international business communication

国际商业和跨文化交流(International business and cross cultural) theincreaseininternationalbusinessandinforeigninvestmenthas createdaneedforexecutiveswithknowledgeofforeignlanguagesand skillsincross-culturalcommunication.americans,however,havenotbeen welltrainedineitherareaand,consequently,havenotenjoyedthesame levelofsuccessinnegotiationinaninternationalarenaashavetheir foreigncounterparts. negotiatingistheprocessofcommunicatingbackandforthforthepurpose ofreachinganagreement.itinvolvespersuasionandcompromise,butin ordertoparticipateineitherone,thenegotiatorsmustunderstandthe waysinwhichpeoplearepersuadedandhowcompromiseisreachedwithin thecultureofthenegotiation. inmanyinternationalbusinessnegotiationsabroad,americansareperceived aswealthyandimpersonal.itoftenappearstotheforeign negotiatorthattheamericanrepresentsalargemulti-million-dollar corporationthatcanaffordtopaythepricewithoutbargainingfurther. theamericannegotiator'srolebecomesthatofanimpersonalpurveyorof informationandcash. instudiesofamericannegotiatorsabroad,severaltraitshavebeen identifiedthatmayservetoconfirmthisstereotypicalperception,while underminingthenegotiator'sposition.twotraitsinparticularthatcausecross-culturalmisunderstandingaredirectnessandimpatienceonthepart oftheamericannegotiator.furthermore,americannegotiators ofteninsistonrealizingshort-termgoals.foreignnegotiators,onthe otherhand,mayvaluetherelationshipestablishedbetweennegotiatorsand maybewillingtoinvesttimeinitforlong-termbenefits.inorderto solidifytherelationship,theymayoptforindirectinteractions withoutregardforthetime involvedingettingtoknowtheothernegotiator.clearly,perceptionsanddifferencesinvaluesaffecttheoutcomesof negotiationsandthesuccessofnegotiators.foramericanstoplaya moreeffectiveroleininternationalbusinessnegotiations,theymustput forthmoreefforttoimprovecross-culturalunderstanding.际商业和跨文化交流英语作文译文:国际贸易和海外投资的增加产生了对具有外语知识和跨文化交流技巧的经理的需求。

In the era of globalization,international trade has become an integral part of the world economy.The English language,being the lingua franca in business,plays a crucial role in facilitating international trade.Here is a comprehensive essay on the topic of foreign trade,highlighting its importance,challenges,and the role of English in this domain.Title:The Significance of English in International TradeIntroductionIn todays interconnected world,the exchange of goods and services across borders is a common phenomenon.Foreign trade,or international trade,is the backbone of many economies and is facilitated by the widespread use of English as a common business language.This essay will explore the importance of English in the context of international trade,the challenges faced by traders,and the benefits of proficiency in English for businesses engaging in global commerce.The Role of English in International Trademunication Medium:English serves as a bridge between different cultures and languages.It is the primary language for international business communication,enabling traders from diverse linguistic backgrounds to interact and negotiate effectively.2.Documentation and Contracts:Most trade documents,such as commercial contracts, invoices,and shipping documents,are drafted in English.Proficiency in English ensures that traders can understand and draft these documents accurately,reducing the risk of miscommunication and legal disputes.3.Marketing and Branding:English is often used for marketing materials,product descriptions,and branding.A strong command of English can help businesses present their products and services in a manner that appeals to a global audience.4.Negotiation and Trade Talks:English is the language of choice for trade negotiations, whether they occur in person,over the phone,or via video conferencing.Being fluent in English can give traders an edge in these discussions.Challenges in International Trade1.Cultural Differences:Understanding the cultural nuances of international trade partners is crucial for successful business relationships.Misinterpretations can lead to failednegotiations or strained partnerships.2.Legal and Regulatory Compliance:Each country has its own set of laws and regulations governing trade.Navigating these can be complex,especially when language barriers are involved.3.Currency Exchange and Financial Risks:The fluctuation of currency values and the management of financial risks are significant challenges in international trade. Understanding these aspects requires a deep understanding of the global financial landscape.4.Logistics and Supply Chain Management:Coordinating the movement of goods from one country to another involves complex nguage barriers can exacerbate these challenges,leading to delays and increased costs.Benefits of English Proficiency in International Trade1.Enhanced Communication:A strong grasp of English allows for clearer communication with international partners,reducing the likelihood of misunderstandings.2.Access to a Wider Market:English proficiency opens doors to global markets,as businesses can effectively market their products and services to a broader audience.3.Improved Negotiation Skills:Being able to negotiate in English can lead to better deals and more favorable terms in trade agreements.4.Increased Competitiveness:In the global marketplace,businesses that can communicate effectively in English are often seen as more professional and reliable, giving them a competitive edge.ConclusionEnglish is more than just a language it is a tool that facilitates international trade.It is essential for communication,documentation,marketing,and negotiation in the global business environment.While challenges such as cultural differences,legal compliance, financial risks,and logistics management are inherent in international trade,a strong command of English can mitigate these challenges.As the world becomes increasingly interconnected,the importance of English in international trade will only continue to grow,making it a vital skill for anyone involved in global commerce.。

Nonverbal Communication in International BusinessGood communication is the foundation of successful relationships, both personally and professionally. But we communicate with much more than words. In fact, research shows that the majority of the messages we send are nonverbal. Nonverbal communication, or body language, includes our facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, posture, and even the tone of our voice.With the development of the international business,there are more and more conflicts and misunderstandings in the communication. In order to have a good corporation, we should know the differences of nonverbal communication of different cultures in international business.Communications in international business are considered more often at the verbal level than in terms of body language and the signs and symbols that cultures use to convey messages and attitudes. Yet some claim that more than 90% of the social content of a message is contained in non-verbal cues. Clearly, if this is so, we neglect this aspect of communication at our peril.Non-verbal communication is also a feature of the way we present information using multiple modalities: the colors and shapes chosen for a logo, the meaning inherent in certain types of gifts, such as flowers, the soundscape we use to reinforce advertising messages. These signs and symbols have culture-specific significance, so in localizing materials for the international marketplace we have to be sure not make cultural errors. The color orange, has overtones in northern Ireland; green is considered unlucky in some cultures; lilies, carnations, chrysanthemums may be inappropriate gifts in certain places.The sending and receipt of non-verbal messages takes place on a subliminal level andthis makes it a much more difficult aspect of international communications to master. It is very easy, for example, to misinterpret a message because we do not understand its meaning outside our culture. Eye contact in western cultures is associated with openness, engagement, sincerity. But in some cultures it is considered disrespectful. Or we might assume that a behavior from our own culture has the same meaning elsewhere. People from more tactile cultures who use a lot of touch could inadvertently appear inappropriately friendly in more reserved cultures. For example, two person, one is a Chinese woman, the other is a French man, are going to have business corporation. Every time they meet with each other to have a conference, the French man will kiss the Chinese woman on her cheek astically, because it is accustomed to greeting people with at least two kisses on the cheek in France. But the woman feels uncomfortable,because she thinks they are not familiar with each other, and the kisses make her feel embarrassed. Finally,their corporation ended up as a failure.So how can we deal with the non-verbal aspects of communication? The first stage is simply to become aware of the issue. Remember that we send powerful messages non-verbally but those messages will be interpreted differently in different cultures. Next we have to become aware of our own behavior patterns. How do we feel if a long silence opens up in a conversation? How do we greet colleagues, family and friends? What do we consider appropriate dress for work? Do we sit in a stiff and formal position with our arms crossed? What facial expressions do we use? To become fully aware of our non-verbal behavior we may have to video ourselves in a group interaction. Then we have to become observant of others. Note especially if people have similar traits. Note if there are gender differences. We must try also to notice how others react to us. From there we can go on to imitate the non-verbal behavior of those we are dealing with. This might be by small steps,such as accepting silences, adjusting our personal space, dressing in a similar way. It seems that our intercultural effectiveness is likely to be enhanced if can at least go some way towards acting like our counterparts.Reference:1. FFast, J. (2006). Body Language- The Essential Secrets of Non-verbal Communication. New Y ork,NY: MJF Book.2.Ekman, P.(2003). Emotions revealed: Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life. New Y ork: Times Books.。

英语作文国际交流语言Title: English as a Global Language for International Communication。

English has undeniably emerged as the predominant international language for communication. Its widespread usage spans across various domains such as business, science, technology, academia, and diplomacy. This essay delves into the reasons behind English's dominance as a global language and its implications for international communication.First and foremost, the historical context plays a significant role in English's ascendancy as a global lingua franca. The British Empire's expansive colonial reach in the past centuries laid the groundwork for English to spread across continents. As a result, many countries adopted English as either their official language or as a secondary language for administrative and educational purposes. This historical legacy has endowed English with astatus of prestige and influence, further solidifying its position on the global stage.Moreover, the rise of the United States as a superpower in the 20th century significantly contributed to the proliferation of English. The cultural, economic, and technological dominance of the United States propelled English to become the language of international business, media, and innovation. Hollywood movies, Americanliterature, and popular music have all served as powerful mediums for disseminating English worldwide, making it not just a tool for communication but also a symbol ofmodernity and global connectivity.Furthermore, the role of English in facilitating global trade cannot be overstated. In today's interconnected world, businesses operate across borders, necessitating a common language for negotiation, contracts, and transactions. English, with its widespread usage in business circles, serves as the default language for international trade and commerce. This linguistic uniformity streamlines communication and fosters trust and efficiency in businessdealings, thereby driving economic growth and globalization.In addition to its economic significance, English plays a vital role in promoting scientific and technological advancements. The majority of research papers, academic journals, and conferences are conducted in English,enabling scientists and scholars from diverse linguistic backgrounds to collaborate and exchange ideas seamlessly. This linguistic homogenization accelerates the pace of innovation and facilitates the dissemination of knowledgeon a global scale, ultimately benefiting humanity as a whole.Furthermore, English proficiency has become a prerequisite for global mobility and career opportunities. Multinational corporations, international organizations,and NGOs often require employees who are proficient in English to navigate multicultural work environments and communicate effectively with stakeholders worldwide. Proficiency in English opens doors to educational opportunities abroad, enhances employability, and broadens one's cultural horizons.However, the dominance of English as a global languageis not without its challenges and criticisms. Linguistic imperialism, cultural hegemony, and linguistic inequality are some of the issues associated with the widespread adoption of English. The privileging of English over other languages can marginalize indigenous languages and cultures, erode linguistic diversity, and perpetuate unequal power dynamics in international relations.Moreover, the assumption that English proficiency is synonymous with intelligence or competence can lead to discrimination against non-native speakers and perpetuate linguistic elitism. It is essential to recognize andrespect linguistic diversity and promote multilingualism as a means of preserving cultural heritage and fostering inclusive communication in a globalized world.In conclusion, English serves as a vital tool for international communication, facilitating global connectivity, economic exchange, and cultural exchange. Its widespread usage is a testament to its versatility,adaptability, and indispensability in today's interconnected world. However, it is crucial to approach the dominance of English with sensitivity to linguistic diversity and promote equitable communication practices that value and respect all languages and cultures.。

The significance of intercultural communication andbusiness communicationSummary：In the background of economic globalization, international business activities have become increasingly frequent. International business communication is not only a kind of economic activities, but also a kind of intercultural communication activity. Cross-cultural communication refers to the different cultural backgrounds of communication between individuals, that is, people from different cultural backgrounds of the interaction between what happened. In recent years, it is caused most people's attention.Key words: business communication, global society, assertivenessCulture is a specific national concept and value system, these ideas constitute the behavior of people in life, The peoples of the world because of specific historical and geographical gradually formed its own unique cultural traditions and cultural patterns. Intercultural communicative competence is proposed for cultural conflict, and it is a kind of understanding of foreign cultures tomaster the basic knowledge and communication skills, the ability to cross-cultural communication flexibility in practical problems arise.Intercultural communication is becoming increasingly important due to the rise of globalisation and increasingly multicultural work environments. Because of this, the cultural intelligence and cross-cultural communication skills that come with studying in a foreign country are highly sought after by employers who seek to gain a competitive edge and break into in foreign markets. So, we should understanding culture differences in our world today is vital to advancement in all aspects of living----economic, medical, educational, military, religious, legal, government, and political. It is especially important in the business world because of the ways in which business connections are so global[1].So these programmes in order to offers you an opportunity to raise your cross-cultural awareness and enhance your intercultural communicative competence in international business settings, to reflect on your own culture and language use, and to develop the professional and business communication skills necessary to advance your career in the international business world.Intercultural communication is a form of communication that aims to share information across different cultures and socialgroups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural business communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted.[2] In business fields，culture becomes into the lever and lubricant influencing those business activities. Thus，cultivating talents with intercultural communication competence is the final purpose of business English teaching. This paper has analyzed the reasons for the lacking of cultivating of intercultural communication competence in business English teaching by using the theories like the relationship between culture and language and communication competence，and then it suggested some ways to cultivate such kind of competence. In these ways，it is hoped that will cultivate more talents with excellent quality of intercultural communication competence and suitable for this age of economic globalization.Under the current situation of increasingly frequent international communication, the final aim of business English teaching is to cultivate inter-disciplinary talent who not only master business professional knowledge but also have cross-cultural communication competence.Assertiveness is the quality of being self-assured and confident without being aggressive. In the field of psychology and psychotherapy, it is a learnable skill and mode of communication. Dorland's Medical Dictionary defines assertiveness as: a form of behavior characterized by a confident declaration or affirmation of a statement without need of proof; this affirms the person's rights or point of view without either aggressively threatening the rights of another (assuming a position of dominance) or submissively permitting another to ignore or deny one's rights or point of view.[3] Think of specific situations when the communication went terribly wrong. Think now about the impact you had on it. You cannot change others, but by being assertive, you can improve the situation! For example, if you feel that your parents didn’t allow you to build strong self-esteem, this you cannot change. What you can change, however, is to take responsibility for your actions now and in the future in order to overcome your insecurity. In short, transform paralysing thoughts in actions.Remember, individuals arecapable of drawing nourishment from cultural differences and similarities. Becoming more sensitive to differences and acquiring the communication skills of your second culture will allow you to become more independent and capable of using the right skills to express yourself.In conclusion, becoming assertive will allow you to be more expressive, humorous, creative and capable of putting meaning into situations and to apply the right communication skills in the most diverse environments.This is a learning experience that you can incorporate slowly into your identity, allowing you to build bridges instead of burning them.The same is applicable to difficult situations with people from your own cultural background who have different personalities.[1].The Influence of Culture in The World of Business P46[2] Lauring, Jakob (2011). "Intercultural Organizational Communication: The Social Organizing of Interaction in International Encounters". Journal of Business and Communication 48.3: 231–55.[3]"assertiveness" in Dorland's Medical Dictionary。

普通高等学校本科商务英语专业教学指南Teaching Guide for Bachelor's Degree in Business English in Normal Higher Education InstitutionsIntroductionWith the increasing demand for international business communication skills, the importance of business English education has been emphasized in normal higher education institutions in recent years. To meet this demand, a comprehensive teaching guide for the Bachelor's Degree in Business English has been developed to provide a structured and effective curriculum for students.Curriculum StructureThe curriculum for the Bachelor's Degree in Business English is designed to provide students with a solid foundation in both business and English language skills. The curriculum is divided into core courses and elective courses, allowing students to tailor their studies to their interests and career goals.Core courses include:1. Business Communication2. Business English Writing3. International Business4. Business Negotiation5. Marketing6. Cross-cultural CommunicationElective courses cover a wide range of topics, such as:1. International Trade2. E-commerce3. Financial English4. Human Resource Management5. Business LawTeaching MethodologyIn order to effectively teach Business English, a variety of teaching methods are used to engage students and enhance their learning experience. These methods include:1. Lectures: To provide students with a solid theoretical foundation in business concepts and English language skills.2. Case Studies: To analyze real-world business scenarios and apply language skills in a practical context.3. Group Projects: To foster collaboration and teamwork among students.4. Role-plays: To simulate business scenarios and improve students' communication and negotiation skills.5. Business English Workshops: To enhance students' writing, speaking, and presentation skills.Assessment and EvaluationAssessment methods for the Bachelor's Degree in Business English include examinations, essays, presentations, and group projects. The weight of each assessment varies depending on the course, with an emphasis on practical application and critical thinking skills. Students are also evaluated on their English language proficiency through standardized tests such as TOEFL or IELTS.Internship and Career OpportunitiesTo provide students with practical experience and prepare them for the workforce, internships are an integral part of the curriculum. Students are encouraged to complete internships at multinational companies, government agencies, or international organizations to gain real-world experience in business settings.Career opportunities for graduates of the Business English program include:1. International Business Consultant2. Marketing Manager3. Business Development Specialist4. Import/Export Coordinator5. Public Relations OfficerConclusionThe Bachelor's Degree in Business English program in normal higher education institutions offers students a comprehensive education in both business and English language skills. With a structured curriculum, engaging teaching methods, and practical opportunities, students are well-prepared for a successful career in the global business environment.。

职场英语常用的考级证书
以下是职场英语常用的几种考级证书：
1. TOEIC（Test of English for International Communication）：
国际交流英语考试，是一个用于评估非英语为母语者在国际商务环境中实际使用英语的能力的考试。

2. BEC（Business English Certificate）：商务英语证书，由剑
桥大学国际考试委员会（Cambridge English）颁发，分为初级、中级、高级三个等级。

3. BULATS（Business Language Testing Service）：商务英语
语言测试服务，由剑桥大学国际考试委员会（Cambridge English）提供，可以评估个人在商务英语方面的能力。

4. IELTS（International English Language Testing System）：国
际英语语言测试系统，主要用于评估非英语为母语者在英语国家中学习、工作和生活的能力。

5. PTE（Pearson Test of English）：由全球教育公司Pearson Education Ltd.提供的英语语言能力考试，主要用于评估英语非母语者的英语水平。

这些考级证书可以帮助个人证明自己在职场英语方面的能力，提升求职竞争力和职业发展机会。

不同证书对应的英语水平要求和考试形式略有不同，根据个人需求和目标选择适合自己的证书进行考试。

434国际商务名词解释大全1. 国际商务（International Business）：指跨越国界进行的商业活动，涉及跨国贸易、投资、合作等方面的经济活动。

2. 进出口贸易（Import and Export Trade）：指在国家间进行的商品和服务的买卖活动，包括商品的进口和出口。

3. 跨国公司（Multinational Corporation）：指在多个国家开展经营活动并拥有跨国经营能力的公司，通常在多个国家设有子公司或分支机构。

4. 外包（Outsourcing）：指企业将原本在内部完成的某些工作、业务或服务外部委托给其他公司或机构进行处理。

5. 直接投资（Foreign Direct Investment）：指一国企业或个人直接在其他国家投资设立企业并参与其经营活动。

6. 公司并购（Mergers and Acquisitions）：指一家公司通过购买或合并其他公司来扩大自身规模或进入新的市场。

7. 跨文化沟通（Cross-cultural Communication）：指在不同文化背景下进行交流和互动的过程，需要克服语言、价值观、行为习惯等方面的差异。

8. 贸易壁垒（Trade Barrier）：指国家为保护本国产业或市场而采取的措施，如关税、配额、技术壁垒等，对跨国贸易造成限制。

9. 跨国营销（International Marketing）：指企业根据不同国家或地区的市场需求和特点，制定不同的营销策略和方案。

10. 子公司（Subsidiary）：指一家公司控制或持有另外一家公司的股份，并能对其经营和决策产生影响。

11. 贸易平衡（Trade Balance）：指一个国家或地区在一定时期内商品和服务的出口与进口之间的差额。

12. 竞争优势（Competitive Advantage）：指企业相对于竞争对手在市场中具备的特殊优势，包括技术、创新、成本、品牌等方面的优势。

13. 供应链管理（Supply Chain Management）：指企业在供应商、制造商、经销商和客户之间构建和协调的物流与信息流的整体运作体系。

商务英语的作用：全球交流与商业合作的桥梁**The Role of Business English: A Bridge for Global Communication and Commercial Collaboration**In today's interconnected world, the significance of business English cannot be overstated. It serves as a common language that facilitates communication and understanding among people from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. The role of business English is pivotal in bridging the communication gap and promoting effective collaboration in the global business arena.**1. Promoting Cross-Cultural Communication**Business English acts as a universal language in the global business world. It enables business professionals from different cultures to communicate seamlessly, despite their linguistic and cultural differences. This common language allows for the exchange of ideas, negotiation of deals, and the formation of strategic partnerships across borders. The use of business English helps to overcomelanguage barriers and ensures that messages are传达准确、清晰、专业。

2011年英语一text2The Importance of Communication in International Business.Communication is a critical aspect of any business, but it becomes even more important in the context of international business. When conducting business across borders, there are a number of cultural, linguistic, and other barriers that can make communication difficult. As a result, it is essential for businesses to develop effective communication strategies in order to succeed in the global marketplace.Cultural Differences.One of the most important challenges to effective communication in international business is the presence of cultural differences. Different cultures have different values, beliefs, and norms, which can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations. For example, insome cultures it is considered to be polite to avoid direct eye contact, while in other cultures it is seen as a signof respect. If a businessperson from a culture that values direct eye contact is negotiating with someone from aculture that does not, there could be a misunderstanding about the level of interest or sincerity of the other party.Linguistic Differences.Another major challenge to communication ininternational business is the presence of linguistic differences. Different countries have different languages, and even within the same country there can be different dialects or regional variations. This can make it difficult for businesses to communicate with each other, especiallyif they do not have a common language. In addition, even if businesses do have a common language, there can still be misunderstandings due to differences in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.Other Barriers.In addition to cultural and linguistic differences, there are a number of other barriers that can make communication in international business difficult. These include:Time zones: Different countries are located in different time zones, which can make it difficult to schedule meetings or conference calls.Technology: Different countries have different levels of access to technology, which can make it difficult to communicate with businesses that are located in remote areas.Legal and regulatory differences: Different countries have different laws and regulations governing business communication, which can make it difficult to ensure that communications are compliant.Overcoming Barriers to Communication.Despite the challenges, there are a number of stepsthat businesses can take to overcome the barriers to communication in international business. These include:Be aware of cultural differences: Businesses should be aware of the cultural differences that exist between different countries and take steps to adapt their communication strategies accordingly.Learn the local language: If possible, businesses should learn the local language of the country they are doing business in. This will help to reduce misunderstandings and build rapport with local businesses.Use interpreters or translation services: If it is not possible to learn the local language, businesses should use interpreters or translation services to ensure that communications are accurate and clear.Be patient and respectful: It is important to be patient and respectful when communicating with businesses from other cultures. This will help to build trust and rapport, and will make it more likely that communicationswill be successful.Benefits of Effective Communication.Effective communication is essential for success in international business. By overcoming the barriers to communication, businesses can reap a number of benefits, including:Increased sales: Effective communication can help businesses to increase sales by building relationships with customers and partners in other countries.Improved customer service: Effective communication can help businesses to improve customer service by ensuringthat customers understand their products and services and by resolving complaints quickly and efficiently.Reduced costs: Effective communication can help businesses to reduce costs by avoiding misunderstandings and errors that can lead to delays and rework.Increased efficiency: Effective communication can help businesses to increase efficiency by streamlining processes and improving coordination between different departments and teams.Conclusion.Communication is a critical aspect of international business. By understanding the challenges to effective communication and taking steps to overcome them, businesses can reap a number of benefits, including increased sales, improved customer service, reduced costs, and increased efficiency. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, effective communication will become even more important for businesses that want to succeed in the global marketplace.。

商务英语导论试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. What does the term 'B2B' stand for in business?A. Business to BusinessB. Business to ConsumerC. Business to GovernmentD. Business to Investor答案：A2. The process of negotiating a contract is an example of which of the following in business?A. MarketingB. SalesC. ProcurementD. Human Resources答案：B3. Which of the following is not a function of a multinational corporation?A. ProductionB. DistributionC. FinancingD. Local Government答案：D4. What is the primary purpose of a SWOT analysis in business?A. To identify strengths and weaknessesB. To analyze market trendsC. To forecast financial performanceD. To evaluate employee performance答案：A5. In the context of business, what does 'ROI' stand for?A. Return on InvestmentB. Risk of InvestmentC. Rate of InterestD. Revenue of Investment答案：A6. Which of the following is a common method of international business communication?A. Face-to-face meetingsB. EmailC. TelephoneD. All of the above答案：D7. What is the acronym for 'Corporate Social Responsibility'?A. CSRB. CSDC. CRDD. CSE答案：A8. Which of the following is not a type of business structure?A. Sole ProprietorshipB. PartnershipC. CorporationD. Non-profit答案：D9. What is the term used to describe the process of a company buying back its own shares from the market?A. Share IssuanceB. Share RepurchaseC. Share SplitD. Share Consolidation答案：B10. In business, what does 'IPO' stand for?A. Initial Public OfferingB. International Product OfferingC. Internal Product OrderD. Individual Product Option答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The term '_____' is used to describe the process of a company going public and offering its shares for sale to the public for the first time.答案：IPO12. A '_____' is a document that outlines the terms and conditions of a business agreement.答案：Contract13. '_____' is the process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to the opportunities and threats in the business environment.答案：Strategic Planning14. The '_____' is the most common form of business in many countries, characterized by limited liability for its shareholders.答案：Corporation15. '_____' refers to the practice of a company considering the social, environmental, and economic effects of its decisions, products, and actions on the community and the environment.答案：CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)16. A '_____' is a type of business where the owner is personally responsible for all debts and obligations.答案：Sole Proprietorship17. '_____' is the process of evaluating the financial performance of a business over a specific period of time.答案：Financial Analysis18. '_____' is a form of business where two or more peopleown and operate the business together.答案：Partnership19. '_____' is the process of determining the value of a company's shares before they are offered to the public.答案：Valuation20. '_____' is the study of managing a business with the aim of maximizing its value while satisfying the interests of stakeholders.答案：Finance三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. What are the key components of a business plan?答案：A business plan typically includes an executive summary, company description, market analysis, organization and management structure, product or service line, marketing and sales strategy, funding request, and financial projections.22. Explain the concept of 'branding' in business.答案：Branding in business refers to the process of creating a unique name, symbol, or design that identifies and differentiates a company's products or services from those of other competitors. It aims to establish a presence in the market and create a lasting impression on the minds of consumers.23. What is the purpose of a SWOT analysis and how does it benefit a business?答案：The purpose of a SWOT analysis is to identify andanalyze the internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as the external opportunities and threats that a business may face. It benefits。

国际商业英文作文英文：As an international business professional, I believe that communication is key to success. It is important to be able to speak the language of your clients and partners, as well as to understand their cultural differences. This can help build trust and establish long-lasting relationships.For example, when I was working with a client from China, I made sure to learn some basic Mandarin phrases and customs. This helped me to better understand their needs and expectations, and allowed me to communicate more effectively with them. It also showed them that I was willing to put in the effort to understand their culture, which helped to build trust between us.Another important aspect of international business is being able to adapt to different business practices and regulations. For example, when I was working with a clientfrom Japan, I had to learn about their business etiquette and the importance of gift-giving. This helped me to navigate the business relationship more smoothly and avoid any cultural misunderstandings.In addition, it is important to be aware of global trends and changes in the market. This can help you to stay ahead of the competition and make informed business decisions. For example, when I was working with a client in the technology industry, I had to stay up-to-date on the latest advancements and innovations in the field.Overall, being successful in international business requires a combination of language skills, cultural awareness, adaptability, and market knowledge. By understanding and embracing these factors, you can build strong relationships with clients and partners from around the world.中文：作为一名国际商务专业人士，我认为沟通是成功的关键。

The Features of Business English商务英语的特点AbstractWith the deepening of globalization of the world economy, international business intercourse has been in a much more frequent trend. English has been involved in various fields in commercial activities, such as the foreign trade, technology transfer, international financing, transnational tourism and international transportation, are wholly called business English. English has become an indispensable linguistic communication means in the world economic field. So it is important for us to learn business English. Business English has its distinct features. This paper discusses its features from three aspects: lexis, syntax and pragmatics. These features should be fully understood and exercised flexibly in the course of translation of business English, which is the precondition of a proper and good translation. Meanwhile, there are many translation techniques, such as omission, supplement, transformation and so on. One should manage some translation techniques as to be a good translator. In order to help readers know more about translation techniques of business English, this paper also discusses some translation techniques of business English.Key Words: Business English; linguistic features; translation techniques摘要随着经济全世界化的深切，国际贸易日趋频繁。

TheimportanceoftranslationininternationalbusinessThe importance of translation in international businessWith the globalization of the economic, there are more and more global companies, most of them want to expand international market. The translator and interpreters enhance communication by conveying information accurately from one language to another in different countries across the world. Interpreter verbal communication while translators deal with written communication, they provide different services. So, global companies need the translator and interpreter when they communicate with their business partner, run a business in a foreign country, and so on. Now, all in the world need accurate translation, if you couldn’t understand wha t your partners and customer have talked, your business would be in trouble. So, how important is the translation in international business.Interpreters and translators in global business is so important that Interpreters and translators provide services in different business areas, such as Medical interpreters and translators, localization translators, special business translators, conference interpreters. All of them need the translator and interpreter has a strong professional knowledge in different areas. For example, in medical area, the translator and interpreter must have a strong and professional knowledge of medical. In economic area, the translator and interpreter must have a strong and professional knowledge of financial, audit, accounting knowledge. Now we explain the importance of translation in international business from several aspects.Translation is also vital for transnational corporations. Translation is necessary for companies which operate a globalbusiness. Sometimes global company need to check up information and collect data from all the employees or branches across the world. It requires an entrepreneurial individual to be very clear in their communication to run an international business. Actually, it doesn’t matter if a person’s product or service is the best thing since sliced bread; if they are not able to effectively share information about it to consumers in their countries of residence it will count for nothing. And a business must be able to speak the language used to share the information by its potential client base. The translation company must made potential customers understand he uses and benefits of its products and services in terminology immediately. Global business language translation can promote international trade. The merchants can deepen understanding through the translation, increases mutual trust of the buyers and sellers and laid a good foundation for trading success. For these reasons, it is necessary for they translate the information to and fro, and they need proper translation of proposals and demands to consultation terms with global governments or other local companies for operation.From the aspect of nation, communication between countries is the most important of all external affairs. The countries leaders are expected to express their ideas to other countries leaders about the situations arising in the world. It is so important that the countries leaders’ ideas are translated correctly; or they can result in terrible results. Even more, international dialogues rest heavily on successful translation on different matters. For example, in Japan people do not like to say the word "no." In a businessmeeting, a Japanese business person may mean no, butnever directly state it. This can cause confusion. So the interpreter should know the real meaning and convey the real meaning. In the developed countries, people handled business by phone calls and emails. The informal communication can cause confusion and misinterpretation due to language differences. For example, maybe you cause a lot of confusion when you use generally accepted Americanized statements such as, "I'm on it. I'll jump on that right away," or even, "I get it." It so important for a translator translates to countries. For regional market, the translation is also essential. Common Asia, European thought is the fruit of the immense toil of translator，almost all the world thought that there is a huge market on translation. If there without translation, the international trade would not exist. The word economy trend to globalization and integration, and the demand of translator is also growing. In common world, although there are a lot of people to learn the foreign language, there still lack a large of numbers of translation. So the international trade has to cost a huge of money to translation. Such as European commission employs ever larger numbers of translators about 2,500, with an annual translation budget of over EUR 800 million. According to American translators association, the translation and interpreting services industry in the United States is now a $ US 11 billion industry and it is continues to grow. The U.S. needs more professional translators to expand the global market, especial when the American economy is struggling.Now almost all market realized the significance of translations in internationalbusiness communications. However, there are a lot of innumerable examples of translation bloopers in practice, andeven wrong translations are used at the level of international market. You can imagine how much it would cost to the company that using them as part of its market communications campaign.A communication company A made a communication error that occurred with another Company. It was selling a cereal product in Sweden. The cereal name, Bran Buds, can generally mean, "Burned farmer," in Sweden. Another example is the ad, "Come Alive with Pepsi," by Pepsico. In Taiwan, the translation became, "Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the dead." Wrong translation are dangerous on professional area, we can avoid it by back-translation and translate it into source language.In a word, translation is very important in international business, not only for multinationals, nation, regional market, but also for cultural interchange, transfer of news, the realization of global village, boost tourism, and so on. A good translation practices help maintain intricate business dealings. On the contrary bad translation practices can cause a huge loss of business and even international tension among countries. So translation is very important to international business, and it is irreplaceable.ReferenceMilan Kundera, C. n. (n.d.). The Significance of Translation in International Business Communications. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from Ocean Translation: /doc/8710879527.html,/The-Significance-of-Translation-in-International-Business-Communications/Role of Translators and Interpreters in Global Business. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2013, from /doc/8710879527.html,:/doc/8710879527.html,/articles/1198.aspx The Importance of Translations in Business. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2013, from News international Business: /doc/8710879527.html,/the-importance-of-translations-in-business.html。

商务英语词汇术语国际贸易词汇术语价格术语world / international market price 国际市场价格FOB (free on board) 离岸价C&F (cost and freight) 成本加运费价CIF (cost, insurance and freight) 到岸价freight 运费wharfage 码头费landing charges 卸货费customs duty 关税port dues 港口税import surcharge 进口附加税import variable duties 进口差价税commission 佣金return commission 回佣，回扣price including commission 含佣价net price 净价wholesale price 批发价discount / allowance 折扣retail price 零售价spot price 现货价格current price 现行价格/ 时价indicative price 参考价格customs valuation 海关估价price list 价目表total value 总值贸易保险术语All Risks 一切险F.P.A. (Free from Particular Average) 平安险W.A. / W.P.A (With Average or With Particular Average) 水渍险War Risk 战争险F.W.R.D. (Fresh Water Rain Damage) 淡水雨淋险Risk of Intermixture and Contamination 混杂、玷污险Risk of Leakage 渗漏险Risk of Odor 串味险Risk of Rust 锈蚀险Shortage Risk 短缺险T.P.N.D. ( Theft, Pilferage & Non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险Strikes Risk 罢工险贸易机构词汇WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织CTG (Council for Trade in Goods) 货币贸易理事会EFTA (European Free Trade Association) 欧洲自由贸易联盟AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) 东盟自由贸易区JCCT (China-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade) 中美商贸联委会NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area) 北美自由贸易区UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 联合国贸易与发展会议GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 关贸总协定贸易方式词汇stocks 存货，库存量cash sale 现货purchase 购买，进货bulk sale 整批销售，趸售distribution channels 销售渠道wholesale 批发retail trade 零售业hire-purchase 分期付款购买fluctuate in line with market conditions 随行就市unfair competition 不合理竞争dumping 商品倾销dumping profit margin 倾销差价，倾销幅度antidumping 反倾销customs bond 海关担保chain debts 三角债freight forwarder 货运代理trade consultation 贸易磋商mediation of dispute 商业纠纷调解partial shipment 分批装运restraint of trade 贸易管制RTA (Regional Trade Arrangements) 区域贸易安排favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差special preferences 优惠关税bonded warehouse 保税仓库transit trade 转口贸易tariff barrier 关税壁垒tax rebate 出口退税TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) 技术性贸易壁垒进出口贸易词汇commerce, trade, trading 贸易inland trade, home trade, domestic trade 国内贸易international trade 国际贸易foreign trade, external trade 对外贸易，外贸import, importation 进口importer 进口商export, exportation 出口exporter 出口商import license 进口许口证export license 出口许口证commercial transaction 买卖，交易inquiry 询盘delivery 交货order 订货make a complete entry 正式/完整申报bad account 坏帐Bill of Lading 提单marine bills of lading 海运提单shipping order 托运单blank endorsed 空白背书endorsed 背书cargo receipt 承运货物收据condemned goods 有问题的货物catalogue 商品目录customs liquidation 清关customs clearance 结关贸易伙伴术语trade partner 贸易伙伴manufacturer 制造商，制造厂middleman 中间商，经纪人dealer 经销商wholesaler 批发商retailer, tradesman 零售商merchant 商人，批发商，零售商concessionaire, licensed dealer 受让人，特许权获得者consumer 消费者，用户client, customer 顾客，客户buyer 买主，买方carrier 承运人consignee 收货人外贸常用词汇-------------------国际贸易----------------------出口信贷export credit出口津贴export subsidy商品倾销dumping外汇倾销exchange dumping优惠关税special preferences保税仓库bonded warehouse贸易顺差favorable balance of trade贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制import quotas自由贸易区free trade zone对外贸易值value of foreign trade国际贸易值value of international trade普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences-GSP最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment-MFNT-------------------价格条件----------------------价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价price 码头费wharfage总值total value 卸货费landing charges金额amount 关税customs duty净价net price 印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues回佣return commission 装运港port of shipment折扣discount, allowance 卸货港port of discharge批发价wholesale price 目的港port of destination零售价retail price 进口许口证import license现货价格spot price 出口许口证export license期货价格forward price现行价格（时价）current price prevailing price国际市场价格world (International)Market price离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-cost and freight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost, insurance and freight--------------------交货条件----------------------交货delivery 轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment 租船charter (the chartered shep) 交货时间time of delivery 定程租船voyage charter; 装运期限time of shipment 定期租船time charter 托运人（一般指出口商）shipper, consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space 油轮tanker报关clearance of goods 陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill 正本提单original B\L选择港（任意港）optional port选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或optional charges for Buyers account一月份装船shipment during January 或January shipment一月底装船shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st.一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb.或Jan./Feb. shipment在......(时间）分两批装船shipment during....in two lots在......(时间）平均分两批装船shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运in three equal monthly shipments立即装运immediate shipments即期装运prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C 允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------订单indent 订货；订购book; booking电复cable reply实盘firm offer递盘bid; bidding递实盘bid firm还盘counter offer发盘（发价) offer发实盘offer firm 询盘（询价）inquiry; enquiry指示性价格price indication速复reply immediately参考价reference price习惯做法usual practice交易磋商business negotiation不受约束without engagement业务洽谈business discussion限**复subject to reply **限* *复到subject to reply reaching here **有效期限time of validity有效至**: valid till **购货合同purchase contract销售合同sales contract购货确认书purchase confirmation销售确认书sales confirmation一般交易条件general terms and conditions以未售出为准subject to prior sale需经卖方确认subject to sellers confirmation需经我方最后确认subject to our final confirmation------------------贸易方式------------------------INT (拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitation of tender 投标submission of tender一般代理人agent总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement累计佣金accumulative commission补偿贸易compensation trade（或抵偿贸易）compensating/compensatory trade（又叫：往返贸易）counter trade来料加工processing on giving materials来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/专营权exclusive right独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement独家代理sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency;exclusive agent-------------------品质条件-----------------------品质quality 原样original sample规格specifications 复样duplicate sample说明description 对等样品counter sample标准standard type 参考样品reference sample商品目录catalogue 封样sealed sample宣传小册pamphlet 公差tolerance货号article No. 花色（搭配）assortment样品sample 5% 增减5% plus or minus代表性样品representative sample大路货（良好平均品质）fair average quality--------------------商检仲裁-----------------------索赔claim争议disputes罚金条款penalty 仲裁arbitration不可抗力force Majeure仲裁庭arbitral tribunal产地证明书certificate of origin品质检验证书inspection certificate of quality重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity)**商品检验局**commodity inspection bureau (*.C.I.B)品质、重量检验证书inspection certificate---------------------数量条件-----------------------个数number 净重net weight容积capacity 毛作净gross for net体积volume皮重tare毛重gross weight溢短装条款more or less clause-----------------------外汇-------------------------外汇foreign exchange 法定贬值devaluation外币foreign currency 法定升值revaluation汇率rate of exchange浮动汇率floating rate国际收支balance of payments 硬通货hard currency直接标价direct quotation软通货soft currency间接标价indirect quotation 金平价gold standard买入汇率buying rate通货膨胀inflation卖出汇率selling rate固定汇率fixed rate金本位制度gold standard 黄金输送点gold points铸币平价mint par 纸币制度paper money system国际货币基金international monetary fund黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchange reserve汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation剑桥商务英语（中级）词汇Unit 1awork towards a common objective 朝同一个目标共同努力share information 共享信息different points of view 不同的观点(be) under pressure 有压力toiletries 化妆品厂，清洁、化妆用品公司major brand 主导品牌sales department 销售部门sales staff 销售人员company culture 公司文化expatriate 旅居海外的management consultant 管理顾问managerial skills 管理技能creative thinking 创新思维team building 团队建设effective management style 有效的管理方式a survival course 生存技巧培训课程food and accommodation 食宿profile 简介，小传，概况simulation 模拟训练marketing mania 营销激情go for profit 追求利润behind schedule 进度落后计划stick to the schedule 严格按照计划进行Unit 1bComputer-mediated communication (网络传播/电脑中介传播)Cross-cultural communication/ Intercultural communication (跨文化沟通/传播) Downward communication (自上而下沟通)Upward communication (自下而上传播)Feedback (反馈)Marketing communication (营销传播)Verbal communication (言语沟通)Nonverbal communication (非言语沟通)Mass media (传媒)Target audience (目标受众)small talk (闲聊)international communication (国际交流)official language (官方、正式语言）language skills (语言技能)bilingual (通晓两种语言的人)exceed （超越，胜过）over-estimate （过高地估计）manageable chunks （可理解的语段）understate （轻描淡写地说）culture-specific （某一文化所特有的）work environment （工作环境）the business world (商界)seminar （研讨会，讨论会）management (管理人员)follow-up evaluation （后续评估）supplier 供应商department training budget 部门培训预算deadline 最终期限voice mail 语音信息answering machine 录音电话（英国英语用answer phone）half-year sales report 半年度销售报告complimentary ticket 免费赠送的票native speaker 操本族语言的人time schedule 时间安排表Unit 2aLocation(地理位置）Atmosphere （整体气氛）Comfort （舒适程度）Cleanliness （卫生状况）Staff friendliness （员工服务态度友好程度）Staff attentiveness （员工服务周到程度）Speed of service （服务效率）Quality of food （膳食质量）Quality of drink （酒水质量）Value for money （实惠程度/物有所值程度）objective 目标enhance 提高mezzanine 中层楼（指介于一层和二层之间）reasonable prices 合理的价格interior design 室内装修group dining 团体用餐group menu 团体用餐菜单catering requirement 用餐要求tour groups 旅游团birthday party 生日会corporate events 公司社交活动wine tasting 品酒会company presentation 公司业务报告会business trip 商务旅行Unit 2bA round of golf 一场高尔夫球A sightseeing tour of the city 城市观光游A visit to a sports event 观看体育赛事A shopping trip 购物游fact-finding mission 情况考察offer your company a substantial contract 为您的公司提供一份可观（价值巨大）的合同Personal assistant 私人助理to place an order with……向……定购a valued customer 有价值的客户Managing director 董事总经理finalise one or two small details concerning 对与……有关的一两个详细情况做出最后决定。