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对失败者的定义英文作文Defining the UnsuccessfulFailure is a concept that has long been a subject of debate and discussion. What constitutes failure, and how do we define those who have experienced it? Is failure simply the absence of success, or is it a more complex and nuanced phenomenon? In this essay, we will explore the various perspectives on defining the unsuccessful and attempt to gain a deeper understanding of this multifaceted topic.One common view of failure is that it is the opposite of success. This perspective holds that if someone has not achieved their desired goals or outcomes, they are considered a failure. This binary approach to success and failure, however, fails to account for the complexities of human experience. It assumes that there is a clear and definitive line between those who have succeeded and those who have not, ignoring the shades of gray that often exist in between.Another perspective on defining the unsuccessful is that failure is not a permanent state, but rather a temporary setback or learningexperience. Proponents of this view argue that failure is an inevitable part of the journey towards success, and that those who are willing to learn from their mistakes and persevere in the face of adversity are not truly failures, but rather individuals who are on the path to eventual triumph.This perspective is often championed by those who have experienced failure themselves and have emerged stronger and more resilient as a result. They may point to examples of famous entrepreneurs, artists, or scientists who have faced numerous setbacks before achieving their greatest successes, as evidence that failure is not a permanent state of being, but rather a necessary step on the road to greatness.However, there are also those who argue that the concept of failure is inherently subjective and that it is not possible to define the unsuccessful in a universal or objective manner. They may contend that what constitutes failure for one person may be seen as a success for another, depending on their individual goals, values, and circumstances.For example, someone who has dedicated their life to a particular cause or pursuit may be considered a failure by those who measure success in terms of material wealth or social status, even though they may have achieved a great deal in terms of their personal fulfillmentand the positive impact they have had on the world.Similarly, someone who has faced significant challenges or adversity in their life, such as illness, poverty, or discrimination, may be viewed as a failure by those who have not experienced such obstacles, even though they may have demonstrated remarkable resilience and strength of character in the face of these challenges.Ultimately, the definition of the unsuccessful is a complex and multifaceted issue that defies simple categorization. While there may be some common themes or characteristics that are often associated with failure, such as the inability to achieve one's goals or the experience of setbacks and disappointments, the reality is that the definition of failure is highly personal and context-dependent.Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that failure is not something to be feared or avoided, but rather a natural and inevitable part of the human experience. By embracing failure as a learning opportunity and a chance to grow and develop, we can move beyond the narrow confines of success and failure and embrace the richness and complexity of the human experience.In conclusion, the definition of the unsuccessful is a complex and nuanced issue that requires a deeper understanding of the various perspectives and experiences that shape our understanding of thisconcept. Whether we view failure as the opposite of success, a temporary setback, or a highly subjective and context-dependent phenomenon, the key is to approach the topic with empathy, compassion, and a willingness to learn and grow from our experiences.。
卵巢早衰预测指标的研究进展吴妍;姚蕾;盛文丽;刘明娟【摘要】卵巢早衰(premature ovarian failure,POF)发病率逐年上升,病因繁杂,缺乏有效的治疗手段。
POF早期准确预测和干预是改善妇女生活质量和生育缺憾的有效途径之一。
目前,越来越多的研究表明,难以通过单一指标对卵巢早衰进行有效预测。
那么,筛选出便捷、无创的预测指标,通过数学模型构建一个高效的卵巢早衰预警系统显得尤为重要。
危险因素、INH-B、AMH、AFC、CCCT、自身抗体、BMP-15基因突变、卵巢间质血流等可作为POF预测性参数；FSH/LH、FSH等可作为POF验证性参数。
【期刊名称】《长江大学学报（自然版）理工卷》【年(卷),期】2015(000)036【总页数】5页(P34-38)【关键词】卵巢早衰;预测性参数;验证性参数【作者】吴妍;姚蕾;盛文丽;刘明娟【作者单位】华润武钢二医院妇产科，湖北武汉430085;华润武钢二医院妇产科，湖北武汉 430085;华润武钢二医院妇产科，湖北武汉 430085;华润武钢二医院妇产科，湖北武汉 430085【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R711.75卵巢早衰（premature ovarian failure，POF）是指女性在40岁之前出现卵巢功能衰竭，主要表现为闭经、雌激素水平下降和促卵泡激素水平上升。
随着生活质量的提高和二胎政策的放开，越来越多的女性更加关注卵巢早衰所带来的生育问题和相关并发症，如神经系统、骨骼系统、代谢系统和心血管系统等不良改变。
尽管有学者提出5%～10%POF患者经过积极治疗后在短期内有望恢复卵巢功能，甚至重获生育能力［1］，但若能在卵巢功能健全之时准确预测卵巢早衰的发生时间，采取相应治疗策略和生育安排，则可让更多患者获益，避免人生缺憾和推迟绝经所致的机体变化。
鉴于此，寻求灵敏、便捷、高效的预测指标显得迫在眉睫。
现将卵巢早衰的预测指标研究进展做一综述。
·６４ ·中国性科学 ２０２１年５月 第３０卷 第５期 ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＨｕｍａｎＳｅｘｕａｌｉｔｙ， Ｍａｙ２０２１， Ｖｏｌ．３０，Ｎｏ．５【基金项目】计划生育专项重点项目（１７ＪＳ００８）；桂林市科学研究与技术开发计划项目（２０１７０１０９ ３３）△【通讯作者】曾琼芳，Ｅ ｍａｉｌ：ｇｌｚｑｆ０１＠１６３ ｃｏｍＤＯＩ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１６７２ １９９３．２０２１．０５．０１８·妇科与生殖医学·反复种植失败的胚胎因素及对策李为玉 段金良 曾琼芳△中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九二四医院生殖中心，广西桂林５４１００２【摘要】 反复种植失败是指移植了多个优质胚胎却仍未获得胚胎种植，影响胚胎种植的重要因素包括胚胎自身和子宫内膜，同时这两个重要因素的协调对话也起至关重要的作用。
本研究将从胚胎因素探讨其在反复种植失败中扮演的角色，并从卵子质量、精子ＤＮＡ完整性、胚胎染色体异常、胚胎透明带硬化以及胚胎培养条件等方面进行综述。
【关键词】 反复种植失败；卵子质量；胚胎因素；染色体异常【中图分类号】 Ｒ７１４【文献标识码】 ＡＥｍｂｒｙｏｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｎｄｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓｏｆｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄｉｍｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｆａｉｌｕｒｅ ＬＩＷｅｉｙｕ，ＤＵＡＮＪｉｎｌｉａｎｇ，ＺＥＮＧＱｉｏｎｇｆａｎｇ△．ＲｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅＣｅｎｔｅｒ，ｔｈｅ９２４ＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌｏｆｔｈｅＪｏｉｎｔＬｏｇｉｓｔｉｃｓＳｕｐｐｏｒｔＦｏｒｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＰｅｏｐｌｅ′ｓＬｉｂｅｒａｔｉｏｎＡｒｍｙ，Ｇｕｉｌｉｎ５４１００２，Ｇｕａｎｇｘｉ，Ｃｈｉｎａ【Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ】 Ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄｉｍｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｆａｉｌｕｒｅｒｅｆｅｒｓｔｏｔｈａｔｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｈｉｇｈ ｑｕａｌｉｔｙｅｍｂｒｙｏｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔｅｄｂｕｔｓｔｉｌｌｎｏｅｍｂｒｙｏｉｍｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｔｗｏｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇｅｍｂｒｙｏｉｍｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ：ｅｍｂｒｙｏｉｔｓｅｌｆａｎｄｅｎｄｏｍｅｔｒｉａｌｒｅｃｅｐｔｉｖｉｔｙ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｄｉａｌｏｇｕｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｓｅｔｗｏｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｌｓｏｐｌａｙｓａｃｒｕｃｉａｌｒｏｌｅ．Ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｗｉｌｌｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｔｈｅｒｏｌｅｏｆｅｍｂｒｙｏｆａｃｔｏｒｓｉｎｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄｉｍｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｆａｉｌｕｒｅ，ａｎｄｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｅｇｇｑｕａｌｉｔｙ，ｓｐｅｒｍＤＮＡｉｎｔｅｇｒｉｔｙ，ｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍａｌａｂｎｏｒｍａｌｉｔｉｅｓ，ｚｏｎａｐｅｌｌｕｃｉｄａａｎｄｅｍｂｒｙｏｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ．【Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ】 Ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄｉｍｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｆａｉｌｕｒｅ；Ｅｇｇｑｕａｌｉｔｙ；Ｅｍｂｒｙｏｆａｃｔｏｒ；Ｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍａｌａｂｎｏｒｍａｌｉｔｉｅｓ 不孕不育是现今社会面临的一项严重的生殖健康问题，全球的不孕症患病率约１５％，我国作为发展中国家，其患病率８％～１２％［１］。
2020年第03期度太轻,疫病防控体系不健全等。
相关部门在进行法律法规制定时,应加强与有关国家法律政策法规的衔接,拓宽我国《食品安全法》《农产品质量安全法》《进出境动物检疫法》等法律制度法规适用范围,明确市场监管工作责任边界,加强与内外检标准的统一。
针对生产实践中出现的新问题,对动物标识及动物疫病可追溯管理体系,死亡动物及动物产品无害化处理,官方兽医和兽医专业系统和其他相关的规章制度进行及时修订,以适应新形势与新变化。
强对动物防疫违法行为的处罚力度,强化地方政府主管部门、执法机构、技术支持机构和工作人员的问责力度,明确管理责任,提高违法违规行为的成本,提高对法律法规的执行力,发挥法制的威慑力。
强化政府基础保障的领导责任、监管部门进行综合治理的监督责任、企业发展源头管控的主体责任、行业协会自律的社会责任。
构建以生产者和经营者为主体的政府主导、部门合作、社会参与、社会共治的管理体制。
随着新一轮机构改革的开始,重点加强动物卫生监督机构的基础设施,界定动物防疫监督管理检疫和执法职能负责。
4结语本文通过总结发达国家动物防疫法律体系特点,比较分析了当前我国动物防疫法律体系存在的问题,提出《动物防疫法》修订的有关思考,期望通过不断完善各项法律制度,推动畜牧兽医事业的可持续发展。
参考文献[1]翟海华,等.国外动物防疫法律体系特点分析与启示[J ].中国动物检疫,2020,37(03):75-77.[2]李恺.关于《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》与当前工作不相适应的有关问题的探讨[J ].中国畜牧兽医文摘,2017,33(11):28.[3]李朝民.《动物防疫法》亟须进行第三次修订[N ].农民日报,2019-03-15(006).猪捷申病病毒(Por ci ne t eschovi r us ,PTV )主要引起以猪的脑脊髓灰质炎、肺炎、下痢、心包炎、心肌炎和生殖障碍等为特征的猪捷申病(Por ci ne Tes chen D i sease )。
蒙医对卵巢早衰的认识及治疗[摘要]：近年来，卵巢早衰的发病率逐渐升高，且呈现年轻化趋势。
卵巢早衰的发病机制尚未完全阐明，且目前对于预防卵巢早衰及保存生育力的措施较少，本文将近年蒙医学对卵巢早衰的治疗情况进行总结分析，以期为临床防治卵巢早衰提供新思路。
[关键词]：卵巢早衰；蒙医；认识；治疗[中图分类号]：R711.75[文献标识码]：A卵巢早衰（POF）是指女性40岁之前即闭经的现象，表现为月经紊乱、闭经、不孕等症状。
其血清学特征是低雌激素和高促性腺激素，而低雌激素还会增加更年期提前、心脑血管疾病、骨质疏松及心理疾病（如抑郁症）的发生[1,2]，对患者的生存质量是极大的影响。
POF的病因尚不清楚，可能由遗传因素、自身免疫性因素、环境因素、医源性因素（手术、放化疗）等不良因素引起[3-6]。
由于当前社会压力大，生育年龄推后及环境等因素综合影响下，POF的发病率在上升，且呈现年轻化趋势[7]。
因此保护卵巢功能受到越来越多的重视。
目前对卵巢早衰患者的西医治疗各有利弊，尚无理想的治疗方案。
随着近年来传统医药的优势和特色以及天然中草药物越来越受到人们的重视，蒙药在临床中的应用亦越来越广泛。
基于此，笔者对近几年国内外文献进行整理，对蒙医药在改善卵巢功能方面进行述评，以期为临床治疗提供依据。
1.卵巢早衰的蒙医病机根据古籍记载，蒙医学并无POF的病名，根据其临床表现，可归为“月经不调”、“闭经”、“不孕症”、“更年期综合征”等范畴。
妇女之身体在进行生命活动需要三种能量—三根(赫依、希拉、巴达干)和七种物质基础—七素(食物精华、血、肉、脂肪、骨、骨髓、精液)共同协调。
三根之任何一方若出现偏盛或偏衰，或七素与三根的平衡失调，相互为害，或由某种外因，致使三根失调，便会影响月经，引起生殖系统疾病[8]。
所以，在蒙医学中，卵巢早衰的病机就是先天因素或者后天因素对精府直接损害并引起卵子的三根和七素失衡，当赫依旺盛与巴达干相搏，或合并黏从而影响气血运行，作用于卵巢和子宫，进而导致其正常生理运行受到阻扰，内环境平衡受到破坏，继而出现卵巢早衰相关症状。
论著China &Foreign Medical Treatment 中外医疗阿托品在不明原因反复胚胎种植失败患者中的应用效果及对子宫收缩的影响研究任文超，任春娥，丁成成，张兴丽，张茂翔潍坊医学院附属医院生殖中心，山东潍坊 261031［摘要］ 目的 探讨阿托品在不明原因反复胚胎种植失败患者中的应用效果及对子宫收缩的影响。
方法 方便选取2021年1月—2022年10月潍坊医学院附属医院收治的165例不明原因反复胚胎种植失败患者为研究对象，根据治疗药物的不同分为研究组和对照组，研究组84例在移植日肌肉注射硫酸阿托品注射液，而对照组81例则不进行阿托品注射，比较两组的应用效果。
结果 研究组的临床妊娠率为41.46%，胚胎着床率为33.90%，高于对照组的28.40%、19.82%，差异有统计学意义（χ2=5.349、6.478，P 均<0.05）；两组早期流产率与异位妊娠率比较，差异无统计学意义（P 均>0.05）；治疗前，两组子宫收缩幅度比较，差异无统计学意义（P >0.05），治疗后，研究组的子宫收缩频率低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）；两组子宫内膜血流参数比较，差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。
结论 阿托品可以提高不明原因反复胚胎种植失败患者的临床妊娠率以及胚胎着床率，同时对于子宫收缩频率有一定程度的降低，对临床具有一定的指导意义。
［关键词］ 阿托品；子宫收缩；反复胚胎种植失败；应用效果［中图分类号］ R4 ［文献标识码］ A ［文章编号］ 1674-0742（2023）12(c)-0025-04Effects of Atropine on Uterine Contraction in Patients with Unexplained Repeated Embryo Implantation FailureREN Wenchao, REN Chun'e, DING Chengcheng, ZHANG Xingli, ZHANG MaoxiangDepartment of Reproductive Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong Province, 261031 China[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of atropine on uterine contraction in patients with unexplained repeated embryo implantation failure. Methods 165 patients with unexplained repeated embryo implantation failure admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College from January 2021 to October 2022 were conveniently selected. They were divided into study group and control group according to the different therapeutic agents. 84 patients in the study group received intramuscular injection of atropine sulfate on the transplantation day, while 81 patients in thecontrol group did not receive atropine injection. The application effect of the two groups were compared. Results Theclinical pregnancy rate of 41.46% and implantation rate of 33.90% in the study group, which were higher than 28.40% and 19.82% in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=5.349, 6.478, both P <0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the early abortion rate and ectopic pregnancy rate between the twogroups (both P >0.05). Before treatment, there was was no statistically significant difference in the amplitude of uterinecontraction between the two groups (P >0.05). After treatment, the frequency of uterine contractions in the study groupwas lower than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). There was no significantdifference in endometrial blood flow parameters between the two groups (P >0.05). Conclusion Atropine can improve DOI ：10.16662/ki.1674-0742.2023.36.025[基金项目] 山东省医药卫生科技发展计划项目（202005030464）。
临床兽医992024.1·0 引言伪狂犬病毒（PRV ）外部形态似圆形或椭圆形，属于疱疹病毒科，水疱病毒属。
在过去几十年中，被伪狂犬病毒（PRV ）感染的宿主流行范围从各种动物到人类，包括猪、狗、猫、牛、绵羊、山羊、圈养水貂、野生狐狸、圈养狐狸、狼和猞猁[1]。
被感染的动物多表现为高热、下痢、呼吸困难、繁殖障碍或者神经症状。
1 伪狂犬病毒（PRV）感染机理伪狂犬病毒感染宿主细胞为一系列复杂反应，主要由病毒粒子的吸附、入侵宿主细胞、宿主细胞内增殖和病毒粒子释放等过程。
1.1 病毒粒子吸附与入侵首先病毒粒子携带的表面蛋白gC 与宿主细胞表面分子硫酸肝素蛋白聚糖相互作用附着在细胞上，接着病毒粒子表面蛋白gD 与细胞表面特定受体结合，使病毒粒子与宿主细胞的吸附更稳固。
然后，病毒粒子蛋白gB 、gL 和gH 介导病毒包膜和宿主细胞质膜融合，从而使病毒衣壳和被膜渗透到宿主细胞质中，进入后二者迅速分开[2]。
最后，衣壳沿微管运输到细胞核孔隙，与核孔对接完成后将病毒DNA 释放到宿主细胞核中。
1.2 病毒粒子增殖与释放进入宿主细胞核的病毒基因组先呈环状，一边自我收稿日期：2023-11-20基金项目：国家自然科学基金-河南省联合基金重点项目（U1904203）作者简介：周春香（1981-），女，黑龙江海林人，博士研究生，讲师，预防兽医学专业，研究方向：寄生虫学与寄生虫病防治。
周春香，卢炳阳，卢炜．伪狂犬病的感染机理与发病机制研究进展[J]．现代畜牧科技，2024，104（1）：99-101． doi ：10.19369/ki.2095-9737.2024.01.028． ZHOU Chunxiang ，LU Bingyang ，LU Wei ．Research Progress on Infection Mechanism and Pathogenesis of Pseudorabies[J]．Modern Animal Husbandry Science & Technology ，2024，104（1）：99-101．伪狂犬病的感染机理与发病机制研究进展周春香1，卢炳阳2，卢炜3（1. 黄河科技学院，河南 郑州 450063；2. 河南科技大学，河南 洛阳 471000；3. 河南省巽丰生物科技有限公司，河南 郑州 451161）摘要：伪狂犬病（PR ）又称奥叶兹基氏病、疯痒病，是人或动物感染伪狂犬病毒（PRV ）而引起的一种急性传染病。
英语医学科普文章医学科普是科普知识和全民科学素质中的重要内容之一;而和谐医患关系及公平合理调处并最大限度地防范医疗纠纷是构建和谐社会的一个重要组成部分。
下面是店铺带来的英语医学科普文章，欢迎阅读!英语医学科普文章1人的寿命是否有极限After celebrating her 60th year on the throne in style this pastweek, Britain's QueenElizabeth II can now look forward tobreaking some more records. She is already, at 86,Britain'soldest monarch (were she to die now, her son wouldimmediately be the 12th oldest).On Sept. 10, 2015, she wouldpass Queen Victoria to become the longest-reigning monarchinBritish history. T o beat Louis XIV (who succeeded to the throneat the age of 4) for thelongest reign in European history, she would have to live to 98.Elizabeth II is still going strong, but the maximum human lifespan isn't rising at anythinglike therate of average life expectancy, which is rushing upward globally at the rate of aboutthree monthsa year, mainly because of progress against premature mortality. Indeed, we mayalready have hitsome kind of limit for maximum lifespan -- perhaps because natural selection,with its strict focus onreproductive success, has no particular need to preserve genes thatwould keep us going to 150.The oldest woman in the world, Besse Cooper, a retired schoolteacher in Georgia, will be116 onAug. 26, according to the Gerontology Research Group, an organization that studiesaging issues. That's a great age, but it's a hefty six years short of the record: 122 years and164 days, set byJeanne Calment of Francein 1997. In other words, if Mrs. Cooper can getthere, Mrs. Calment'srecord will have stood for 21 years; if she can't, maybe longer.That's a long time, considering that there are now nearly a half million centenarians alive intheworld. That number has been going up 7% a year, but the number of those over 115 isnotincreasing.If Mrs. Cooper does not take the record, there are only two other 115-year-olds alive totake onthe challenge, and one of them is a man: Jiroemon Kimura, a retired postman fromKyoto. He'swithin seven months of beating the age record for his sex, set by ChristianMortensen, who died in 1998. But Mr. Kimura is less likely than a woman to make 122, andthere are fewer women over 115 today (two) than there were in 2006 (four) or even 1997 (three).At least two people died after their 110th birthdays in the 1800s, if you're willing to trustthe birthcertificates. So the increase of 12 years in maximum life expectancy during the 20thcentury wasjust one-third as large as the increase in average life expectancy during the period(36 years).In 2002, James Vaupel of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in Rostock,Germany, startled demographers by pointing out that every estimate published of the levelatwhich average life expectancy would level out has been broken within a few years. JayOlshanskyof the University of Illinois, however, argues that since 1980 this has no longer beentrue foralready-old people in rich countries like the U.S.: Official estimates of remaining years oflife for awoman aged 65 should be revised downward.Thanks to healthier lifestyles, more and more people aresurviving into old age. But that isnotincompatible with there being a sort of expiration date on human lifespan. Most scientiststhink thedecay of the body by aging is not itself programmed by genes, but the repairmechanisms thatdelay decay are. In human beings, genes that help keep you alive as a parentor even grandparenthave had a selective advantage through helping children thrive, but onesthat keep you alive as agreat-grandparent -- who likely doesn't play much of a role in the well-being and survival of great-grandchildren -- have probably never contributed to reproductivesuccess.In other words, there is perhaps no limit to the number of people who can reach 90 or 100,butgetting more than a handful of people past 120 may never be possible, and 150 isprobablyunattainable, absent genetic engineering -- even for a monarch.在风风光光庆祝完自己登基60周年后，英国女王伊丽莎白二世(Queen Elizabeth II)现在可以期待打破更多纪录了。
陈一文顾问：HPV疫苗为何添加美国“绝育疫苗专利”重要作用成分聚山梨酯80？点击：730 评论：0（查看）0陈一文“人为生化灾难”防灾减灾研究者全国青联80年代两届前特邀委员北京《健康中国》捍卫者顾问转载自陈一文顾问《今日头条》：https:///a1602395848990727/新浪网《陈一文顾问微博》：https:///1269923485/GjVqAr1Q7@陈一文顾问：【HPV疫苗为何添加美国“绝育疫苗专利”重要作用成分聚山梨酯80?】美国1999年公布的“绝育疫苗”专利文件证实：聚山梨酯80是“绝育疫苗专利”重要作用成分，还证实“绝育疫苗”要求接种三次!发明人发布论文建议：“应该考虑接种疫苗的动物可以同时接受其他”的疫苗，“如针对癌症的免疫治疗”!要点概述大前提：“宫颈癌疫苗”是彻头彻尾骗局！对HPV疫苗进行的所有“临床试验”都未能证实HPV疫苗能“预防宫颈癌”；与此相反，美国、瑞典、丹麦官方数据证实：大规模接种HPV疫苗后，年轻女性宫颈癌发生率不是减少了，而是增加了！聚山梨酯80是“绝育疫苗专利”重要作用成分，还证实“绝育疫苗”要求接种三次！美国1999年公布的“绝育疫苗”专利文件证实：聚山梨酯80是“绝育疫苗专利”重要作用成分，还证实“绝育疫苗”要求接种三次！“绝育疫苗”专利发明人美国乔治亚大学兽医学院大型动物药物系费莱尔-霍斯肯-理查德（AYRER-HOSKEN Richard）2008年7月发表论文《使用抗生育力疫苗控制动物种群》建议：“应该考虑接种疫苗的动物可以同时接受其他”的疫苗，“如针对癌症的免疫治疗”!默克公司2006年推出HPV疫苗前13年，斯洛伐克分析与临床医学研究所学者1993年证实：注射聚山梨酯80损害卵巢！德国Erlangen-Nuremberg大学皮肤病学系、德国Aachen 大学皮肤病学系2005年发表研究确认：“聚山梨酯80是一种普遍使用的增溶剂，可引起严重的非免疫性类过敏反应。
双亲完全性水泡状胎块 1例患者女，26岁。
停经53天，B超显示宫腔内混合性回声，临床诊断稽留流产、葡萄胎待排，行无痛清宫术。
患者为首次妊娠，无流产及水泡状胎块病史，患者及其配偶直系亲属均未发现有水泡状胎块病史。
病理检查：肉眼所见：灰红色碎组织一堆，体积7.5cm×7.0cm×1.5cm，可见水泡样结构，直径0.1～0.3mm。
镜下观察：绒毛水肿，局部可见中央水池形成，绒毛间质细胞增生，可见少许细胞凋亡核碎片；滋养细胞轻-中度增生，部分区域环绕绒毛呈环周型增生。
免疫组化检测：细胞滋养细胞和绒毛间质细胞均为p57免疫染色阴性，Ki-67阳性指数约80％。
STR基因分型检测结果（上级医院会诊时所做）显示：绒毛的等位基因为二倍体，其中一个等位基因为母源性。
病理诊断：综合HE形态、免疫组化和分子病理检测结果，诊断为双亲完全性水泡状胎块。
讨论：水泡状胎块是以不同程度绒毛水肿和滋养胞增生为特征的异常胎盘。
典型的完全性水泡状胎块（complete hydatidiform moles，CHM）是空卵受精，绒毛染色体核型为二倍体，二个等位基因均为父源性。
少数CHM病例绒毛染色体核型与正常妊娠绒毛相似，一个等位基因为父源性，另一个等位基因为母源性，称为双亲完全性水泡状胎块（biparental complete hydatidiform moles，BiCHM）[1]。
BiCHM罕见，文献仅有个案或小的家系研究报道[2]。
BiCHM通常见于有复发性水泡状胎块病史的患者，部分患者具有家族史，患者的家系中可有二人或二人以上发生大于1次的CHM，病例分布具有常染色体隐性遗传的遗传病特征[3]。
研究发现，有家族史的患者中，80％具有NLRP7基因突变，5％具有KHDC3L（C6orf221）基因突变，其余15％的患者尚未发现特征性的基因突变[4]。
这些基因突变与 BiCHM发生的确切机制还不清楚，可能与上述基因突变导致早期胚胎发生及印迹的建立与维持异常、父源性基因的表达上调相关[5]。
Book III Unit 8 Human Cloning: A Scientist's Story克隆人：一位科学家的故事Dr. Samuel Wood via interview塞缪尔·伍德博士采访录1. I was extremely close with my mother all my life. She was a brilliant educator, writer and wonderful woman. Sadly, she developed complications related to diabetes. When she lost her eyesight and most of her ability to walk, it was absolutely horrifying for me. She passed away from a fall seven or eight years ago. At her funeral, I swore that one day I'd do something about conditions like hers.我一生与母亲无比亲密。
她是一位卓越的教育家、作家，是一位了不起的女士。
不幸的是，她患上了糖尿病引起的并发症。
当她丧失视力和大部分行走能力时，我惊恐万状。
七、八年前，她摔了一跤便离开人世。
在她的葬礼上，我发誓有朝一日要为她那样的疾病做点什么。
2. Years passed and I read about the work the South Koreans had done with stem cells. In 2004 and 2005 Hwang Woo-Suk fraudulently reported that he had succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning.时间一年年过去，我读到了韩国人在干细胞研究方面所做的工作。
Human Cloning: A Scientist's StoryDr. Samuel Wood via interviewI was extremely close with my mother all my life. She was a brilliant educator, writer and wonderful woman. Sadly, she developed complications related to diabetes. When she lost her eyesight and most of her ability to walk, it was absolutely horrifying for me. She passed away from a fall seven or eight years ago. At her funeral, I swore that one day I'd do something about conditions like hers.克隆人：一位科学家的故事塞缪尔·伍德博士采访录我一生与母亲无比亲密。
她是一位卓越的教育家、作家，是一位了不起的女士。
不幸的是，她患上了糖尿病引起的并发症。
当她丧失视力和大部分行走能力时，我惊恐万状。
七、八年前，她摔了一跤便离开人世。
在她的葬礼上，我发誓有朝一日要为她那样的疾病做点什么。
2. Years passed and I read about the work the South Koreans had done with stem cells. In 2004 and 2005 Hwang Woo-Suk fraudulently reported that he had succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning.时间一年年过去，我读到了韩国人在干细胞研究方面所做的工作。
㊃论㊀㊀著㊃胚胎反复种植失败不孕症患者血清抗凝血酶活性㊁D二聚体水平及血小板聚集率变化何生燕,鲜㊀红(成都市妇女儿童中心医院,成都,610073)摘㊀要:㊀目的㊀㊀探讨胚胎反复种植失败(repeated Implantation failure,RIF)不孕症患者血清抗凝血酶(AT)活性㊁D二聚体(D-D)水平及血小板聚集率(PAgT)的变化㊂方法㊀选定本院于2017年3月到2019年4月收诊的44例不孕症患者,均行IVF-ET(体外受精-胚胎移植),按照胚胎有无移植成功分为观察组(胚胎RIF不孕症)22例与对照组(IVF-ET后妊娠成功)22例,比较2组不孕症患者的胚胎移植前㊁取卵前两个阶段的PAgT㊁D-D体水平与AT活性㊂结果㊀观察组取卵前的PAgT(76．21ʃ6．25)%㊁D-D水平(0．58ʃ0．07)mg/L高于对照组(P<0．05);观察组取卵前的AT活性(81．06ʃ9．85)%低于对照组(P<0．05);观察组胚胎移植前的PAgT(78．54ʃ4．76)%㊁D-D水平(0．65ʃ0．09)mg/L高于对照组(P<0．05);观察组胚胎移植前的AT活性(79．53ʃ8．46)%低于对照组(P<0．05)㊂结论㊀经IVF-ET后,胚胎RIF不孕症患者的PAgT㊁D-D均有所上升,而AT活性则明显降低,表明不孕症患者胚胎出现RIF的风险可能与其血栓前状态有关㊂关键词:㊀不孕症;胚胎反复种植失败;血小板聚集率;D二聚体;抗凝血酶[中图分类号]R711．6㊀㊀㊀㊀[文献标志码]A㊀㊀㊀㊀[文章编号]1009-6213(2020)01-0015-03Analysis of Serum Antithrombin Activity,D-dimer Level and Platelet Aggregation rate in Patients with Infertility Caused by Repeated Embryo Implantation FailureHE Sheng-yan,XIAN hong(Reproductive and infertility,The Central Hospital of Chengdu Women and Children,Chengdu,610073,China) Abstract:㊀Objective㊀To investigate the changes of serum antithrombin(AT)activity,D-dimer(D-D) level and platelet aggregation rate(PAgT)in patients with infertility caused by repeated implant failure(RIF)．Methods㊀Forty-four infertility patients admitted to our hospital from March2017to April2019were treated with IVF-ET(in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer),and were divided into observation groups according to the success of embryo transfer．22cases of embryonic RIF infertility and22cases of control group(successful pregnancy after IVF-ET),comparing the PAgT and D-D of pre-embryo and pre-embryosis in2groups of infertility patients Levels are active with AT．Results㊀The PAgT(76．21ʃ6．25)%and D-D level(0．58ʃ0．07)mg/L before observation were higher in the observation group than in the control group(P<0．05)．AT activity(81．06ʃ9．85)%was lower than that of the control group(P<0．05);PAgT rate(78．54ʃ4．76)% and D-D level(0．65ʃ0．09)mg/L were higher in the observation group before embryo transfer．The control group(P<0．05);the AT activity(79．53ʃ8．46)%of the observation group before embryo transfer was lower than that of the control group(P<0．05)．Conclusion㊀After IVF-ET,the PAgT and D-D of embryonic RIF infertility patients increased,while AT activity decreased significantly,indicating that the risk of RIF in embryos of infertility patients may be Pre-thrombotic state is related．Key words:㊀Infertility;Embryo repeated planting failure;Platelet aggregation rate;D-dimer;Antithrom-bin㊀㊀血栓前状态多指纤溶系统功能㊁抗凝功能㊁凝血功能等出现障碍,一般与胎盘早剥㊁胎儿宫内发育迟缓㊁重度子痫前期㊁流产(复发性)等有关[1-2]㊂有研究表示,血栓前状态可能会导致孕妇发生胚胎反复种植㊃51㊃㊀血栓与止血学2020年第26卷第1期失败(repeated Implantation failure,RIF)现象,即经IVF-ET(体外受精-胚胎移植)后仍无法成功妊娠[3]㊂为改善不孕症患者的以上问题,对其血栓前状态与胚胎RIF的关系需进行系统分析与讨论,故本文对不孕症患者血小板聚集率(Platelet aggregation rate,PAgT)㊁D二聚体(D-dimer,D-D)水平与抗凝血酶(antithrom-bin,AT)活性等血栓前标志物作一观察,现阐述如下㊂1㊀资料和方法1．1㊀一般资料(表1)㊀选定本院于2017．03．07~ 2019．04．21期间收治的不孕症患者,总计入组44例,按照胚胎有无移植成功分为观察组(22例)与对照组(22例)㊂观察组:年龄24~38(31．14ʃ4．38)岁;不孕年限1~7(3．84ʃ0．62)年㊂对照组:年龄25~40 (31．47ʃ4．32)岁;不孕年限1~8(3．96ʃ0．60)年㊂其他如表1所示㊂比较以上一般资料差异不明显(P >0．05)㊂纳入标准:⑴神志清楚㊁精神正常,均符合不孕症病况㊂⑵夫妇的染色体检查,均无异常㊂⑶44例研究对象已知情同意,临床资料均齐全,且经医学伦理会批准㊂排除标准:⑴视听㊁交流㊁言语㊁行为等障碍者㊂⑵胚胎移植期间主动配合能力不佳,或因故退出研究者㊂1．2㊀方法㊀于患者胚胎移植前㊁取卵前对其进行外周静脉血抽取处理,离心操作后作有效保存㊂PAgT 应用血小板聚集分析仪检测;D-D水平应用免疫比浊法检测;AT活性应用Elisa法检测㊂1．3㊀观察指标㊀观察评测入组研究对象胚胎移植前㊁取卵前两个阶段的PAgT㊁D-D与AT活性㊂1．4㊀统计学处理㊀应用SPSS21．0软件,计量资料上,用 ʏxʃs 的方式表示(t检验);P<0．05示差异呈显著性㊂表1㊀两组孕妇的一般资料比较组别黄体酮用量(mg/d)卵裂率(%)受精率(%)平均获卵数(个)Gn天数(d)Gn用量(U)观察组(n=22)75．23ʃ7．4696．62ʃ4．7281．26ʃ5．1913．27ʃ2．0610．56ʃ1．722164．36ʃ341．57对照组(n=22)75．62ʃ7．4296．94ʃ4．6781．87ʃ5．1313．83ʃ2．2710．81ʃ1．682179．51ʃ340．92 t值0．1740．2260．3920．8570．4880．147 P值0．8630．8220．6970．3960．6280．8842㊀结㊀㊀果(表2)观察组取卵前的PAgT(76．21ʃ6．25)%㊁D-D水平(0．58ʃ0．07)mg/L高于对照组(P<0．05);观察组取卵前的AT活性(81．06ʃ9．85)%低于对照组(P <0．05);观察组胚胎移植前的PAgT(78．54ʃ4．76)%㊁D-D水平(0．65ʃ0．09)mg/L高于对照组(P <0．05);观察组胚胎移植前的AT活性(79．53ʃ8．46)%低于对照组(P<0．05)㊂表1㊀两组研究对象的PAgT㊁D-D水平与AT活性对比组别时间PAgT(%)D-D(mg/L)AT活性(%)观察组(n=22)对照组(n=22)t值P值取卵前76．21ʃ6．250．58ʃ0．0781．06ʃ9．8557．37ʃ5．390．25ʃ0．0498．46ʃ11．5310．70719．1995．3820．0000．0000．000观察组(n=22)对照组(n=22)t值胚胎移植前78．54ʃ4．760．65ʃ0．0979．53ʃ8．46 61．42ʃ4．290．31ʃ0．0597．79ʃ9．75 12．53115．4896．635P值0．0000．0000．000㊃61㊃㊀Chinese Journal of Thrombosis and Hemostasis2020Vol26No1㊀3㊀讨㊀㊀论临床上,影响胚胎RIF的的因素一般包括移植技术㊁获得性血栓㊁遗传性㊁甲状腺功能紊乱㊁子宫畸形㊁吸烟㊁肥胖等,而在母体因素方面,复发性流产的发病机制与胚胎RIF存在一定相似之处[4-5]㊂资料显示,胚胎RIF较为危险的因素之一即为血栓前状态,其所致的微循环障碍(子宫胎盘)会相应增加不孕症患者的胚胎种植失败几率,且可能致使患者的子宫内膜容受性下降㊂现阶段多数学者认为处于血栓前状态的妊娠期孕妇,其复发性流产的发生率较健康人群更高[6]㊂胚胎RIF患者会因自身多卵泡发育,促使其进入高雌激素状态,且本身可能存在获得性血栓㊁遗传性血栓等,加之黄体支持(大剂量孕激素应用下),其病理性高凝状态会持续恶化,对患者的子宫内膜容受性产生严重影响,并会进一步加大胚胎种植的障碍㊂为避免上述问题发生,有效的诊断方法较为关键[7]㊂临床上,PAgT㊁D-D㊁AT活性均为评价人体血栓前状态的指标[8]㊂血小板聚集率一旦上升,会造成患者纤溶减弱,凝血功能亢进;D-D主要以筛查为主,由交联纤维蛋白降解所得;AT活性则可对血浆中三分之二的凝血酶进行中和,是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制物(生理性)㊂本次研究结果中,观察组取卵前的PAgT㊁D-D水平高于对照组;观察组取卵前的AT活性低于对照组;观察组胚胎移植前的PAgT率㊁D-D水平高于对照组;观察组胚胎移植前的AT活性低于对照组㊂结果比较可说明胚胎RIF患者在IVF-ET时属于血栓前状态,临床应在评估㊁诊断完成后,予以患者相应的抗凝治疗,以期改善其妊娠结局㊂综上所述,对于经IVF-ET后的胚胎RIF不孕症患者,应尽早做好相关检测,对其血栓前状态进行有效干预,可能有利于妊娠结局的改变㊂参考文献[1]㊀齐改梅,毕慧霞,康荣彦,,等.低分子肝素在体外受精-胚胎移植反复胚胎种植失败患者中的应用研究[J].山西医药杂志,2018,47(22):2719-2721.[2]㊀LÉDÉE N,PETITBARAT,MARIE,CHEVRIER,LUCIE,etal.The Uterine Immune Profile May Help Women With Re-peated Unexplained Embryo Implantation Failure After\\r,In Vitro\\r,Fertilization[J].American Journal of Reproduc-tive Immunology,2016,75(3):388-401.[3]㊀张国青,徐㊀影,张雪莹,等.辅助生殖中反复种植失败的病因及相关对策的研究进展[J].中国妇幼保健, 2018,33(08):1908-1911.[4]㊀KITAYA K,MATSUBAYASHI,HIDEHIKO,TAKAYA,YUKIKO,et al.Clinical background affecting pregnancy out-come following local endometrial injury in infertile patientswith repeated implantation failure[J].Gynecological Endo-crinology,2016,32(7):587-590.[5]㊀王㊀鹏,赵㊀静,胡㊀泊,等.激光辅助孵化对反复种植失败患者解冻周期妊娠结局的影响[J].新疆医科大学学报,2017,40(02):184-187.[6]㊀KITAYA K,MATSUBAYASHI,HIDEHIKO,TAKAYA,YUKIKO,et al.Live birth rate following oral antibiotic treat-ment for chronic endometritis in infertile women with repeat-ed implantation failure[J].American Journal of Reproduc-tive Immunology,2017,78(5):e12719.[7]㊀曹㊀芳,黄晓阳,于春梅,等.自体淋巴细胞宫腔灌注对反复种植失败患者妊娠结局的影响[J].中国全科医学, 2015,18(35):4317-4319+4329.[8]㊀夏婷婷,李㊀洁.反复胚胎种植失败妇女的临床特点分析[J].新医学,2015,46(10):694-697.(收稿日期:2019-12-10)㊃71㊃㊀血栓与止血学2020年第26卷第1期。
DOI:10.12280/gjszjk.20200251王美雲，周建政△【摘要】近年来原发性卵巢功能不全（primary ovarian insufficiency，POI）、不明原因的早期自然流产、复发性流产、胚胎停育等生育能力低下和反复生育失败的疾病越来越多，女性生殖健康也日益受到关注。
脆性X智力低下1（fragile X mental retardation1，FMR1）基因参与胚胎发育的基因调控过程，该基因的突变可引起多种女性生殖健康疾病，且与绝经年龄相关。
因此FMR1基因的筛查对协助诊疗女性生殖健康疾病有重要的临床价值，也为疾病的早期预防、诊断和治疗提供了新思路。
【关键词】原发性卵巢功能不全；重复序列，核酸；突变；脆性X智力低下蛋白质；流产，自然；绝经，过早；脆性X智力低下1基因FMR1Gene Mutations and Female Fertility and Pregnancy Outcome WANG Mei-yun,ZHOU Jian-zheng.The Second Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan030000,China(WANG Mei-yun);Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan030000,China(ZHOU Jian-zheng)Corresponding author:ZHOU Jian-zheng,E-mail:****************【Abstract】In recent years,there are more and more diseases of low fertility and repeated fertility failure,such as primary ovarian insufficiency(POI),unexplained early spontaneous abortion,recurrent abortion,embryotermination and so on.Fragile X mental retardation1(FMR1)gene is involved in the gene regulation of embryonicdevelopment.The mutations of FMR1gene can cause a variety of female reproductive health diseases.Themutations of FMR1gene are also related to menopausal age.Therefore,the screening of FMR1gene has importantclinical value in the diagnosis and treatment of female reproductive diseases,and also provides new ideas for theearly prevention,diagnosis and treatment of the disease.【Keywords】Primary ovarian insufficiency;Repetitive sequences,nucleic acid;Mutation;Fragile X mentalretardation protein;Abortion,spontaneous;Menopause,premature;Fragile X mental retardation1gene（ＪＩｎｔＲｅｐｒｏｄＨｅａｌｔｈ蛐ＦａｍＰｌａｎ，2021，40：64-69）·综述·基金项目：白求恩·生育调控与优生研究计划（BCF-HE-SY-20200511-009）作者单位：030000太原，山西医科大学第二临床医学院（王美雲）；山西医科大学第二医院妇产科（周建政）通信作者：周建政，E-mail：****************△审校者1991年，荷兰科学家Verkerk在X染色体上应用定位克隆法首次发现脆性X智力低下1（fragile Xmental retardation1，FMR1）基因。
实用妇产科杂志2021年2月第37卷第2期Journal of Practical Obstetrics and Gynecology2021Feb.Vol.37,Ao.2・147・文章编号:1003-6946(2021)02-0147-05阿托西班在不同年龄胚胎着床失败患者冻融胚胎移植的妊娠结局分析李馥洁，裴莉，黄国宁，叶虹(重庆市妇幼保健院生殖与遗传研究所重庆市人类胚胎工程重点实验室重庆市生殖医学临床研究中心.重庆400013)【摘要)目的：探讨阿托西班对于胚胎着床失败患者进行冻融胚胎移植(FET)的影响。
方法：回顾性分析388例着床失败且行FET患者的临床资料，比较<35岁和M35岁着床失败患者在移植前使用阿托西班治疗组(n=193)和未使用阿托西班对照组(n=195)的胚胎情况及妊娠结局等。
结果：对于着床失败1~2次的患者，无论<35岁还是M35岁的患者中，阿托西班组和对照组的胚胎着床率、生化妊娠率和临床妊娠率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)o在着床失败M3次反复着床失败(RIF)的患者，年龄<35岁的患者中阿托西班组的胚胎着床率、生化妊娠率和临床妊娠率分别为33.06%,57.14%和52.38%,均显著高于对照组的22.46%,46.48%和32.39%(P<0.05)；年龄M35岁的患者中，阿托西班组和对照组的胚胎着床率、生化妊娠率和临床妊娠率比较，差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)o移植前使用单剂量阿托西班治疗后，妊娠期并发症发生率、早产率、低出生体质量儿发生率及出生缺陷发生率与对照组比较，差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
结论：移植前使用单剂量阿托西班是安全的，对改善年龄<35岁RIF患者妊娠结局有积极作用。
【关键词】胚胎着床失败；阿托西班；冻融胚胎移植；临床妊娠中图分类号:R321-33文献标志码：AAnalysis of the Influence of Atosiban on the Pregnancy Outcome of Freezethaw Embryo Transfer in Patients with Different AgesLI Fujie,PEI Li,HUANG Guoning.et al(Reproductive and Genetic Institute,Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children.Chongqing Key Labora・tory of Human Embryo Engi n eeri n g.Ch o n g qing Clin i cal Research Center for Reproductive Medici n e,Ch o ngqing 400013,China)Corresponding author：YE Hong[Abstract]Objective：To observe the effect of Atosiban on frozervthawed embryo transfer(FET)treatment for patients with the history of embryo implantation failure.Methods：The clinical data of388patients who underwentfreeze-thaw embryo transfer with the history of implantation failure were analyzed retrospectively.Patients were divided into treatment group(n =193)with atosiban injection,and control group(n=195)without Atosiban injectionbefore transplantation.The embryo status and pregnancy outcome of patients with implantation failure aged<35years and^35years were compared between the two groups.Results：For patients with implantation failure1or2times,there was no significa n t d i ff e re n ee in embryo impla n tation rate,biochemical preg n ancy rate,and clinicalpregna n cy rate between the atosiba n group and the control group(P>0.05)in patie n ts aged<35years an d m35years.I n patients with RIF(>3times),the embryo implantatio n rate,biochemical preg n ancy rate,a n d clinical pregnancy rate of the Atosiban group in patients<35years old were33.06%,57.14%,and52.38%respectively,which were significantly higher thanthose in the control group(22.46%.46.48%and32.39%,respectively)(all P<0.05).Among patients aged m35years,there was no significant difference in the embryo implantationrate,biochemical pregnancy rate and clinical pregnancy rate between Atosiban group and the control group(P>0.05).After sin g le-dose Atosiba n treatment before transplantatio n,there was no sign i fica n t d i ff e re n ee in the inci・dence of complications during pregnancy,premature birth rate,the incidenee of low birth weight infants and the incidence of birth defects compared with those in the control group(P>0.05).Con e lusions：The use of single-通讯作者:叶虹，E-mail:yehongl210@实用妇产科杂志2021年2月第37卷第2期Journal of Practical Obstetrics and Gynecology2021Feb.Vol.37,\o.2•148•dose Atosiban before transplantationis safe and could significantly improve pregnancy outcomefor RIF patientsyounger than35years.[Key words]Embryo implantation failure；Atosiban；Frozen-thawed embryo transfer；Clinical pregnancy1978年7月世界第1例“试管婴儿”诞生至今.体外受精-胚胎移植（in vitro fertilization embryo transfer,IVF-ET）经历了四十余年，取得了突飞猛进的发展。
Toxicological AbbreviationsMay 1998AA activation analysis; atomic absorptionAAF acetylaminofluoreneAAPCC American Association of Poison Control CentersAAS atomic absorption spectrophotometryABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneACE angiotensin-converting enzymeACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACh acetylcholineAChE acetylcholinesteraseAcP acid phosphataseACTH adrenocorticotropic hormoneAD Alzheimer's diseaseADH alcohol dehydrogenase; anti-diuretic hormoneADI acceptable daily intakeADP adenosine diphosphateAEP auditory evoked potentialAES atomic emission spectroscopyAFID alkali flame ionization detectionAh aromatic hydrocarbonAHH aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylaseai active ingredientAIDS acquired immune deficiency syndromeAIN acute interstitial nephritisALA aminolevulinic acidALAD ²-aminolaevulinic acid dehydrataseALAS o-aminolevulinic acid synthetaseALAT alanine aminotransferaseALC approximate lethal concentrationALD approximate lethal doseALMS atomic line molecular spectrometryALT alanine aminotransferaseAM alveolar macrophagesAMP amperometric titrationAMPA aminomethylphosphonic acidANTU alpha-naphthylthioureaAP alkaline phosphataseAPDM aminopyrine-N-demethylaseAPP ammonium polyphosphateAQG Air Quality GuidelinesARF acute renal failureARL acceptable or tolerable residue limitART alternate reproductive testASAT aspartate aminotransferaseASV anodic stripping voltametryATA alimentary toxic aleukiaATH alumina trihydrateATPase adenosine triphosphataseAUC area under the curveAWI acceptable or tolerable weekly intakeB bursa-dependentBA 2-bromoacroleinBAER brainstem auditory-evoked responseBAF bioaccumulation factorBAL bronchoalveolar lavageBBB blood-brain barrierBBPP bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphateBCF bioconcentration factorBEA 2-bromoethylamineBEI biological exposure indexBEN Balkan endemic nephropathyBGG bovine gammaglobulinBHA butylated hydroxyanisoleBHK baby hamster kidneyBIC butyl isocyanateBMAA beta-N-methylamino-L-alanineBMD benchmark dose (US EPA)BMF biomagnification factorBOAA beta-N-oxalylamino-L-alanineBOD biochemical oxygen demandBP benzo[a]pyreneBSA bovine serum albuminBSP bromosulfophthaleinBUB 2-(3-butylureido)benzimidazoleBUN blood urea nitrogenbw body weightCA chrysanthemic acidCALLA common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigencAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphateCAS Chemical Abstracts ServiceCBF cerebral blood flowCC critical concentrationCCFA Codex Committee on Food Additives (see definition of Codex AlimentariousCommission)CCPR Codex Committee on Pesticide ResiduesCCTTE Computerized Listing of Chemicals Being Tested for Their Toxicological Effects(IPCS/IRPTC)CD cluster of differentiation; coulometric detectioncDNA complementary DNACE capillary electrophoresisCEC Commission of the European CommunitiesCEFIC European Council of Chemical Industry FederationsCFC chlorofluorocarboncGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphateChE cholinesteraseCHO Chinese hamster ovaryCi curie(s)CI confidence intervalCIN chronic interstitial nephritisCKSCC cystic keratinizing squamous cell carcinomaClCA 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic 2acidCLD chemiluminescence nitrogen detectorCLM chemiluminescence methodCLV ceiling valueCl-Vacid(= CPIA) 2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovaleric acidCMI cell-mediated immunityCML cell-mediated lympholysisCNS central nervous systemCOD chemical oxygen demandCO-Hb carboxyhaemoglobinCOPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCOT Committee on Toxicity (United Kingdom)cP centipoise(s)CP coproporphyrinsCPA cyclopropane carboxylic acidCPK creatine phosphokinaseCRMs certified reference materialsCSF cerebrospinal fluidCSM Committee on Safety of Medicines (United Kingdom)CT computerized tomographycv coefficient of variation2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acidDAB 4-dimethylaminobenzeneDABA L-2,4-diaminobutyric acidDBCP 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropaneDBP di-n-butyl phthalate; 2,3-dibromopropanolDBT dibutyltinDCB dichlorobenzeneDCVC S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteineDDC diethyldithiocarbamateDDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethaneDEHP diethylhexyl phthalateDEN diethylnitrosamineDES diethylstilbestrolDFB diflubenzuronDFP diisopropylfluorophosphate (a delayed neurotoxic)DHPN N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl) nitrosamineDiBP di-iso-butyl phthalateDIDT 5,6-dihydro-3H-imidazo (2,1-C)-1,2,4-dithiazole-3-thione DIT diiodotyrosineDL detection limitDMA dimethylamineDMBA dimethylbenzathralineDMF dimethylformamideDMP dimethylphenolDMSO dimethyl sulfoxideDNA deoxyribonucleic acidDNCB dinitrochlorobenzeneDNPH 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazineDOC dissolved organic carbonDPASV differential pulse anodic stripping voltametryDPTA diaminopropanoltetraacetic aciddegradation time for 50% of a compoundDT50DTPA diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acidEBDC ethylene bisdithiocarbamateEBK ethyl n-butyl ketoneEC effective concentration; electron capture; emulsifiable concentratemedian effective concentrationEC50ECD electron capture detectionECETOC European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre ECG electrocardiogramECMO extracorporeal membrane oxidationECOD 7-ethoxycoumarin-o-deethylaseEDA ethylenediamine; exploratory data analysisEDB 1,2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide)EDCF endothelial-derived contracting factorEDI ethylene diisothiocyanateEDL electrode discharge lampEDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid2-EE 2-ethoxyethanol2-EEA 2-ethoxyethyl acetateEEC European Economic Community; electroencephalographEEG electroencephalogramEGF epidermal growth factorEH epoxide hydrataseEHC Environmental Health CriteriaEI electron impactEIFAC European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission of FAO ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayEMDI estimated maximum daily intakeEMG electromyographyEMTD estimated maximum tolerated doseENG electroneurographyENL erythema nodosum leprosumENU ethylnitrosoureaEP electrophoresisEPA Environmental Protection Agency (USA)EPDM ethylene propylene rubberEPI exposure/potency indexEPS expandable polystyreneEQC external quality controlEQT environmental quality targetERL extraneous residue limitEROD 7-ethoxyresurofin-o-deethylaseESCA electron spectroscopy for chemical analysisESR erythrocyte sedimentation rateESRD end-stage renal diseaseETA electrothermal atomizationETD ethylene bisthiuram disulfideETG epidermal transglutaminaseETU ethylenethioureaETV electrothermal vaporizationEU ethyleneureaparental generationFFfilial generation, first1filial generation, secondF2FAA flameless atomic absorptionFACS fluorescence activated cell sorterFAD flavin adenine dinucleotideFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFCAT Freund's complete adjuvant testf.c. Field capacityFD fluorescence detectionFDA Food and Drug Administration (USA)FEF forced expiratory flowFEP free erythrocyte porphyrinFEV forced expiratory volumefg femtogram (10-15g)FI flame ionizationFID flame ionization detectorFMLP formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanineFMN flavin mononucleotideFOB functional observational batteryFPD flame photometric detectorFR flame retardantFS fluorescence spectrophotometryFSC Food Safety Council (USA)FSD flame photometric detector selective for sulfur FSH follicle-stimulating hormoneFTIR Fourier transform infraredFVC forced vital capacityGA gibberillic acidGABA gamma-aminobutyric acidGAG glycosaminoglycanGALT gut-associated lymphoid tissueGAP good agricultural practiceGBM glomerular basement membraneGC gas chromatographyGC-ECD gas chromatography with electron capture detectorGC-SIM gas chromatography with selected ion monitoringGDH glutamate dehydrogenaseGDMS glow discharge mass spectrometryGEMS Global Environmental Monitoring SystemGESAMP Group of Experts for the Scientific Aspects of Marine PollutionGFAAS graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometryGFR glomerular filtration rateGGT gamma-glutamyltranspeptidaseGH growth hormoneGI gastrointestinalGIFAP International Group of National Association of Manufacturers of Agrochemical Products(French Acronym for: Groupement International des Associations Nationales deFabricants de Produits Agrochimiques)GLC gas-liquid chromatographyGLDH glutamate dehydrogenaseGLP good laboratory practicecGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphateGOT glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminaseGPC gel permeation chromatographyGPMT guinea-pig maximization testGPT glutamic-pyruvic transaminaseGS glutamine synthetaseGSH glutathione-SHGST glutathione-S-transferaseGTB glomerular tubular balanceGV guidance valueGWP global-warming potentialh hour(s)ha hectareHb haemoglobinHBCD hexabromocyclododecaneHBDH hydroxybutyric dehydrogenaseH & E haematoxolin and eosinHCB hexachlorobenzeneHCBD hexachloro-1,3-butadieneHCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbonHCFH-22 chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF)2HCG human chorionic gonadotropinHCH hexachlorocyclohexaneHDL high density lipoproteinHDPE high density polyethyleneHEAL Human Exposure Assessment LocationHECD Hall electron capture detectorHEV high endothelial venuleHEX hexachlorocyclopentadieneHGPRT hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase HIPS high impact polystyreneHIV human immunodeficiency virusHLB hydrophilic-lipophilic balanceHLV hygienic limit valuehnRNA heterogeneous nuclear RNAHPCA human progenitor cell antigenHPI cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximideHPLC high-performance liquid chromatographyHPTLC high-performance thin-layer chromatographyHQ hydroquinoneHS headspaceHSA heat-stable antigen; human serum albumin HSG Health and Safety GuideIARC International Agency for Research on CancerIC ion chromatographyICAM intercellular adhesion moleculemedian inhibitory concentrationIC50ICD International Classification of DiseasesICG indocyanine greenICP inductively coupled plasmaICST isolated cold stress testingi.d. internal diameterIDMS isotope dilution mass spectrometryIFN interferonIg immunoglobulinIL interleukinILO International Labour OrganisationILSI International Life Science Instituteim intramuscularip intraperitonealIPA isopropylamineIPCS International Programme on Chemical SafetyIQ intelligence quotientIQC internal quality controlIR infraredIRPTC International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals ISO International Organization for StandardizationIT isomeric transitionIU international unitIUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistryiv intravenousJECFA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food AdditivesJMPR Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residueskcal kilocalorie(s)keV kiloelectronvolt(s)Koctanol/water partition coefficientowLAP leucine aminopeptidaseLAQL lowest analytically quantifiable levelLC liquid chromatographyLCmedian lethal concentration50lethal dose for 1%LD01median lethal doseLD50LDH lactate dehydrogenaseLDL low density lipoproteinLDPE low density polyethyleneLDQ lowest detectable quantityLEI lifetime exposure intensityLEV local exhaust ventilationLf limit flocculationLFA lymphocyte function-related antigenLFP lavage fluid proteinLH luteinizing hormoneLI labelling indexLIF laser-induced fluorescence; leukaemia inhibitory factor LLD lowest lethal doseLMS linear multistage modelLMW low molecular weightLOAEL lowest-observed-adverse-effect levelLOD limit of determinationLOEL lowest-observed-effect levelLRNI lower reference nutrient intake (UK)LSC liquid scintillation countermedian lethal timeLT50LTP long-term potentiationMAA methoxyacetic acidMAC maximum allowable concentrationMAD maximum allowable deviationMAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan) MAK maximum workplace concentration (Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentration)MALT mucosa-associated lymphoid tissueMAM methylazoxymethanolMAP mutagenic activity profileMAOI monoamine oxidase inhibitorMARC Monitoring and Assessment Research Centre (UK)MARE monoclonal anti-rat immunoglobulin EMAS molecular absorption spectrometryMAT mean absorption timeMATC maximum acceptable toxicant concentrationMBC minimum bactericidal concentrationMBDE mass balance differential equationMBK methyl n-butyl ketoneMBP monobutyl phthalateMBT monobutyltinMC methyl chloroform3-MC 3-methylcholanthreneMCD microcoulometric detectionMCH mean cell haemoglobinMCHC mean cell haemoglobin concentrationmCi millicurieMCL melanotic cell linesMCPA 4-chloro-o-tolyoxyacetic acidMCV mean cell volumeMDA malondialdehydeMDI methylene-diphenyl diisocyanateMDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine2-ME 2-methoxyethanol2-MEA 2-methoxyethyl acetateMeBmethylcobalamin12MED minimum effective dose; minimal erythemal doseMEHP monoethylhexyl phthalateMEK methyl ethyl ketonemEq milliequivalentMeV megaelectronvolt(s)MFO mixed-function oxidaseMHC major histocompatibility complexMHW Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan)MIBK methyl isobutyl ketoneMIC minimal inhibitory concentrationMIT methylisothiocyanate; monoiodotyrosineMLD minimum lethal doseMLR mixed lymphocyte response assayMLSS mixed liquor suspended solidsMMA methoxyacetic acidMMAD mass median aerodynamic diameterMMH monomethylhydrazinemmHg millimetre(s) of mercuryMMMF man-made mineral fibreMNNG N-methyl-N -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidineMNU N-methyl-N-nitrosureamPa millipascal (7.5 x 10-6 mmHg)MPC maximum permissible limitMQL minimum quantifiable limitMRBIS mean running bias index scoreMRL maximum residue limitmRNA messenger RNAMRVIS Mean Running Variance Index ScoreMS mass spectrometryMSD mass selective detectionMSW municipal solid wasteMTBE methyl tertiary butyl etherMTC maximum tolerable or acceptable concentrationMTD maximum tolerated doseMTE mild toxic encephalopathyMTI N-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalamideNAA neutron activation analysisNAC N-acetyl cysteineNAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideNADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateNADPH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NBU N-nitrosobutylureaNCAM neural cell adhesion moleculeNCI National Cancer Institute (USA); negative ion chemical ionizationNCV nerve conduction velocityND not detectableNDDC sodium diethyldithiocarbamateNDMA nitrosodimethylamineNDMC sodium dimethyldithiocarbamateNEQUAS National External Quality Assessment Scheme (UK)NFT neurofibrillary tangleng nanogram (10-9g)NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (USA) NK natural killernm nanometerNMCL nonmelanolic cell linesNMN N-methylnicotinamideNMOR N-nitrosomorpholineNMR nuclear magnetic resonanceNNM N-nitrosomorpholineNO nitrogen oxideNOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect levelNOEC no-observed-effect concentrationNOEL no-observed-effect levelNOLC no-observed lethal concentrationNPD nitrogen-phosphorus sensitive detectorNPSH non-protein sulfhydrylNSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugsNSD nitrogen selective detectorNTA nitrilotriacetic acidNTE neuropathy target esteraseNTEL no-toxic-effect levelNTP National Toxicology Program (USA)OCT ornithine carbamoyltransferaseODC ornithine decarboxylaseODP ozone-depletion potentialOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OEL occupational exposure limitOER oxygen enhancement ratioOES occupational exposure standard; optical emission spectrometryOET open epicutaneous testOP organophosphateOPIDN organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathyOR odds ratioOSC oil-enhanced suspension concentrateOSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA)OVA ovalbuminOZT oxazolidinethionePA polyamidesPAA photon activation analysis2-PAMchloride pralidoxine (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl) chloridePAH p-aminohippurate; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonPALS periarteriolar lymphocyte sheathPAN peroxyacetyl nitrate; polyacrylonitrilePAS periodic acid Schiff stainPB phenobarbitalPBA phenoxybenzoic acidPBalc 3-phenoxybenzyl alcoholPBald 3-phenoxybenzaldehydePBB polybrominated biphenylPBDD polybrominated dibenzodioxinPBDE polybrominated diphenyl etherPBDF polybrominated dibenzofuranPBI protein-bound iodinePBPK physiologically based pharmacokineticsPBT polybutylene terephthalatePCBD S-(1,2,3,4,4-pentachloro-1,3-butadienyl)PCDD polychlorinated dibenzodioxinPCDF polychlorinated dibenzofuranPCA para-chloroaniline (4-chloroaniline); passive cutaneous anaphylaxisPCB polychlorinated biphenylPCBD S-(1,2,3,4,4-pentachloro-1,3-butadienyl)PCDD polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxinPCDF polychlorinated dibenzofuranPCDPE polychlorinated diphenyletherPCE polychromatic erythrocytesPCOM phase contrast optical microscopyPCPY polychlorinated pyrenePCQ polychlorinated quaterphenylPCT porphyria cutanea tardaPCV packed-cell volumePD plasma desorptionPDG phosphate-dependent glutaminasePE polyethylenePEF peak expiratory flowPEG pneumoencephalographyPEL permissible exposure limitPET polyethylene terephthalatePFC plaque-forming cellpg picogram (10-12g)PG prostaglandinpH the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration PHF paired helical filamentsPHS prostaglandin-H-synthetasePIB piperonyl butoxidePIC picrotoxinPID photo-ionization detectionPIXE proton-induced X-ray emissionpKa the negative logarithm of the dissociation constant PMBA p-methylbenzyl alcoholPMN polymorphonuclear leukocytePMTDI provisional maximum tolerable daily intakePMR proportional mortality ratePMSG pregnant mare serum gonadotrophinPNS peripheral nervous systempO2 plasma partial pressure (concentration) of oxygenPOCP photochemical ozone-creation potentialPoG proteoglycanPOS psycho-organic syndromePP polypropyleneppb parts per billionppm parts per millionppt parts per trillionPSD passive sampling devicePSPS Pesticides Safety Precautions Scheme (United Kingdom) PT prothrombin timePTH parathyroid hormonePTT partial thromboplastin timePTU propylenethioureaPTWI provisional tolerable weekly intakePTZ pentylenetetrazolePVC polyvinyl chloridePYR pyreneQA quality assuranceQAP quality assurance programmeQC quality controlQSAR quantitative structure-activity relationshipRACB reproductive assessment by continuous breedingRAST radioallergosorbent testRBC red blood cellRBP retinal binding proteinRDA recommended dietary allowance (USA)REL recommended exposure limitRER rough endoplasmic reticulumRIA radio-immuno assayRIPT repeat insult patch testRMA reflex modification audiometryRNA ribonucleic acidRNI reference nutrient intake (UK)ROC reactive organic carbonRPN renal papillary necrosisRR relative riskRTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances RUBISCO ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylaseS9 9000 x g supernatantSAM S-adenosylmethionineSAP serum alkaline phosphataseSAR structure-activity relationshipsc subcutaneousSC suspension concentrateSCE sister chromatid exchangeSCF stem-cell factorSCID severe combined immunodeficiencySCOPE Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment of the International Council ofScientific UnionsSD standard deviationSDAT senile dementia of Alzheimer typeSE standard errorSEM standard error of the mean; scanning electron microscopy SER smooth endoplasmic reticulumSFC supercritical fluid chromatographySFS subjective facial sensationSGOMSEC Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of ChemicalsSGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminaseSGPT serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminaseSHE Syrian Hamster embryoSIM selected ion monitoringSIMS secondary ion mass spectrometrySLE systemic lupus erythematosusSMA sequential multiple analyserSMR standardized mortality ratioSOP standard operating procedureSPF specific pathogen freeSPM suspended particulate matterS-PMA S-phenyl-mercapturic acidSRT simple reaction timeSSB single strand breaksSTEL short-term exposure limitttriiodothyronine3thyroxinet42,4,5-T 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acidTADI temporary acceptable daily intakeTAN tropical ataxic neuropathyTAP trialkyl/aryl phosphateTBBPA tetrabromobisphenol ATBG thyroxine-binding globulinTBP tributyl phosphateTBPP tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphateTBT tributyltinTBTO tributyltin oxideTCA tricarboxylic acid cycleTCD thermal conductivity detectionTCDD 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxinTCDF 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzofuranTCE 1,1,1-trichloroethyleneTCP trichlorophenol; tricresyl phosphateTCPP tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphateTCR T-cell receptorTDC thermal conductivity detectionTDI tolerable daily intake; toluene diisocyanateTDLAS tuneable diode laser absorption spectrometryTEA tetraethyl ammonium; thermal energy analyser TEAC tetraethylammonium chlorideTEAM total exposure assessment methodologyTEF toxicity equivalency factorTEPP tetraethyl-pyrophosphateTGA thermogravimetric analysisTH thyroid hormoneTHF tetrahydrofolateTI tolerable intakeTLC thin-layer chromatographyTLV threshold limit valueTMCP tri-meta-cresyl phosphateTMDI theoretical maximum daily intakeTML tetramethylleadTMRL temporary maximum residue limitTMT trimethyltinTNF tumour necrosis factorTOCP tri-ortho-cresyl phosphateTOD total oxygen demandTPA 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetateTPCP tri-para-cresyl phosphateTPI 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimideTPIA 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic acidTPN total parenteral nutritionTPO thyroid peroxidaseTPP triphenyl phosphateTPTA triphenyltin acetateTPTH triphenyltin hydroxidetRNA transfer ribonucleic acidTRP tubular reabsorption of phosphateTSH thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) TSP total suspended particulateTST temperature sensitivityTT toxicity thresholdTWA time-weighted averageUCM urographic contrast mediumUCL upper confidence limitUDP uridine diphosphateUDPGA UDP-glucuronic acidUDPGT UDP-glucuronosyltransferaseUDS unscheduled DNA synthesisUF uncertainty factorULV ultra-low volumeUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNICEF United Nations Children's FundUS ATSDR US Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry UV ultravioletUVB ultraviolet BVC vinyl chlorideVCAM vascular cell adhesion moleculeVER visual evoked responseVHH volatile halogenated hydrocarbonVLA very late antigenVLDL very low-density lipoproteinsVOC volatile organic carbon compoundVSD virtually safe doseVTR vibration thresholdv/v volume per volumeWAIS Weschler Adult Intelligence ScaleWBC white blood cellWG water-dispersible granuleWHO World Health OrganizationWISN warfarin-induced skin necrosisWP wettable powderw/v weight per volumeXRF X-ray-generated atomic fluorescenceXRFS X-ray fluorescence spectroscopyZPP zinc protoporphyrin。
心 理 学 报 2007，39（3）：546~555Acta Psychologica SinicaReconciling Evolutionary Psychology and Ecological Psychology:How to Perceive Fitness AffordancesGeoffrey MillerUniversity of New MexicoFollowing Charles Darwin (1871), evolutionary psychology has analyzed the origins and functions of complex psychological adaptations. Following Egon Brunswik (1956) and J. J. Gibson (1979), ecological psychology has analyzed the adaptive fit between organisms and environments with regard to perception, judgment, and action. Despite their common bio-functional orientation, these fields have developed in almost total isolation from each other. This paper tries to integrate their conceptual and empirical strengths by introducing the notion of ‘fitness affordances’ – objects and situations in the environment that carry potential fitness costs and benefits (negative or positive implications for survival or reproduction), and that can be avoided or exploited behaviorally by animals of a particular species. The fitness affordance idea grounds perceptual theory firmly in evolutionary biology, solves many traditional problems in epistemology, integrates diverse empirical work in evolutionary and ecological psychology, and offers new directions forward for 21st century research on sensation, perception, cognition, emotion, and decision-making.Keywords: ecological psychology, functionalism, social affordances, specification.进化心理学与生态心理学的整合：理解适宜可用性进化心理学源自达尔文进化论，以分析心理机能及起源为主要研究目的。
Unit 51)奶奶想当然的认为粮价要涨，所以买了许多大米。
（take sth. for granted ）Grandma took it for granted that food prices would soar, so she bought a lot of rice.2)我可以给你引用几个例子来说明她献身科学的精神。
（quote,instance）I can quote you several instances of her dedication to science.3) 20世纪80年代中国一些经济特区（zone）开始迅速发展起来。
（see，swift）The 1980s saw the start of the swift development of some special economic zones in China.4)两国关系的紧张部分是由最近的间谍事件（spy affair）引起的。
Tension between the two countries stemmed in part from the latest spy affair.5)彼得已在一家律师事务所（law firm）当了多年律师。
你可考虑请他做你的律师，当你需要法律援助时，由他带你行事。
（on sb.”s behalf）Peter has worked in a law firm for many years. You can consider having him as your lawyer to act on your behalf when you need legal help.Unit 5The Reverend Nelson wrote that his decades as a "simple, old-fashioned principal" had ended with schools undergoing such swift changes that he had retired in self-doubt. "I heard more of what I had done wrong than what I did right," he said, adding that my letter had brought him welcome reassurance that his career had been appreciated.A glance at Grandma's familiar handwriting brought back in a flash memories of standing alongside her white rocking chair, watching her "settin' down" some letter to relatives. Character by character, Grandma would slowly accomplish one word, then the next, so that a finished page would consume hours. I wept over the page representing my Grandma's recent hoursinvested in expressing her loving gratefulness to me -- whom she used to diaper!Unit 61. 这座红房子在参天古树的映衬下十分夺目。
