D.15th 18. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______. A. Greek B. Roman C. Indian D. Russian 19. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language_______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Roman D. Greek 20. Greek is the modern language derived from _______. A. Latin B. Hellenic C. Indian D. Germanic 21. The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______. A.Sanskrit B. Latin C. Celtic D. Anglo-Saxon 22. The original meaning of manuscript is ________. A. any author’s work B. handwriting C. any author’s works D. a piece of paper 23. The extended meaning of journal is ______ A. daily paper B. any paper C. magazines D. periodical 24. The original meaning of wife is _______. A. a married woman B. a young woman C. woman D. widowed woman 25. The original meaning of success is ______. A. result B. progress C. event D. incident 26. Loud colours belongs to ______. A. transfer between abstract and concrete meanings B. transfer of sensations C. transfer from objective to subjective D. transfer from subjective to objective 27. Jack of all trades is an idiom ________. A. nominal in nature B. adjectival in nature C. verbal in nature D. adverbial in nature ( ) 28. Spend money like water is an example of _____. A．metaphor B. simile C. metonymy D. synecdoche 29. From cradle to grave is an example of _________. A. simile B. metaphor C. synecdoche D. metonymy ( ) 30. By hook and by crook is an example of ________.A. alliterationB. rhymeC. reiterationD. repetition II. Complete the following statements by choosing a word or expression listed below, according to the course book . 20% A. grammatical B. cultural background C. content D. elevationE. homonymy31. Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and _____. 32. Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, ____and transfer. Of these, extension and narrowing are by far the most common.33. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and ______ context.34. The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire _____, which may also affect the meaning of words. 35. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and _____.31.( ) 32.( ) 33.( ) 34.( ) 35.( ) A. lexicography B. diachronic C. meaningsD. vocabularyE. morphological36.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.37.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, historical development, formation and usages.38. English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, _____.39. There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______. 40. Language study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.36.( ) 37.( ) 38.( ) 39.( ) 40.( )III. Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined. 10% A. bound root B. free morpheme/free root C. suffix D. prefix E. inflectional affix41. earth ( b ) 42.contradict ( a )43. predictor ( ) 44. radios ( )45. prewar ( ) 46. happiest ( )47. antecedent ( ) 48. northward ( )49. sun ( ) 50. dictionary ( )IV. Briefly define the following terms. 20%51.etymology 52.aliens 53.motivation 54. Synonyms 55. rootV. Answer the following questions. Write your answers in the space given below. 20%56. What are the main processes of word formation? Give an example for each of them.57. According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, how many classes of loan-words can be classified? Give examples for each of them.英语词汇学练习答案I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 30% (one point for one item)1. -30CBAAD CAABD CADCD ABDAB BBDCA BABDBII. Complete the following statements by choosing a word or expression listed below, according to the course book. 20% (two points for one item)31-40CDABE CEABDIII. Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined. 10% (one point for one item)41-50BACED EDCBAIV. Briefly define the following terms. 20% (four points for one item)51. Etymology, in short, is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings.52. Aliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spellings. They are usually considered as foreign words.53 Motivation is the relationship between the structure of a word and its meaning. Three are three kinds of motivation, namely, phonetic motivation, grammatical and motivation by meaning.54. Synonyms are traditionally defined as words different in sound and spelling but identical or similar in meaning. Words are synonymous or similar in meaning only in a certain sense, not in all meanings.55. [P171] A root is the base form of a word that expresses its essential meaning, a meaning that never changes, even though affixes may be added at the beginning of a word or at the end of a word. The term root is that part of the word left when all affixes are removed.V. Answer the following questions. Write your answers in the space given below. 20%56. What are the main processes of word formation? Give an example for each of them.57. According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, how many classes of loan-words can be classified? Give examples for each of them.补充define terms51 (full) conversion52. specialization53. root54. collocation55. motivation。

Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1、The Definition of a WordLexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words。

According to semanticists(语义学家), a word is a unit of meaning.A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound，meaningand syntactic function（句法功能).2、 VocabularyAll the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary。

3、 Sound and MeaningThe relationship between sound and meaning is no logic4、 Sound and FormThere was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English。

With the development of the language，more and more differences arose between sound and form.（1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional。

新视野⼤学英语读写教程（第三版）Book2Unit3课⽂讲解Section AJourney through the odyssey yearsBackground information1.generation groups in the westGeneration gaps，referring to difference between young people and theirelders，especially between children and their parents，have often been attributed to rapid cultural change，particularly musical tastes，fashion，culture and politics. Some special terms for different generations have thus been coined in English-speaking countries：Generation Jones：A term used to describe the generation born right after World War ｜｜ in 1945 through 1965.It's usually identified with “baby boomers”.Key characteristics assigned to these members are less optimism，distrust of government，and generally used to refer to people born in the 1960s.This generation marks the period of birth decline after the baby boom. The generation was pushed toward adulthood at an age earlier than any other recent generations. They are more ethnically diverse and better educated than the baby boomers.Generation Y：Also known as the Millennial Generation and many of them are children of baby boomers .Their birth years range from the early 1980s to the early 2000s.It's generally marked by an increase use and familiarity with communications，media，and digital technologies.Generation Z：Also known as the net or the internet Generation. In the US and other Western nations，it is a common name for the people born from the mid.1990s or early 2000s through to the present. This generation has spend their entire life with the World Wide Web and high tech gadgets.2.the odyssey yearsThe term odyssey years originated from The odyssey，a long poem by the Greek author Homer，which is a sequel of the Greek hero，Odysseus. It describes Odysseus's long journey，trying to return home from adventures and war. For English speakers，as many as for many cultures，the very name of poem，The Odyssey，has become a special term for an epic journey，or great struggle. The man character in the epic poem（史诗），Odysseus，was wandering away from home and loved ones. During his journey of 10 years，he encountered repeated troubles and challenges. The key insight in Odyssey is that the essentials of the journey are not only outward struggle against tremendous difficulties，but，more importantly，inward struggles leading to personal growth. His journey is the one of self-discovery and of combating his own arrogance and pride from his young rebel heart. Therefore, it makes sense to borrow The Odyssey from Greek mythology to describe the rebellious years young people usually go through. The term odyssey year is a metaphor of this special stage for young people.Detailed study of the text1Most of us know about the phases of life which we label to parallel different age groups and life stages childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.(Para.1) Meaning: Most of us know about he different life stages that we describe according to different age groups: childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.phase:n.[C] one of the sages of a process of development or change 阶段；时期As time are changing, we?re entering a new phase in internationalrelation.随着时代的变化，我们正进⼊国际关系的新阶段。

The Oral Approach and Situational Language TeachingThe Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching refer to an approach to language teaching developed by British applied linguists from the 1930s to the 1960s. It’s grammar-based method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through meaningful situational-based activities. As a recent British methodology text states, “This method is widely used at the time of writing and a very large number of textbooks are based on it”. It is important therefore to understand the principles and practices of the Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching. Originated from the Direct Method and the Audio-Lingual Method, also called Audio-visual Method. The origins of this approach began with the work of British applied linguistics in the 1920s and 1930s. Two of the leaders in this movement were Harold Palmer and A.S. Hornby, two of the most prominent figures in British twentieth-century language teaching, who attempted to formally develop a scientifically-founded approach to teaching English. What they attempted was to develop a more scientific foundation for an oral approach to teaching English than was evidenced in the Direct Method. They realized that vocabulary played one of the important roles in foreign language learning, and frequency counts showedthat a core of 2000 words occurred frequently in daily use and writing text. They also paid much attention to the important role of grammar in their writings. According to them, organization of grammatical content of a language course should be based on the principle of gradation. The result was a systematic study of principles and procedures that could be applied to the selection and organization of the content of a language course. It was developed by British applied linguists from the 1930s to the 1960s. A number of large-scale investigations about language learning and the increased emphasis on reading skills in the 1920s led to the notion of "vocabulary control". Parallel to this was the notion of "grammar control".One of the first aspects of method design to receive attention was the role of vocabulary. One of the outstanding features of the method is its emphasis on vocabulary and reading skills learning. This led to the development of principles of vocabulary control. Frequency counts showed that a core of about 2000 words occurred frequently in written text and that a mastery of such an inventory would lead to better reading skills. These efforts to introduce a scientific and rational basis for choosing the vocabulary content for a language course represented the first attempts to establish principles to syllabus design in language teaching. Then parallel tothe interest in developing rational principles for vocabulary selection was a focus on the grammatical content of a language course. It emphasized the sentence patterns most-commonly found in spoken conversation, very different from the abstract model of grammar seen in the Grammar-Translation Method. Such patterns were incorporated into dictionaries and handbooks for students. Palmer viewed grammar as the underlying sentence patterns of the spoken language. Palmer, Hornby, and other British applied linguists analyzed English and classified its major grammatical structures into sentence patterns (later called substitution tables”), which could be used to help internalize the rules of English sentence structure. The main characteristics of the approach are as follows: (1) Language teaching begins with the spoken language. Material is taught orally before it is presented in written form. (2) The target language is the language of the classroom. (3) New language points are introduced and practiced situationally. (4) Vocabulary selection procedures are followed to ensure that an essential general service vocabulary is covered. (5) Items of grammar are graded following the principle that simple forms should be taught before complex ones. (6) Reading and writing are introduced once a sufficient lexical and grammatical basis is established. It was the third principle that became a key feature of the approach in the sixties, and it was thenthat the term situational was used in increasingly in referring to the Oral Approach. To avoid further confusion we will see use the term Situational Language Teaching (SLT) to include theStructural-Situational and Oral approaches. How can Situational Language Teaching be characterized at the levels of approach, design, and procedure?At first, it’s the details of the approach. Above all, the theory of language underlying Situation Language Teaching can be characterized as a type of British “structuralism”. Speech was regarded as the basis of language, and structure was viewed as being at the heart of speaking ability. The theory that knowledge of structures must be linked to situations in which they could be used gave Situational Language Teaching one of its distinctive features. It emphasizes the close relationship between the structure of language and the context and situations in which language is used, and language was viewed as purposeful activity related to goals and situations in the real world. Then, the theory of learning underlying Situational Language Teaching is a type of behaviorist habit-learning theory. It addresses primarily the processes rather than the conditions of learning. For example, cites Palmer’s views as authoritative: As Palmer has pointed out, there are three process in learning a language—receiving the knowledge or materials, fixing itin the memory by repetition, and using it in actual practice until it becomes a personal skill. Like the Direct Method, Situational Language Teaching adopts an inductive approach to the teaching of grammar. The meaning of words or structures is not to be given through explanation in either the native tongue or the target language but is to be induced from the way the form is used in a situation. Explanation is therefore discouraged, and the learner is expected to deduce the meaning of a particular structure or vocabulary item from the situation in which it is presented. Extending structures and vocabulary to new situations takes place by generalization. This is how child language learning is believed to take place, and the same processes are thought to occur in second and foreign language learning, according to practitioners of Situational Language Teaching. Second, it’s the details of the design. Above all, the objectives of the Situational Language Teaching method are to teach a practical command of the four basic skills of language. Accuracy in both pronunciation and grammar is regards as crucial, and errors are to be avoided at all costs. Automatic control of basic structures and sentences pattern is fundamental to reading and writing skills, and this is achieved through speech work. Then, basic to the teaching of English in Situational Language Teaching is a structural syllabus and a word list. A structural syllabus is a list ofthe basic structures and sentence patterns of English, arranged according to their order of presentation. In Situational Language Teaching, structures are always taught within sentences, and vocabulary is chosen according to how well it enables sentence patterns to be taught. The syllabus was not therefore a situational syllabus in the sense that this item is sometimes used (i.e., a list of situations and the language associated with them). Rather, situation refers to manner of presenting and practicing sentence patterns. Practice techniques such as guided repetition and substitution activities, including chorus repetition, dictation, drills, and controlled oral-based reading and writing tasks. Other oral-practice techniques are sometimes used including pair practice and group work. The main features of Situational Language Teaching are: (1) Language teaching begins with the spoken language. Material is taught orally before it is presented in written form. (2) The target language is the language of the classroom. (3) New language points are introduced and practiced situationally. (4) Vocabulary selection procedures are followed to ensure that an essential general service vocabulary is covered. (5) Items of grammar are graded following the principle that simple forms should be taught before complex one. (6) Reading and writing are introduced once a sufficient lexical and grammatical basis is established. Next, it’s about the roles andthe types of learning and teaching activities. Situational Language Teaching employs a situational approach to presenting new sentence patterns and a drill-based manner of practicing them. The practice techniques employed generally consist of guided repetition and substitution activities, including chorus repetition, dictation, drills, and controlled oral-based reading and writing tasks. Other oral-practice techniques are sometimes used, including pair practice and group work. In the initial stages of learning, the learner is required simply to listen and repeat what the teacher says and to respond to questions and commands. The teacher has no control over the content of learning and is often regarded as likely to succumb to undesirable behaviors unless skillfully manipulated by the teacher. Later, more active participation is encouraged, but teacher-controlled introduction and practice of new language is stressed throughout. The teacher’s function is threefold. The teacher is essential to the success of the approach. In the presentation stage of the classroom, the teacher serves as a model. Then the teacher is required to be a skillful manipulator, using questions, commands, and other cues to elicit correct sentences from learners. Lessons are hence teacher directed, and the teacher sets the pace. During the practice phrase of the lesson, students are given more of an opportunity to use the language in less controlledsituations, but the teacher is ever on the lookout for grammatical and structural errors that can form the basis of subsequent lessons. Situational Language Teaching is dependent upon both a textbook and visual aids. The textbook contains tightly organized lessons planned around different grammatical structures. Visual aids may be produced by the teacher or may be commercially produced, they consist of wall charts, flashcards, pictures, stick figures, and so on. So the textbook should be used “only as a guide to the learning process. The teacher is expected to be the master of his textbook”. What’s more is the procedure. Third, it’s the details of the procedures. Classroom procedures in Situational Language Teaching vary according to the level of the class, but procedures at any level aim to move from controlled to freer practice of structures and from oral use of sentence patterns to their automatic use in speech, reading, and writing. The classroom procedures generally consists of: (1) Listening practice in which the teacher obtains his student’s attention and repeats an example of the patterns or a word in isolation clearly, several times, probably saying it slowly at least once, separating the words. (2) Choral imitation in which students all together or in large groups repeat what the teacher has said. This works best if the teacher gives a clear instruction like “repeat”, or “everybody” and hand signals to mark time and stress. (3) Individualimitation in which the teacher asks several individual students to repeat the model he has given in order to check their pronunciation.(4) Isolation, in which the teacher isolates sounds, words or groups of words which cause trouble and goes through techniques with them before replacing them in context. (5) Building up to a new model, in which the teacher gets students to ask and answer questions using patterns they already know in order to bring about the information necessary to introduce the new model. (6) Elicitation, in which the teacher, using mime, prompt words, gestures, etc. , gets students to ask questions, make statements, or give new examples of the pattern. (7) Substitution drilling, in which the teacher uses cue words to get individual students to mix the examples of the new patterns. (8) Question-answer drilling, in which the teacher gets one student to ask a question and another to answer until most students in the class have practiced asking and answering the new question form. (9) Correction, in which the teacher indicates by shaking his head, repeating the error, etc. , that there is a mistake and invites the student or a different student to correct it. Where possible the teacher does not simply correct the mistake himself. He gets students to correct themselves so they will be encouraged to listen to each other carefully. The practical techniques in the approach generally consist of: (1) New sentencepatterns presented in situations. (2) Drill-based practice. (3) Guided repetition and substitution activities. (4) Dictation, imitation and controlled oral-based reading and writing tasks.•The advantages of the Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching are that it has made the first attempt toestablish theoretical principles to develop a methodologicalframework for teaching English as a foreign language in ELThistory. These attempts mark the beginnings of the disciplineof a applied linguistics. Also, its strong emphasis on oralpractice, grammar and sentence patterns conform to theintuitions of many practically oriented classroom teachers.The disadvantages of the Oral Approach and SituationalLanguage Teaching are that in language teaching practice, this approach has made up some shortcomings of the DirectMethod. The teaching content is graded, and the students will not suffer from the difficulties of a flow of ungraded speech in target language. In presenting the language structure, itemphasizes the function of situation which can help studentsto apply what they have learned to real-life practice. Also, the views of language and language learning underlyingSituational Language Teaching were called into question.Chomsky showed that the structural and the behavioristicapproaches to language were erroneous and did not account for the fundamental characteristic of language namely the creativity and uniqueness of individual sentences. Children do not acquire their mother tongue through repetition and habit formation. There must be, however, an innate predisposition which leads them to a certain kind of linguistic competence. What’s more, it doesn’t concern with appropriateness or rules for use in real discourse. The approach being largely a grammar-based one. This approach is not concerned with appropriateness or with rules for use in real discourse. The situations are vehicle through which the grammatical syllabus is conveyed. Therefore, this approach is still largely a grammar-based one.Procedures associated with Situational Language Teaching in the fifties and sixties are an extension and further development of well-established techniques advocated by proponents of the earlier Oral Approach in the British school of language teaching. They continue to the part of the standard set of procedures advocated in many current British methodology texts and as we noted above, textbooks written according to the principles of Situational Language Teaching continue to be widely used in many parts of the world.Although it had called into question in the past, finally because the principles of Situational Language Teaching, with its strong emphasis on oral practice, grammar, and sentence patterns, conform to the intuitions of many practically oriented classroom teachers, it continues to be widely used.。

Examination1.what is intercultural communicationwhat have you learned from this classIntercultural communication is a form of communication that aims to share information across different cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural business communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted.[1] The European researcher Daniele Trevisani pointed out the semantic distinction between Intercultural and Cross-Cultural Communication should be clearly specified: Intercultural Communication properly refers to the study of the "interaction" between people from different cultures, while Cross-Cultural Communication specifically refers to the comparisonof how people from different cultures communicate. In other words, Cross-Cultural Communication is a "static differential image" depicting differences in communication patterns across different cultures, while Intercultural Communication studies "dynamic interactional patterns", what happens when people from at least two different cultures meet and interact, and what "frames" are generated from this interaction, e.g. understanding vs. misunderstanding, agreement vs. disagreement, cultural adaptation vs. cultural isolation, emerging of "third cultures", conflict vs. cooperation, intercultural team cohesiveness vs. team misunderstandings, intercultural projects success vs. projects failure, emotional improvement vs. emotional deterioration, and any other relational outcome (Trevisani, 2005).[2] In a broader sense, Intercultural communication encompasses cross-cultural communication, international communication, development communication, and intercultural communication's narrower referent, intercultural communication proper.[3] With regard to intercultural communication proper, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages andcustoms of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural service providers around who can assist with the development of intercultural communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills.[4][5]2.Explain the difference between verbal communication and non-verbal communication in details.--Verbal communicationconsist of messages being sent and received continuously with the speaker and the listener, it is focused on the way messages are portrayed. Verbal communication is based on language and use of expression, the tone in which the sender of the message relays the communication can determine how the message is received and in what context.Factors that effect verbal communication:•Tone of voice•Use of descriptive words•Emphasis on certain phrases•Volume of voiceThe way a message is received is dependent on these factors as they give a greater interpretation for the receiver as to what is meant by the message is. By emphasizing a certain phrase with the tone of voice, this indicates that it is important and she be focused more on.Along with these attributes verbal communication is also accompanied with non-verbal cues. These cues make the message clearer and give the listener an indication of what way the information should be received.[23]Example of non-verbal cues•Facial expressions•Hand gestures•Use of objects•Body movementIn terms of intercultural communication there are language barriers which are effected by verbal forms of communication. In this instance there is opportunity for miscommunication between two or more parties.[24] Other barriers that contribute tomiscommunication would be the type of words chosen in conversation. do to different cultures there are different meaning in vocabulary chosen, this allows for a message between the sender and receiver to be misconstrued.[25]6.Explain the pros and cons of nonverbal communication.Nonverbal Communication[edit]Nonverbal communication is behavior that communicates without words—though it often may accompanied by words. Nonverbal behavior can include things such as•facial expressions and gestures•clothing•movement•posture•eye contact.[26]When these actions are paired with verbal communication a message is created and sent out. A form of nonverbal communication is kinesic behaviour. Kinesic behaviour is communication through body movement—e.g., posture, gestures, facial expressions and eye contact. The meaning of such behaviour varies across countries and affectsintercultural communication. A form of kinesic nonverbal communication is eye contact and the use of the eyes to convey messages. Overall, nonverbal communication gives clues to what is being said verbally by physical portrayals.Nonverbal communication and kinesic is not the only way to communicate without words. Proxemics, a form of nonverbal communication, deals with the influence of proximity and space on communication. Another form of nonverbal behaviour and communication dealing with intercultural communication is paralanguage. Paralanguage refers to how something is said, rather than the content of what is said—e.g., rate of speech, tone and inflection of voice, other noises, laughing, yawning, and silence. Paralanguage will be later touched on in the verbal section of intercultural communication.Nonverbal communication has been shown to account for between 65% and 93% of interpreted communication.[27] Minor variations in body language, speech rhythms, and punctuality often cause mistrust and misperception of the situation amongcross-cultural parties. This is where nonverbal communication cancause problems with intercultural communication. Misunderstandings with nonverbal communication can lead to miscommunication and insults with cultural differences. For example, a handshake in one culture may be recognized as appropriate, whereas another culture may recognize it as rude or inappropriate.[27]Nonverbal communication can be used without the use of verbal communication. This can be used as a coding system for people who do not use verbal behaviour to communicate in different cultures, where speaking is not allowed.[28] An facial expression can give cues to another person and send a message, without using verbal communication.Something that usually goes unnoticed in cultures and communication is that clothing and the way people dress is used as a form of nonverbal communication. What a person wears can tell a lot about them. For example, whether someone is poor or rich, young or old or if they have specific cultures and beliefs can all be said through clothing and style. This is a form of nonverbal communication.Overall, nonverbal communication is a very important concept in intercultural communication.3.Based on the Kluekhohn’s model ,explain American Culture Value in detail.1)= Human nature orientation 人性取向Westerners believe that human nature is basically evil due to their original sin.However, the evil nature can be saved through salvation, if one believes in Jesus and continues doing good things.2)= Man-nature orientation 人天取向Americans have historically believed that nature was something that could and had to be mastered.Early West European immigrants to North America encountered a vast, unforgiving wilderness that they set about to “tame”,and modern astronaut are working to “conquer” the space.3)= Time orientation 时间取向Future-orientated cultures emphasize what is to come and expect the future to be grander and nicer than the present . The word “old” is associated with “falling behind” and “uselessness”, while the word “new” is related to progress,change and challenge.future orientation prevails in the western culture. Western people tend to believe that future should be grander and nicer than the present.In the future-oriented cultural context, it is easy for new products or new services to trigger consumers desire to buy. That is why the English advertisements tend to stress repeatedly that theadvertised products are new。

剑桥中级英语语法课程Here is an essay of over 1,000 words on the topic of "A Cambridge Intermediate English Grammar Course":The study of English grammar is a fundamental aspect of language learning, providing a deeper understanding of the structure and conventions of the language. For those seeking to develop their proficiency in English, a Cambridge Intermediate English Grammar course can be an invaluable resource. This comprehensive program delves into the intricacies of English grammar, equipping students with the knowledge and skills necessary to communicate effectively in a variety of contexts.At the core of a Cambridge Intermediate English Grammar course is a focus on the essential grammatical concepts that underpin the English language. From parts of speech and sentence structures to verb tenses and voice, the curriculum covers a broad range of topics essential for mastering the language. Through a combination of classroom instruction, interactive exercises, and practical application, students engage with the material in a way that promotes retention and practical application.One of the key benefits of a Cambridge Intermediate English Grammar course is the emphasis on real-world usage. Rather than merely presenting grammatical rules in isolation, the program explores how these principles are applied in authentic communication. Students are exposed to a variety of written and spoken examples, allowing them to observe grammar in context and develop a deeper understanding of how to employ these structures effectively.Moreover, the Cambridge Intermediate English Grammar course is designed to cater to the needs of learners at an intermediate level of proficiency. The content is carefully structured to build upon the foundation established in earlier stages of language acquisition, gradually introducing more complex and nuanced grammatical concepts. This scaffolded approach ensures that students can seamlessly integrate new knowledge into their existing skills, resulting in a more cohesive and comprehensive understanding of the language.Beyond the core grammatical content, a Cambridge Intermediate English Grammar course often incorporates complementary elements to enhance the learning experience. This may include exercises that focus on common grammatical errors, strategies for self-correction, and opportunities for peer-to-peer feedback and collaboration. By addressing common challenges and providingpractical guidance, the course equips students with the tools necessary to identify and rectify grammatical mistakes, further strengthening their command of the language.One of the notable strengths of a Cambridge Intermediate English Grammar course is its emphasis on developing communicative competence. While a solid grasp of grammar is essential, the program also recognizes the importance of applying these principles in real-world scenarios. Through activities that simulate various conversational and written contexts, students learn to integrate their grammatical knowledge into authentic and meaningful exchanges.This approach not only improves overall language proficiency but also boosts confidence and self-assurance in using English. As learners progress through the course, they gain a better understanding of how to navigate the nuances of grammar, tailoring their language use to suit different situations and audiences. This versatility is particularly valuable in professional, academic, or social settings where clear and effective communication is paramount.Furthermore, the Cambridge Intermediate English Grammar course often incorporates elements of cultural awareness and sensitivity. By examining how grammatical structures and usage may vary across different English-speaking regions or contexts, students develop a more comprehensive understanding of the language's diversity andadaptability. This cross-cultural perspective can be especially beneficial for those who aspire to communicate with a global audience or engage in international professional or academic endeavors.In addition to the substantive content, the format and delivery of a Cambridge Intermediate English Grammar course are also noteworthy. Many programs leverage modern teaching methodologies and technological resources to enhance the learning experience. This may include interactive online modules, multimedia presentations, and opportunities for virtual collaboration and feedback. By leveraging these tools, the course can cater to a range of learning styles and preferences, ensuring that students can engage with the material in a way that is most conducive to their individual needs and strengths.Perhaps most importantly, a Cambridge Intermediate English Grammar course is often led by highly qualified and experienced instructors. These educators possess a deep understanding of the English language, as well as expertise in language pedagogy and adult learning principles. They are adept at creating a supportive and engaging learning environment, fostering a collaborative spirit among students and providing personalized guidance and feedback.Through the guidance of these skilled instructors, students in aCambridge Intermediate English Grammar course can expect to develop a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of English grammar. This knowledge not only enhances their overall language proficiency but also empowers them to communicate with greater clarity, precision, and confidence in a wide range of contexts.In conclusion, a Cambridge Intermediate English Grammar course is a valuable investment for individuals seeking to deepen their mastery of the English language. By delving into the intricacies of grammar, the program equips students with the tools and strategies necessary to navigate the complexities of the language and engage in effective communication. Whether in academic, professional, or personal settings, the skills and insights gained through this course can have a profound and lasting impact on one's ability to express themselves with clarity, accuracy, and confidence.。

高中英语学术论文研究方法单选题40题1. In an academic paper, which of the following is NOT a common research method?A. Quantitative analysisB. Qualitative researchC. Hypothesis testingD. Random guessing答案：D。

本题主要考查对常见学术研究方法的理解。

选项A“Quantitative analysis”（ 定量分析）、选项B“Qualitative research”（ 定性研究）和选项C“Hypothesis testing” 假设检验）都是常见的研究方法。

而选项D“Random guessing”（ 随机猜测）并非一种科学的研究方法。

2. When conducting research for an academic paper, which of the following is a classification of research methods based on data collection?A. Historical researchB. Experimental studyC. Descriptive analysisD. Documentary research答案：D。

本题考查研究方法基于数据收集的分类。

选项A“Historical research” 历史研究）侧重于对过去事件的研究；选项B“Experimental study”（ 实验研究）是通过控制变量来探究因果关系；选项C“Descriptive analysis”（ 描述性分析）是对现象的描述。

而选项D“Documentary research” 文献研究）是基于已有的文献资料进行收集和分析，属于基于数据收集的分类。

3. In an academic paper, which research method mainly focuses on understanding the meaning and experience of individuals?A. Empirical studyB. Grounded theoryC. Content analysisD. Case study答案：B。

1..Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. root2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. Stylistics3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semantic5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. place6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. JargonB. ArgotC. Dialectal wordsD. Slang10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.A. workersB. criminalsC. any personD. policeman11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. ArgotB. SlangC. JargonD. Dialectal words12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. commonB. littleC. slightD. great13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.A. newB. oldC. badD. good14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. new1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, which canbe grouped into _________on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D. 20002.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in greatnumbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With theinvaders, many ________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modernEnglish.A. 500B. 800C. 1000 .D. 9007.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started acontinual flow of ______ words into English.A. FrenchB. GreekC. RomanD. Latin8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the lawcourts, and government and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14thD.15th9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which arederived from the dead language_______..A. SanskritB. LatinC. RomanD. Greek12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.A. LatinB. HellenicC. Indian D . Germanic13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian allbelong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon14.The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or socialpower and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10thB.11thC.12thD. 13th1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice,mis trust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.A. number prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes6.________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames9.Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. locative prefixes10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student and contra flow are _____-.A.prefixes of degree or sizeB. prefixes of orientation and attitudeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes1.A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Context3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.A. outsideB. withC. beyondD. inside4. Most English words can be said to be ________.A. non-motivatedB. motivatedC. connectedD. related5.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. onomatopoeicallyD. etymologically6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically7.In the sentence ‘ He is fond of pen ’ , pen is a ______ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.A. onomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, andlexical meaning in particular.A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. arbitrary meaning10._______is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.A.Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affectivemeaning11.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s _______towards the person or thing in question.A. feeling .B. likingC. attitudeD. understanding12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.A. PrepositionsB. InterjectionsC. ExclamationsD. Explanations13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.A.conceptual meaningB. grammatical meaningC. lexical meaningD. collocative meaning14.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.A. only one wordB. two wordsC. more than threeD. different words15.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.A. speakersB. listenersC. worldD. specific country16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum totalof the morphemes combined.18. _______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.19. The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the historyof the word explains the meaning of the word.20. Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages2.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth anddevelopment of the semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional3._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and thesecondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection betweenthe sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenation5.One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.A. PolysemantsB. SynonymsC. AntonymsD. Hyponyms7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow/bau/; bow/beu/.A. HomophonesB. HomographsC. Perfect homonymsD. Antonyms9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms10.The antonyms big and small are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms11.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected termsposition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms13.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employedin a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms14.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with only onemeaning . The first meaning is called ______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. basic meaning15.Synchronically, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called_______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. secondary meaning1.The original meaning of manuscript is ________.A.any author’s writingB. handwritingC. any author’s worksD. a piece of paper2.The original meaning of barn is ______.A. a place for storing only barleyB. a storeroomC. a restroomD. a bathroom3.The extended meaning of journal is ______A. daily paperB. any paperC. magazinesD. periodical4.In Shakespearean line ‘rats and mice and such small dee r’, deer obviously designates ‘_____’ in general.A. a doeB.. animalC. a deerlike animalD. buck5.The original meaning of wife is _______.A. a married womanB. a young womanC. womanD. widowed woman6.The meaning of meat changed by mode of _______.A. extensionB. narrowingC. elevationD. degradation7.The meaning of fond changed by mode of _______.A. extensionB. narrowingC. elevationD. degradation8.The original meaning of minister is ______.A. head of a ministryB. a tutorC.a farmerD. servant9.The original meaning of success is ______.A.resultB. progressC. eventD. incident10.The meaning of churl changed by mode of _______.A. elevationB. extensionC. degradationD. narrowing11.The original meaning of knave is _______.A. elevationB. extensionC. degradationD. narrowing12.The original meaning of silly is ______.A. sadB. jealousC. happyD. cold13.Loud colours belongs to ______.A.transfer of sensationsB. transfer between abstract and concrete meaningsC.transfer from objective to subjectiveD. transfer from subjective to objective14. Dreadful and hateful belong to _______.A. transfer from subjective to objectiveB. transfer of sensationC. transfer from objective to subjectiveD. transfer between abstract and concrete meanings15. The meaning of picture changed by modes of _____.A. extensionB. narrowingC. degradationD. elevationII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16. Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and _____.17. Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, ____and trandfer. Of these, extension and _______are by far the most common.18. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and ______.19. The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire _____,which may also affect the meaning of words .20.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and _____.16.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.17.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology,______,etymology, stylistics, ________.19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______.nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of______.18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to thepresent _____ language.19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be groupedinto an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ ModernEnglish.16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____.pounding , also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.19. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.16.One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their____, the second principal consideration is ________.17.In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one ______whereas homonymsare listed as separate ______.18.The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas : _______, connotation ,and_____.19. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a morespecific word is included in that of another more general word. The general words are called the _____terms and the more specific words are called the _____ terms.20. The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around anumber of meaning areas. Some large, such as ‘philosophy’ or ‘emotions’, other smaller, such as ‘kinship’ or ‘color’. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of ______.。

泛昔洛韦颗粒干燥失重方法学研究摘要：目的：研究泛昔洛韦颗粒干燥失重方法学，探索出适合乳糖含量较高的泛昔洛韦颗粒的干燥失重的实验方案，研究不同干燥剂对泛昔洛韦颗粒干燥失重的影响，建立一种准确度高、重复性好的检验方法。

方法：分别使用硅胶、无水氯化钙、五氧化二磷为干燥剂，在减压干燥器中，于80 ℃下将泛昔洛韦颗粒干燥至恒重。

比较使用这3种干燥剂时泛昔洛韦颗粒干燥失重结果，并与费休氏法测定的样品水分含量进行比较。

结果：使用硅胶、无水氯化钙、五氧化二磷为干燥剂测得的泛昔洛韦颗粒干燥失重分别为0.17%、2.04%和2.61%。

利用费休氏法测定样品中水分含量为2.6%，与使用五氧化二磷为干燥剂测得的干燥失重结果一致。

五氧化二磷作为干燥剂测得的干燥失重结果主要为样品中结晶水和游离水的减失重量。

使用无水氯化钙为干燥剂的结果比五氧化二磷的较低，其干燥失重结果主要为样品中部分结晶水和游离水的减失重量；使用硅胶为干燥剂测定的干燥失重结果最低，只有0.17%，主要为样品中的游离水。

结论：使用五氧化二磷和无水氯化钙为干燥剂测得的干燥失重结果都主要是乳糖中结晶水的减失重量，而使用硅胶为干燥剂不但能够克服乳糖中结晶水的影响，还能克服因结晶水导致的不易达到恒重的问题。

使用硅胶作为干燥剂的检测方法耐用性较好，准确度高，重复性好，能够轻松达到质量控制的目的。

关键词：泛昔洛韦颗粒；干燥失重；乳糖；游离水；干燥剂Methodological study on loss on drying of Famciclovir GranulesWEI Piaopiao, YANG Zhanwei, LI Chengyuan, SHEN Huixin, SHENG Bei,CHEN Xiaojiao, NI Meng(Wuhan Humanwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Wuhan 430000, China)Abstract Objective: This work is aim to the study of loss on drying of Famciclovir Granules, toexplore an experimental program suitable for Famciclovir Granules with high content of glucose, and to study the effect of different desiccants on loss on drying of Famciclovir, finally establish amethod with high accuracy and good reproducibility.Methods:Famciclovir Granules were dried to constant weight in avacuu m desiccator at 80°C with silica gel, anhydrous calcium chloride, and phosphorus pentoxide as desiccants, respectively. The results of loss on drying with these three desiccants were compared, and theywere compared with moisture content measured by the Fi sher’s method. Results: The loss on drying of Famciclovir Granules with a desiccantof silica gel, anhydrous calcium chloride, and phosphorus pentoxide were 0.17%, 2.04% and 2.61%, respectively. The moisture content in the sample measured by Fisher's method is 2.6%, which is consistent withthe loss on drying measured with phosphorus pentoxide as the desiccant. The loss of drying measured with phosphorus pentoxide as a desiccantis mainly the weight loss of crystal water and free water in the sample. The result with anhydrous calcium chloride as the desiccant is lower than that of phosphorus pentoxide, and the loss on drying is mainly the weight loss of part of the crystal water and free water in the sample; the loss on drying measured using silica gel as the desiccant is the lowest, as low as 0.17%. Conclusions: The weight loss on drying measured using phosphorus pentoxide and anhydrous calcium chloride as desiccants are mainly the weight loss of crystal water in lactose, while using silica gel as a desiccant is able to eliminatethe influence of crystal water in lactose. Besides, it can also overcome the difficulty in reaching constant weight because of crystal water. In addition, the detection method using silica gel as the desiccant has advantages, such as good durability, high accuracy, and good repeatability. With this detection method, the purpose of quality control can be easily achieved.Keywords: Famciclovir Granules; loss on drying; lactose; free water; desiccant泛昔洛韦是抗病毒类药物中的一种，主要用于带状疱疹和原发性生殖器疱的治疗[1-3]。