独家权威震撼发布：张中宁主编《最新西方报刊经贸文章选读》课后作业答案Lesson10

KEY TO EXERCISESSection A: Text ComprehensionI. Reference Answers to Pre-reading Questions:1.The novel theory is not that Americans spend too much, but that foreigners save too much.The Chinese have piled up so much excess savings that they lend money to the United States at low rates, underwriting American consumption. [Para 2]2.In Washington, China was treated as a threat by some people, mostly because it lured awaymanufacturing jobs. Others argued that China’s heavy lending to this country was riskyb ecause Chinese leaders could decide to withdraw money at a moment’s notice, creating apanicky run on the dollar. [Para 15]3.It refers to the tight financial and trade embrace between the United States and China. [Para36]4.China’s fortunes remain tethered to those of the United States. And the reverse is equally true.[Para 57]Section B: ExercisesI. Vocabulary BuildupChoose the best equivalent word or phrase from the four choices marked A, B, C and D for each underlined word or phrase in the following sentences.1. C2. B3. C4. C5. A6. D7. C8. B9. C 10. C11. B 12. D 13. AII.Translation PracticeTranslate the following paragraph into Chinese.事后，不少经济学家发表高见，他们说美国应该意识到从国外借钱来垫付国内消费和赤字开销原本就不是什么经济发展的成功之道。

KEY TO EXERCISESSection A: Text ComprehensionI. Reference Answers to Pre-reading Questions:1.He said that the ties between the two powers were “as important as any bilateral relationshipin the world”. [Para.1]2.They sought a “positive, constructive, and comprehensive relationship”. [Para.5]3.The new dialogue is to be held every year in alternate capitals, that is, in Beijing orWashington by turns. [Para.7]4.It means “confirmation”.5.His words indicate that China is playing a more and more important role on the world stage.6.According to President Obama, the relationship between the United States and China willshape the 21st century, which makes it as important as any bilateral relationship in the world.That really must underpin these two countries’ partne rship, and that is the responsibility that together they bear. [Para.28]Section B: ExercisesI. Vocabulary BuildupFill in the blanks with the proper form of words in the following passages.1. exercised2. barriers3. chiefly4. developed5. but6. aiming7. subject 8. license 9. that 10. overII. Business Terms1.Give the Chinese equivalents of the following business terms and expressions whichwould be found in the given paragraphs of the text.1). 双边关系2). 核扩散3). 美国国务院4). 人权状况5). 美国财政部长6). 美国国债7). 尼克松中心智囊机构8). 冷战9). 多哈回合谈判10). 核不扩散条约2.Give the English Equivalents of the following Business terms and expressions whichwould be found in the given paragraphs of the text.1). Chinese foreign ministry2). pay tribute to3). Chinese Americans4). the state councilor5). raise domestic consumption6). sticking points 7). shared interests8). look to the future9). economic recovery10). greenhouse gases11). narrow our divisionsIII. Text ComprehensionAnswer the following questions according to the text.1.He insisted closer co-operation on a range of challenges from lifting the global economy tonuclear proliferation and climate change.[Para 4]2.Mr Obama made only brief reference to China's poor human rights record, which used toloom much larger in discussions and bracketed his criticism with acknowledgement of China's great "ancient culture" and the vibrant contribution of Chinese Americans to the US.[Paras11-13]3.He means that both China and the US are suffering the economic and other crisis.4.The strongest message was that Americans are leaning to save more and spend less, meaningChina cannot rely on exports to the US for its growth and will have to raise domestic consumption. [Para.16]5.The Berlin Wall symbolized a decades-long symbol of division, that is, the Iron Curtainbetween Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc as well as the cold war between western capitalist countries and the eastern socialist ones, and the tearing down of the Wall indicated that conflicts can be solved and globalization was on the way. [Para 25]6.The questions are as follows: Will growth be stalled by events like our current financial crisis,or will we cooperate to create balanced and sustainable growth, lifting more people out of poverty and creating a broader prosperity around the world? Will the need for energy breed competition and climate change, or will we build partnerships to produce clean power and to protect our planet? Will nuclear weapons spread unchecked, or will we forge a new consensus to use this power for only peaceful purposes? Will extremists be able to stir conflict and division, or will we unite on behalf of our shared security? Will nations and peoples define themselves solely by their differences, or can we find common ground necessary to meet our common challenges, and to respect the dignity of every human being?[Para 27]7.He wanted to emphasize his point that both the US and China benefit from engagement that isgrounded in mutual interest and mutual respect. [Para 29]8.The US and China’s ability to partner with each other is a prerequisite for progress on manyof the most pressing global challenges. [Para 31]9.According to President Obama, we can promote financial stability through greatertransparency and regulatory reform. We can pursue trade that is free and fair, and seek to conclude an ambitious and balanced Doha Round agreement. We can update international institutions so that growing economies like China play a greater role that matches their greater responsibility. And as Americans save more and Chinese are able to spend more, we can put growth on a more sustainable foundation -- because just as China has benefited from substantial investment and profitable exports, China can also be an enormous market for American goods. [Para 33]10.According to President Obama, the US and China can cooperate to advance their mutualbenefits in the following four respects: 1. in a lasting economic recovery; 2. in a clean, secure, and prosperous energy future; 3. in stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; 4. in confronting transnational threats. [Paras 33-38]11.The United States respects the progress that China has made by lifting hundreds of millions ofpeople out of poverty, and it also respects China's ancient and remarkable culture, its remarkable achievements, and the vibrant contribution of Chinese Americans to the US. [Para41]12.According to President Obama, China has its own distinct story that shapes its ownworldview. And Americans know the richness of China's history because it helped to shape the world and it helped to shape America. Americans know the talent of the Chinese people because they have helped to create this great country. President Obama’s own Cabinet contains two Chinese Americans. And they know that despite our differences, America is enriched through deeper ties with a country of 1.3 billion people that is at once ancient and dynamic -- ties that can be forged through increased exchanges among their people, and constructive bilateral relations between these two governments. That is how they will narrow their divisions. [Para 43]13.Mr. Obama says that he believes in a future where China is a strong, prosperous andsuccessful member of the community of nations; a future when their nations are partners out of necessity, but also out of opportunity. This future is not fixed, but it is a destination that can be reached if they pursue a sustained dialogue like the one that they will commence today, and act on what they hear and what they learn. [Para 44]14.He mentioned their words to emphasize the importance of cooperation and dialogue betweenthe US and China. [Para 22, Para 45]15.The talks are expected to be dominated by the global economic crisis and efforts to reach adeal on how to confront global warming.Obama urged China to begin boosting domestic demand and shift away from a dependence on exports. The US has been concerned that China is saving too much as the economic downturn has prompted a sharp decrease in consumer consumption around the world.Obama also said China and the US must be united in their efforts to keep nuclear weapons out of the hands of Iran and to denuclearize the Korean Peninsula.Obama also urged China to further open up its society, improve human rights, and protect minorities and the place of other religions.IV. Interactive BrainstormingDiscuss with your partners the following questions based on your understanding of the text as well as on your own knowledge and ideas. (Omitted)。

KEY TO EXERCISESSection A: Text ComprehensionI. Reference Answers to Pre-reading Questions:1.Jim Carter [Para 2]2.Brzezinski attracted worldwide attention by elaborating his G-2 idea with an article in theFinancial Times entitled "The Group of Two that could change the world".[Para 7]3.He thinks that Barack Obama is a conciliator at heart. [Para 16]4.For the idea of G-2 to work, the US has to adjust fundamentally foreign policy it has followedsince the end of Word War II, away from neo-imperialism toward Wilsonian/FDR liberalism, and give up its aim of peaceful evolution of Chinese society towards market capitalism. A G-2 would have to be a leading force in building a new world order of social justice and economic equity. [Para 27]5.Mao's vision of US-China relations transcends fleeting geopolitical tactics of balance ofpower, towards a long-range peaceful coexistence of two of the world's largest nations. [Para 30]Section B: ExercisesI. Detailed ExaminationIdentify whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F) according to your understanding of the text details.1. F2. T3. T4. F5. F6. T7. F8. T9. T 10. TII. Business T erms1.Give the Chinese equivalents of the following business terms and expressions whichwould be found in the given paragraphs of the text.1). 外交关系2). 别具风格地，时髦地3). （外交）关系的正常化4). 生机勃勃的国内市场5). 外贸结算6). 和谐世界7). 联合国维和部队8). 维持全球主导地位9). 放任自由的市场经济10). 专属经济区11). 韬光养晦12). 和谐共生的伙伴2.Give the English Equivalents of the following Business terms and expressions whichwould be found in the given paragraphs of the text.1). top executives2). China's core interests3). sovereign credit4). export sector5). China's 'peaceful rising' 6). decision-maker7). in-depth discussion8). unipolar world order9). win-win symbiosis10). peaceful evolution11). run counter to 12). mutual benefitIII. Text ComprehensionAnswer the following questions according to the text.1.Because there was no official counterpart observation in the US. [Para 3]2.Brzezinski thinks China could help the US find solutions to the problems like the globalfinancial crisis, the challenges of climate change, North Korea and Iran nuclear ambitions, India and Pakistan tension and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. [Para 6]3.According to Brzezinski, it precipitated almost from the start security co-operation that hasbeen of genuine benefit both to the US and China. The effect was to change the Cold War's global chessboard - to the disadvantage of the Soviet Union. Indirectly, the normalization facilitated Chairman Deng Xiaoping's decision to undertake a comprehensive economic reform. China's growth would have been much harder without the expansion in US-Chinese trade and financial relations that followed normalization." [Para 8]4.It describes the relationship as one of "complex interdependence", in which both sidesevaluate each other in pragmatic and moderate terms and in which "the two sides can compete and consult within existing international rules". Yet the reality of US-China relations is one of unending US provocation and hostility on a compliant China. [Para 9]5.China should adopt a full employment objective and an income policy financed by sovereigncredit in order to develop a vibrant domestic market that would absorb the sharp shrinkage of its export sector resulting from the global financial crisis. The way for China to use sovereign credit to finance domestic economic development is to free China from dollar hegemony by demanding settlement of its export trade to be denominated in yuan. [Para 10]6.According to Brzezinski, if both sides at all times keep in mind the centrality of theirinterdependence, they will be able to cope with other contentious issues.7.They are mainly about listing Brzezinski’s ideas on forming G2. Specifically, Para 11 is aboutChina’s revisionist power and “the US-China’s common perspectives” which are helpful in forming G2; Para 12 analyses the Chinese own view or stand toward the idea of revisionist power. Para 13-16 are about his views on the fields in which the US and China can cooperate. national interests globally would be better served by a strategy of making friends withChina by sharing power globally because eventually the US will need the support of the world's most populous country to preserve and shore up its own global dominance. By contrast, conflicts with China will drain US capacity to maintain its global dominance. [Para 18]9.Brzezinski, the grand master of geopolitical chess, plots his strategy several moves ahead ofthe game. Geopolitical pluralism must first be promoted to defuse challenges to US superpower, followed by encouraging compatible key partners to cooperate under US leadership, and finally the pragmatic sharing of global geopolitical responsibility can be rewarded with a sharing of power. The twin poles of this strategy are a united Europe in the West and strong China in the East; with the problematic central regions stabilized within a new balance of power. [Para 20]10.The US, in view of the self-inflicted damage to its freewheeling market economy that can beexpected to leave the country in a protracted depression, will need a trade partner with high growth potential to absorb its overcapacity. China emerges in the 21st century as the idealcandidate for the new ally with a special relationship with the US. From the US security perspective, an alliance with China will spare the US from again involving itself directly in a war in Asia, a role the US alliance with Japan had repeatedly failed to accomplish. From the US economic perspective, US-China economic interdependence has the potential of a win-win symbiosis. Brzezinski anticipates that a G-2 would be more effective in dealing with multilateral global issues than the G-5 (France, Germany, Italy, UK, US) or G-6 (G5+Japan) or G-7 (G6+Canada) or G8 (G7+ Russia) or even the G-20 (G7+developing countries including China). [Para 21-22]11.The author uses examples and illustrations to tell us that Brzezinski's vision is not shared byall in US.12.notwithstanding Brzezinski's assertion, China is not a "revisionist" power, but anon-expansionist revolutionary state aiming at restoring its natural historical status as it was before the arrival of Western imperialism in Asia. China is not interested in bringing back a pre-World War II world order of imperialist exploitative expansion. China is not Japan, which as a defeated nation has been willing to play the role of a submissive ally with a benevolent victor.13.The author thinks that a G-2 regime would inflict on China the side-effects of rising anti-USsentiments from around the world at a time when US power is declining from self-inflicted wounds. [Para 32]By being a member of the proposed G-2, China would be necessarily saddled with the burdens of being a special ally of a superpower without the benefits or even the need of being a superpower itself. [Para 33] A G-2 will create unavoidable geopolitical problems for China in Asia, and also relating to the US global war on terrorism. It will exacerbate China's problem with Islamic separatists. [Para 34]The reason is thata.China is not likely to play Brzezinski's new Great Game.b.China is not a "revisionist" power, but a non-expansionist revolutionary state aiming atrestoring its natural historical status as it was before the arrival of Western imperialism in Asia.c.China is not interested in bringing back a pre-World War II world order of imperialistexploitative expansion.d.China is not Japan, which as a defeated nation has been willing to play the role of asubmissive ally with a benevolent victor. [Para 28]e.The foreign policy of the People's Republic since its founding in 1949 has a long legacyof nonalignment. [Para 29]f.China views itself is a natural member of developing countries, but does not see itself asthe group's leader either by design or by default. [Para 31]g.Brzezinski's G2 strategy runs counter to Deng Xiaoping's strategy of "hide capacity, bidetime"[Para 31]h.China's first priority should be to secure her position as the leading protector of Asianinterests against neo-imperialism from the G-5. A strong China needs also a strong, independent Asia free from undue manipulation by external forces.i.China should tilt towards Japan as a friendly neighbor and not fantasize about unrealisticUS friendship with a socialist China.j.Chinese policymakers will be disappointed if they are not realistic about deep-rooted US hostility toward China. China must avoid open conflict with the US, but Chinesepolicymakers must understand that the US will never be China's friend as long as the communist party is in control of China.k.Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's overture of peace and cooperation to China is merely an emergency measure in response to a collapsed economy and exhaustion from undeclared foreign wars.14.China now needs to carefully consider any disingenuous invitation to join and save theprecarious US-constructed and dominated world system at a time when conditions around the world are making the prospect of a new, just world order on the horizon a welcome possibility.[Para 40]IV. Interactive BrainstormingDiscuss with your partners the following questions based on your understanding of the text as well as on your own knowledge and ideas. (Omitted)被删去标题图片：。

KEY TO EXERCISESSection A:Text ComprehensionI. Reference Answers to Pre-reading Questions:1.According to the author, most obviously, the Chinese interest in the region is pragmatic ratherthan ideological. The goal is to further economic growth at home by opening new markets andguaranteeing a supply of necessary inputs. [Para1.3]2.The main tool Beijing is deploying in the region is China Development Bank's massive pile ofU.S. dollar reserves. [Para1.7]1.8]4.It shows, in the United States some Americans worry that China’s growing economic weightposes a political threat. [Para2.6]5.Brazil, Chile and Peru, etc. have gained. [Para2.12]6.Chinese officials insist that their closer relations with Latin America are driven by two things:ashareddiplomaticinterestinamultipolarworld,andmutuallybeneficialeconomican dbusiness ties. “We’re not seek ing special influence. We have reiterated [to the UnitedStates]thatourrelationswithLatinAmericaaren’tathreattoanyone,”saysQiuXiaoqi,China ’sambassador in Brasília. [Para2.21]Section B:ExercisesI. Vocabulary BuildupFill in the blanks of the following passage with the appropriate words or phrases listed in thetable. Change the form where necessary:1. focused2. ignoring3. worst4. higher6. borrowing7. farming8. producers9. suffering10. facingII. Business Terms1. Give the Chinese equivalents of the following business terms and expressions which wouldbe found in the given paragraphs of the text.1).股权7).特权阶级；既得利益2).新兴市场8).国有控股石油公司3).负责，掌管9).互惠外汇信贷4).非最大的；非高峰的,非峰值的10).缺钱的，缺乏现金的5).自由市场11).以牙还牙；针锋相对6).主权财富基金12).对客户贷款的最高限额2. Give the English Equivalents of the following Business terms and expressions which wouldbe found in the given paragraphs of the text.1). trade deficit7). debt default2). trading partner8). economic stability3). market prices9). labour-intensive manufacturing industry4). stock prices10). two-way trade5). antidumping suits11). free-trade agreementIII. Text ComprehensionAnswer the following questions according to the text.1.5]The truth is that the developing trade between China and Latin American countries representsan opportunity—if the U.S. plays its cards right. [Para1.2]1.8]1.9] The author also lists some examples of China’smisguided investments in the near past, for example, China’s investmentin Blackstone andMorgan Stanley in1.12]1.14]2.5]5.Many Latin Americans prefer to see China’s expanding ties to their region as an opportunity.Theregion,withBrazilinthelead,isforging“south-south”allianceswithChina,India,Russia and South Africa to push for changes in what they all see as an unjust world economicorder. [Para2.6]2.7]2.12]2.12-2.13]2.13]10.No. While trade has boomed, Chinese investment in Latin America has hitherto amounted toless than meets the eye. [Para2.14]2.20]2.14,2.15]2.20]13.Venezuela under Mr Chávez has sought closer ties not just with China but also with styearDmitryMedvedevbec amethefirstRussianpresident since those days to visit Latin America. Russia also sent a small naval flotilla to theCaribbean for joint exercises with Venezuela and Cuba. [Para2.23]Mr.ChávezhasalsogoneoutofhiswaytocourthisIraniancounterpart,MahmoudAhm adinejad. Mr Ahmadinejad has made two visits to Latin America, taking in Nicaragua,EcuadorandBolivia,aswellasVenezuelaonbothoccasions.Underaninvestmen tprogramme sponsored by the two governments, Iranian firms are making tractors and cars inVenezuela, and building housing for the poor. [Para2.25]IV. Interactive Brainstorming (Omitted)Discuss with your partners the following questions based on your understanding of the textas well as your own knowledge and ideas.被删图片：。

第 2课中国吸收外国直接投资The Curtain Goes up 竹幕卷起一、课文翻译中国政府允许外国在沿海投资― 从而差生了不同的法则并引起困惑。

1. 满怀信心的中国卷起大部分竹幕，向世界宣布“对外开放”，几乎所有的城市都张挂起邀请外商来投资作正当生意的招牌。

2. 广东省和福建省的4个经济特区、14个沿海开放城市（都是以前的通商口岸）和海南岛（总共十九个“开放”区）为外国投资者制定了税收和其他方面的鼓励政策。

每一个省会都在尽力吸引外资。

3. 所有这一切的基础是从1979年中期国务院决定在南方建立4个经济特区开始，尔后逐步形成的。

此后首次出台一项合资企业法（尽管充满漏洞），继之就是“补偿贸易”程序----两者都是为吸引外资到这4个经济特区而制定的。

第二年合资企业税法颁布实施。

4. 尽管商人们努力与拥有10亿人口的潜在市场做生意而与官僚主义作斗争，但中国领导人对于深圳----这个经济特区的典范----前进的步伐变得越来越不耐烦了。

5. 1984年4月，在中国高层领导人访问了深圳、珠海和厦门经济特区之后，国务院宣布沿整个海岸的14个城市再加上海南岛对外开放投资，从此把真正的竞争因素引入中国经济发展的计划中。

接着，备受公众注目的《关于经济结构改革的决定》出台，吸收外国技术和外资的竞争骤然开始。

6. 对于外商来说，进入拥有10亿消费者市场的前景不再是白日梦。

中国人---尤其是农村人口---正变得富有，他们希望其生活水平有明显的改善：他们渴望拥有彩电、冰箱、卡车、洗衣机和更好的收音机、自行车和衣服。

即使是地方厂商也注意到国内市场潜在的巨大销售量。

7. 最近，中国沿海城市经济技术开发集团---19个“开发区域”政策制定和协调机构领导人、国务委员谷牧宣布整个沿海对外开放投资。

从字面上理解，这并没有多大意义，因为还没“开放”的沿海地区还不能满足外商的需求。

事实上，经济特区中的汕头，14个沿海城市中的一些城市，再加上海南岛，甚至不具备履行中央政府授予的职责所需的行政支持或基础设施。

西方报刊经贸文章选读（第四版）（网络版）史天陆编著蒿青编著助理对外经济贸易大学出版社（二）经贸文章专业词语和常用词语认知练习参考答案Lesson 1Text合资企业joint venture企业家精神entrepreneurship增长growth衰退slump迅速发展to boom崛起to emerge通货紧缩deflation亚洲开发银行the Asian Development Bank猛增to jump贸易逆差trade deficit衰退recession移动电话mobile phone个人电脑personal computer破产的bankrupt购买力平价purchasing power parity跨国公司multinational供应链supply chain贸易环境trading environment Supplementary Reading［货币］升值revaluation提高生产率to lift productivity［货币］增值appreciation利润margin电子产品electronics消除to erase利润幅度profit margin竞争力competitiveness双边经济关系bilateral economic ties［经济］部门sector品种更多的商品 a wider range of goods定价能力pricing power支配地位dominance电讯telecommunications贸易顺差trade surplus“钉住”peg冲击impact企业businessLesson 2Text现场on the spot样品间show room创新产品innovative goods增长销售额to boost the sales研究和开发research and development智囊团think tank劳动密集型的labour-intensive品牌brand倾销to dump猛增to soar便携式电脑laptop computer出口才干export prowess管理和经营的专门知识技能managerial and operational expertise生产能力production capacity亚洲金融危机the Asian Financial Crisis规模效益economies of scale逐步停止生产to phase out production王牌the ace in the hole调查to survey相当多的利润 a decent profit放松贸易限制to loosen trade restrictions最高管理层top management达到设计和质量的标准to be up to the standards in design and quality Supplementary Reading黑洞black hole世界工厂the “world’s workshop”扩大生产to expand production增加产量to boost the output给予享用……的权利［机会］to give somebody access to something收购acquisition合并consolidation使……并入to merge... into...［大宗的］收入revenue咨询公司consultancy向海外转移生产to shift production overseas高端产品high-end product加入世贸组织the accession to the WTO服饰产品apparel采办to procureLesson 3Text推动经济增长to boost economies复苏recovery新兴国家emerging nation (country)去掉了通货膨胀因素地adjusted for inflation解除经济管制economic deregulation推动消费需求to power consumer demand免税商店duty-free shop购买能力buying capacity零售retail消费品consumer goods衡量标准yardstick按实际购买力估值的国内生产总值real gross domestic product工业化国家industrialized nation (country)触发贸易保护主义情绪to trigger protectionist sentiment 急剧上升的价格zooming price初级产品commodity生活水平living standards财富的转移 a transfer of wealth标准·普尔500家股票价格指数Standard & Poor’s 500 index经纪公司brokerage股票市场stock market提高短期利率to raise short-term interest rate 抵消to offset达到50年最高点to hit a fifty-year high均匀地分布to distribute evenly超过50% to top 50%国有化to nationalize对中国商品征收新的关税to slap new tariff on Chinese goods 暴跌to tumble联邦储备银行（美国）the Federal Reserve紧缩信贷to tighten credit依靠出口的发展中国家export-dependent country需求下降 a drop in demandSupplementary Reading欧元区the Euro-zone尚可的经济增长率 a respectable growth rate经济呆滞——不景气economic slack金融状况monetary conditions成为……的牺牲品to fall victim to...脆弱的vulnerable资本逃离capital flightLesson 4Text萧条的sluggish替罪羊scapegoat竞争优势competitive advantage国际收支balance of payments购买力purchasing power降低通货膨胀率to hold down the inflation rate日益趋疲的美元 a weakening dollar美国国库券U.S. Treasuries子公司subsidiary外部采办——外包outsourcing基础设施infrastructure资本设备capital equipment估值过低的货币undervalued currency操纵to manipulateSupplementary Reading有活力的dynamic不断急剧下降to spiral downwards缺乏活力的sluggish赤字deficit/red ink律师事务所law firm积极进取的aggressive占领市场to capture a market贸易壁垒trade barrier以出口为导向的增长export-led growth比较优势comparative advantage国际劳动分工international division of labourLesson 5Text经济和政治一体化economic and political integration 欧洲联盟the European Union金融资产financial assets停滞的stagnant资本开支capital spending经济状况（形势）economic conditions革新innovation财政政策fiscal policy货币政策monetary policy结构性改革—经济体制的改革structural reform信息技术information technology加速pickup新公司startup竞争强度competition intensity加强竞争to intensify competition Supplementary Reading推行改革to introduce a reform放宽规章制度to relax regulations减少公共开支to reduce public expenditures降低工资to lower wages加速to accelerate改组经济to shake up economy自由化liberalizationLesson 6Text建筑工地construction site兴旺发达的工业booming industry转移制造to shift manufacturing电子元件electronic component数码显示digital display精巧的装置gadget品牌形象brand image转折点turning point日经225种股票指数Nikkei 225 stock index在速度上超过to outpace...增加出口 a surge in exports增值产品value-added product数码相机digital camera液晶显示电视liquid crystal display TV急剧增长growth spurt生产场地production site资本支出capital expenditure当代最先进的技术top-of-the-time technology摄像机video camera突破breakthrough削减售价10% to shave 10 percent off the sale price利用技术优势to take advantage of one’s technological edge 借助复苏的势头to ride the momentum of the recovery经济好转to pick upSupplementary Reading缺乏现金的cash-strapped十分畅销的商品big seller日本货物的廉价代用品the cheap alternative to Japanese goods销售比……多to outsell...最新型的手机state-of-the-art mobile phone handset无限期地延长贷款期限to renew bank loans indefinitely给……补贴to subsidize...价格骤然下跌to plummet提供贷款to extend a loan联合大企业［多种经营公司］conglomerate解雇职工to lay off...论资排辈的提升制度seniority system基于业绩的提升制度merit-based system风险资本venture capital筹集资本to raise capital拆除壁垒to dismantle barriers国内市场home marketLesson 7Text全球贸易谈判global trade talk生计livelihood经济减速economic slowdown市场力量market forces利益的分配distribution of benefits调和世界贸易国家的不同利益to reconcile the divergent interests of the world’s trading nations成交to strike a deal服务业市场services market反倾销antidumping不公平的贸易补偿unfair trade remedies市场准入market access后继谈判follow-on negotiation取缔工业产品的配额to ban quotas on industrial products既得利益vested interests敏感的问题sensitive issue大量补助to subsidize somebody heavily［条约］终止to expire (vi.)拖延谈判to prolong a negotiation食品安全food safety伪装了的贸易保护主义disguised protectionism反倾销调查antidumping investigation减少关税和配额the reduction of tariff and quotas履行承诺取消进口配额to fulfill one’s commitment to eliminate import quotas 北美自由贸易协定the North American Free Trade Agreement降低对进口商品的壁垒to lower barriers on imports优惠的税率favorable tariff rates代价高昂的costly知识产权intellectual property决策decision-making先决条件preconditionSupplementary Reading关税和贸易总协定the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 世贸组织总干事the WTO director-general处理国际贸易制度中不平衡的问题 to tackle the imbalances in the internationaltrading system强硬的立场hard line关税壁垒tariff barrier强劲的增长strong growthLesson 8Text时尚意识fashion consciousness纺织品textiles服装garments二十年连续地for two decades in a row不断加剧的贸易保护主义mounting trade protectionism额外的关税extra tariff原产地控制place-of-origin control非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers撤销定额to lift a quota提高工资wage hike人工成本labor cost重新安置生产to relocate production中国制造的纺织机械China-made textile machinery日落工业sunset industry赢利很高的产业cash cow两位数的增长double-digit growth绿色壁垒green barrier环境友好型产品environmental friendly product污染环境to pollute the environment造成危及人类健康的风险to pose risks to human health外资公司foreign-invested company使产品达到国际健康和质量标准to bring a product up to international health andquality standardsSupplementary Reading外包订单to outsource an order合资协议joint venture deal提高生产率和技术to boost productivity and skill中国进入世贸组织China’s entry into the WTO统治地位dominance传统的惯常做法traditional practices对东南亚国家的优势an advantage over Southeast Asian countries 一体化的供应链an integrated supply chain暴跌的价格tumbling price迫使价格下降to drive down a price高技术工人high-skilled worker半自动化to semi-automate电脑化系统 a computerized system提高工人的技术to upgrade the skills of the workers断电blackout港口拥堵port congestion企业经常的经营管理费用overhead分散风险to spread the riskLesson 9Text游说to lobby能源安全energy security［石油］提炼厂refinery管道pipeline恐怖主义分子的攻击terrorist attack燃料和电fuels and electricity负担得起的价格affordable price天然气natural gas享用电和液体燃料的机会access to electricity and liquid fuels地缘政治学的主题geopolitical theme维护开发油田的权利to protect one’s access to oil-fields世界上剩余的石油the world’s remaining oil全世界的石油产量the worldwide oil production Supplementary Reading (1)周期性回升cyclical recovery走强的价格strong price［价格］暴涨price boom［经济］增长放慢slowdown多头bull需求的增长the increase in demand需求的下降the decline in demand美国经济的扩张与收缩the expansion and contraction in the U.S.economy［价格］反弹to rebound2007年的前景the 2007 outlook原油期货［价格］达到空前的高点Crude futures strike a record high. 把……作为目标to target something供求状况supply and demand conditions供不应求的市场 a tight market［价格］表现最为强劲的商品the strongest performer低水平的库存the low level of inventories［库存］恢复到2004年4月曾经达到的水平 to be back at levels last seen in April 2004Supplementary Reading (2)［价格］同升同降to rise and fall in unison［价格］涨落不定volatile (adj.)天气波动weather fluctuation迫使［价格］上升to drive up (a price)生物燃料bio-fuel把原材料增加了的成本转嫁给顾客to pass on the higher costs of raw commoditiesto consumers承受能力affordability总体的价格overall prices正在增长on the increase食品价格的飞涨food price inflation现货价格spot price未加工的牛奶raw milk主食staple food联合国贸易和发展会议The United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment人均收入per capita income城市人口urban population核心消费品涨价core consumer inflation价格持续的上升 a sustained rise in price运输费用transportation cost削减援助to cut back on aid给食品公司的股票价格降级to downgrade the share prices of foodcompanies降低……的股票评级to lower one’s equity rating on (a company) ［价格］像火箭一样地上涨to go up like rocket提高价格以弥补成本的增加to raise prices to recover the cost increase 提高价格to put up a price猖獗的通货膨胀rampant inflation二、补充阅读文章的参考译文Lesson 1提高工业生产率，转向高附加值产品，中国出口利润增加在人民币升值后的18个月里，中国的出口商品获得了更高的利润，这是由于中国出口行业提高了生产率，并生产越来越多的更高附加值产品。

2023年自考专业(国贸)《外刊经贸知识选读》考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】Where was __________ you met with the famous scientist?A.it thatB.itC.the placeD.there2.【单选题】—Shall we go outing this weekend?—Oh, with all this work ______ ____,I don ’ t know if I ’ ll have time to go out.A.to doB. doingC.doneD. do3.【单选题】The number of tall buildings __________ greatly in Tianjin in the last few years.A.is increasingB.has increasedC.are increasedD. have increased4.【单选题】When Bob woke up he found himself in hospital, but he didn t__________.A.came aboutB. came outC. came alongD.came across5.【单选题】At this moment the bell rang, ________ the end of class.A.announcedB.. having announcedC.announcingD.to announce6.【单选题】His backache is only _________ for not watering the flowers.A.a reasonB.a causeC.an excuseD.reasons7.【单选题】We are living a_____A.stillB.quietC.calmD.silent8.【单选题】The cost of the various repairs amounts __________ total to just over a hundred pounds.A. toB.inC.byD.for9.【单选题】The speech is strongly impressed ________ my memory.A.toB.overC.byD.on10.【单选题】__________ twenty-fifth of December is __________Christmas Day.A.The; /B.The; theC.The; aD.A; the11.【单选题】The boy bought a new dictionary__________ he turned for help.A.from whichB. into whichC. whichD. to which12.【单选题】For some reason, it __________ all day over the two weeks.A.rainedB.rainsC.was rainingD.has been raining13.【单选题】I _________when I was a young girl.A.kept a diaryB.wrote a diaryC.made diariesD.kept diaries14.【单选题】Mary ’ s pronunciation is much better than __________ in her class.A.anyone ’sB.anyone ’ s elseC.anyone else ’sD.anyone else15.【单选题】We ________in the neighborhood.A. happened beingB. happened beC.happened to beD.are happened to be16.【单选题】Wood is often _________ paper.ed to makinged to makeed to be madeed making17.【单选题】You should try to write __________ eve n when you ’ re busy. As you know, practice makes perfect.A.now and thenB.more or lessC.sooner or laterD.here and there18.【单选题】One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain __________ good knowledge of basic word formation.A./B.theC.aD.one19.【单选题】I don ’ t want to buy the sweater because I don ’ t like the color.__________, it is too expensive.A.ExceptB.Except forC.HoweverD.Besides20.【单选题】You __________ put your computer in your bedroom.A.don ’ t needB.had not betterC.had better notD.ought not第2卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】His whole school education ________ only 2 years because of his illness.A.added upB.added up inC. added up toD.was added up2.【单选题】The world ’ s smallest baby, a __________ girl weighed just 24 grams when she was born .A.three monthsB.three-month-oldC.three months oldD.three-months-old3.【单选题】John said he would pay __________ second visit to China __________ next month.A.the; /B. the; theC.a; theD.a; /4.【单选题】Will you _________ playing basketball?A.join us inB. join toC. join us toD. to join us5.【单选题】Our teachers made us ________a lot of homework after school.A.to doB.doingC.doD.to have done until seven o clock.6.【单选题】This is the first time that I_________ at the meeting.A. had spokenB. have spokenC.amD. was7.【单选题】The shop _________ until 7 o ’ clock.A. stays openedB.continues openC. stays openD. continues opened8.【单选题】It's seven thirty. I_________ go to school.A.have gotB.have got toC.got toD.had got to9.【单选题】He came into the classroom_________.A.very upsetB.being upsetC.to upsetD.to be upset10.【单选题】Mr White ________ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn ’ t show up.A.should have arrivedB.should arriveC.should be arrivingD.arrived11.【单选题】I __________ the movie, but now I hardly remember it. Can you remind me of its name?A.may seeB. can seeC. may have seenD. can ’ t have seen12.【单选题】I don't know_________.A.how can I finish my homework on timeB.how I could finish my homework on timeC.I can how finish my homework on the timeD.how I can finish my homework on time13.【单选题】Are you _________ your classmates well?A.getting alongB.get long withC.getting long withD.getting along with life in the country.14.【单选题】No one _________of it.A.dared to speakingB.dared speakC. can dared speakD.dare speaking15.【单选题】She would rather have a room __________ than sleep with her sister.A.on her ownB.of her ownC.of hersD. for her16.【单选题】— It ’ s a warm day, isn —’ Yes, t it? it ’ s __________ cold. I just wear a jacket.A.not a bitB.a bitC.a littleD. not a little17.【单选题】An A4 sized panel ( 太阳能板) put onto the back of a jacket costs__________ US$15. It could __________ a cellphone during a summer walk.A.at most; workB.at least; controlC.at least; fuelD.at most; charge18.【单选题】America is an __________ country. You can hear __________ everywhere.A.English-spoken; English speakingB.English-speaking; English spokenC.speaking-English; English spokenD.spoken-English; English speaking19.【单选题】Our teacher __________ us to practise our spoken English as often as possible.A.hopesB.suggestsC.advisesD.lets20.【单选题】The storm died away at last with the golden waves __________ the shore in peace.A.beatB.to beatC.beatingD. beaten第1卷参考答案一.全考点综合测验1.正确答案：A2.正确答案：A3.正确答案：B4.正确答案：A5.正确答案：C6.正确答案：C7.正确答案：B8.正确答案：B9.正确答案：D10.正确答案：A11.正确答案：D12.正确答案：D13.正确答案：A14.正确答案：C15.正确答案：C16.正确答案：B17.正确答案：A18.正确答案：C19.正确答案：D20.正确答案：C第2卷参考答案一.全考点综合测验1.正确答案：C2.正确答案：B3.正确答案：C4.正确答案：A5.正确答案：C6.正确答案：B7.正确答案：B8.正确答案：B9.正确答案：A10.正确答案：A11.正确答案：C12.正确答案：D13.正确答案：D14.正确答案：B15.正确答案：B16.正确答案：A17.正确答案：D18.正确答案：B19.正确答案：C20.正确答案：C。

三、课后问题：1、What’s the meaning of “the pattern of China’s foreign trade”?“The pattern of China’s foreign trade” refers chiefly(主要的) to thecommodity structure of China’s foreign trade and her trade partnership with theworld.2、What kind of clause is introduced by “when” in the sentence of the thirdparagraph, section 1? An adverbial (状语) clause or an attributive (定语)one?An attributive clause3、“Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role inmodernizing the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain （过度负担）on the nationaleconomy.”(中国政府认识到，国外技术对本国经济现代化作用重大，这使1978年中国的进口额增长了50%以上，结果国民经济背上了沉重的负担。

) Why did the more than 50% rise in imports of 1978 place undue strain on China’s national economy?More foreign exchanges(外汇) is required for more imports. All sections of China’s national economy would have to work harder and better to export andearn more for the imports increased.4、What’s “a net grain exporter(粮食净出口国)”? Does it mean one who hasnever done any imports?“A net grain exporter” should be one who has done both imports and exportsof the item, but finally exported more than imported within a period of time.5、“The strong increase in imports last year is attributed to buoyant economicactivity as well as to the success of the Government’s trade and foreigninvestment policies.”(去年进口额的大大增加不仅是由于政府贸易政策与对外投资政策的成功，而且是由于趋于上升的经济。

《外刊经贸知识选读》习题集I. INTERNA TIONAL TRADE一、翻译-中译英1. 一个国家贸易规模的相对大小经常通过该国的出口金额占其国内生产总值的比例来衡量。

2. 最重要的海运单据是提单。

它首先是发货人与船公司之间的一种合约；其次是收到货物的收据；第三是所有权单证。

3. 典型的信用证可能要求以下单证：发票、提单、海运保险单、装箱单、磅码单、检验证书及产地证。

4. 国际贸易是一个国家所生产的商品和服务和另一个国家所生产的商品和服务之间的交换。

5. 海关同中央银行紧密地合作，以确保货物只能按照现行的管理条例进口或出口。

二、翻译-英译中1. The issuing bank examines the draft and documents upon receipt, to ensure that the documents conform to the letter of credit. If anything is wrong, the discrepancies are subject to acceptance by the buyer.2. Consular invoices are declarations made at the consulate of the importing country. They confirm the ex works cost of a consignment.3. “Ex works” means that the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises or another named p lace not cleared for export and not loaded on any collecting vehicle.4. “Free Carrier” means that the seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place.5. “Cost, Insurance and Freight” means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment.6. “Delivered Ex Ship” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship not cleared for import at the named port of destination.三、阅读-归纳Passage 1Chinese trade officials remain alarmed at the extent of the abuse of trade compensatory measures against China, although the number of anti-dumping investigations involving China has actually dropped. China remains the world’s largest vic tim of the abuse of anti-dumping measures with 27 investigations having been started into its exports in the latter half of last year, according to latest data from the World Trade Organization (WTO). The large number was partly because China’s exports grew extraordinarily quickly last year against the backdrop of gloomy world economic outlook, said Chinese trade officials. The abuse of anti-dumping measures against China has started to fall as the number was down from 29 investigations into Chinese exports in the latter of 2001, indicated WTO data. Chinese trade officials said China’s WTO membership helped deter foreign countries from discriminatory actions against China. The decrease was also a result of the hard work of the Fair Trade Bureau for Import and Export under the Ministry of Commerce, they said. The bureau, set up immediately after China’s WTO entry in late 2001, has done a lot inhelping domestic companies respond to foreign anti-dumping charges and refraining from vicious price competitions in international market. Officials with the bureau had expected the number of anti-dumping cases involving China would rapidly increase this year, with regard to big growth in Chinese exports last year and reviving international trade protectionism.1. Make a brief summary on the present situation of anti-dumping measures against China.2. Make a brief summary on the reasons which cause the large number of anti-dumping measures against China.3. Make a brief summary on the reasons which lead to the decreased number of anti-dumping measures against China.4. Make a brief summary on the function of Fair Trade Bureau for Import and Export in respond to risk of exportation.Passage 2In January, the United States imported more than $1.2 billion in textiles and apparel from China, up from about $701 million a year ago. Imports of major apparel products from China jumped 546 percent. Last January, for example, China shipped 941,000 cotton knit shirts, which were limited by quotas; this January, it shipped 18.2 million, a 1,836 percent increase. Imports of cotton knit trousers were up 1,332 percent from a year ago. These figures may be understated because China ships a large part of its goods through Hong Kong, and those shipments are not included. Fears that China is going to flood the world market with cheap textile exports have already inflamed tensions between Washington and Beijing because of worries about American manufacturing plants being closed and thousands of jobs being lost. Already, in January, the first month after global quotas were lifted, 12,200 jobs were lost in the United States apparel and textile industries, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Some analysts have predicted that China could capture as much as 70 percent of the American market in the next two years. Before the end of quotas, about 16 percent of apparel sold in the United States came from China. Last year, the United States trade deficit with China set a record of $162 billion, making it the largest trade imbalance ever recorded by the United States with a single country. To be sure, some textile importers say this phenomenon may be a one-time surge. Companies, for instance, may have put off shipping goods at the end of last year to avoid the quotas.5. Make a brief summary on the development of textiles imports to the United States from China after the end of quota.6. Make a brief summary on the connection between the end of quota and unemployment in the United States.7. Make a brief summary on the impact of the end of quota on the economy and society of United States.Passage 3International trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to alesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production. Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing a factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of that factor of production and thus embody it. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor, the United States imports goods that were produced with Chinese labor. One report in 2010 suggested that international trade was increased when a country hosted a network of immigrants, but the trade effect was weakened when the immigrants became assimilated into their new country.8. Make a brief summary on the definition of international trade.9. Make a brief summary on the difference between international trade and domestic trade.10. Make a brief summary on the reason that the United States imports labor-intensive goodsfrom China.四、阅读-答问A standard, commercial letter of credit (LC) is a document issued mostly by a financial institution, used primarily in trade finance, which usually provides an irrevocable payment undertaking.The letter of credit can also be payment for a transaction, meaning that redeeming the letter of credit pays an exporter. Letters of credit are used primarily in international trade transactions of significant value, for deals between a supplier in one country and a customer in another. In such cases, the International Chamber of Commerce Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits applies (UCP 600 being the latest version).The parties to a letter of credit are usually a beneficiary who is to receive the money, the issuing bank of whom the applicant is a client, and the advising bank of whom the beneficiary is a client. Almost all letters of credit are irrevocable, i.e., cannot be amended or canceled without prior agreement of the beneficiary, the issuing bank and the confirming bank, if any. In executing a transaction, letters of credit incorporate functions common to giros and Traveler's cheques. Typically, the documents a beneficiary has to present in order to receive payment include a commercial invoice, bill of lading, and documents proving the shipment was insured against loss or damage in transit.Letters of credit (LC) deal in documents, not goods. An LC can be irrevocable or revocable. An irrevocable LC cannot be changed unless both buyer and seller agree. With a revoca ble LC, changes can be made without the consent of the beneficiary.A sight LC means that payment is made immediately to the beneficiary/seller/exporter upon presentation of the correct documents in the required time frame. A time or date LC will specify when payment will be made at a future date and upon presentation of the required documents. Negotiation means the giving of value for draft(s) and/or document(s) by the bank authorized to negotiate, viz the nominated bank. Mere examination of the documents and forwarding the same to the letter of credit issuing bank for reimbursement, without giving of value / agreed to give, does not constitute a negotiation.To receive payment, an exporter or shipper must present the documents required by the letter of credit. Typically, the payee presents a document proving the goods were sent instead of showing the actual goods. The Original Bill of Lading (OBL) is normally the document accepted by banks as proof that goods have been shipped. However, the list and form of documents is open to imagination and negotiation and might contain requirements to present documents issued by a neutral third party evidencing the quality of the goods shipped, or their place of origin or place.One of the primary peculiarities of the documentary credit is that the payment obligation is abstract and independent from the underlying contract of sale or any other contract in the transaction. Thus the bank’s obligation is defined by the terms of the credit alone, and the sale contract is irre levant. The defensive of the buyer arising out of the sale contract do not concern the bank and in no way affect its liability. Article 4(a) UCP states this principle clearly. Article 5 the UCP further states that banks deal with documents only, they are not concerned with the goods (facts). Accordingly, if the documents tendered by the beneficiary, or his or her agent, appear to be in order, then in general the bank is obliged to pay without further qualifications.All the charges for issuance of Letter of Credit, negotiation of documents, reimbursements and other charges like courier are to the account of applicant or as per the terms and conditions of the Letter of credit. If the letter of credit is silent on charges, then they are to the account of the Applicant. The description of charges and who would be bearing them would be indicated in the field 71B in the Letter of Credit.1. What is the major function of letter of credit in international trade?2. What does UCP stand for?3. Which institution is the one that issued UCP 600?4. How should the exporter and the importer be called as parties of a letter of credit?5. What is the major function of issuing bank in a letter of credit business?6. What is the connection between the advising bank and the beneficiary?7. What is the major feature of an irrevocable LC?8. Under which circumstance can an irrevocable LC be amended?9. Which kind of LC does the exporter prefer to use, the revocable ones or irrevocable ones?10. As far as the time of payment is concerned, what are the two types of LC?11. Under which circumstances will the bank pay to the exporter?12. Which document is a title document?13. How to understand “the bank’s obligation is independent from sales contract”?14. Will the banks inspect the goods before making payment? Why?15. Usually, who is responsible for the charges for issuance of Letter of Credit?II. INTERNA TIONAL ECONOMIC RELA TIONS AND COOPERA TION一、翻译-中译英1. 工业化或发达国家是指那些除具有先进的农业和原料采掘技术外，还具有相当水平的制造业和服务业的国家。