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建环专业英语 Company number【1089WT-1898YT-1W8CB-9UUT-92108】建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译A thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface. The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary.一个热力学系统是一个在空间或有事项的数量由一个封闭的表面范围内的区域。
周围环境包括一切外部系统，系统是从周围环境隔开的系统边界。
这些边界可以是动产或固定的，真实的或想象。
The concepts that operate in any thermodynamic system are entropy and energy. Entropy measures the molecular disorder of a system. The more mixed a system, the greater its entropy; conversely, an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy. Energy has the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient forms as described in the following sections.熵和能量的概念，在任何热力学系统操作。
常微分方程的英文Ordinary Differential EquationsIntroductionOrdinary Differential Equations (ODEs) are mathematical equations that involve derivatives of unknown functions with respect to a single independent variable. They find application in various scientific disciplines, including physics, engineering, economics, and biology. In this article, we will explore the basics of ODEs and their importance in understanding dynamic systems.ODEs and Their TypesAn ordinary differential equation is typically represented in the form:dy/dx = f(x, y)where y represents the unknown function, x is the independent variable, and f(x, y) is a given function. Depending on the nature of f(x, y), ODEs can be classified into different types.1. Linear ODEs:Linear ODEs have the form:a_n(x) * d^n(y)/dx^n + a_(n-1)(x) * d^(n-1)(y)/dx^(n-1) + ... + a_1(x) * dy/dx + a_0(x) * y = g(x)where a_i(x) and g(x) are known functions. These equations can be solved analytically using various techniques, such as integrating factors and characteristic equations.2. Nonlinear ODEs:Nonlinear ODEs do not satisfy the linearity condition. They are generally more challenging to solve analytically and often require the use of numerical methods. Examples of nonlinear ODEs include the famous Lotka-Volterra equations used to model predator-prey interactions in ecology.3. First-order ODEs:First-order ODEs involve only the first derivative of the unknown function. They can be either linear or nonlinear. Many physical phenomena, such as exponential decay or growth, can be described by first-order ODEs.4. Second-order ODEs:Second-order ODEs involve the second derivative of the unknown function. They often arise in mechanical systems, such as oscillators or pendulums. Solving second-order ODEs requires two initial conditions.Applications of ODEsODEs have wide-ranging applications in different scientific and engineering fields. Here are a few notable examples:1. Physics:ODEs are used to describe the motion of particles, fluid flow, and the behavior of physical systems. For instance, Newton's second law of motion can be formulated as a second-order ODE.2. Engineering:ODEs are crucial in engineering disciplines, such as electrical circuits, control systems, and mechanical vibrations. They allow engineers to model and analyze complex systems and predict their behavior.3. Biology:ODEs play a crucial role in the study of biological dynamics, such as population growth, biochemical reactions, and neural networks. They help understand the behavior and interaction of different components in biological systems.4. Economics:ODEs are utilized in economic models to study issues like market equilibrium, economic growth, and resource allocation. They provide valuable insights into the dynamics of economic systems.Numerical Methods for Solving ODEsAnalytical solutions to ODEs are not always possible or practical. In such cases, numerical methods come to the rescue. Some popular numerical techniques for solving ODEs include:1. Euler's method:Euler's method is a simple numerical algorithm that approximates the solution of an ODE by using forward differencing. Although it may not provide highly accurate results, it gives a reasonable approximation when the step size is sufficiently small.2. Runge-Kutta methods:Runge-Kutta methods are higher-order numerical schemes for solving ODEs. They give more accurate results by taking into account multiple intermediate steps. The most commonly used method is the fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) algorithm.ConclusionOrdinary Differential Equations are a fundamental tool for modeling and analyzing dynamic systems in various scientific and engineering disciplines. They allow us to understand the behavior and predict the evolution of complex systems based on mathematical principles. With the help of analytical and numerical techniques, we can solve and interpret different types of ODEs, contributing to advancements in science and technology.。
液压与气压传动一、课程介绍《液压与气压传动》是材料成型及控制工程专业本科学生的一门学科基础选修课。
液压装置广泛的使用在工业与农业生产的各个领域，它们是使用压力油为传递能量的载体来实现传动与控制的，随着自动化技术的开展，应用越来越广泛。
课程的任务是使学生掌握液压与气压传动的基础知识，掌握各种液压、气动元件的工作原理、特点、应用和选用方法，熟悉各类液压与气动基本问路的功用、组成和应用场合，了解国内外先进技术成果在机械设备中的应用。
本课程教学内容分液压传动和气压传动两局部。
液压传动局部主要介绍液压流体力学基础知识，液压动力元件、执行元件、控制元件和辅助元件，液压传动基本回路、典型液压传动系统和液压系统的设计计算。
气压传动局部介绍气压传动基础知识、气源装置及气动元件和气动基本回路与常用回路，气动逻辑系统设计和气动传动系统实例。
本课程所讲述的内容有：液压流体力学基础、液压泵、液压马达与液压缸、液压控制阀、液压辅件、液压基本回路、典型液压系统、液压系统的设计计算、气压传动基础知识、气源装置及气动元件、气动基本回路与常用回路、气动逻辑系统设计、气动传动系统实例等共11章，教学局部共包含理论24学时,末考试形式为开卷笔试。
Introduction“Hydraulic and pneumatic transmission^ is a mechanical professional students a compulsory technical courses. Hydraulic device widely used in various fields of industrial and agricultural production, which is the use of pressurized oi1 to pass energy carriers to realize transmission and control, along with the development of automation technology, more and more widely.Task course is to enable students to master the basics of hydraulic and pneumatictransmission, master a variety of hydraulic, pneumatic components working principle, characteristics, application and selection methods familiar basic functions of various types of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits, composition and applications, understanding advanced technical achievements in mechanical devices.This course content hydraulic and pneumatic transmission of two parts. Hydraulic transmission section introduces the basics of hydraulic fluid mechanics, hydraulics components, actuators, control components , auxiliary components, the basic hydraulic transmission circuit, a typical hydraulic system and hydraulic system design calculations. Pneumatic transmission section describes the basics of pneumatic transmission, gas source device, pneumatic components, basic and common pneumatic circuits , logic system design and examples of pneumatic transmission.The contents of this course are: hydraul ic fluid mechanics, hydraul ic pump, hydraulic motor and hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic control valve, hydraulic accessories, hydraulic basic circuit, typical hydraulic system, hydraulic system design calculation, pneumatic transmission basic knowledge, gas Source device and pneumatic components, pneumatic basic circuit and common circuit, pneumatic logic system design, pneumatic transmission system examples, etc., a total of 11 chapters, the teaching part contains a total of 24 hours of theory.课程基本信息1、教学目的“液压与气压传动”是非机械专业本科生的一门专业基础课程。
A thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface. The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary.一个热力学系统是一个在空间或有事项的数量由一个封闭的表面范围内的区域。
周围环境包括一切外部系统，系统是从周围环境隔开的系统边界。
这些边界可以是动产或固定的，真实的或想象。
The concepts that operate in any thermodynamic system are entropy and energy. Entropy measures the molecular disorder of a system. The more mixed a system, the greater its entropy; conversely, an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy. Energy has the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient forms as described in the following sections.熵和能量的概念，在任何热力学系统操作。
熵措施分子系统紊乱。
更为复杂的系统，其熵值越大，反之，有序或纯配置是低熵之一。
stablediffusion模型路径Stable Diffusion Model: A Path to Understanding Diffusion ProcessesIntroductionDiffusion is a fundamental process that plays a crucial role in various fields, including physics, chemistry, biology, and social sciences. Understanding the mechanisms behind diffusion is essential for predicting and analyzing a wide range of phenomena. One popular model used to describe diffusion is the Stable Diffusion Model. In this article, we will explore the concept of the Stable Diffusion Model, its key features, and its applications.The Basics of DiffusionBefore delving into the Stable Diffusion Model, let's briefly review the basics of diffusion. Diffusion refers to the spontaneous movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, driven by random molecular motion. This process continues until a state of equilibrium is reached, where the concentration of particles is uniform throughout the system.The Stable Diffusion ModelThe Stable Diffusion Model provides a mathematical framework to describe and analyze diffusion processes. It is based on the assumption that the displacement of diffusing particles follows a probability distribution known as the stable distribution. This distribution is characterized by its stability index, which determines the shape of the distribution.Unlike other diffusion models that assume a Gaussian distribution, the Stable Diffusion Model allows for heavy-tailed distributions, capturing the presence of outliers and extreme events. This makes it particularly useful in situations where the diffusion process exhibits non-Gaussian behavior, such as in financial markets or turbulent fluid flow.Key Features of the Stable Diffusion Model1. Stable Distribution: The Stable Diffusion Model uses the stable distribution to describe the displacement of diffusing particles. This distribution is characterized by its four parameters: stability index, skewness, scale, andlocation.2. Heavy-Tailed Behavior: The Stable Diffusion Model allows for heavy-tailed distributions, which means that extreme events or outliers are more likely to occur compared to a Gaussian distribution. This feature makes the model suitable for describing processes with occasional large fluctuations.3. Non-Markovian Dynamics: Unlike the standard Brownian motion, which assumes a Markovian process, the Stable Diffusion Model incorporates non-Markovian dynamics. This means that the future behavior of the diffusion process depends not only on its current state but also on its past history.Applications of the Stable Diffusion ModelThe Stable Diffusion Model finds applications in various fields, including:1. Financial Markets: The stock market is known to exhibit heavy-tailed behavior, with occasional extreme price movements. The Stable Diffusion Model provides a more accurate description of these dynamics and is used inoption pricing, risk management, and portfolio optimization.2. Turbulent Fluid Flow: Turbulent flow is characterized by its chaotic and unpredictable nature. The Stable Diffusion Model helps in understanding the statistical properties of turbulent flow, leading to improved modeling and prediction of fluid dynamics.3. Biological Systems: Diffusion plays a vital role in biological systems, such as the movement of molecules across cell membranes or the spread of diseases. The Stable Diffusion Model allows for non-Gaussian behavior, making it suitable for studying complex biological processes. ConclusionThe Stable Diffusion Model offers a valuable framework for understanding and analyzing diffusion processes. Its ability to capture heavy-tailed distributions and non-Markovian dynamics makes it applicable in various fields, ranging from finance to biology. By incorporating the stable distribution, this model provides a more accurate representation of real-world phenomena and enables researchers to gain deeper insights into diffusionprocesses.。
School of chemical engineering and pharmaceuticaltest tubes 试管test tube holder试管夹test tube brush 试管刷test tube rack试管架beaker烧杯stirring搅拌棒thermometer温度计boiling flask长颈烧瓶Florence flask平底烧瓶flask,round bottom,two-neck boiling flask,three-neck conical flask锥形瓶wide-mouth bottle广口瓶graduated cylinder量筒gas measuring tube气体检测管volumetric flask容量瓶transfer pipette移液管Geiser burette(stopcock)酸式滴定管funnel漏斗Mohr burette(with pinchcock)碱式滴定管watch glass表面皿evaporating dish蒸发皿ground joint磨口连接Petri dish有盖培养皿desiccators干燥皿long-stem funnel长颈漏斗filter funnel过滤漏斗Büchner funnel瓷漏斗separatory funnel分液漏斗Hirsh funnel赫尔什漏斗filter flask 吸滤瓶Thiele melting point tube蒂勒熔点管plastic squeez e bottle塑料洗瓶 medicine dropper药用滴管rubber pipette bulb 吸球microspatula微型压舌板pipet吸量管mortar and pestle研体及研钵filter paper滤纸Bunsen burner煤气灯burette stand滴定管架support ring支撑环ring stand环架distilling head蒸馏头side-arm distillation flask侧臂蒸馏烧瓶air condenser空气冷凝器centrifuge tube离心管fractionating column精(分)馏管Graham condenser蛇形冷凝器crucible坩埚crucible tongs坩埚钳beaker tong烧杯钳economy extension clamp经济扩展夹extension clamp牵引夹utility clamp铁试管夹hose clamp软管夹 burette clamp pinchcock;pinch clamp弹簧夹 screw clamp 螺丝钳ring clamp 环形夹goggles护目镜stopcock活塞wire gauze铁丝网analytical balance分析天平分析化学absolute error绝对误差accuracy准确度assay化验analyte(被)分析物calibration校准constituent成分coefficient of variation变异系数confidence level置信水平detection limit检出限determination测定estimation 估算equivalent point等当点gross error总误差impurity杂质indicator指示剂interference干扰internal standard内标level of significance显着性水平 limit of quantitation定量限masking掩蔽matrix基体precision精确度primary standard原始标准物purity纯度qualitative analysis定性分析 quantitative analysis定量分析random error偶然误差reagent试剂relative error相对误差robustness耐用性sample样品relative standard deviation相对标准偏差 selectivity选择性sensitivity灵敏度specificity专属性titration滴定significant figure有效数字solubility product溶度积standard addition标准加入法standard deviation标准偏差standardization标定法stoichiometric point化学计量点systematic error系统误差有机化学acid anhydride 酸酐acyl halide 酰卤alcohol 醇aldehyde 醛aliphatic 脂肪族的alkene 烯烃alkyne炔allyl烯丙基amide氨基化合物amino acid 氨基酸aromatic compound 芳香烃化合物amine胺butyl 丁基aromatic ring芳环,苯环 branched-chain支链chain链carbonyl羰基carboxyl羧基chelate螯合chiral center手性中心conformers构象copolymer共聚物derivative 衍生物dextrorotatary右旋性的diazotization重氮化作用dichloromethane二氯甲烷ester酯ethyl乙基fatty acid脂肪酸functional group 官能团general formula 通式glycerol 甘油，丙三醇heptyl 庚基heterocyclie 杂环的hexyl 己基homolog 同系物hydrocarbon 烃,碳氢化合物hydrophilic 亲水的hydrophobic 疏水的hydroxide 烃基ketone 酮levorotatory左旋性的methyl 甲基molecular formula分子式monomer单体octyl辛基open chain开链optical activity旋光性（度）organic 有机的organic chemistry 有机化学organic compounds有机化合物pentyl戊基phenol苯酚phenyl苯基polymer 聚合物，聚合体propyl丙基ring-shaped环状结构 zwitterion兼性离子saturated compound饱和化合物side chain侧链straight chain 直链tautomer互变（异构）体structural formula结构式triglyceride甘油三酸脂unsaturated compound不饱和化合物物理化学activation energy活化能adiabat绝热线amplitude振幅collision theory碰撞理论empirical temperature假定温度enthalpy焓enthalpy of combustion燃烧焓enthalpy of fusion熔化热enthalpy of hydration水合热enthalpy of reaction反应热enthalpy o f sublimation升华热enthalpy of vaporization汽化热entropy熵first law热力学第一定律first order reaction一级反应free energy自由能Hess’s law盖斯定律Gibbs free energy offormation吉布斯生成能heat capacity热容internal energy内能isobar等压线isochore等容线isotherm等温线kinetic energy动能latent heat潜能Planck’s constant普朗克常数potential energy势能quantum量子quantum mechanics量子力学rate law速率定律specific heat比热spontaneous自发的standard enthalpy change标准焓变standard entropy of reaction标准反应熵standard molar entropy标准摩尔熵standard pressure标压state function状态函数thermal energy热能thermochemical equation热化学方程式thermodynamic equilibrium热力学平衡uncertainty principle测不准定理zero order reaction零级反应 zero point energy零点能课文词汇实验安全及记录：eye wash眼药水first-aid kit急救箱gas line输气管safety shower紧急冲淋房water faucet水龙头flow chart流程图loose leaf活页单元操作分类：heat transfer传热Liquid-liquid extraction液液萃取liquid-solid leaching过滤vapor pressure蒸气压membrane separation薄膜分离空气污染：carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon monoxide一氧化碳particulate matter颗粒物质photochemical smog光化烟雾primary pollutants一次污染物secondary pollutants二次污染物 stratospheric ozone depletion平流层臭氧消耗sulfur dioxide二氧化硫volcanic eruption火山爆发食品化学：amino acid氨基酸,胺amino group氨基empirical formula实验式,经验式fatty acid脂肪酸peptide bonds肽键polyphenol oxidase 多酚氧化酶salivary amylase唾液淀粉酶 steroid hormone甾类激素table sugar蔗糖triacylglycerol三酰甘油,甘油三酯食品添加剂：acesulfame-K乙酰磺胺酸钾,一种甜味剂adrenal gland肾上腺ionizing radiation致电离辐射food additives食品添加剂monosodium glutamate味精,谷氨酸一钠（味精的化学成分）natural flavors天然食用香料,天然食用调料nutrasweet天冬甜素potassium bromide 溴化钾propyl gallate没食子酸丙酯sodium chloride氯化钠sodium nitraten硝酸钠sodium nitrite亚硝酸钠trans fats反式脂肪genetic food转基因食品food poisoning 食物中毒hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)危害分析关键控制点技术maternal and child health care妇幼保健护理national patriotic health campaign committee(NPHCC) 全国爱国卫生运动委员会rural health农村卫生管理the state food and drug administration (SFDA)国家食品药品监督管理局光谱：Astronomical Spectroscopy天文光谱学Laser Spectroscopy激光光谱学 Mass Spectrometry质谱Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy原子吸收光谱Attenuated T otal Reflectance Spectroscopy衰减全反射光谱Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy电子顺磁谱Electron Spectroscopy电子光谱Infrared Spectroscopy红外光谱Fourier Transform Spectrosopy傅里叶变换光谱Gamma-ray Spectroscopy伽玛射线光谱Multiplex or Frequency-Modulated Spectroscopy复用或频率调制光谱X-ray SpectroscopyX射线光谱色谱：Gas Chromatography气相色谱High Performance Liquid Chromatography高效液相色谱Thin-Layer Chromatography薄层色谱magnesium silicate gel硅酸镁凝胶retention time保留时间mobile phase流动相stationary phase固定相反应类型：agitated tank搅拌槽catalytic reactor催化反应器batch stirred tank reactor间歇搅拌反应釜continuous stirred tank 连续搅拌釜exothermic reactions放热反应pilot plant试验工厂fluidized bed Reactor流动床反应釜multiphase chemical reactions 多相化学反应packed bed reactor填充床反应器redox reaction氧化还原反应reductant-oxidant氧化还原剂acid base reaction酸碱反应additionreaction加成反应chemical equation化学方程式valence electron价电子combination reaction化合反应hybrid orbital 杂化轨道decomposition reaction分解反应substitution reaction取代(置换)反应Lesson5 Classification of Unit Operations单元操作Fluid flow流体流动它涉及的原理是确定任一流体从一个点到另一个点的流动和输送。
Fluid Power and Hydraulic Systems Fluid power and hydraulic systems are an essential part of many industrial processes. These systems use fluids to transmit power and control machinery, making them an integral part of manufacturing, construction, and transportation industries. In this article, we will explore the basics of fluid power and hydraulic systems, their applications, and the advantages they offer. Fluid power is the use of fluids to transmit power from one point to another. This power canbe used to control machinery, lift heavy loads, or move objects. Hydraulic systems are a type of fluid power system that uses a liquid, typically oil, to transmit power. These systems are widely used in heavy machinery, such as cranes, excavators, and bulldozers, as well as in manufacturing processes, such as stamping and molding. One of the key advantages of hydraulic systems is their ability to generate high forces and torques. This makes them ideal for heavy-duty applications, such as lifting and moving heavy objects. Hydraulic systems are also very precise, allowing for accurate control of machinery. This precision makes them ideal for applications where accuracy is critical, such as in manufacturing processes. Another advantage of hydraulic systems is their reliability. Because they use a liquid to transmit power, there are no moving parts to wear out orbreak down. This means that hydraulic systems can operate for long periods of time without the need for maintenance or repairs. Additionally, hydraulic systems are resistant to shock and vibration, making them ideal for use in harsh environments. Hydraulic systems are also very efficient. Because they use a liquid to transmit power, there is very little energy lost due to friction or heat. This means that hydraulic systems can operate at high efficiency levels, reducing energy consumption and lowering operating costs. In addition to their use in heavy machinery and manufacturing processes, hydraulic systems are also used in transportation applications. For example, hydraulic systems are used in thebraking systems of many vehicles, including cars, trucks, and airplanes. Hydraulic systems are also used in the suspension systems of many vehicles, providing a smooth ride for passengers. In conclusion, fluid power and hydraulic systems are an essential part of many industrial processes. These systems offer many advantages, including high forces and torques, precision, reliability, andefficiency. Hydraulic systems are used in a wide range of applications, from heavy machinery and manufacturing processes to transportation systems. As technology continues to advance, it is likely that hydraulic systems will continue to play an important role in many industries.。
A thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface. The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary.一个热力学系统是一个在空间或有事项的数量由一个封闭的表面范围内的区域。
周围环境包括一切外部系统，系统是从周围环境隔开的系统边界。
这些边界可以是动产或固定的，真实的或想象。
The concepts that operate in any thermodynamic system are entropy and energy. Entropy measures the molecular disorder of a system. The more mixed a system, the greater its entropy; conversely, an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy. Energy has the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient forms as described in the following sections.熵和能量的概念，在任何热力学系统操作。
熵措施分子系统紊乱。
更为复杂的系统，其熵值越大，反之，有序或纯配置是低熵之一。
气液两相流动的数值模拟引言气液两相流动是一种复杂的流体现象，广泛应用于化工、能源和环境等领域。
为了研究和优化气液两相流动的过程，数值模拟成为一种重要的工具。
本文将介绍气液两相流动的数值模拟方法及其应用，并对相关技术进行分析和比较。
1. 数值模拟方法气液两相流动的数值模拟方法主要包括欧拉法、拉格朗日法和欧拉-拉格朗日耦合法。
欧拉法基于流体的宏观性质，将流体看作是连续的介质，通过求解Navier-Stokes方程来模拟流动过程。
拉格朗日法则是以流体的微观性质为基础，对流体进行粒子追踪，通过求解基于粒子的质点运动方程来描述流动。
欧拉-拉格朗日耦合法则是将欧拉法和拉格朗日法相结合，综合考虑流体宏观和微观性质，使得模拟结果更加准确。
选择适合的数值模拟方法需要充分考虑流体性质、流动特点和计算资源等因素。
2. 数值模拟过程数值模拟气液两相流动的过程可以分为准备工作、建模和求解三个步骤。
2.1 准备工作在进行数值模拟前，需要对流动区域进行几何建模和边界条件的设定。
根据实际情况，可以采用CAD软件构建三维模型，并将模型导入数值模拟软件中。
边界条件包括入口条件和出口条件，以及固体壁面的边界条件。
入口条件包括流体的质量流率、速度和温度等参数，出口条件可以是静压或者设定的速度和压力等参数。
2.2 建模在建模阶段，需要选择适当的数值模型和求解方法。
对于气液两相流动，常用的数值模型包括两流体模型、VOF（Volume of Fluid）模型和Eulerian-Eulerian模型。
两流体模型将气液两相看作是不同的物质，通过求解两个连续介质的守恒方程来描述两相流动。
VOF模型则将气液两相看作是同一物质的不同相态，通过跟踪气液界面的位置来模拟两相流动。
Eulerian-Eulerian模型是综合两流体模型和VOF 模型的优势，对流体的宏观和微观性质进行耦合求解。
求解方法常用的有有限体积法、有限差分法和有限元法等。
2.3 求解在求解阶段，可以利用数值模拟软件对建模结果进行求解。
热流固耦合英语Thermal-Fluid Coupling in Engineering: A Comprehensive Overview。
Introduction。
In engineering, the study of thermal-fluid coupling plays a crucial role in understanding the complex interactions between heat transfer and fluid flow. This interdisciplinary field encompasses a wide range of applications, from energy systems and environmental engineering to aerospace and biomedical engineering. In this document, we will delve into the fundamentals of thermal-fluid coupling, its significance, and its applications in various engineering disciplines.1. Basics of Thermal-Fluid Coupling。
Thermal-fluid coupling refers to the mutual influence between heat transfer and fluid flow. It involves the study of how temperature gradients affect fluid motion and how fluid flow affects heat transfer. This coupling is governed by the laws of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, making it essential for engineers to understand the underlying principles.2. Significance of Thermal-Fluid Coupling。
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