[考研类试卷]2012年大连外国语大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc

附录 1:给日语语言文学专业及外国语言学及应用语言学(日语专业同学的推荐书目: (以下所有方向中任选 2本即可,可跨方向综合推荐书目王力(1995 《古代汉语》修订版 1-4. 中华书局 .陈望道(2012 《修辞学发凡》复旦大学出版社 .《语言学概论》 (任选中日文版本顾炎武、王力、吕叔湘、丁声树、乔姆斯基、布龙菲尔德、索绪尔等著名语言学家的专业著作(任选日语语言学方向寺村秀夫 (1982a『日本語のシンタクスと意味Ⅰ』くろしお出版.角田太作 (1991『世界の言語と日本語』くろしお出版.益岡隆志 (2000『日本語文法の諸相』くろしお出版.野田尚史 (1991『はじめての人の日本語文法』くろしお出版.宮島達夫 ? 仁田義雄編 (1995『日本語類義表現の文法 (上単文編』くろしお出版 .森田良行 (1994『動詞の意味論的文法研究』明治書院仁田義雄 (1991『日本語のモダリティと人称』ひつじ書房工藤真由美 (1995『アスペクト ? テンス体系とテクスト』ひつじ書房姫野昌子 (1999『複合動詞の構造と意味用法』ひつじ書房庵功雄 ? 高梨信乃 ? 中西久実子 ? 山田敏弘 (2001『中上級を教える人のための日本語文法ハンドブック』株式会社スリーエーネットワーク.森田良行 (1995『日本語の視点~ことばを創る日本人の発想~』創拓社.森田良行 (2002『日本語文法の発想』ひつじ書房.对比语言学方向影山太郎著、于康等译(2001 《动词语义学 -语言与认知的接点》中央广播电视大学出版社影山太郎編 (2001『日英対照動詞の意味と構文』大修館書店.大河内康憲編 (1992『日本語と中国語の対照研究論文集』 (上 (下くろしお出版. 朱継征 (2000『中国語の動相』白帝社刘月华 ? 潘文娱 ? 故韦华 (1983《实用现代汉语语法》外语教学与研究出版社.朱德熙 (1982《语法讲义》商务印书馆.日语教育方向市川保子 (1997『日本語誤用例文小辞典』凡人社佐治圭三 (1992『外国人が間違えやすい日本語の表現の研究』ひつじ書房.庵功雄 (2001 『新しい日本語学入門 -ことばのしくみを考える -』スリーエーネットワーク迫田久美子 (2002『日本語教育に生かす第二言語習得研究』アルク張麟声 (2001『日本語教育のための誤用分析―中国語話者の母語干渉 20例―』スリーエーネットワーク.认知语言学方向河上誓作 (1996『認知言語学の基礎』研究社出版.中村芳久 (2004『シリーズ認知言語学入門<第5巻>認知文法論Ⅱ』大修館書店谷口一美 (2005『事態概念の記号化に関する認知言語学的研究』ひつじ書房.山梨正明 (1995『認知文法論』ひつじ書房.奥津敬一郎 (1983 授受表現の対照研究―日 ? 朝 ? 中 ? 英の比較―、『日本語学』 2-4、明治書院文学方向《简明中国文学史》 (任何版本均可、《中华活页文选》 (任选《日本文学史》 (任何中日文版本均可日本名家名著(任选中日文版本 :古典如紫式部《源氏物语》等;现当代如:夏目漱石《伦敦塔》、横光利一《上海》《旅愁》等。

2012年上海外国语大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．Austerity measures正确答案：财政紧缩措施2．UNESCO正确答案：(United Nations Educational Science and Cultural Organization)联合国教科文组织3．The US Senate正确答案：(美国)参议院4．APEC正确答案：(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)亚太经济合作组织亚太经合组织5．The Washington Post正确答案：(美国)《华盛顿邮报》6．NATO正确答案：(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)北大西洋公约组织7．Arab Spring正确答案：阿拉伯之春8．Gary Locke正确答案：骆家辉(原美国驻华大使)9．Reuters正确答案：(美国)路透社10．The Wall Street Journal正确答案：(美国)《华尔街日报》汉译英11．十二五规划正确答案：Twelfth Five-Year Plan12．十七届三中全会正确答案：the Third Plenary Session of the seventeenth Central Committee 13．全国人大正确答案：NPC(National People’s Congress)14．新华社正确答案：the Xinhua News Agency15．软实力正确答案：Soft Power16．中美战略经济对话正确答案：China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogue17．上海合作组织正确答案：SCO(Shanghai Cooperation Organization)18．珠江三角洲正确答案：Pearl River Delta19．西气东输正确答案：project of natural gas transmission from West to East China;West-East Gas Pipeline20．北京共识正确答案：Beijing Consensus英汉互译英译汉21．Reforming Education —The great schools revolution Education remains the trickiest part of attempts to reform the public sector. But as ever more countries embark on it, some vital lessons are beginning to be learned Sep 17th 2011|DRESDEN, NEW YORK AND WROCLAW| from the print edition From Toronto to Wroclaw, London to Rome, pupils and teachers have been returning to the classroom after their summer break. But this September schools themselves are caught up in a global battle of ideas. In many countries education is at the forefront of political debate, and reformers desperate to improve their national performance are drawing examples of good practice from all over the world. Why now? One answer is the sheer amount of data available on performance, not just within countries but between them. In 2000 the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) at the OECD, a rich-country club, began tracking academic attainment by the age of 15 in 32 countries. Many were shocked by where they came in the rankings. (PISA’s latest figures appear in table 1.) Other outfits, too, have been measuring how good or bad schools are. McKinsey, a consultancy, has monitored which education systems have improved most in recent years. Technology has also made a difference. After a number of false starts, many people now believe that the internet can make a real difference to educating children. Hence the success of institution like America’s Kahn Academy (see article). Experimentation is also infectious; the more governments try things, the more others examine, and copy, the results. Above all, though, there has been a change in the quality of the debate. In particular, what might be called “the three great excuses”for bad schools have receded in importance? Teachers’union have long maintained that failures in Western education could be blamed on skimpy government spending, social class and cultures that did not value education. All these make a difference, but they do not determine outcomes by themselves. The idea that good schooling is about spending money is the one that has been beaten back hardest. Many of the 20 leading economic performers in the OECD doubled or tripled their education spending in real terms between 1970 and 1994, yet outcomes in many countries stagnated—or went backwards. Educational performance varies widely even among countries that spend similar amounts per pupil. Such spending is highest in the United States—yet America lags behind other developed countries on overall outcomes in secondary education. Andreas Schleicher, head of analysis at PISA, thinks that only about 10% of the variation in pupil performance has anything to do with money. Many still insist, though, that socialclass makes a difference. Martin Johnson, an education trade unionist, points to Britain’s “inequality between classes, which is among the largest in the wealthiest nations” as the main reason why its pupils under perform. A review of reforms over the past decade by researchers at Oxford University supports him. “Despite rising attainment levels,” it concludes, “there has been little narrowing of long standing and sizeable attainment gaps. Those from disadvantaged backgrounds remain at higher risks of poor outcomes.” American studies confirm the point; Dan Goldhaber of the University of Washington claims that “non-school factors”, such as family income, account for as much as 60% of a child’s performance in school.Yet the link is much more variable than education egalitarians suggest. Australia, for instance, has wide discrepancies of income, but came a creditable ninth in the most recent PISA study. China, rapidly developing into one of the world’s least equal societies, finished first. Culture is certainly a factor. Many Asian parents pay much more attention to their children’s test results than Western ones do, and push their schools to succeed. Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea sit comfortably at the top of McKinsey’s rankings (see table 2). But not only do some Western countries do fairly well; there are also huge differences within them. Even if you put to one side the unusual Asians, as this briefing will now do, many Western systems could jump forward merely by bringing their worst schools up to the standard of their best. So what are the secrets of success? Though there is no one template, four important themes emerge: decentralisation (handing power back to schools); a focus on underachieving pupils; a choice of different sorts of schools; and high standards for teachers. These themes can all betraced in three places that did well in McKinsey’s league: Ontario, Poland and Saxony.正确答案：教育改革——教育大改革教育改革始终是社会改革中最棘手的一部分，但随着越来越多的国家着手进行改革，人们逐渐学到一些重要的经验教训。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25一、填空题1 There has been a maxim in______which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)2 The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by______. (中山大学2008研)3 ______were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.4 In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the______principle proposed by J. Grice.5 In Austin's How to Do Things with word, he first distinguishes performativesand______, later on Austin made a flesh start to distinguish ______,______and perlocutionary act.二、单项选择题6 The speech act theory was developed by______. (对外经贸2006研)（A）John Searle（B）John Austin（C）Levinson（D）G. Leech7 ______is using a sentence to perform a function. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）Perlocutionary act（B）An illocutionary act（C）A locutionary act（D）Speech act8 By saying "You have left the door wide open", a speaker might be performing the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary______. (西安交通大学2008研)（A）at the same time（B）one after another（C）two first and then the other（D）one first and then the other two9 The Illocutionary Act was developed by______. (西安交通大学2008研)（A）John Austin（B）Levinson（C）John Lyons（D）John Searle10 According to the conversation maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully. (西安外国语学院2006研) （A）quantity（B）quality（C）relevance（D）manner11 Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? (对外经济贸易大学2006研) （A）the maxim of quantity（B）the maxim of quality（C）the maxim of manner（D）the maxim of strength12 Four categories of Maxims in Grice's Cooperative Principle include all the following except______.(大连外国语学院2008研) （A）Manner（B）Relation（C）Qualification三、简答题13 What are the major concerns of pragmatics? (人大2006研)14 How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system.Mechanic: I'll be busy with this other car all day. (浙江大学2005研)15 What are the four maxims of the co-operative principle? Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about; "Well, to be quite honest, I don't think she is ill today." (北二外2010研；上海交大2006研)16 Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theoryin that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意 Chinese. (中山大学2005研)17 Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn. (厦门大学2006研)(1) A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2) A: Let's go to the movies. B: I'll bring the Kleenex.(3) A: Would you drive a Mercedes?B: I wouldn't drive ANY expensive car.18 What's conversational implicature? (西安交大2008研)19 Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice's Cooperative Principle: (北二外2007研)A: Where is X?B: He's gone to the market. He said so where he left.20 In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations? (人大2006研)21 What is your understanding of Relevance Theory? (南开大学2009研)22 Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle. (南开大学2004研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.四、名词解释23 Locutionary Act, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary Act(北航2010研；北交大2005研)24 Performatives(中山大学2008研)25 Conversational implicature (川大2010研；武汉大学2004研；北京交通大学2007研)26 Cooperative principle (北二外2010研；北京师范大学2003研)27 Violation of maxims (北交大2006研)28 Applied linguistics(中山大学201 1年研)五、举例说明题29 When a teacher says "It's so hot in here." during a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation. (人大2002研)30 A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austin's Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conversation in the light of Speech Act theory. (北航2008研)Customer: Waiter! There's a fly in my soup.Waiter: Don' t worry, there's no extra charge.31 Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said:“哎，几点了?”and the second said:“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗?”What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them? (北外2007研)32 Discuss the following advertisemen t extensively: “你不理财，财不理你”. (浙江大学2007研)33 What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analize and explain the phenomenon. (北外2010研)甲：上车请买票。

⼤连外国语⼤学⽇语翻译硕⼠⼝译真题、初试复试考试科⽬育明教育2015年考研指导⽅案考研最重要的就是⽅法、规划、模考⼤连外国语⼤学专业初试复试考试科⽬055106⽇语⼝译13①101思想政治理论②213翻译硕⼠⽇语③359⽇语翻译基础④448汉语写作与百科知识复试：①综合⽇语（笔试）②⼆外听⼒③综合⾯试真题信息及辅导请联系QQ：947948911或TEL：180********《育明教育：150分考研专业课答题攻略》（⼀）名词解释1．育明考研名师解析名词解释⼀般都⽐较简单，是送分的题⽬。

在复习的时候要把重点名词夯实。

育明考研专业课每个科⽬都有总结的重要名词，不妨作为复习的参考。

很多⾼校考研名词解释会重复，这就要考⽣在复习的同时要具备⼀套权威的、完整的近5年的真题，有近10年的最好。

2．育明考研答题攻略：名词解释三段论答题法定义——》背景、特征、概念类⽐、案例——》总结/评价第⼀，回答出名词本⾝的含义。

⼀般都可以在书本找到。

第⼆，从名词的提出的背景、它的特征、相似概念⽐较等⽅⾯进⾏简述。

第三，总结，可以做⼀下简短的个⼈评价。

3．育明教育答题⽰范例如：“战略⼈⼒资源管理”第⼀，什么是战略⼈⼒资源管理（这是答案的核⼼）第⼆，它的⼏个特征，并简单做⼀下解释。

第三，和职能⼈⼒资源管理，⼈事管理等进⾏对⽐。

4．危机应对如果出现没有遇到的名词解释，或者不是很熟悉的名词解释，则尽量把相关的能够想到的有条理的放上去，把最有把握的放在第⼀部分，不要拘泥于以上的答案框架。

5．育明考研温馨提⽰第⼀，名词解释⼀般位于试卷的第⼀部分，很多考上刚上考场⾮常的兴奋，⼀兴奋就容易下笔如流⽔，⼀不⼩⼼就把名词解释当成了简答题。

结果后⾯的题⽬答题时间⾮常紧张。

第⼆，育明考研咨询师提醒⼤家，在回答名词解释的时候以150-200字为佳。

如果是A4的纸，以5-8⾏为佳。

按照每个⼈写字的速度，⼀般需要5分钟左右。

（⼆）简答题1．育明考研名师解析简答题⼀般来说位于试题的第⼆部分，基本考察对某些重要问题的掌握程度。

2015年北京外国语大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．Bogor Goals正确答案：茂物目标2．FTAAP正确答案：亚太自由贸易区(Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific)3．zero-sum game正确答案：零和博弈，零和游戏4．ALS正确答案：渐冻人症，肌萎缩侧索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)5．NASA正确答案：(美国)国家航空和航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)6．genomic variation正确答案：基因组变异7．ozone depletion正确答案：臭氧损耗8．sinology正确答案：汉学9．bitcoin正确答案：比特币10．UNCED正确答案：联合国环境与发展会议(United Nations Conference on Environment and Development)11．paparazzi正确答案：狗仔队12．amino acid正确答案：氨基酸13．digital divide正确答案：数字鸿沟14．existentialism正确答案：存在主义15．silver-spoon kids正确答案：富二代；富家子弟汉译英16．十八届四中全会正确答案：the Forth Plenary Session of Eighteenth CPC Central Committee17．亚太经合组织正确答案：Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)18．互联互通正确答案：connectivity19．量化宽松政策正确答案：quantitative easing20．公使衔参赞正确答案：counsellor with the rank of minister/ minister-counsellor 21．埃博拉病毒正确答案：Ebola virus22．自闭症正确答案：autism/autistic disorder23．防空识别区正确答案：air defense identification zone24．负面清单正确答案：negative list25．房产税正确答案：property tax26．专利技术正确答案：patented technology27．和而不同正确答案：harmony in diversity28．地沟油正确答案：swill-cooked dirty oil29．真人秀正确答案：reality show30．逆袭正确答案：counterattack under unfavorable circumstances英汉互译英译汉31．The 1992 Rio conference was a high watermark for environmental law. Despite all the many accomplishments since then, we must now acknowledge that Rio has not fulfilled the promises with which the world invested it. After 50 years of diligent and sophisticated work by environmental lawyers on legislation, regulation, principles, treaties, and judicial decisions, how is it that the “actual landscape” of the world’s resources is still “slipping two steps backward for each forward stride?”Part of the explanation for that disappointment result can be found in the statements issued by a distinguished international collection of prosecutors, judges, and legal scholars at the Rio + 20-related World Congress on Justice, Governance, and Law for Environmental Sustainability. They focused almost exclusively on matters of substantive doctrine and legal procedure. Recommitment to enhancing “law” in this narrow sense—a body of formal rules and principles and the judicial and prosecutorial mechanisms for their application and enforcement—certainly has great value, and that work should go forward vigorously. But the ongoing ecological deterioration is traceable in large part of pervasive social and political attitudes favoring a growth-based model of economic “development”that steadily intensifies human appropriation of planetary resources.To address the root of the problem, it will be argued here, environmental law needs a more expansive society-based conception of “ law,” one that activates law as a social institution engaged broadly with the habits and customs, the expectations and aspirations, of people and organizations in their daily lives. Environmental lawyers, then, need a fresh and bold reimagination of their mission, to hone and use their persuasive and analytical skills in creative ways to alter the social dynamic underlying environmental change and to foment a deep commitment to effectively stewardship of resources.正确答案：对环境法而言，1992年的里约会议是一个里程碑式的会议。

1.3考研真题与典型题详解I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研)2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研)3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication.4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______.6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研)10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研)11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研)12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研)13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society.14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研)15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguisticlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研)16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study.17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Cho msky’s______.18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors.19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研)20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研)II. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. ArbitrarinessB. ConventionC. Duality2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研)A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness:5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研)A. articulatory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. auditory phonetics6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions?A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation.C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings.D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.7.Which of the following is a main branch of linguistics? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. MacrolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. Sociolinguistics8. ______ refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and words which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of. (西安外国语学院2006研)A. LangueB. CompetenceC. Communicative competenceD. Linguistic potential9.The study of language at one point in time is a _______ study. (北二外2010研)A. historicalB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. diachronic10. “An refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. ” This shows that language has the design feature of _ ____.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement11. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade” is .A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative 12.Saussure is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Langue B. Competence C. EticIII. True or False1. Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. (清华2000研)2. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.3. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is mere important for us.5. The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. (大连外国语学院2008研)6. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.7. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.8. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.9. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners’ communicative skills.10. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.11. Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical linguistics.12. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.13. Wherever humans exist, language exists. (对外经贸2006研)14. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.15. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.16. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language. IV. Explain the following terms.1.Duality (北二外2010研；南开大学2010研)2.Design featurespetence4.Displacement (南开大学2010研；清华2001研)5.Diachronic linguistics6. Descriptive linguistics7.Arbitrariness(四川大学2006研)V. Short answer questions1. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two. (北外2002研)参考答案及解析I.Fill in the blanks.1.Design (人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。

[考研类试卷]2012年大连外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、判断题1 Language is a means of verbal communication which can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles.（A）True（B）False2 Different words are used to describe the concept in different languages. This reflects the design feature of displacement concerning human languages.（A）True（B）False3 Adults enjoy reading poems for its sheer beauty and children take delight in repetitive rhythms. This reflects the informative function of language.（A）True（B）False4 Journalists keep writing about and reporting on important events. This better reflects the recreational function of language.（A）True（B）False5 Otto Jesperson, Daniel Jones and their colleagues made great contributions to language teaching by developing and perfecting IPA which is extensively used in dictionaries and textbooks.（A）True（B）False6 [z]is a voiceless, alveolar fricative consonant while[j]is a palatal approximant.（A）True（B）False7 The" Minimal Pairs" test that can be used to find out which sound substitutions cause differences in meaning do not work well for all languages.（A）True（B）False8 All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.（A）True（B）False9 Sentence stress is often used to express emphasis, surprise, etc. so in principle stress may fall on any word or any syllable.（A）True（B）False10 Stability, relative uninterruptibility and a minimum free form are three factors that help us to identify words.（A）True（B）False11 Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.（A）True（B）False12 NUMBER and GENDER are mostly a category of the noun and pronoun while TENSE and ASPECT are two important categories of the verb.（A）True（B）False13 GOVERNMENT may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other.（A）True（B）False14 The SYNTAGMATIC RELATION is a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.（A）True（B）False15 The DEEP structure may be defined as the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i. e. the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents, such as the relation between the underlying subject and its verbs, or a verb and its object.（A）True（B）False16 CONNOTATIVE meaning and SOCIAL meaning are two of the 7 types of meaning recognized by G. Leech.（A）True（B）False17 Through COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS, the meaning of "mother"may be analyzed into:mother = PARENT(x, y)&~MALE(x).（A）True（B）False18 CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION is important while we are trying to understand a sentence. GENERAL CONTEXT EFFECT occurs when our general knowledge about the world influences language comprehension. SPECIFIC CONTEXT EFFECTS involve information obtained from earlier parts of a discourse.（A）True（B）False19 According to Austin's view, there are two types of sentences; PERFORMATIVES and INFORMATIVES.（A）True（B）False20 CAI aims at seeing educational problems, on the part of the teacher, whereas CAL emphasizes the use of a computer in both teaching and learning in order to help the learner achieve educational objectives.（A）True（B）False二、填空题21 Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word with the hint of the initial letter.(Write the complete words on your ANSWER SHEET).(10 points)P______studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, the sounds of speech, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc.22 S______ examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it.23 In R______Assimilation, a following sound is influencing a preceding sound.24 A s______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.25 M______is a process involving an alternation in the sequence of sounds, as in bird and brid.26 B______ refers to the relation between a quantifier and a variable, that is, a variable is bound by a quantifier.27 The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of c______.28 The reader is supposed to carry out the processes required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word is encountered; this is known as the Immediacy A______.29 P______Act refers, to the bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance.30 The procedure of error analysis includes recognition, description and e______.三、单项选择题31 Which of the following is NOT a recognized function of language in linguistics? （A）Informative function.（B）Interpersonal function.（C）Performative function.（D）Assertive function.32 Which of the following is NOT a main branch of general linguistics?（A）Phonetics.（B）Macrolinguistics.（C）Phonology.（D）Syntax.33 Which of the following is NOT a main branch of macro-linguistics?（A）Semantics.（B）Anthropological linguistics.（C）Psycholinguistics.（D）Sociolinguistics.34 When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be______.（A）voiced（B）voiceless（C）nasal（D）glottal35 ______ are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.（A）Consonants（B）Semi-vowels（C）Vowels（D）Semi-consonants36 Of manners of articulation, ______ is complete closure of the articulators involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth.（A）plosive（B）frictive（C）approximant（D）lateral37 Of places of articulation, ______ is made by the tongue tip or blade and the upper front teeth.（A）bilabial（B）palatal（C）dental（D）velar38 Which of the following best describes Chinese syllables?（A）((C)C)C)V(((C)C)C)C)（B）((C)C)V((C)C)（C）(C)V(C)（D）(((C)C)C)V(C)39 ______in the word "international" is called ROOT.（A）inter-（B）-al（C）nation（D）in-40 Which of the following pair of words best illustrate BACK-FORMATION? （A）Editor and edit.（B）Worked and work.（C）Aeroplane and plane.（D）Advertisement and ad.41 Which of the following words best illustrate LOANBLEND?（A）Au pair.（B）Artificial satellite.（C）China town.（D）Free verse.42 Which of the following words best illustrates BROADENING?（A）Offend.（B）Hog.（C）Cattle.（D）Bead.43 The verb "take" can be analyzed in the following way according to componential analysis.（A）take=CAUSE(x,(HAVE(x,y)))（B）take = CAUSE(x,(~ HAVE(x,y)))（C）take = CAUSE(x,(BECOME(x,y)))（D）take = CAUSE(x,(~ BECOME(x,y)))44 Which of the following is NOT a major strand of psycholinguistic research? （A）COMPREHENSION.（B）PRODUCTION.（C）PRACTICE.（D）ACQUISITION.45 Which of the following is NOT a level of representation involved in speaking a sentence according to Garrett?（A）The message-level representation.（B）The fimctional-level representation.（C）The informative-level representation.（D）The articulatory-level of representation.46 Which of the following is NOT one of the three inter-related processes in writing according to Hayes and Flower?（A）The planning process.（B）The sentence generation process.（C）The peer-editing process.（D）The revision process.47 Firth developed his own theory of CONTEXT OF SITUATION. Which of the following is NOT part of his theory?（A）The relevant features of the participants.（B）The relevant objects.（C）The effects of the verbal action.（D）The impacts on the verbal action.48 Grice introduced the following categories of maxims to specify the CP further EXCEPT______（A）quantity（B）quality（C）occasion（D）manner49 In specifying the manner of his CP theory, Grice mentioned all the following EXCEPT______（A）Be relevant.（B）Avoid ambiguity.（C）Be brief（D）Avoid obscurity of expression.50 According to Grice, the following are the characteristics of implicature EXCEPT ______（A）calculability（B）comprehensibility（C）non-detachability（D）cancellability51 Which of the following does Horn propose?（A）Make your contribution sufficient.（B）Be brief.（C）Avoid ambiguity.（D）Be orderly.52 Which is NOT a form of sound patterning?（A）Rhyme.（B）Literation.（C）Assonance.（D）Consonance.53 Which of the following may NOT be the main areas of information retrieval research? （A）Content analysis.（B）Grounded theory.（C）information structure.（D）Evaluation.54 Which of the following is NOT a recognized type of syllabus?（A）Situational syllabus.（B）Notional-fuctional syllabus.（C）Cognitive syllabus.（D）Content-based syllabus.55 A(n)______ test assesses how much a learner has mastered the contents of a particular course.（A）achievement（B）aptitude（C）diagnostic（D）proficiency56 The following are the kinds of validity EXCEPT______?（A）content validity（B）construct validity（C）stability validity（D）face validity57 ______ is often described as"father of modern linguistics".（A）Ferdinand de Saussure（B）Malinowski（C）J. R. Firth（D）M.A.K. Halliday58 The London School made great contributions to the following ______ theory. （A）Structuralism（B）Innateness Hypothesis（C）The Standard Theory（D）Systemic-Functional Grammar59 The Prague School made great contributions to the following EXCEPT______. （A）seeing language in terms of FUNCTION（B）the stress that the synchronic study of language is fully justified（C）emphasis on the systemic character of language（D）structuralism60 Chomsky's TG Grammar differs from the structural grammar in the following EXCEPT______（A）rationalism（B）innateness（C）formalization（D）stimulus and response61 The study of characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers fall into the field of ______ as these three constantly interact and change with a speech community.（A）psycholinguistics（B）sociolinguistics（C）anthropological linguistics（D）computational linguistics62 In English,[w]and[j]are ______.（A）plosives（B）fricatives（C）median approximants（D）lateral approximants63 Which of the following can be best described as"voiceless alveolar fricative"?（A）[p]（B）[s]（C）[h]（D）[l]64 The property of voicing plays an important part in distinguishing obstruents in English. It is, therefore, a ______feature for English obstruents.（A）distinctive（B）binary（C）supplementary（D）design65 The words that refer to substance, action and quality are ______ words, also known as content words.（A）lexical（B）function（C）invariable（D）grammatical66 Which of the following statements is NOT true?（A）Derivational affixes often change the lexical meaning.（B）Derivational affixes might or might not change the word class of the word they attach to.（C）In English, derivational affixes can be prefixes or suffixes.（D）Derivational affixes are productive across an entire category, not just across a range of members of that category.67 The most appropriate term that describes"breakthrough"and"playboy"is ______.（A）verbal compound（B）synthetic compound（C）endocentric compound（D）exocentric nominal compound68 In lexical change, the creation of "flu" and "fridge" in English is through the process of____（A）invention（B）abbreviation（C）blending（D）acronym69 The referential theory relates the meaning of a______to the thing it refers to, or stands for.（A）phoneme（B）word（C）sentence（D）clause70 ______ can be defined as consistency. If a test produces the same or very similar results when given to the same candidates twice in succession or marked by different people, it is regarded as having high degree of______.（A）Empirical validity, empirical validity（B）Validity, validity（C）Construct validity, construct validity（D）Reliability, reliability四、简答题71 Illustrate the types of processes with regard to borrowing like loanword, loanblend, loanshift and loan translation and then group the following English words borrowed from the Chinese language according to the types of processes.(10 points)tea(茶)yuan(元)Paper Tiger(纸老虎)kung fu(功夫)lichi(荔枝)Cultural Revolution(文化大革命)cheongsam(旗袍)face(面子)Confucian(儒家的)kow tow(叩头)wok(镬)National People’s Congress(人民代表大会)72 What do you know about Sapir Whorf Hypothesis?(10 points)73 Illustrate Speech Act Theory.(10 points)74 Explain what branch of linguistic study will be most likely involved and what theories might support the study of Chinese English learners' drop of plural forms of countable nouns and third person singular forms of verbs when they speak English.(10 points)75 Analyze the following description and the lexical items according to the theories of sense relations.(10 points)"I like the garden very much. In the garden, there are plants, bushes, evergreens, maple trees, red flowers, yellow flowers, white flowers, pink flowers, peony, jasmine, chrysanthemum, tulips, carnation and many other kinds of flowers. My yeye built the garden many years ago when he moved in. He told me that my bobo, dad and shushu had a wonderful time in the garden as well when they were little..."76 Support your argument concerning whether Women Register exists in the Chinese language.(15 points)77 Present the major view of language in <u>functional linguistics</u> OR<u>interactionalism</u> and then discuss its important implications for foreign language teaching and learning.(15 points)。

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大连外国语大学翻译硕士日语考研专业硕士考研真题
地球温暖化防止は、人類にとって21世紀に取り組むべき最大の課題の一つとなろう。

人類は、産業革命以後、既に膨大な量の二酸化炭素を排出してきた。

発展
の遅れた地域の焼き畑農業もあるが、その大部分は先進国によるものである。

今後も人口の大きい途上国の経済発展が加わり、専門研究機関の予測によると、排出抑制策を実施しなければ、100年後の排出量は現状の3倍を大きく上回ると見られる。

気候変動に関する政府間パネルは地球温暖化防止に向けて、21世紀末の温室効果ガスの排出量を現状以下にする必要があるとしている。

【答案】
防止全球变暖将成为21世纪人类必须解决的最大的课题之一。

工业革命后，人类便已排放了大量的二氧化碳。

虽然这其中包含发展相对落后地区在农田焚烧秸秆排出的二氧化碳，但主要还是来自发达国家。

加上今后人口众多的发展中国家也要发展经济，据研究部门预测，若不实施抑制排放的相关政策，百年后二氧化碳的排放量将会超过如今的三倍以上。

因此，联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会有必要针对防止全球变暖，将21世纪末的温室气体排放量维持在现状之下。

大连外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试（初试）《综合英语》考试大纲大连外国语大学《综合英语》考试是为本校招收英语语言文学专业和外国语言及应用语言学专业研究生设置的具有选拔性质的统一入学考试科目。

考试内容以英语语法、词汇、语篇阅读等应用综合知识和能力测试为主。

遵循科学、公平、规范的原则，以利于本专业考生择优录取，确保研究生的入学质量。

I.考查目标综合英语旨在科学、公平、有效地测试考生的英语语言综合素养，保证英语专业硕士研究生的入学质量。

考试主要考查考生对英语语法、词汇、语篇等方面知识的掌握情况，同时考查考生的英语阅读书面表达等语言技能。

考生应具有一定的分析能力及较强的语言表达能力，能运用英语语言知识和技能去分析、判断及解决相关专业性问题。

II.考试形式与试卷结构一、试卷满分及考试时间试卷满分为150分，考试时间为180分钟。

二、答题方式闭卷、笔试。

三、试卷内容结构1.本试卷共有四部分组成。

2.第I、IV（Section A）部分为客观题，占试卷的30%；3.第II、III、IV（Section B、C、D）部分为主观题，占试卷的70%。

四、试卷题型结构1.Grammar&Vocabulary（语法词汇）30题，每题1分，共30分语法词汇部分为多项选择题，共30题组成，所占分值比例为20%。

每题有四个选择项。

题目中约50％为词汇、词组和短语的用法，约50％为语法结构。

2.Cloze（完型填空）20个空，每空1分，共20分完型填空为一篇英文语篇，共20题组成，所占分值比例为10%。

语篇长度为300-350词。

完型填空部分的短文有20个空白，空白处所删去的词既有实词也有虚词，每个空白为一题，要求考生根据上下文语境填出所缺词，使短文的意思和结构恢复完整。

3.Proofreading&Error correction（短文改错）10题，每题1分，共10分短文改错试题为一篇约250词的短文，文中有10行标有题号。

2018 年上外高翻 MTI 研究生统考《汉语百科知识》考题完整版百科知识（一）选择题1.能表演“掌上舞”是古代哪位美女？（几个选项是：貂蝉，西施，赵飞燕，杨玉环）2.《史记》中“世家”是给什么人做的传？（帝王，王侯，将士，还有一个忘了。

）3.“孔雀东南飞”和___并称诗歌史上的“双壁：4.“菊月”是指哪一个月？5.“红肥绿瘦”是指什么季节？6.“司空见惯”中“司空”是指？ A唐朝的一位诗人 B唐朝的一位高僧 C一个官职7.下面哪一个是武松所为？A倒拔垂杨柳 B汴京城卖刀 C醉打蒋门神8.“名花解语”是指什么？9.“程门立雪”是为了什么？A拜访 B请罪 C道谢 D拜别10.一知半解又爱炫耀的人我们通常用什么词语形容？A半截剑 B半段枪 C半面 D半瓶醋11.“七月流火”形容的是？ A炎炎夏日 B夏去秋来 C春去秋来 D秋去冬来12.“汗流浃背”是为了什么？13.京剧中，性格活泼的青年女性是？ A青衣 B花旦 C彩旦14. “杨柳”是？ A一种植物 B两种植物 C与植物无关15“成也萧何败萧何”指的是哪位历史人物？（二）成语解释精卫填海来龙去脉初出茅庐韬光养晦斯芬克之谜2018英语专业考研备考精华资料史上最全最有效大家论坛原创基础英语英汉互译二外语言学英美文学英美文化学校真题汇总等热门必备的辅导书：基础与综合英语[基础英语] 2018英语专业考研考点精梳与精练基础英语[大家网]英语专业考研名校全真试卷基础英语 07到 10年真卷与解读下载[大家网]2018英语专业基础英语考研真题详解.圣才.2018年版[大家网]2018英语专业基础英语考研真题详解.金圣才. 2009出版[大家网]09年版.英语专业考研基础英语高分突破.吴中东.宫玉波[大家网]10年题解英语专业考研过关必备 3000词 PDF.金圣才版1[大家网]英语专业考研核心词汇.pdf.宫玉波.09版[大家网]题解英语专业考研过关必备 3000词[大家网]读者的选择阅读手册[大家网]读者的选择第 4版英文版[大家网]谈语言写作读本英汉互译：[大家网]2018英语专业英汉互译考研真题与典型题详解.圣才考研网编[大家网]星火英语专业考研名校全真试卷精解英汉互译（2018）[大家网]2018年英语专业考研名校全真题精解.英汉互译.郭棲庆.10年版重点推荐资料：点击下载！英语专业考研（最全最新！） /thread-2407892-1-1.html 基础英语汇总：各校基础英语真题资料汇总英美文学：各校英美文学真题汇总二外：英研二外资料——日语、法语、德语、俄语、西班牙语等汇总学校真题汇总：中国人民大学英语专业考研真题汇总！中国矿业大学英语专业考研资料汇总！上海外国语大学北京外语国大学资料汇总华中师范大学英语专业考研--汇总华中科技大学英语专业考研资料汇总广东外语外贸大学深圳大学的真题汇总南开大学英语专业考研真题汇总中山大学资料汇总暨南大学资料北京航空航天大学英语专业考研真题资料西安外国语大学英语专业考研真题汇总河海大学英语专业考研真题资料汇总中国海洋大学英语专业考研资料小汇武汉理工大学英语专业考研资料汇总武汉大学英语专业考研资料汇总苏州大学英语专业考研资料北京师范大学英语专业考研资料汇总西安外国语大学英语专业考研真题汇总四川大学英语专业考研真题资料汇总！2南京大学英语专业考研资料中南大学二外法语 01年到 07年真题 pdf翻译资料：全日制翻译硕士专业学位 MTI研究生入学考试指南外事翻译口译和笔译技巧.rar下载[大家网]新编当代翻译理论刘宓庆著下载[大家网]英汉翻译综合教程[大家网]西方译学理论辑要下载[大家网]英语翻译理论与实践论文集下载[大家网]外事翻译口译和笔译技巧.rar下载汉语成语典故谚语与歇后语英语翻译全国 68所院校英汉互译试卷分析英语专业考研翻译超全面的笔记~英语专业考研各大院校题型对比分析 pdf英语修辞手法经济学人文本许渊冲与翻译艺术.张智中.扫描版散文佳作 108篇汉英英汉对照报刊英语单词精华经济指标名词解释真题：基础英语汇总：各校基础英语真题资料汇总英美文学：各校英美文学真题汇总二外：英研二外资料——日语法语德语俄语西班牙语等汇总语言学方面真题：汇总中中南大学 2006年英语语言文学与文化综合知识真题四川外语学院 01-06年英语语言文学真题长安大学 2007年英语语言学真题四川外国语大学英语专业 2006年考研真题翻译真题：汇总中广外英语专业历年初试真题水平+翻译与写作武汉大学 2009综合英语汉译英真题及参考答案南京大学 2007基础英语汉译英及参考答案文本及 pdf广外 10年写作与翻译真题3上外 01-08年英汉互译真题外交学院翻译真题及答案杭州师范大学 2018年硕士生招生入学考试科目和参考书目9.天津地区院校英专考研翻译真题8.上海地区院校英专考研翻译真题7.陕西地区院校英专考研翻译真题6.江苏地区院校英专考研翻译真题5.湖北地区院校英专考研翻译真题4.广东地区院校英专考研翻译真题3.福建地区院校英专考研翻译真题[大家网]2.东北地区院校英专考研翻译真题.pdf[大家网]1.北京地区院校英专考研翻译真题.pdf[大家网]高级英语第一册第二册教材及教师用书 rar下载孙亦丽--大学英语精读学习精要--第一册第二册第三册 pdf下载【大家论坛】传播学原理 2009年版张国良全日制翻译硕士专业学位 MTI研究生入学考试指南英语专业考研名校全真试卷基础英语 07到年真卷与解读下载英语专业考研核心词汇.pdf.宫玉波.09版孙亦丽--大学英语精读学习精要--第一册第二册第三册 pdf下载高级英语第二册教材及教师用书第一册 rar下载MTI之 2018中文百科-keys（杭州小蚩尤尝鲜版）1.汉宫飞燕赵飞燕身材轻盈，有人认为是古代芭蕾的雏形。

英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研)2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研)3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication.4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______.6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover whatlanguage is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called______. (北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研)10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研)11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研)12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way wordsare combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the studyof the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研)13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called_______. (北二外2008研)15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguisticlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研)16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study.17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______.18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The formeris the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening，writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors.19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研)20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研)II. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. ArbitrarinessB. ConventionC. Dualityof the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研)A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. Transferability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness:5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely con nected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研)A. articulatory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. auditory phonetics6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language func tions?A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.B. The emo tive function is to convey message and information.C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings.D. The phat ic function is to establish communion with others.of the following is a main branch of linguistics? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. MacrolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. Sociolinguistics8. ______ refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and w ords which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of. (西安外国语学院2006研) A. Langue B. Competence C. Communicative competence D. Linguistic potentialstudy of language at one point in time is a _______ study. (北二外2010研)A. historicalB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. diachronic10. “An refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. ”This shows that language has the design feature of _____.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement11. The function of the sentence “Water b oils at 100 degreeCentigrade”is .A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative is closely connected with ______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Langue B. Competence C. EticIII. True or False1. Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. (清华2000研)2. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowle dge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.3. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way usedby the deaf-mute is not language4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially cre ative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to g eneration. As a foreign language learner, the latter is mere important for us.5. The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. (大连外国语学院2008研)6. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.7. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.8. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.9. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descript ive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners’communicative skills.10. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people ina given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to com municate or interact.11. Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical lingu istics.12. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to lan guage teaching and learning.13. Wherever humans exist, language exists. (对外经贸2006研)14. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.15. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact t hat language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of me anings.16. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it ca n tell us how to speak correct language. IV. Explain the following terms.(北二外2010研；南开大学2010研)features(南开大学2010研；清华2001研)linguistics6. Descriptive linguistics(四川大学2006研)V. Short answer questions1. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind ofrelationships hold between the two. (北外2002研)参考答案及解析I.Fill in the blanks.(人类语言区不于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区不特征，是人类语言特有的特征。

部分考研真题汇总（语言学导论部分）北京外国语大学I．Explain the following terms.1. langue (2010)II. Answer the following questions.1.How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system? (2010)提示：Both the traffic light system and human linguistic system belong to the language system. Both can convey information to human beings. The key difference lies in duality. Linguists refer “duality”(of structure) to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc). At the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. With duality, our language is endowed with the great productive power.The traffic light system does not have duality, because its primary level does not have independent units which can be united freely into meaningful secondary units. One form corresponds to one meaning. That is, the red light means to stop; the green one means to pass; the yellow one means to pause for pass or stop. The traffic light system is more like animal communicative system rather than human language.北京第二外国语大学I．Complete each of the following statements.1. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words iscalled________.（2004）2. An approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is __________.（2004，2008）3. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contactrather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is ____ function. （2005，2008，2010）4. In Saussure’s views, the relationship between signifier (sound image) and signified (concept) is _______.（2005）5. By ____ is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. （2005）6. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the _____level are composed of elements of the ____level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. （2006）7. According to Chomsky, the object of investigation in linguistics is the ideal speaker’s _______ rather than his performance. （2006）8. In ____ linguistics, languages are studied at a theoretical point in time: one describes a state of the language, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. （2006）9. The features that define our human languages can be called ____ features. （2006）10. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as _____.（2007，2009）11. Semantics and _____ investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. （2007）12. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ____ and performance. （2007）13. The ____ is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical. （2008）14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called ______.（2008，2010）15. Both semantics and _____ investigate linguistic meaning, but they focus on different aspect. (2009)16. If certain linguistics tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all, it is _____ linguists. (2009)II. Tell if each of the following statements is true or false.1.The most important sociological use of language is the recreational function, bywhich people establish and maintain their status in society. （2005）2.“Competence” and “performance” are two distinctive terms proposed by Saussure.（2005）3.The description of a language at some point in time is called diachronic study.（2005, 2007）4.The distinction between “langue”and “parole”was proposed by Chomsky.（2010）III．Complete each of the following statements using one of the given choices. 1.The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speaker of a languageis called_______.（2010）a. grammar rulesb. competencec. performanced. language device2.The study of language at one point in time is a ____ study. （2010）a. historicalb. synchronicc. descriptived. diachronicIV. Answer the questions briefly.1.Why is it difficult to define language? （2004）2.How do you understand “displacement”, a design feature of language? （2004）3.How do you understand “duality”, a design feature of language? （2010）4.How do you understand the performative function of language? （2009, 2010）5.How do you understand the distinction between langue and parole introduced bySaussure?(2009)6.How do you understand arbitrariness? (2009)V. Write a short essay in about 100 words according to each of the following questions.1.How do you understand the dichotomy between competence and performancepostulated by Chomsky? （2008）2.What is phonology? And what is a phoneme? （2008）3.How well, in your opinion, does the word “communication” represent the functionof human language? （2008）4.How do you understand “discreteness”, a design feature of language? （2008）提示：Charles Francis Hockett was an American linguistic theorist who developed many influential ideas of American structuralism. He (1966) isolated 13 design features that characterize human language and which distinguish it from other communication systems. Discreteness is one of them. It means that the basic units of speech (such as sounds) can be categorized as belonging to distinct categories. There is no gradual, continuous shading from one sound to another in the linguistics system, although there may be a continuum in the real physical world. Thus speakers will receive a sound as either a [p] or a [b], but not as blend, even if physically it falls somewhere between the two sounds. In other word, phonemes can be placed in distinct categories which differentiate them from one another, such as the distinct sound of [p] versus [b].首都师范大学I. Match the terms with their definitions.1. prescriptive study of language g. approach that aims at laying down rules (2010)北京航空航天大学I. Answer the following questions.1. What makes language unique to human beings? (2010)大连海事大学I．Choose the correct answer.1. _____ refers to the fact that languages are organized in terms of two levels. (2004)A. DualityB. DisplacementC. ProductivityD. Arbitrariness2. N. Chomsky defines ____ as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and _____ the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (2004)A. langue, paroleB. competence, performanceC. grammar, speechD. language, writing3. _____ is different from semantics in that it studies the use of language in communication, particularly between sentences and the context and situation in which they are used. (2004)A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. GrammarD. functional4. What is morphology? (2005)A. The study of the rules governing the sounds that form words.B. The study of the rules governing sentence formation.C. The study of the rules governing word formation.D. The study of the rules of grammatical units of a language.II. Explain each of the following pairs of terms with examples if necessary.1. prescriptive and descriptive grammar (2005)III. Short answers to the following questions.1. What prescriptive rules for the “proper”use of English are not obeyed in thefollowing sentences? (2005)(a) That’s the girl I gave my roller skates to.(b) He wanted to simply borrow your car for an hour.IV. Essay questions.1.Develop the following topic into a 200-300 word essay: The difference betweenthe prescriptive approach and the descriptive approach and the significance in language learning. (2005)2.Write an essay on the unique properties of human language in about 250 words,discussing in what ways these features are restricted to human language and unlikely to be found in animal communication systems. (2008)V. Mark the following statements with T if it is true or F if it is false.1. Different from pragmatics, semantics deals with meaning without reference to the users and communicative functions of sentences. (2008)VI. Match each term in Column A with its definition in Column B. (2009) Column A1.phatic communionColumn BA. the use of speech to maintain social relations, e. g. Pleased to meet you.VII. Explain the following terms.1.Sociolinguistics(2009)河南大学I. Lexicology.1.Explain the following terms.Phoneme (2009)郑州大学I. Define the following terms.1. linguistic competence (2006)2. morpheme (2005)3. phatic function (2006)II. Answer the following questions.1.What are the seven basic functions of human language? Describe them and givebrief explanation for each of them. (2006)2.Wardhauge (1977) defines language as “a system of arbitrary vocal symbols usedfor human communication.” Please elaborate this definition. (2005)3.What are the similarities and differences between Saussure’s distinction of“Langue vs. Parole” and Chomsky’s distinction of “Competence vs. Performance”?(2005)III. True or False questions. If a certain statement is false, please state the reason very briefly.1.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being beforethe spoken form. (2005)2.Linguistics is the course of language. (2006)3.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study. (2006)4.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph. (2006)5.Semantics is the main part of linguistics. (2006)IV. Complete each statement with the best choice out of the four options.1.The term ____ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approachwhich studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. (2006)A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative2. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be ____. (2006)A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticsC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic3. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakersinterpret sentences is called _____. (2006)A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics北京师范大学I. Define the following terms.1. langue (2004)2. parole (2004)II. Try to discuss as many as possible the design features of human language. (2004)III. Compare and contrast the following pairs of terms.1.synchronic and diachronic studies of language (2005)IV. What are the design features of language? Please explain them with examples. (2005)北京外国语大学I. Explain the following terms briefly.1. morpheme (2004)2. langue (2010)3. phoneme (2010)II. Answer the following questions.1.Who proposed the distinction between competence and performance? What is thesignificance of this distinction in linguistic studies? (2004)2.How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system?(2010)大连外国语学院I. Mark the following statements with T if they are true and F if they are false.1. Parole is the actual use of speaking by the members of a community. (2004)2. Parole is the actual phenomena or data of utterances. (2003)3. Linguistics is generally defined as a scientific study of a particular language. (2003)4. Synchronic linguistics refers to approach which studies language over variousperiods of time and at various historical stages. (2003)5. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative. (2004)6. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. (2004)7. The metalingual function of language enables human beings to talk about the language itself. (2004)II. Fill in the following blanks.1.One of the design features termed as _____ means that human languages enabletheir users to symbolize objects, events, and concepts which are present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. (2003)2.It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters,namely, phonologic, ______, syntactic, semantic, and ______. (2003)3.The basic functions of language are: informative, _____, ______, ______, phatic,recreational and metalingual. (2003)III. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1.______ means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from theimmediate situations of the speaker. (2003)A. DualityB. AssimilationC. DisplacementD. ContextIV. Answer the following questions.1. Why is competence and performance an important distinction in linguistics? (2003)武汉大学I. Explain and exemplify the following terms.1. duality (2007)II. Briefly answer the following questions.1.What are linguistic competence and communicative competence? (2007)厦门大学1.What are the differences between prescriptivism and descriptivism in linguisticstudy? (2007)提示：The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. A linguistics study is descriptive if it describes and analyzes facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for “correct”behaviors. The former is about what language is like and the latter is about what language should be like.To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of language community actually conform and do not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.2.Please use examples to illustrate the functions of language. (2007)四川大学I. State in one sentence for each term, what you understand about the followingterms.1. productivity (design feature of language) (2007)2. phatic function of language(2007)3. descriptive study of linguistics (2007)II. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each.1.How is the relation between sound and meaning classified? (2007)提示：Sound and meaning are in fact related arbitrarily. That is to say, there is actually no natural relationship between a linguistic sign and its meaning.But language is not absolutely arbitrary, the relation between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.Duality means the language’s property of having two levels of structures: the system of sounds, which is the meaningless level of the language system, and the system of meanings.The sound system of a language contains a limited number of meaningless discrete sound segments that can be used again and again in various combinations to form units of meaning. The meaning system allows the meaningful units to be arranged in an infinite number of ways according to both syntactic and semantic rules to express meanings.。

翻译硕士著名院校解读：大连外国语大学Dalian International Studies University(DISU) 大连外国语大学坐落于美丽的海滨城市—大连，是辽宁省省属外国语高等院校，拥有学士、硕士学位授予权。

学院秉承“崇德尚文、兼收并蓄”的校训，遵循“育人为本、质量至上、突出特色、科学发展”的办学理念，经过四十三年的建设和发展，已经成为以外语为主，以国际化办学为特色，文、管、经、工等学科相互支撑、协调发展且充满生机活力的多科型外国语大学。

大连外国语大学坐落在美丽的海滨城市大连，是辽宁省省属高校。

1970年更名为辽宁外语专科学校，1978年更名为大连外国语学院，2013年4月更名为大连外国语大学。

49年来，学校秉承"崇德尚文、兼收并蓄"的校训精神，遵循"育人为本、质量至上、突出特色、科学发展"的办学理念，已建设发展成为以外语为主，以国际化办学为特色，人文学科、社会学科、管理学、工学等学科相互支撑、协调发展的多科性外国语大学。

[1] 学校占地总面积1952亩，校舍建筑总面积54.6万平方米。

校区规划布局合理、校园环境优美，各类功能的教室齐备，充分体现了现代化、人文化、智能化和数字化的特点。

学校图书馆建筑面积3.4万平方米，馆藏印刷型文献167万册。

校园网设备先进，为学校信息化、数字化建设奠定了良好的基础。

学校是教育部直属的国内外考试组织机构和出国留学人员培训基地、上合组织大学中方项目院校、教育部中俄大学生交流基地、国家汉语国际推广基地、教育部中国政府奖学金生的接收单位、中国国际青少年培训中心、教育部对港高校万人计划院校、国家孔子学院专职教师储备学校、辽宁省人文社会科学重点研究基地、辽宁省国际型外语人才培养模式创新实验区、教育部指定的20余种专业考试的考点。

学校2004年被辽宁省人民政府评为"文明单位"，2005年被辽宁省教育厅评为第一批安全文明校园，2007年在教育部本科教学工作水平评估中获得优秀，2009年10月俄罗斯世界基金会在学校设立俄语中心，2010年9月获得"推荐优秀本科毕业生免试攻读硕士学位研究生"资格。