科技英语阅读答案

科技类(1)With only about 1, 000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone(克隆) the animal and save the endangered species(物种). That’s a move similar to what a Texas A & M University researchers have been undertaking for the past five ye ars in a project called “Noah’s Ark”.Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos(胚胎), semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct, Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A & M’s C ollege of V eterinary Medicine, says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.It is estimated that as many as 2, 000 species of mammals, birds reptiles will become extinct in over 100 years. The panda, native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years.This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit. They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal.The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.“The nuclear transfer(核子移植) of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available(capable of being used) panda eggs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy (having a baby). It takes a long time and it’s difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not putting any live pa ndas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” adds Kraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Project at Texas A& M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.“They are trying to do something that’s never been done, and this is very similar to our work in Noah’s Ark. We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly appreciate their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do. It’s a research that is very much needed.”1. The aim of “Noah’s Ark” project is to _______.A. make efforts to clone the endangered pandasB. save endangered animals from dying outC. collect DNA of endangered animals to studyD. transfer the nuclear of one animal to another2. According to Professor Kraemer, the major problem in cloning pandas would be the lack of _______.A. available panda eggsB. host animalsC. qualified researchersD. enough money3. The best title for the passage may be _______.A. China’s Success in Pandas CloningB. The First Cloned Panda in the WorldC. Exploring the Possibility to Clone PandasD. China —the Native Place of Pandas Forever4. From the passage we know that _______.A. Kraemer and his team have succeeded in cloning a dogB. scientists try to implant a panda’s egg into a rabbitC. Kraemer will work with Chinese scientists in clone researchesD. about two thousand of species will probably die out in a century【答案与解析】本文讲述中国正在竭力克隆濒临绝种的熊猫，这和Texas A & M University 的Noah's Ark(诺亚方舟)工程极为相似，都是想拯救濒临灭绝的动物。

Unit 1 MathematicsSection C Post-reading TaskVocabulary and Structure1. Word-buildingDirections: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.discover— (suffix) symbol—(suffix)logic— (suffix) form—(suffix)correspond—(suffix) develop—(suffix)describe—(suffix) able—(prefix)contradict—(suffix) equal—(suffix)1) The math may not have been new, but Duchin enjoyed the process of_________, and she got towork collaboratively with half a dozen other math whizzes.( discovery)2) Packages can be sealed and can contain personal _________if it relates to the contents of thepackage.(correspondence)3) New research indicates that the brain region may prefer_________ notation to other numericrepresentations .(symbolic)4) To do this, an ideal model based on the _________ paradigm was constructed and then comparedwith a neutral model reflecting the further education system as it existed before the Act tookeffect.( equality)5) Is this not in flagrant _________to Einstein's rule that signals do not travel faster than the velocityof light?( contradiction)6) Sequential organization has the major advantage that the records are stored in a _________order, presumably that sequence to which the records are normally required for printing and for soft copy reports.( logical)7) The mathematical _________ of a zero-sum two-person game is not difficult to construct, anddetermining the optimal strategies and the value of the game is computationallystraightforward.( description)8) The proof we now know required the_________ of an entire field of mathematics that wasunknown in Fermat's time.( development)9) Williams adds that ma ny courses in geometry, ―the one high school class that demands_________ reasoning,‖ have already been ―gutted‖ and are no longer proof-based.( formal)10) The concept of total aircraft ownership will become increasingly important should the traditionaltrade structure be _________to cover the expanse of technologies economically.( unable)2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form ifnecessary.1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities("initial" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base)2) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of "weak" in the OALD, with adistinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition)3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per centreduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow)4) Singapore's continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in ourpool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the world's best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term)5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to thestudy of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead)6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same wayas described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way)7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly foundparticles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form)8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as " the discovery ofnumerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. " (serve)9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with smalltidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become)10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterlyincongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace)3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence.1) A simple way to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' — topologists study thoseproperties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed.2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities,whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead.3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under theassumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and thenreactivates when a novel stimulus is presented.4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculatea lot faster than ordinary computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal sense.5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bendslight in funny ways.4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones.1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars.2) The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers.3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period.4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks isred.5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes's theorem tocalculate the probability of the existence of God.Reading 22. Complete the sentences based on the text.1) The term Mandelbrot set is used to refer both to a general class of _________________ and to aparticular instance of such a set. （fractal sets）2) 2.In general, a Mandelbrot set marks the set of points in the _________________ such that thecorresponding Julia set is connected and not computable. （complex plane）3) "The" Mandelbrot set is the set obtained from the _________________ z_(n+1)==z_n︿2+c withz_0==c, where points in the complex plane for which the orbit of z_n does not tend to infinity are in the set. （quadratic recurrence equation）4) Setting z_0equal to any point in the set that is not a _________________ gives the same result.（periodic point）5) The Mandelbrot set was originally called a _________________ by Mandelbrot. J. Hubbard andA. Douady proved that the Mandelbrot set is connected（molecule）Language in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.迭代函数iterative function优先权之争priority battle分形特征fractal properties有意义make sense以越来越小的规模重复同一模式patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales混沌理论chaos theory季刊a quarterly journal数学界the mathematics community波纹线crisp lines会议公报proceedings of a conference2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.1) In addition to coining the term "fractal" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular atvarious dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as "fractal dimensions" and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c.2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with hi s school lessonssupplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraicproblems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the "perfected"shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, be hind these strange patterns.4) But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, butthat they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。

Unit 4 Electronic Information (Robots)Part I EST ReadingReading 1Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1.How does a QB work?QB has a speaker, microphone, camera, and video screen. It connects to the internet over Wi-Fi. You control it from your computer in a web browser, using a headset and screen. If you have a camera you can show live video of yourself, or you can show a still picture on bad hair days.2.Is driving a QB difficult? Is there a hand-held control device I can use with mycomputer to control the Anybot?It's pretty easy. You use the 4 arrow keys to make it turn, go forward or back. Its built-in guidance system takes care of the rest by avoiding furniture and people, and gliding straight through doorways. All the time you’re seeing real-time video from the robot’s head, so you know where you are. Most people get used to it in a few minutes.Not necessary, all you need is your keyboard.3.Is a Wi-Fi network in the home or business needed?Yes. You should have 802.11g access points for best results. You should use encryption –WPA2 is easiest. We find Meraki business-class access points work well and are affordable and easy to set up. They have long-range and outdoor models too.4.What kind of sensors does the Anybot have, and what is the resolution on the Anybotcamera?Two cameras, 3 microphones, lidar, a 3-axis gyroscope and encoders on the wheels. The main camera is 5 megapixels.5.How do you control or drive the Anybot?You should control or drive it through a web browser. You don't need any special equipment, but you’ll sound better with a headset.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Paras. 1-5): Brief introduction to the QBPara. 1: The appearance and advantages of the QB.Para. 2: The fields in which the QB will be applied.Para. 3: The composition of the QB.Para. 4: Useful designing makes the QB mobile and height-adjustable.Para. 5: The QB is designed for those who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places without sacrificing presence.Part 2 (Paras. 6-11): The test drive of the QBPara. 6: The objective and planned procedure of the test drive.Para. 7: The actual performance of the QB in completing the planned mission.Para. 8: The built-in lidar system and the camera enable the QB move smoothly.Para. 9: The Q B’s laser-pointer eye turned out to be useful when greeting people.Para. 10: A valuable lesson has been learned through the test drive: never drive outside the range of the Wi-Fi network.Para. 11: The QB slips down along the ramp when the Wi-Fi connection drops.2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1)What can a robot do in your daily life?They can move materials, parts, tools, or other specialized devices to perform a variety of tasks. Nowadays, they are also capable of attending meetings for you.2)What does a robot look like?Undoubtedly, different robots look differently. The QB just looks like a floor lamp mounted on a vacuum cleaner.3)Can a robot be remotely controlled? How?Yes, through a web browser.4)Have you ever heard of the QB?5)Have you seen any movies related to robots, do you believe that these robots will be createdand applied in the real life?6)Suppose that you were a businessman, how will you use it to bring customers in?7)Do you desire to have a QB of your own?3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the wordsyou’ve learned in the text.QB —Anybots, Inc.’s newly unveiled surrogate robot will be available to the public soon. Despite its $15,000 price tag and its not-so-handsome appearance: it looks like a floor lamp mounted on a vacuum cleaner, the company believes that its high-tech will appeal to a new generation of workers who’d like to be in contact without sacrificing ―presence‖. The QB has a speaker, microphone, camera, laser pointer, lidar system and video screen. It connects to the internet over Wi-Fi, thus can be navigated remotely by an operator via his computer in a web browser, using a headset and screen. Although the operator cannot be there in person, if the operator has a camera he can show live video of himself, or he can show a still picture on bad hair days.Vocabulary and Structure1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.1)Collision avoidance, traditionally considered a high level planning problem, can beeffectively distributed between different levels of control, allowing real-time robot operations in a complex environment.2)It covers the higher level techniques of illumination, perspective projection, analyticalphotogrammetry, motion, image matching, consistent labeling, model matching, and knowledge-based vision systems.3)In 2006 Anybots unveiled a humanoid robot that walks like people do, without dependingon large feet for stability.4)An alternative is here put forward to counterbalance the present-day preoccupation withanthropomorphic series-actuated robot-arms.5)Criteria for avoiding undesirable robot-arm-configurations are touched upon, and certainaspects of the performance of in-parallel-actuated robot-arms are compared and contrasted with those of series-actuated arms.6)We have experimented with the planner using several computer-simulated robots,including rigid objects with 3 DOFs (in 2D work space) and 6 DOFs (in 3D work space) and manipulator arms with 8, 10, and 31 DOFs (in 2D and 3D work spaces).7)Robotics is concerned with the study of those machines that can replace human beings inthe execution of a task, as regards to both physical activity and decision making.8)In the course of centuries, human being have constantly attempted to seek substitutes thatwould be able to mimic their behavior in the various instances of interaction with the surrounding environment.9)By its usual meaning, the term automation interaction a technology aimed at replacinghuman being with machines in a manufacturing process, as regard not only the execution of physical operations but also the intelligent processing of information on the status of the process. (denotes)10) By virtue of its programmability, the industrial robot is a typical component ofprogrammable automated systems. Nonetheless, robots can be entrusted with tasks both in rigid automated systems and in flexible automated systems.2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1)This is significant because it is not obvious that the theory can be extended to include anaccount of quantifier scope without an appeal to additional representational levels. A full account is clearly beyond the scope of the work, but this reviewer would have liked some reassurance that one is possible.2) A question that always arises when dealing with temporal information is the granularity ofthe values in the domain type.3)This paper shows how to compute linear and quadratic estimates to the variation of theloading margin with respect to any power system parameter or control.4)We have constructed an in vitro movement system in which purified single action filamentslabeled with fluorescent phalloidin are observed to move on myosin filaments fixed to a glass surface.5)It did not make sense for established companies to invest early in the disruptivetechnologies, because the margins tended to be much lower and the market was unproven.6)Although these studies and scores like them depend upon ecological correlations, it is notbecause their authors are interested in correlations between the properties of areas as such.7)They suggest that having an expressive face and indicating attention with movement both makea robot more compelling to interact with.8) A total of 56 adults with diabetes were randomized to receive diabetes education in person(control group) or via telemedicine (telemedicine group) and were followed prospectively.9)Since in many applications, enormous amounts of unlabeled data are available with littlecost, it is therefore natural to ask the question that in addition to human labeled data, whether one can also take advantage of the unlabeled data in order to improve the effectiveness of a of a machine-learned categorizer.10)If two bursts of equal priority contend with each other, then the tail segments of the originalburst are dropped.3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of sentences to make a complete sentence.1)Given that robots generally lack muscles, they can't rely on muscle memory (the trick thatallows our bodies to become familiar over time with movements such as walking orbreathing) to help them more easily complete repetitive tasks.2)For autonomous robots, this can be a bit of a problem, since they may have toaccommodate changing terrain in real time or risk getting stuck or losing their balance.3)One way around this is to create a robot that can process information from a variety ofsensors positioned near its ―legs‖ and identify different patterns as it moves, a team of researchers report Sunday in Nature Physics.4)Some scientists rely on small neural circuits called "central pattern generators" (CPG) tocreate walking robots that are aware of their surroundings.5)Some researchers are leading a project that has created a six-legged robot with one CPGthat can switch gaits depending upon the obstacles it encounters.4. Directions: Change the following sentences into the passive-voice ones.1) A novel twist is introduced on this traditional approach (by the new field of experimentalphilosophy).2)The search to understand peopl e’s ordinary intuitions is continued (by experimentalphilosophers).3)This is accomplished by using the methods of contemporary cognitive science —experimental studies, statistical analyses, cognitive models, and so forth.4)Just in the past year or so, this new approach has been being applied (by a number ofresearchers) to the study of intuitions about consciousness.5)How people think about the mind can be better understood by studying how people thinkabout three different types of abstract entities.Discourse Understanding1. G.2. F.3. E.4. D.5. C.Reading 2Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1. Do you have any idea about the Middle Ages? And the Dark Ages in human history?The Middle Ages (adjectival form: medieval) is a period of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, and preceded the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classical, Medieval, and Modern. The term "Middle Ages" (medium aevum) was coined in the 15th century and reflects the view that this period was a deviation from the path of classical learning, a path supposedly reconnected by Renaissance scholarship.The concept of a Dark Age originated with the Italian scholar Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) in the 1330s, and was originally intended as a sweeping criticism of the character of Late Latin literature.Petrarch regarded the post-Roman centuries as "dark" compared to the light of classical antiquity. Later historians expanded the term to refer to the transitional period between Roman times and the High Middle Ages, including not only the lack of Latin literature, but also a lack of contemporary written history, general demographic decline, limited building activity and material cultural achievements in general. Popular culture has further expanded on the term as a vehicle to depict the Middle Ages as a time of backwardness, extending its pejorative use and expanding its scope.2. How does the term Dark Ages relate to the Middle Ages?Dark Ages is a term referring to the perceived period of both cultural and economic deterioration as well as disruption that took place in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire.The word is derived from Latin saeculum obscurum (dark age), a phrase first recorded in 1602.The label employs traditional light-versus-darkness imagery to contrast the "darkness" of the period with earlier and later periods of "light". Originally, the term characterized the bulk of the Middle Ages as a period of intellectual darkness between the extinguishing of the light of Rome, and the Renaissance or rebirth from the 14th century onwards.This definition is still found in popular usage,but increased recognition of the accomplishments of the Middle Ages since the 19th century has led to the label being restricted in application. Today it is frequently applied only to the earlier part of the era, the Early Middle Ages. However, most modern scholars who study the era tend to avoid the term altogether for its negative connotations, finding it misleading and inaccurate for any part of the Middle Ages.3. What do you imagine a Digital Dark Age refer to?(Open)4. Are there any observations indicating that we are living in a digital dark age?Any one or two of the following observations will be acceptable.Enormous amounts of digital information are already lost forever. Digital history cannot be recreated by individuals and organizations cannot recreate a digital history because it was not archived or managed properly or it resides in formats that cannot be accessed because the information is on out-dated word-processor files, old database formats, or saved on readable media. Many large data-sets in governments and universities world-wide have been made obsolete by changing technologies (think punch cards and 12‖ floppy disks) and will either be lost or subject to expensive ―rescue‖ operations to save the information. Unsurprisingly, the Report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information has identified in itsrecommendations, the development of ―effective fail-safe mechanisms to support the aggressive rescue of endangered digital information.‖There will be a demographic bulge of electronic materials coming into libraries and archives as the Baby Boom generation of authors and academics begin to wind down their careers and begin off-loading their materials to various libraries and archives. These materials will come to libraries on a wide-variety of storage devices, perhaps even in entire computer systems, and will probably have equally significant paper collections associated with them. To assist the archivist of 2015, we need to find methods for helping organize this information today.Information technologies are essentially obsolete every 18 months. This dynamic creates an unstable and retrieve unpredictable environment for the continuance of hardware and software over a long period of time and represents a greater challenge than the deterioration of the physical medium. Many technologies and devices disappear as the companies that provide them move on to new product lines, often without backwards compatibility and ability to handle older technologies, or the companies themselves disappear.There is a proliferation of document and media formats, each one potentially carrying their own hardware and software dependencies. Copying these formats from one storage device to another is simple. However, merely copying bits is not sufficient for preservation purposes: if the software for making sense of the bits (that is for retrieving, displaying, or printing) is not available, then the information will be, for all practical purposes, lost. Libraries will have to contend with this wide variety of digital formats. Many digital library collections will not have originated in digital form but come from materials that were digitized for particular purposes. Those digital resources which come to libraries from creators or other content providers will be wildly heterogeneous in their storage media, retrieval technologies and data formats. Libraries which seek out materials on the Internet will quickly discover the complexity of maintaining the integrity of links and dealing with dynamic documents that have multimedia contents, back-end script support, and embedded objects and programming.Financial resources available for libraries and archives continue to decrease and will likely do so for the near future. The argument for preserving digital information has not effectively made it into public policy. There is little enthusiasm for spending resources on preservation at the best of times and without a concerted effort to bring the issues into the public eye, the preservation of digital information will remain a cloistered issue. The importance of libraries has been diminished in the popular press as the pressures from industry encourage consumers to see libraries as anachronistic while the Internet and electronic products such as Microsoft Encarta are promoted as inevitable replacements. Until this situation changes, libraries and archives will continue to be asked to do more with less both in terms of providing traditional library services, as well as new digital library services: preservation will have to encompass both kinds of collections.Increasingly restrictive intellectual property and licensing regimes will ensure that many materials never make it into library collections for preservation. These will be corporate assets and will not be deposited into public collections without substantive financial and licensing arrangements that few libraries will be able to afford. From a positive perspective, this fact will allow libraries to essential ignore the preservation question for many kinds of key informationresources (examples will include newspapers, electronic serials, directories) as these may be preserved by their corporate owners. The flip-side of this argument is whether corporate owners will develop a public-spirited interest in providing this archival role for future generations and whether the resources will be accessible to the public.The archiving and preservation functions within a digital environment will become increasingly privatized as information continues to be commodified. Companies will be the place where the most valuable information is retained and preserved, and this will be done only suffice as there is a corporate recognition of the information as an asset. But companies have no binding commitment to making information available over a long-term. Those librarians that suggest legal deposit is the means for addressing this issue are not likely to be successful. As a full discussion of this topic is beyond the scope of this paper, let it suffice to state that libraries would have a very limited ability to cope with the volume and variety of digital resources that publishers could potentially dump on them. Still more problematic are the rights management and access control issues that content providers will require demands which strongly argue that legal deposit in a digital era will have limited effectiveness. Libraries will be the archive of last resort and will b e repositories of ephemera and ―public domain‖ information those materials considered as largely without commercial value.The Commission on Preservation and Access suggests that the first line of defense against the loss of valuable digital information rests with the creators, providers and owners of digital information. This fact is a critical one for preservation purposes as it strongly suggests that the role that librarians and archivists must play will be an increasingly public one. Preservation is a desktop issue, not merely an institutional one. The role of preservationists must be to interact with users and to address preservation and information management issues on their desktops, not the archivists desktop.Standards will not emerge to solve fundamental issues with respect to digital information. The challenge in preserving electronic information is not primarily a technological one, it is a sociological one. The dynamism of the market for information technologies and products ensures the fundamental instability of hardware and software primarily because product obsolescence is often key to corporate survival in a competitive capitalist democracy. Product differentiation manifests itself at the very level of the document standard. Proprietary systems provide commercial enterprises with profitable products whereas static (i.e. preservable) formats do not create a continuing need for upgrading which software and hardware companies depend upon. This situation conspires against standards that create a stable nexus of hardware, software, and administration.Libraries and archives will be required to continue their existing archival and preservation practices as the current paper publishing boom continues. Clearly, digital collections are not going to be a substitute for existing and future library collections and plans must be made to accommodate both. A significant concern of libraries and archives is that the financial resources necessary to address expensive IT upgrades, embark on data rescue operations, and undertake digital preservation will have detrimental impacts on other aspects of library and archival operations such as building collections and providing services for the public.Section C Post-reading TaskReading and Understanding1. Choose the best summary of the passage.C2. Complete the sentences based on the text.1) Within this hyperbolic environment of technology euphoria, there is a constant, albeitweaker, call among information professionals for a more sustained thinking about the impacts of the new technologies on society.2) Many large data-sets in governments and universities world-wide have been made obsoleteby changing technologies and will either be lost or subject to expensive ―rescue‖ opera tions to save the information.3) There is a proliferation of document and media formats, each one potentially carrying theirown hardware and software dependencies.4) Those digital resources which come to libraries from creators or other content providers willbe wildly heterogeneous in their storage media, retrieval technologies and data formats.5) Libraries which seek out materials on the Internet will quickly discover the complexity ofmaintaining the integrity of links and dealing with dynamic documents that have multimedia contents, back-end script support, and embedded objects and programming.6) Increasingly restrictive intellectual property and licensing regimes will ensure that manymaterials never make it into library collections for preservation.7) Companies will be the place where the most valuable information is retained and preserved,and this will be done only suffice as there is a corporate recognition of the information as an asset.8) Libraries and archives will be required to continue their existing archival and preservationpractices as the current paper publishing boom continues.Language in Use1.Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.1)The only way to resolve these questions conclusively would be to engage in seriousscientific inquiry—but even before studying the scientific literature, many people have pretty clear intuitions about what the answers are going to be.2) A person might just look at a computer and feel certain that it couldn’t possibly be feelingpleasure, pain or anything at all; that’s why we don’t mind throwing a broken computer in the trash.3)In the jargon of philosophy, these intuitions we have about whether a creature or thing iscapable of feelings or subjective experiences—such as the experience of seeing red or tasting a peach—are called ―intuitions about phenomenal consciousness.‖4)This approach was taken up in experimental work by Justin Sytsma, a graduate student,and experimental philosopher Edouard Machery at the University of Pittsburgh and in work by Larry (Bryce) Huebner, a graduate student at UNC-Chapel Hill, and all of the experiments arrived at the same basic answer.5)To test this hypothesis, we can look to other kinds of entities that might have mental statesbut do not have bodies that look anything like the bodies that human beings have.3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.1)众多技术权威声称因特网具有革命性，改变着一切；随着这种言论，我们这个时代的一般趋势似乎认为历史已经停滞不前。

1.How common are other civilizations in the universe? This question has fascinated humanityfor centuries, and although we still have no definitive answer, a number of recent developments have brought it once again to the fore. Chief among these is the confirmation, after a long time wait and several false starts, that planet exist outside our solar system.外星文明在宇宙中是普遍存在的吗？这个问题已经困扰了人类几个世纪。

虽然我们到现在也不能给出一个确定的回答，但是最近的一些科技进展再一次把这个问题推到了风口浪尖。

其中最重要的，就是经过了漫长的等待和无数错误的尝试，我们终于确认了地外行星的存在。

2.By the time the debris settled and the collective misery was tallied, the devastation had insome respects exceeded even that of El Nino of 1982-1983, which killed 2,000 worldwide and caused about 13 billion dollars in damage.一切尘埃落定之后，人们开始统计此次厄尔尼诺现象造成的损失。

这次毁灭性的灾难造成的损失在某些方面更甚于1982到1983年间的厄尔尼诺现象，那次在世界范围内有2000余人遇难，导致的经济损失高达130亿美元。

3.The sun had set 12 minutes earlier, and twilight was waning on the northern coast of PapuaNew Guinea. It was July 17, 1998, and another tranquil Friday evening was drawing to a close for the men, women and children of Sissano, Arop, Warapu and other small villages on the peaceful sand spit between Sissano Lagoon and the Bismarck Sea.太阳在12分钟前就已经落山了，铺洒在巴布亚新几内亚北岸的暮色渐渐的减弱。

科技英语阅读试题及答案一、阅读理解阅读下面的文章，然后回答1-5题。

A New Era in Space ExplorationThe exploration of space has always been a fascinating endeavor for humanity. With the recent advancements in technology, we are now entering a new era of space exploration. Private companies are taking the lead, and the cost of launching satellites and sending payloads into space has significantly decreased. This has opened up opportunities for a wider range of scientific research and commercial applications.1. What is the main theme of the passage?A. The cost of space explorationB. The role of private companies in space explorationC. The history of space explorationD. The new era of space exploration2. According to the passage, what has changed in the field of space exploration?A. The number of countries involvedB. The type of technology usedC. The leadership of government agenciesD. The cost and accessibility3. What does the author suggest about the future of space exploration?A. It will be limited to government projectsB. It will be more expensiveC. It will involve more scientific research and commercial applicationsD. It will be less technologically advanced4. What is the significance of the phrase "taking the lead"in the context of the passage?A. It refers to the government's role in space explorationB. It indicates that private companies are now leading the wayC. It suggests that the cost of space exploration is increasingD. It implies that technology is becoming less important5. What can be inferred from the passage about the impact of the new era of space exploration?A. It will lead to a decrease in scientific researchB. It will result in fewer commercial applicationsC. It will make space exploration more accessibleD. It will limit the opportunities for technological advancements答案：1. D2. D3. C4. B5. C二、词汇理解Read the following sentences and choose the best word to fill in the blanks.6. The development of new materials has _______ theefficiency of many electronic devices.A. enhancedB. reducedC. maintainedD. limited7. Scientists are constantly _______ new methods to study the universe.A. discoveringB. forgettingC. ignoringD. dismissing8. The use of renewable energy sources has _______ the reliance on fossil fuels.A. increasedB. decreasedC. stabilizedD. intensified9. The _______ of artificial intelligence in various fields has revolutionized the way we work and live.A. integrationB. disintegrationC. limitationD. prohibition10. The _______ of the project was delayed due to unexpected technical issues.A. implementationB. terminationC. initiationD. culmination答案：6. A7. A8. B9. A10. A三、完形填空Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the most suitable word from the options provided.In recent years, the field of robotics has seen a remarkable _______ (11) in its capabilities. This is largely due to the _______ (12) of advanced sensors and artificial intelligence. Robots are now capable of performing complex tasks that were once thought to be the exclusive domain of humans. However, there are concerns about the _______ (13) of job displacementas robots become more proficient.11. A. increaseB. decreaseC. stagnationD. fluctuation12. A. integrationB. exclusionC. obsolescenceD. abandonment13. A. possibilityB. impossibilityC. inevitabilityD. uncertainty答案：11. A12. A13. A四、翻译Translate the following sentences from English to Chinese.14. The breakthrough in nanotechnology has paved the way for the development of new medical treatments.15. The application of blockchain technology is not limitedto financial services; it has the potential to transform various industries.答案：14. 纳米技术的重大突破为新医疗方法的发展铺平了道路。

科技类词汇对应阅读passage1A snake﹣robot designer，a technologist，an extradimensional physicist and a journalist walk into a room.The journalist turns to the crowd and asks：Should we build houses on the ocean？Like a think﹣tank panel，members of the team dream up far﹣out answers to the crucial problem，such as self﹣driving housing units that could park on top of one another in the coastal city center.The setting is X，the enterprise which considers more than100ideas each year，in areas ranging from clean energy to artificial intelligence.Although only a tiny percentage become"projects"with far﹣reaching creativity，these projects exist，ultimately，to change the world，like Waymo，the biggest self﹣driving﹣car company.In the past60years，something strange has happened.As the academic study of creativity has thrived （蓬勃发展），the label innovation may have covered every tiny change of a soda can or a toothpaste flavor，but the rate of productivity growth has been mostly declining since the1970s.John Fernald，an economist，points out that the notable exception to the post﹣1970decline in productivity occurred when businesses throughout the economy finally figured out the breakthrough technology﹣information technology.John Fernald says，"It's possible that productivity took off，because we picked all the low﹣hanging fruit from the IT wave."Actually，the world economy continues to harvest the benefits of IT.But where will the next technology shock come from？Breakthrough technology results from two distinct activities﹣invention and innovation.Invention is typically the work of scientists and researchers in labs，while innovation is an invention put to commercial use.Seldom do the two activities occur successfully under the same roof.They tend to thrive in opposite conditions；while competition and consumer choice encourage innovation，invention has historically progressed in labs that are protected from the pressure to generate profit.Allowing well﹣funded and diverse teams to try to solve big problems is what gave us the computer and the Internet.Today，we fail to give attention to planting the seeds of this kind of ambitious research，while complaining about the harvest."Companies are really good at combining existing breakthroughs in ways that consumers like.But the breakthroughs come from patient and curious scientists，not the rush to market，"says Jon Gertner，the author of The Idea Factory."Technology is a tall tree，"John Fernald said."But planting the seeds of invention and harvesting the fruit of innovation are entirely distinct skills，often mastered by different organizations and separated by manyyears."As for me，both of them are essential for technology，although they are relatively independent.I don't think X is a planter or a harvester，actually.It is like building taller ladders.Nobody knows for sure what，if anything，the employees at such enterprises are going to find up on those ladders.But they're reaching.At least someone is.（1）What is the main purpose of the first two paragraphs？A．To present the process of group discussion.B．To illustrate X's worry about big problems.C．To reveal the importance of the crazy ideas.D．To stress the varied backgrounds of the team.（2）What can we learn from the passage？A．Breakthroughs must stand the test of the market.B．Innovation on necessities can promote productivity.C．Invention develops slowly under the pressure of profit.D．The harvest of innovation lies in some ambitious research.（3）Regarding John Fernald's view on technology，the author is.A．supportiveB．cautiousC．uncertainD．critical（4）What can be inferred about X from the passage？A．It will focus on innovation.B．It will have its outcome soon.C．It may give in to its fruitless reality.D．It may bring an encouraging outlook.【分析】这是一篇说明文。

（1）科技类一、Imagine driving behind a huge truck shooting clouds of smoke into the air while your new fully electric vehicle cleans up its carbon emissions. This dream may soon be a reality. A team of students in the Netherlands has created an electric car that not only doesn’t produce carbon dioxide when driving, but actually pulls it out of the air. The two-seater sports car was designed and built in less than a year by a team of 32 students at Eindhoven University of Technology. Called “ZEM”, which stands for “zero emission mobility”, the car is equipped with special devices that remove carbon dioxide from the air as it drives. The team says if ZEM is driven about 32,000 kilometers, it can remove 2 kilograms of carbon dioxide from the air. That’s not a huge amount. The team calculates that 10 ZEM cars on the road for a year would remove as much carbon dioxide as a typical tree does during that time. However, they also point out that there are over a billion passenger cars in the world that could be using this technology. And if a billion cars were removing carbon dioxide instead of producing it, the result would be huge.ZEM also has several other innovations that help to make it more capable of being sustained: the car’s frame and panels (面板) are 3D printed to reduce waste; it was built using recycled and recyclable materials; and it can be easily taken apart so that many of its parts can be reused. ZEM’s battery is also reusable, and has another handy feature: it can be charged with solar panels on the car’s roof—and can even be used to provide power to your house when the car isn’t on the road.According to the statistics, transportation was responsible for over 20% of global carbon dioxide emissions in 2020—and of those emissions, cars were responsible for 41%. The Eindhoven team says its goal is to challenge the electric car industry: If 32 students can build a car like this in less than a year, then surely car manufacturers (生产商) are expected to adopt these innovations, too.1.What is special about ZEM?A. It can end the world’s CO2 release.B. It can raise the truck’s CO2 emissions.C. It can reduce the level of CO2 in the air.D. It can absorb dirty air as well as CO.2.Why does the team run the calculation of ZEM in paragraph 2?A. To demonstrate a wonderful vision of ZEM cars.B. To explain how ZEM removes CO2 as trees do.C. To illustrate the ongoing change in car making.D. To show the influence of ZEM on the car market.3.What do we know about all the components of ZEM?A. They are of high quality.B. They are easy to process.C. They are convenient to print.D. They are environmentally friendly.4.What does the Eindhoven team hope to achieve in the future?A. Sharp decline in fuel consumption.B. Mass production of ZEM cars.C. Big success in beating other car makers.D. Dramatic changes in transportation.二、The next time San Francisco residents stop a taxi, they may step into a car with no one behind the wheel. Driverless taxis are now allowed to come on the city's streets. On June 2, 2022, Cruise, a division of General Motors (GM), was approved to charge for rides in its self-driving cars, becoming the first company allowed to operate commercial driverless cars in a major US city.Though Cruise is regarding it as a big win, its self-driving cars aren't totally free to run on the streets of San Francisco as they please. Cruise vehicles will be limited to transporting passengers in less crowded areas of the city between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. The speed limit is 30 mph. They are also not allowed to operate in heavy rain or fog. The rules are meant to reduce any injuries or accidents.Cruise plans to launch the service gradually with a team of just 30 cars. The first robotaxis will be improved versions of GM's Chevrolet Bolt. However, the company is seeking approval to get its custom-built Cruise Origin on public roads. The driverless electric vehicle has no wheels or pedals(踏板) and can attain highway speeds. The car consists mostly of a sitting space, where passengers can face each other.Cruise's ability to obtain the commercial permit to operate is a big step forward. However, the company still has to convince passengers that its technology is safe. Many remain concerned about safety. A 2021 survey by the American AutomobileAssociation found that 74 percent of Americans are afraid to ride in a self-driving vehicle.It remains to be seen how the new driverless taxi experiment will play out in San Francisco. But based on the vast number of companies that are racing to develop self-driving vehicles and the tens of thousands of people on waitlists for robotaxi rides, the Cruise pioneering program is at least set for popularity, if not success.5.What can we learn about the Cruise's driverless ride services?A. The services have turned out to be a great success.B. The services receive great support from the public.C. The services have run in some major cities of the USA.D. The services are limited to some regions of San Francisco.6.What does the author describe in detail in paragraph 3?A. The feature of Cruise Origin.B. The future of self-driving cars.C.The original plan of the company.D. The new version of Chevrolet Bolt.7.What is the attitude of most Americans towards the self-driving taxis?A. Doubtful.B. Opposed.C.Favourable.D.Unconcerned.8.What can be the best title of the text?A. Cruise Offers Free Self-driving Ride ServicesB. Self-driving Cars Are Coming to San FranciscoC. Self-driving Vehicles Are Popular in Major CitiesD. Companies Begin to Charge for Rides in Self-driving Cars三、Among thousands of emperor penguins in Atka Bay, a yellow robot named ECHO swiftly creeps over the Antarctic environment and patiently observes the birds.Since 2017, ECHO has collected tracking data from microchips taped to the penguins' feathers. "We all know that the world is changing, and that change will have dramatic effects on biodiversity and ecosystems, especially in very remote areas, like Antarctica," says Daniel Zitterbart, a researcher at the Marine Animal Remote Sensing Lab to Popular Science. "To understand if that's true or not, we need to start monitoring those systems very closely now."Scientists must physically capture and tag(加标签) each bird on their backs to track penguins. Each tag is a Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) system that works in a similar way to the microID chips fixed on pets' backs. But to gather data on the chips,scientists have to get close enough to the devices to scan them, and the weather may be too harsh for humans to go out in the field.ECHO gets rid of these issues by acting as a mobile observatory that can monitor thousands of penguins each year. The robot can easily roll up to the penguins and scan the tags without introducing a harmful human footprint in an already vulnerable ecosystem or affecting the colony. The robot is equipped with LIDAR, or light detection and ranging, and a 360-degree camera that can detect penguins on vast areas and uses an antenna(天线) to read each penguin's chip."As a human, you cannot walk around and try to scan 15,000 or 24,000 penguins each year, and it's impossible," Zitterbart tells Popular Science. "The amount of data we can gather through ECHO is something we would never be able to achieve with any other method in this place."Researchers say the penguins do not seem to be afraid of ECHO and don't mind it when it comes near. By tracking the colonies' behaviors over time, researchers can observe how penguins adapt and follow where they go to forage(觅食).In turn, these data points can also determine the true size of marine protected areas.9.What does Daniel Zitterbart stress in paragraph 2?A. The working principle of ECHO.B.The biodiversity in the Antarctic.C. The possible effects of climate change.D.The necessity of ECHO in his research.10.What's one advantage of using ECHO?A. It leaves behind no harmful traces.B. It tags the penguins automatically.C. It analyzes collected data on its own.D. It's able to scan the tags in the distance.11.How do the emperor penguins react to ECH0?A.They care little about it.B. They are frightened by it.C.They show much interest in it.D. They choose to stay away from it.12.What does the text mainly talk about?A. Robots assist researchers in the Antarctic.B.Robot lives among penguins in the Antarctic.C. Antarctica could lose most of its penguins.D. Antarctic penguins adapt to climate change.四、Swot satellite is scheduled to be launched Thursday morning to conduct a comprehensive survey of Earth's vital resource. By using advanced microwave radartechnology, it will collect height-surface measurements of oceans, lakes and rivers in high-definition detail over 90% of the globe. It's really the first time to observe nearly all water on the planet's surface.The major mission is to explore how oceans absorb atmospheric heat and CO2 in a natural process that adjusts climate change. Oceans are estimated to have absorbed more than 90% of the extra heat trapped in the Earth's atmosphere by human—caused greenhouse gases. Swot will scan(查看) the seas and precisely measure fine differences in surface elevations(高度) around smaller currents and eddies(漩涡), where much of the oceans' decrease of heat and carbon is believed to occur. "Studying the mechanism will help climate scientists answer a key question: What is the turning point at which oceans start releasing, rather than absorbing, huge amounts of heat back into the atmosphere and speed up global warming, rather than limiting it," said Nadya Shiffer, Swot's program scientist.By comparison, earlier studies of water bodies relied on data of rivers or oceans taken at specific points, or from satellites that can only track measurements along a one—dimensional line, requiring scientists to fill in data gaps through extrapolation(外推法). Thanks to the radar instrument, Swot can scan through cloud cover and darkness over wide ranges of the Earth. This enables scientists to accurately map their observations in two dimensions regardless of weather or time of day and to cover large geographic areas far more quickly than was previously possible."Rather than giving us a line of elevations, it's giving us a map of elevations, and that's just a total game changer," said Tamlin Pavelsky, Swot freshwater science leader.13.What do the underlined words "vital resource" in the first paragraph refer to?A. Technology.B. Climate.C. Oceans.D. Water.14.What is the major mission of Swot satellite?A. To explore where oceans absorb heat and CO2.B. To explain why greenhouse gas comes into being.C. To identify when global warming is worsened.D. To study how oceans influence climate change.15.What makes it possible for Swot to measure precisely?A. The high-definition computer.B. Advanced radar technology.C. The three-dimensional image.D. An accurate map of elevations.16.Which is the most suitable title for the text?A. First Global. Water Survey from SpaceB. Successful Launch of Swot SatelliteC. A Breakthrough in Space TravelD. A Solution to Climate Change五、The Legacy Senior Communities is proud to announce the latest innovation in senior living care is coming to its Dallas and Plano campuses, the TrueLoo® smart toilet by Toi Labs. “We're consistently exploring new technologies to ensure that we are provid ing excellent care in the most effective and efficient ways,” says Legacy Senior Communities CEO Melissa Orth.“The TrueLoo® smart toilet provides early detection of oncoming health complications before they become serious, and all in a dignnified and valuable manner. This improves our care response and can potentially avoid a potential health complication altogether,” says Orth. “The innovative toilet automates data collection and enables clinical team members to keep track of the residents around the clock without uncomfortable conversations with them about their toileting habits. Investing in TrueLoo® technology enables a higher standard of care with dignity,” says Vik Kashyap, Toi Labs' founder and CEO.In assisted living and memory support residences, where toileting activity is harder to collect, the TrueLoo® smart toilet provides effortless collection, enhancing current services as well as residents' experience. The Legacy Senior Communities begins testing the units in early March. The pilot program will launch in Memory Support at the Kalman and Ida Wolens Foundation Healthcare Center at the Willow Bend community and at the Midtown Park community's Andrea &Richard Skibell and Leslie Rudd Healthcare Center. The communities will continue manual monitoring to establish a control group during this trial period. The resulting data will enable The Legacy to benchmark the ability of the smart toilet.“We decided to trial the smart toilet in two different service areas,” said Director of Strateg ic Development Bridgette Walshe. “We want to ensure that this technology is non-invasive(非侵入性的) while providing accurate and relevant data.” Walshe believes that artificial intelligence is one potential means to cost-effectively improve senior care services, freeing up valuable time for clinical team members to provide more person-centric care.17.How can the TrueLoo® smart toilet benefit seniors?A. By improving their toileting habits.B. By identifying their potential health issues.C. By calling clinical team members for them at any time.D. By informing care workers of their desire to use a toilet.18.What can best conclude Kashyap's words about his company's product?A. It is quality-centered.B. It is safety-guaranteed.C. It is privacy-ensured.D. It is comfort-focused.19.What does the underlined word “benchmark” in paragraph 4 most probably mean?A. Measure.B. Recognize.C. Demonstrate.D. Improve.20.What is Walshe's attitude to the toilet?A. Hopeful.B. Critical.C. Tolerant.D. Contradictory. 六、Brain implants can translate internal speech into external signals, permitting communication from people with paralysis(瘫痪) or other diseases that steal their ability to talk or type. New results from two studies, presented November 13 at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, "provide additional evidence of the extraordinary potential" that brain implants have for restoring lost communication, says neuroscientist Leigh Hochberg.Some people who need help communicating can currently use devices that require small movements, such as eye gaze changes. Those tasks aren't possible for everyone. So the new study targeted internal speech, which requires a person to do nothing more than think."Implanted in the brain, our device predicts internal speech directly, allowing the patient to just focus on saying a word inside their head," says Sarah Wandelt, a neuroscientist at Caltech. Internal speech "could be much simpler than requiring the patient to spell out words or mouth them." Neural signals associated with words are detected by electrodes(电极) implanted in the brain. The signals can then be translated into text, which can be made audible by computer programs that generate speech.In the study, Wandelt and fellow workers could accurately predict which of eight words a person who was paralyzed below the neck was thinking. Electrodes picked up nerve cell signals in his posterior parietal cortex, a brain area involved in speech and hand movements. That approach is "really exciting, and enhances the power of bringing together fundamental neuroscience, neuroengineering and machine learningapproaches for the restoration of communication and mobility," says Hochberg.To be useful, the current techniques will need to get faster and more accurate. It's also unclear whether the technology will work for other people, perhaps with more profound speech disorders. "These are still early days for the technologies," Hochberg says.21.What can be learned about the study in the text?A. It transforms small movements into text.B. It encourages the patient to mouth words.C. It helps the disabled to recover their speech.D. It focuses on translating thoughts into speech.22.Which can replace the underlined word "audible" in paragraph 3?A. Touchable.B. Visible.C.Hearable.D. Countable.23.Which is the right order of the working processing of the new technology?①Translate into text.②Pick up nerve cell signals.③Speak words inside the head.④Implant electrodes in the brain.⑤Generate speech via computer programs.A.④②①③⑤B.④③②①⑤C.②④①⑤③D.②③①⑤④24.Which is the most suitable title for the text?A. A New Way to Cure ParalysisB. A Breakthrough in NeuroscienceC. Read Words Directly from People's ThoughtsD. Brain Implants Benefit Profound Speech Disorder七、Artificial intelligence helps teachers identify which of their students have learning difficulties, according to a new study.Teachers make more accurate assessments of learning difficulties among their students if they are given Al-generated feedback(反馈) rather than an "expert solution" written by a qualified professional. Researchers believe that because the AI analyzed the teacher's own work, it's easier for the teacher to understand than a "model answer" prepared beforehand."Teachers play a critical role in recognizing the signs of disorders and learningdifficulties in pupils and referring them to specialists," said Riikka Hofmann. "Unfortunately, many of them feel that they have not had sufficient opportunity to practice these skills. AI could provide an extra level of individualized feedback to help them develop these essential competences."Trainee teachers were asked to assess fictionalized students for potential learning difficulties, based on evidence including examples of their work, school behavior records and written texts of conversations with parents. Half of the trainees received the "expert solution", typical of the material given to trainee teachers, while the other half received AI-generated feedback on their approach, highlighting where they could improve. The trainees then completed similar follow-up assessments, and were graded both on the accuracy of their diagnoses(诊断) and on how well they had used the evidence. Trainees who received the AI feedback scored significantly higher than those who worked with the pre-written expert solutions.While the researchers said this does not mean AI is preferable to one-to-one feedback from a skilled expert, this is not always available for trainee teachers. "We are not arguing that AI should replace teacher-educators: new teachers still need expert guidance on how to recognize learning difficulties in the first place," said Dr Michael Sailer."It does seem, however, that Al-generated feedback helped these trainees to focus on what they really needed to learn. When personal feedback is not readily available, it could be an effective substitute(代替物)."25.What does the underlined word "them" refer to?A. Pupils.B. Teachers.C. Specialists.D. Researchers.26.What did AI help trainee teachers know in the study?A. How well they had used the evidence.B. Whether the expert solution was accurate.C. Where their approach needs improvement.D. What follow-up assessments they completed.27.What does Dr Michael think of AI?A. It will take the place of skilled experts.B. It acts as an expert guide to trainee teachers.C. It is only suitable for new teachers to use.D. It can be a useful teaching training aid.28.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A. AI locates learning difficulties for the studentsB. AI becomes an effective teaching tool in schoolC. AI helps teachers spot students with learning difficultiesD. AI trains teachers in judging the learning of the students八、The loss of a pet can be extremely tough to handle. If only our furry friends could live as we do, that would be nice. While science can't get quite that far yet, there is a way to get an exact copy of the pet you love so much.A family in Arizona is one of the latest in the country to get another chance to be with their beloved dog, Sally. They love her so much that they decided to clone her. "She is really the perfect dog," said Sally's owner. "We thought if we're ever going to clone a dog, it would be Sally." The family turned to ViaGen Pets, who calls themselves "America's pet cloning experts", for help.Melain Rodriguez, a client service manager at ViaGen Pets, said once the cells of the pet were frozen, clients could take their time and decide when they were ready to go ahead. "They can clone 5, 10 or 20 years from now if they want," said Rodriguez. "We have actually cloned a few pets whose cells were stored 17 years ago."The company firstly started cloning livestock(牲畜) for agriculture, then got expertise in cloning horses. Today, horses and dogs remain the most popular animals that the company clones. The only other animals they clone right now are cats. Prices range from US$85,000 for a horse, to US$50,000 for a dog and US$35,000 for a cat. Rodriguez herself was the proud owner of a cloned cat. She also had her dog Zeus's cells frozen, but was not ready to clone him yet. Like many others, Rodriguez hoped to go ahead once prices went down.Company officials say many are choosing to simply preserve cell samples of their pets right now and deciding whether or not to clone them in the future, when prices could fall. The process (preserving samples) costs about US$1,600.29.What animals have been cloned by ViaGen Pets?①Cats. ②Horses. ③Rabbits. ④Dogs. ⑤Sheep.A.①②④B.②③⑤C.③④⑤D.②③④30.What does the text tell us about ViaGen Pets?A.Cats are the most popular animals that it clones.B. At first it began cloning animals for agriculture.C. It will clone Rodriguez's dog in a short time.D.It is supposed to clone Sally in 5 years.31.What did Rodriguez and many other pet owners wish ViaGen Pets to do?A. Employ more experts for cloning.B.Open branches across the country.C.Clone more kinds of wild animals.D. Lower the price of cloning.32.Where can you most probably find the text?A. In a science book.B. In a travel brochure.C. In a fashion magazine.D. In a newspaper on health issues.答案以及解析一、1.答案：C解析：细节理解题。

科技英语阅读李健答案【篇一：科技英语阅读(李健版)翻译u3】物的适应性植物为了生存也必须像人类和动物一样适应周边的环境。

生存就意味着竞争，我们很难想象植物之间的竞争，但它往往又存在的。

首先，不同的植物之间会争夺阳光、空气、土壤和水。

其次，植物也会与那些吃它或者威胁到它生存环境的人类和动物竞争。

再次，植物所处的环境也可能也是有敌对性的或者不利于植物生长的。

怎样才能有足够的阳光、水分、空气和土壤？气温的冷热就是植物生长的主要因素吗？光对于植物来说是最基本的，尤其是对于绿色植物来说。

绿色植物在光下能制造养分——这是一种被称为光合作用的过程，而光也能影响水分蒸发的速率和花的形成。

温度也是必须考虑的因素。

对于大多数植物来说，所处的温度低于一度或者高于四十三度都将对其造成严重的损伤甚至死亡。

而温度也直接影响了种子的萌芽以及开花，当然温度也决定了它们的地理分布。

没有水植物也是无法生存的。

有些植物的生长过程需要大量的水分，因此潮湿的空气、大量的降水以及溪流湖泊和湿润的土壤对于植物都是重要的。

大多数植物需要有足够空气。

大气中所包含的一些必要的气体包括：氧气、二氧化碳、水蒸气和氮气。

空气移动所产生的风对于植物也有很大影响。

风有助于传播花粉、孢子和种子从而将它们播种在各种地方，但强风也有可能折断或者损害植物，尤其是大树。

而大风吹走了一些有养分的土壤，也会加快水分的蒸发甚至使植物缺水。

土壤对于陆生植物来说是必不可少的。

大部分植物生长在自然土壤里：其中包含着它的湿度、酸度、矿物成分、含氧量。

植物生长也会受到其他竞争生物的影响。

它必须能适应寄生菌、饥饿的鸟类、牛羊等食用叶子的动物，但植物也需要动物帮助传播花粉以及播洒种子。

有树叶和枝干的树以及灌木向我们展示了它们的适应性，这也告诉了我们植物是怎样获得最大量的光和空气的。

和那些山毛榉树、榆树、橡树、苹果树和栗子树一样，它们有一些芽最初是垂直生长的然而另一些却变成了水平生长。

为了能得到最多的阳光，一些垂直生长的枝芽会螺旋缠绕生长以至于不会遮挡到自己下边的叶子。

Appendix I Reference AnswersUnit 2 PhysicsPart I EST ReadingReading 1Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1.What is quantum physics?Quantum physics is the study of the behavior of matter and energy at the molecular, atomic, nuclear, and even smaller microscopic levels. In the early 20th century, it was discovered that the laws that govern macroscopic objects do not function the same in such small realms.2.Do you know anything about dark matter?Dark matter is a hypothesized form of matter particle that does not reflect or emit electromagnetic radiation. The existence of dark matter is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, such as stars and galaxies.A small percentage of the gravitational effects observed are from visible matter (someestimates are as low as 4% of total gravitational effects). The remaining 96% is presumed to result from dark matter or dark energy, though these terms are somewhat indicative of our ignorance of the exact nature of these unknown quantities, as they have never been directly observed.One possible candidate for dark matter are theoretical particles known as weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), which are being searched for by the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) experiment.3.What is dark energy?Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates space and exerts a negative pressure, which would have gravitational effects to account for the differences between the theoretical and observational results of gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark energy is not directly observed, but rather inferred from observations of gravitational interactions between astronomical objects, along with dark matter.The term "dark energy" was coined by the theoretical cosmologist Michael S. Turner.4.Have you ever heard of the big bang theory? Can you give an account of it?The Big Bang is the dominant (and highly supported) theory of the origin of the universe. In essence, this theory states that the universe began from an initial point or singularity which has expanded over billions of years to form the universe as we now know it.In 1927, Roman Catholic priest and physicist Georges Lemaitre independently calculated the Friedman solution and again suggested that the universe must be expanding. This theory was supported by Hubble when, in 1929, he found that there was a correlation between the distance of the galaxies and the amount of redshift in that galaxy's light. The distant galaxies were moving away faster, which was exactly what was predicted by Lemaitre's solutions.In 1931, Lemaitre went further with his predictions, extrapolating backwards in time find that the matter of the universe would reach an infinite density and temperature at a finite time in the past. This means the universe must have begun in an incredibly small, dense point of matter - a "primeval atom."5.How do you understand string theory?String theory is a mathematical theory that tries to explain certain phenomena which is not currently explainable under the standard model of quantum physics.String theory was initially developed in the 1970s in an attempt to explain some inconsistencies with the energy behavior of hadrons and other fundamental particles of physics.As with much of quantum physics, the mathematics that applies to string theory cannot be uniquely solved. Physicists must apply perturbation theory to obtain a series of approximated solutions. Such solutions, of course, include assumptions which may or may not be true.The driving hope behind this work is that it will result in a "theory of everything," including a solution to the problem of quantum gravity, to reconcile quantum physics with general relativity, thus reconciling the fundamental forces of physics.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Paras. 1-3): Brief introduction to dark energyPara. 1: Dark energy is an unexplained force which tugs galaxies away from each other.Para. 2: Dark energy is somewhat like anti-gravity.Para. 3: Dark energy is scientists‟ hypothetic form of energy to explain the universe‟s expansion.Part 2 (Paras. 4-9): The discovery of dark energy: confounding expectationsPara. 4: The discovery of dark energy is a case of science confounding expectations.Para. 5: Experts expected that gravity had slowed down the universe‟s rate of expansion.Para. 6: The universe‟s rate of expansion was speeding up.Para. 7: The result was beyond experts‟ expec tations which caused much nervous laughter.Para. 8: The measurements of supernovae provided the evidence that the universe‟s rate ofballooning was speeding up.Para. 9: The scientists observed many supernovae at different distances to determine how fast they are speeding away from us.Part 3 (Paras. 10-13): The rate of the expansion of the universe: shocking resultsPara. 10: The rate of the universe‟s expansion is accelerating.Para. 11: More researches done by other experts also show the same results.P ara. 12: Einstein‟s cosmological constant has been revived to explain the puzzling findings.Para. 13: The cosmological constant is one of the leading theories to explain the expansion of the universe.Part 4 (Paras. 14-17): The difference between dark energy and dark matterPara. 14: The confusion of dark energy and dark matter.Para. 15: Dark matter is an invisible hypothesized form of matter.Para. 16: Dark matter and dark energy seem to make up most of the mass of the universe.Para. 17: The discovery of dark energy stirred up a lot of other issues, such as making some people believe that there are several universes.2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1)What’s dark energy before and after you studied the text?Before, I know nothing about dark energy. Now, I know that dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates space and exerts a negative pressure, which would have gravitational effects to account for the differences between the theoretical and observational results of gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark energy is not directly observed, but rather inferred from observations of gravitational interactions between astronomical objects, along with dark matter./od/classicalmechanics/a/gravity.htm2)In your eyes, what’s gravity an d anti-gravity?Refer to:/niujiashu@126/blog/static/100293042201051095050178//od/glossary/g/specgravity.htm/gravity_explains_gravity.html3)Did gravity slow down the rate of the expansion of the universe? Why or why not?No. Gravity was speeding up the rate of the expansion of the universe. The evidence was based on measurements of supernovae that astronomers were using as lampposts to track distance.4)Can you explain Doppler Effect in detail?The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift), named after Austrian physicist Christian Doppler who proposed it in 1842 in Prague, is the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the wave. It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren or horn approaches, passes, and recedes from an observer. The received frequency is higher (compared to the emitted frequency) during the approach, it is identical at the instant of passing by, and it is lower during the recession./wiki/Doppler_effect5)Do you know any story of Einstein’s cosmological constant?In physical cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ) was proposed by Albert Einstein as a modification of his original theory of general relativity to achieve a stationary universe. Einstein abandoned the concept after the observation of the Hubble redshift indicated that the universe might not be stationary, as he had based his theory on the idea that the universe is unchanging. However, the discovery of cosmic acceleration in the 1990s has renewed interest in a cosmological constant./wiki/Cosmological_constant6)What is dark matter? What’s the difference between dark energy and dark matter?Dark matter is matter that is undetectable by its emitted radiation, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects. Dark matter is invisible./wiki/Dark_Matter_(disambiguation)7)Is it true or false that the universe is formed mainly of dark energy and dark matter?Can you give some evidence?Yes. It is true. Some studies show that dark energy is thought to account for 74 percent of the universe, while dark matter adds about 22 percent.8)Are you one of the believers in multiple universes? Why?(Open)3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the wordsyou’ve learned in the text.Dark energy — the mysterious stuff that is stretching space and speeding the expansion of the universe —is said to have been around at least 9 billion years. It is a hypothetical form of energy, which is somewhat like anti-gravity that draws galaxies away from each other. In the mid-1990s, when astronomers went about measuring the rate of the expansion of the universe, they surprisingly found that the universe‟s ballooning was speeding up, which was beyond many astrophysicists‟ expectations. Some other researchers also found that the universe is blowing up faster today than at any time in the past. All these puzzles open up an opportunity for some scientists to revive Einstein‟s discarded idea — cosmological constant. Though dark energy and dark matter (invisible) are separate entities, people are always confused about them.It seems that dark energy accounts for 74 percent of the universe, while dark matter adds about 22 percent. The discovery of dark energy is bizarre and adds fuel to the fire of believers in multiple universes.Vocabulary and Structure1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets.Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.1)When triggered by an input pulse, a monostable multivibrator will switch to its unstableposition for a period of time, and then return to its stable state.2)Christian revival is a term that generally refers to a specific period of increased spiritualinterest or renewal in the life of a church congregation or many churches, either regionally or globally.3)Superclusters are large groups of smaller galaxy groups and clusters and are among thelargest structures of the cosmos.4)During his career, he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, aswell as countless sketches and charcoal drawings.5)In computing and communications, data processing combined with telecommunications, e.g., the use of a telephone network to connect a remote terminal to a computer or to twointerconnect computers.6)Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe,including the physical properties of celestial objects such as galaxies, stars, planets, exoplanets, and the interstellar medium, as well as their interactions.7)An earthquake's hypocenter is the position where the strain energy stored in the rock is firstreleased, and is the point where the fault begins to rupture. This occurs at the focal depth below the epicentre.8)Anti-consumerism refers to the socio-political movement against consumerism, theequating of personal happiness with consumption and the purchase of material possessions.9)By inducing compression, mechanical properties such as compressive strength or modulusof elasticity, can be measured. Scientists may utilize press machines to induce it.10)Two-dimensional collisions, both elastic and inelastic, may be demonstrated on this table.2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the formif necessary.1)Skin injury, infection, stress, and certain drugs may trigger psoriasis. Skin cells move at anaccelerated rate from the dermis into the epidermis, where they slough off, causing inflammation.牛皮癣可能由皮肤外伤、感染、压力和某些药物引起。

第一单元自动化第二部分阅读A自动化的含义“自动化”已经是，而且现在仍然是，一个被大量滥用的词。

但是，人们对其确切的意义以及所包括的内容，正在逐渐地有了较为正确的了解。

如果不是下一个定义的话，我也许可以尝试作些解释，把自动化说成是一个概念。

运用这个概念，人们通过对机器装置的性能进行充分的测量、观察和控制，从而使其以最高的效率运转。

这需要对这种装置的功能有一个详细而连贯性的了解，以便需要时便能运用最佳的矫正操作。

自动化按其确切的意义，只有全面运用通信、计算和控制三个主要组成部分（“三C" )才能完全实现。

我认为，确保人们对合为一体的三个组成部分对我们的社会所蕴含着的某些意义有所认识和了解，是很有必要的。

首先，我们不妨考虑工业部门之一的炼钢工业。

在炼钢工业中，自动化已经开始成型。

到过钢厂的人都会知道从高炉开始的各种工艺流程的一些情况，成品条钢或板钢生产出来之后，再准备送往制造工艺车间或汽车厂，这些工艺流程是相互链接的。

为了使工厂中各个车间充分发挥效率，可以使用计算机来控制每个车间。

在此之前，计算机工作所需要的一切资料均输入机内。

就高炉来说，需要给计算机提供装人高炉的原料的信息、高炉工作温度的信息和处理各种各样配料的最好方法等方面的资料。

钢厂的高炉操作是一项复杂而要求技术熟练的作业，需要大量的知识和大量的综合信息，并迅速地做出判定选择，以便确保高炉工艺流程中的下一阶段的有效工作。

计算机对所有这一切都了解得很透彻，能够做出非常大量的中间判定，并且能够把全部信息立刻和不间断地提供给管理人员，以使他们做出高效管理这个工厂所需要的最后决定。

由此产生的信息数据和判定要进行处理，然后转送到下一个工序。

在这里，对操作的一些专门细节再次进行整理，提出最佳和最终的判定，然后对这些信息再一次进行处理并输送给下一道工序。

同时，当信息数据从生产单元的一道工序输送到下一工序并完全结合成为一项新的操作时，每次变化的结果反馈到最初阶段，而且，不断地做进一步的调整，结果是整个工厂的工艺流程便能够高效率地进行下去。

科技英语阅读课后答案【篇一：科技英语阅读习题答案汇总】tions: reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence.1) facebook allows anyone who declares themselves to be aged 13 or older to become amember of the website.2) the websites membership was initially limited by the founders to harvard students, but wasexpanded to other colleges in the boston area, the ivy league, and stanford university.3) facebook later expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies,including apple inc. and microsoft.4) the media often compares facebook to myspace, but one significant difference between thetwo websites is the level of customization.5) the patent may encourage facebook to pursue action against websites that violate the patent,which may potentially include websites such as twitter.4. directions: change the following sentences into nominalized ones.1) network security has become a major concern for organizations and individuals.2) for these reasons, making an operating system ready and available is helpful.3) the security policy development process may also involve the identification of protection.4) rather, it is a brief description of a number of important product features, such as the input method, network connectivity, operating system, and database capabilities.5) while formulating the interview plan, designers should work closely with project stakeholders who have access to users.unit 43. directions:1) given that robots generally lack muscles, they cant rely on muscle memory (the trickthat allows our bodies to become familiar over time with movements such as walking or breathing) to help them more easily complete repetitive tasks.2) for autonomous robots, this can be a bit of a problem, since they may have toaccommodate changing terrain in real time or risk getting stuck or losing their balance.3) one way around this is to create a robot that can process information from a variety ofsensors positioned near its ―legs‖ a nd identify different patterns as it moves, a team of researchers report sunday in nature physics.4) some scientists rely on small neural circuits called central pattern generators (cpg) tocreate walking robots that are aware of their surroundings.5) bernstein center for computational neuroscience researcher poramate manoonpongand max planck institute for dynamics and self-organization researcher marc timme are leading a project that has created a six-legged robot with one cpg that can switch gaits depending upon the obstacles it encounters.4. directions: change the following sentences into the passive-voice ones. 1) a novel twist is introduced on this traditional approach (by the new field of experimentalphilosophy).2) the search to unders tand people’s ordinary intuitions is continued (by experimentalphilosophers).3) this is accomplished by using the methods of contemporary cognitive science—experimental studies, statistical analyses, cognitive models, and so forth.4) just in the past year or so, this new approach has been being applied (by a number ofresearchers) to the study of intuitions about consciousness.5) how people think about the mind can be better understood by by studying how peoplethink about three different types of abstract entities.unit 7 genetic engineering2. directions: complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. change the form ifnecessary.1) restriction enzyme is an endonuclease that cuts dna at sites defined by its recognition sequence.dna限制内切酶是一种酸内切酶，它能够在其识别序列指定的部位切割dna。

科技英语基础阅读第二版答案automation and robotic1、This year our school is _____ than it was last year. [单选题] *A. much more beautiful(正确答案)B. much beautifulC. the most beautifulD. beautiful2、The teachers don't make us wear a school uniform and we can wear _____ we like. [单选题] *A. anyB. thatC. asD. what(正确答案)3、I hope Tom will arrive _______ to attend the meeting. [单选题] *A. in timesB. on time(正确答案)C. at timesD. from time to time4、Mary, together with her children ,_____ some video show when I went into the sitting room. [单选题] *A. were watchingB. was watching(正确答案)C. is watchingD. are watching5、Jack can speak Japanese, and his brother can _______ speak Japanese. [单选题] *A. tooB. also(正确答案)C. eitherD. as well6、Before leaving the village, he visited the old house _____ he spent his childhood. [单选题] *A in which(正确答案)B. whichC. to whichD at which7、18．Monica wants to be a _______. She is good at sports and she loves teaching others. [单选题] *A．coach(正确答案)B．secretaryC．architectD．waiter8、She serves as a secretary in a university. [单选题] *A. 为…服务B. 担任…职务(正确答案)C. 竞争…服务D. 申请…职务9、I like booking tickets online，because it is _______. [单选题] *A. boringB. confidentC. convenient(正确答案)D. expensive10、We are living in an age（）many things are done by computer. [单选题] *A. thatB. whichC. whyD. when(正确答案)11、Though the _____ drama is wonderful, I guess most audiences will be tired as it is too long. [单选题] *A. four-hour(正确答案)B. four hoursC. four-hoursD. four-hour's12、—Whose book is it? Is it yours?—No, ask John. Maybe it’s ______.（）[单选题] *A. hersB. his(正确答案)C. he’sD. her13、There are trees on both sides of the broad street. [单选题] *A. 干净的B. 狭窄的C. 宽阔的(正确答案)D. 宁静的14、Many volunteers _______ food and water to the local people in Japan after tsunami(海啸）. [单选题] *A. gave out(正确答案)B. cut outC. put outD. found out15、My friends will _______ me at the airport when I arrive in London. [单选题] *A. takeB. meet(正确答案)C. receiveD. have16、They went out in spite of rain. [单选题] *A. 因为B. 但是C. 尽管(正确答案)D. 如果17、The market economy is quickly changing people’s idea on_____is accepted. [单选题] *A.what(正确答案)B.whichC.howD.that18、I think you should buy this novel. It is really worth _____. [单选题] *A. reading(正确答案)B. being readC. readD. to read19、Our teacher suggested that each of us _____ a study plan for the tong summer vacation. [单选题] *A. make(正确答案)B. madeC. will makeD. would make20、82．—Is there a bookshop near here?—Yes. Walk ________ the road for five minutes and you'll see one near a big tree. [单选题] *A．toB．along(正确答案)C．ofD．about21、Thank you very much. You gave us ____ our factory needed. [单选题] *A. informationB. informationsC. the information(正确答案)D. the informations22、14．He is cutting the apple ________ a knife. [单选题] *A．inB．toC．with(正确答案)D．by23、A survey of the opinions of students（）that they admit several hours of sitting in front of the computer harmful to health. [单选题] *A. show；areB. shows ；is(正确答案)C.show；isD.shows ；are24、If you do the same thing for a long time, you'll be tired of it. [单选题] *A. 试图B. 努力C. 厌倦(正确答案)D. 熟练25、We ______ boating last weekend.（）[单选题] *A. goB. went(正确答案)C. are goingD. will go26、--Do you have a _______?--Yes, I _______ at a clothes store. [单选题] *A. work; workB. work; jobC. job; jobD. job; work(正确答案)27、You can _______ Bus 116 to get there. [单选题] *A. byB. take(正确答案)C. onD. in28、36．This kind of bread is terrible. I don't want to eat it ______. [单选题] *A．any more(正确答案)B．some moreC．no longerD．some longer29、You can borrow my book, _____ you promise to give it back to me by the end of this month. [单选题] *A.even ifB. as long as(正确答案)C. in caseD. even though30、They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers. [单选题]*A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had driven(正确答案)。

Appendix I Reference AnswersUnit 3 Network SecurityPart I EST ReadingReading 1Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1.What is the Internet?The Internet is the world’s largest network of networks. When you want to access the resources offered by the Internet, you don’t really connect to the Internet; you connect to a network that is eventually connected to the Internet backbone, a network of extremely fast (and incredibly overloaded!) network components. This is an important point: the Internet is a network of networks -- not a network of hosts.A simple network can be constructed using the same protocols and such that the Internet useswithout actually connecting it to anything else. Such a basic network is shown in Figure3.Figure 3: A Simple Local Area NetworkI might be al lowed to put one of my hosts on one of my employer’s networks. We have anumber of networks, which are all connected together on a backbone, that is a network of our networks. Our backbone is then connected to other networks, one of which is to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) whose backbone is connected to other networks, one of which is the Internet backbone.If you have a connection ―to the Internet‖ through a local ISP, you are actually connecting your computer to one of their networks, which is connected to another, and so on. To use a service from my host, such as a web server, you would tell your web browser to connect to my host. Underlying services and protocols would send packets(small datagrams) with your query to your ISP’s network, and then a network they’re connected to, and so on, until it found a path to my employer’s backbone, and to the exact network my host is on. My host would then respond appropriately, and the same would happen in reverse: packets would traverse all of the connections until they found their way back to your computer, and you werelooking at my web page.In Figure4, the network shown in Figure3 is designated ―LAN 1‖ and shown in the bottom-right of the picture. This shows how the hosts on that network are provided connectivity to other hosts on the same LAN, within the same company, outside of the company, but in the same ISP cloud, and then from another ISP somewhere on the Internet.Figure 4: A Wider View of Internet-connected NetworksThe Internet is made up of a wide variety of hosts, from supercomputers to personal computers, including every imaginable type of hardware and software.2.Do you know anything about IP?As noted, IP is a ―network layer‖ protocol. This is the laye r that allows the hosts to actually ``talk'' to each other. Such things as carrying datagrams, mapping the Internet address (such as10.2.3.4) to a physical network address (such as 08:00:69:0a:ca:8f), and routing, which takescare of making sure that all of the devices that have Internet connectivity can find the way to each other.Understanding IPIP has a number of very important features which make it an extremely robust and flexible protocol. For our purposes, though, we're going to focus on the security of IP, or more specifically, the lack thereof.Attacks Against IPA number of attacks against IP are possible. Typically, these exploit the fact that IP does notperform a robust mechanism for authentication , which is proving that a packet came from where it claims it did. A packet simply claims to originate from a given address, and there isn'ta way to be sure that the host that sent the packet is telling the truth. This isn't necessarily aweakness, per se , but it is an important point, because it means that the facility of host authentication has to be provided at a higher layer on the ISO/OSI Reference Model. Today, applications that require strong host authentication (such as cryptographic applications) do this at the application layer.IP SpoofingThis is where one host claims to have the IP address of another. Since many systems (such as router access control lists) define which packets may and which packets may not pass based on the sender's IP address, this is a useful technique to an attacker: he can send packets to a host, perhaps causing it to take some sort of action.Additionally, some applications allow login based on the IP address of the person making the request (such as the Berkeley r-commands )[2]. These are both good examples how trusting untrustable layers can provide security that is -- at best -- weak.3.What is Facebook?Facebook is a social networking website launched in February 2004 that is operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc., with more than 500 million active users in July 2010.Users can add people as friends and send them messages, and update their personal profiles to notify friends about themselves. Additionally, users can join networks organized by workplace, school, or college. The website's name stems from the colloquial name of books given to students at the start of the academic year by university administrations in the US with the intention of helping students to get to know each other better. Facebook allows anyone who declares themselves to be aged 13 or older to become a member of the website.4.How do you understand network security?In the field of networking, the specialist area of network security[1] consists of the provisions and policies adopted by the network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of the computer network and network-accessible resources.The terms network security and information security are often used interchangeably. Network security is generally taken as providing protection at the boundaries of an organization by keeping out intruders (hackers). Information security, however, explic itly focuses on protecting data resources from malware attack or simple mistakes by people within an organization by use of data loss prevention (DLP) techniques. One of these techniques is to compartmentalize large networks with internal boundaries.5.Is privacy important? Why or why not?There are two general reasons why privacy is important.For the individual, privacy is important. Unnecessary exposure of sensitive personal information not only creates embarrassment but also an invitation for identity thefts. Y ou may have noticed that many web based email systems monitor your messages on a real time basis and show you advertisements. Y our personal messages are sent over the Internet throughmany routers and computers. Many of these network nodes, proxies and computers are capable of actively monitoring your conversation without you noticing it.For businesses, privacy means a competitive advantage. Companies that have a stronger privacy policy are perceived as more trustworthy and trust is the foundation of contemporary business practices, no matter it is business to consumer (B2C) or business to business (B2B) transactions. Privacy is also for pragmatic purpose. Premature release of proprietary information such as product designs, artworks, press announcements, journals, books, movies, engineering architectures and so forth would lead to loss of business opportunities.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Paras. 1-3): Brief introduction to current situation of disclosure of personal information Para. 1: The line that separates the private from the public is dissolved.Para. 2: Personal information disclosure becomes a norm.Para. 3: Y ounger members appear comfortable with sharing about anything and even older ones are adjusting to the trend.Part 2 (Paras. 4-7): Brief introduction to facebook’s members and its featuresPara. 4: The composition of facebook’s members.Para. 5: Facebook’s members keep increasing as the olders sign up.Para. 6: Facebook’s m embers are becoming more gregarious.Para. 7: The defining of ―friend‖ online becomes simple.Part 3 (Paras. 8-17): The analysis of facebook’s service on protection of personal informationPara. 8: The growth of membership and of individual networks seems impervious to gaffes at the company during its brief, five-year history.Para. 9: Facebook restored the old language and offered some changes for ratification.Para. 10: Facebook offers members a lot of privacy options.Para. 11: But Facebook sets few restrictions by default on what third-party software can see in a network of friends.Para. 12: David E. Evans wishes that Facebook would begin with more restrictions on the information that outside software developers can reach.Para. 13: David E. Evans said that Facebook could set defaults erring on the side of privacy.Para. 14: As a Facebook’s chief privacy officer, Chris Kelly defends its current settings.Para. 15: David E. Evans believed that banishment of malevolent software comes too late.Para. 16: The defaults turn out to be crucially important.Para. 17: Users are unwilling to take troubles to customizing permission.Part 4 (Paras. 18-19): The vague definition of ―friends‖ and its bad effectPara. 18: The defining of ―friends‖ for facebook’s members are vague.Para. 19: The distinguish between private and public becomes pointless since ―friends‖ may be those strangers.2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1)What threatens the privacy of individuals through network?The popularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.2)In your eyes, is there any difference between friends and facebook friends?(open)3)Who care little about their privacy from the text?Facebook’s younger members —high school or college students, and recent graduates appear comfortable with sharing just about anything.4)Why the average number of “friends” per facebook member has jumped from 100 to120 quickly?Many over-30 graybeards have yet to sign up, so Facebook has a chance for astonishing growth. Each week, a million new members are added in the United States and five million globally; the 30-and-older group is its fastest-growing demographic.5)How to protect one’s personal information on facebook according to the text?Members should be careful to choose and accept friends on facebook and distinct relationships between few close friends and those who are not.6)Currently on which side does facebook set defaults erring?Facebook could set defaults erring on the side of privacy instead of on the side of giving your information away7)According to Mr. Kelly, how many users have never changed their privacy settings?20%.8)What do you think about network security?(Open)3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words you’ve learned in the text.A social network service is an online service, platform, or site that focuses on building and reflecting of social networks or social relations among people, e.g., who share interests and/oractivities. Most social network services are web based and provide means for users to interact over the internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks. Nowadays these sites like Facebook has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public. Under the loose Fa cebook label of ―friends‖, disclosure of personal information is accessible to all and sundry. Even worse, most members on Facebook are young and careless of their privacy, and newly signing up members are learning to become more gregarious. But Facebook sets few restrictions by default settings and its service for protecting personal information is fiddled. Actually few users go to the trouble of adjusting the default privacy settings. And customizing permissions is troublesome and unacceptable for average users. Since more and more strangers are grouped into ―friends‖, it seems useless to distinguish between private and public.Vocabulary and Structure1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.1)1) Cakes of ice slowly dissolved into puddles.2)Nosy means showing too much curiosity about other people's affairs.3)Privacy representatives from 60 countries have resolved to ask for laws to complementindustry self-regulation for default protections for users of social networks.4)In computer security, full disclosure means disclosing full information about vulnerabilities.5)Ratification is the approval by the principal of an act of its agent where the agent lackedauthority to legally bind the principal.6)A life insurance trust is a(n) irrevocable, non-amendable trust which is both the owner andbeneficiary of one or more life insurance policies.7)The likelihood of executing a(n) untrustworthy program is dramatically increased owing tothe prevalence of Internet.8)Two computer security programs could be interfering with each other and even cancellingeach other's effect, while the owner believes s/he is getting double the protection.9)In computing, a theme is a preset package containing graphical appearance details, used tocustomize the look and feel of (typically) an operating system, widget set or window manager.10)A software developer is a person or organization concerned with facets of the softwaredevelopment process, who can be involved in aspects wider than design and coding.2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1)Many people who have not thought carefully beforehand about learning languages arelikely to be carried along by a mishmash of ideas that make little or no practical sense.许多人在学一门外语前缺乏足够的思想准备，极易被杂乱而无实际意义的念头、假设和习惯所左右。

《实用科技英语教程》阅读理解参考答案Unit 1 Computer ScienceText A多项选择1. B．keep up with the increased amounts of information in the world2. D．buying and selling3. A．keeping contact with other people4. C．people can be connected to the Internet正误判断1. T2. NG3. T4. F5. F6. NG完成句子1. productivity and efficiency2. their future sales, profits and costs3. Learning-by-doing4. hand held computers5. faster and cheaperText B多项选择1. A．it is small and portable.2. B．Newer laptops with larger screens are available because of improved technology.3. D．They become much smaller to replace desktops.4. C．The weight should be considered if you travel a lot.完成句子1. are miniaturized2. size and weight3. features and design4. The surgeUnit 2 The InternetText A正误判断1. T2. F3. F4. T5. F6. NG7. T8. T9. T多项选择1. A．It originated from a national network.2. C．It consists of network facilities and information resources.3. B．it allows a jump to other Internet services4. D．it developed the particular tradition and customs of its own 完成句子1. exchange messages and conduct electronic “conferences”2. to set up a remote terminal connection3. a high-speed data communication circuit and a radio channelText B多项选择1. A. You can’t get on the Internet without it.2. B. they have a large number of users3. A. You can’t get connected to the Internet.4. D. It helps the main server work during rush hour.5. C. they can’t use other services provided online except sending and receiving emails完成句子1. an Internet account with some ISP2. internal modems3. The quality of the connection4. the format5. a problem in your connectionUnit 3 Automation TechnologyText A正误判断1. T2. F3. T4. F5. T6. F7. T完成句子1. welding, spray painting2. they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another task3. A sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions4. growText B多项选择1. A．They are made for only one job.2. B．They help save time for us to do other things.3. D．Rovio4. C．negativeUnit 4 The EnvironmentText A多项选择1. C．reducing global warming2. A．the breakdown of the Soviet Union resulted in ceasement of effective management3. D．The conservation proved a great success in terms of its remarkable population growth.4. B．the intense poaching5. A．marketing them for entertainment gives them an economic value正误判断1. T2. T3. NG4. F5. NGText B多项选择1. D．It contains sulphuric acid and nitric acid.2. B．fishermen in North America and Europe noticed a sharp reduction in the quantity of fish.3. A. The soil contains less nutrients for plants.完成句子1. coal burning; processing raw ore2. fossil fuels; forest fires3. aquatic species; the deaths of the hatchlings4. food; habitat5. the tracks are badly damaged due to corrosion caused by acid rainfallList the effects of acid rain on plant life.1. are damaged by acidic rainfall, causing the growth of the plant to be stunted, or even in its death2. are destroyed by the acidity3. The waxy layer on the leaves4. Plant germination and reproductionWhat can we do to alleviate the effects of acid rain?1. A reduction in use of vehicles2. Reducing power consumption3. Speak to others about this problem4. enact suitable legislationUnit 5 Energy ScienceText A正误判断1. T2. F3. T4. F5. F6. T7. F8. T9. NG10. T完成句子1. investment and experience2. “phantom load”3. between 7 and 10 percent4. using transparent materials5. improves insulationText B多项选择1. A．They can be converted into electricity.2. B．global warming3. D．It affects many areas.4. C．the affected plants are forced to focus on internal repair 选词填空1. B2. E3. D4. A5. C6. FUnit 6 TransportationText A多项选择1. D．all of the above2. A．they can compete with the Toyota Prius3. A．it was an energy-efficient vehicle made of the greenest materials4. C．Microjoule5. B．train正误判断1. T2. F3. NG4. T5. F完成句子1. miles per gallon2. sleek and high-performing vehicles3. 1) cardboard bicycle; 2) electric bike; 3) hybrid vehicle4. reduction in pollution; reduce congestionText B正误判断1. F2. F3. T4. T5. F6. T7. F8. T9. T10.FCountries and Measures1. public transit and bicycle paths2. Unnecessary trips3. cash alternative4.Car-sharing networks; incentives to driveUnit 7 Materials ScienceText A正误判断1. T2. T3. F4. T5. F6. T7. T8. F9. F10. TText B正误判断1. T2. F3. T4. F5. T6. F7. F8. T多项选择1. C. A and B2. D. it has numerous possible applications完成句子1. an environmental risk; the development of silver-antibiotic-resistant bacteria2. how nanoscale materials behaveUnit 8 BiotechnologyText A正误判断1. T2. T3. F4. T5. F6. F7. F8. F9. F10. T完成句子1. white biotech or green chemistry2. enzymes and genetically engineered microbes3. Enzymes; microbes4. oil price5. Growing non-food cropsText B完成句子1. a scientific discipline2. organic and nonorganic3. biological catalysts4. products; services5. bread-making6. the first biotechnological revolution7. genetic engineering, enzyme technology, and fermentation technology8. the inventions and process and product innovations9. agriculture, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and even weaponry10. natural agriculture products多项选择C．both A and BUnit 9 Space ScienceText A多项选择1. A．Scientific and industrial experiments2. C．artificial gravity3. B．Human beings themselves4. D．people can make money from the relevant research完成句子1. recycling air and water2. 3 years3. weightless environment4. to profit from spaceText B完成句子1. science from space; science in space2. telescopes3. Greater clarity4. high-energy atomic particles5. orbit other planets6. spacecraft; robots7. microgravity environment8. Weightlessness9. the development and functionality10. evolution分类Science from Space：B,C,F,H,I,L,MScience in Space：A,D,E,G,J,K,NUnit 10 Earth ScienceText A正误判断1. F2. NG3. T4. F5. T完成句子1. subdisciplines2. cooperative and collaborative3. continents move; cools and hardens4. more accurate搭配1. D2. A3. B4. CText B多项选择1. B．It occurs when frictional stress continues to release.2. D．the severing of electrical and gas lines3. A．aftershocks4. C．some of them become liquefied when saturated完成句子1. become locked2. have already been weakened3. cause destruction; take human lives4. higher losses of life5. at least 1783 deaths6. 7.9（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。

科技英语阅读理解目录Contents1.Mae Jemison ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(2)2.Can a Computer Think?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(4)3. BlackHoles,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(6)cation May Protect against Effects of Shrinking Brain,,,,,,,,,(9)5.Radioactivity ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(11)6. Uses of Ultrasound,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(14)7.Challenges for a Webbed Society,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(16)8.The World of Robots ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(19)9.The Scientific Exploration of Space,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(21) 10. Improving IndustrialEfficiency through Robotics,,,,,,,,,,,,(24)11. Heat Loss from the Human Body ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(26) 12. Energy and Public Safety ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(28)13.Earth Resources Technology Satellites ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(32)14.Can Stress Make You Sick? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(35)15.Can It Really Happen? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(37)16.An Ultrasonic Torch ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(40) 17. Miracle of theBrain,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(42)18.All Over in a Flash ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(45)19.Control Earthquakes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(48) 20. Smoking and Cancer,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(51)21.How Well Do You See? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(54)22. A Killer Is Born ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(56)23.It May Be Easy To Live Longer--Just Stop Eating,,,,,,,,,,,,,(59)24.Study: T. Rex No Speedster ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(62)25.Modern Examination ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(64)26.Ecology,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(68)27.Appearances Can Be Important,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(70)28.Animal Senses ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(74)29.Telecommunications Satellite Spins Out of Control,,,,,,,,,,,,(76)30.Building Better Ultralight Computers ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(78)31.NASA Oks Second Space Tourist ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(81)32.Drink to - and for - Your Health ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(84)33.Three Things That Will Change Your Life,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(86)34.Bye-bye Credit Cards & Hello Digital Money,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(88)35.Gender Detector,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(90)1. Mae JemisonImagine you are lying on your back, strapped into a chair, with your knees bent in front ofyou. You feel your heart beating with excitement as you hear a voice on the earphone inside your helmet counting down slowly,” Three, two, one,” Then, beneath you, a deep rumble start as rocket fuel ignites in the huge engines. You①　feel a lurch as the docking mechanisms let go, and your rocket begins to rise. This is the moment Mae Jemison has been waiting and working for since 1987. The firstAfrican-American female astronaut-in-training at the National Aeronautics and Space②Administration (NASA) , Jemison is scheduled to “fly” in September 1992. She is to serve as a specialist on Spacelab—J, a joint Japanese—American research project.Mae Jemison was thirty-three when she was selected for NASA’s astronaut training program. Astronaut candidates must have science degree. They must be fit and healthy with normal blood pressure and good eyesight. They must stand between five feet and six feet four inches tall. They must complete a one-year training program that includes water-survival lessons and weightless walks in a huge antigravity tank. On the 1991 mission, astronaut Jemison says that her “responsibility are to be familiar with the shuttle and how it operates, to do the experiments once you get③　into orbit, to help launch the payloads or satellites, and also to do extra-vehicular activities, or space walks.”How did Mae Jemison grow up to become such a special person? Science —especially astronomy—fascinated her from childhood.She also had a strong desire to help other people. Born in Alabama, but raised in Chicago,she studied chemical engineering and African—American culture and history at Stanford University. To help others, she decided to become a doctor. While still a medical student, she went to Cuba and Kenya on study trips, then worked in④a refugee camp in Thailand. She spent three years in West Africa as a doctor with the Peace Corps. When Dr. Jemison finally returned to the United States, she settled in California to practice medicine. And it was then that she decided to reach for the stars.Mae Jemison’s first application to NASA was not successful. Then, in 1986, the⑤Challenger space shuttle exploded, killing all aboard . NASA did not take in any new astronauts for about a year. When it finally reopened its application process, Mae Jemison was ready, and so was NASA. After being selected as a minority astronaut, Mae Jemison received a good deal of attention from newspaper and television. She explained to reporters that the space program and other fields in high technology offer promising careers for African-Americans and other minorities who study hard⑥　and make the most of their opportunities .1.The first paragraph is about ______.A.how excited Mae Jemison was when she became an astronautB. how Mae Jemisonbecame an astronautC.how the people usually feel when the rocket they take begins to riseD.what Mae Jemison did after she was able to fly a rocket2.Which of the following statements is true?A.Mae Jemison had a strong desire to become famous.B.Mae Jemison was brought up in Alabama.C.Mae Jemison studied astronomy at Stanford University.D.Mae Jemison studied medicine.3.When did the Challenger space shuttle explode? A. Before Mae Jemison became a doctor.B.Shortly after Mae Jemison graduated from Stanford University.C.About a year before Mae Jemison was selected as an astronaut.D.About a year after Mae Jemison became famous all over the world.4.Mae Jemison believed that _______.A.men and women were not equalB.women were better paid than men wereC.American blacks were unable to find satisfactory jobs no matter how hard they studiedD.American blacks were able to find satisfactory jobs if they studied hard and made gooduse of their chance5.What is the attitude of the writer towards Mae Jemison’s achievements?A.JealousB.UpsetC. NegativeD. PositiveNotes:①lurch v. : To roll or pitch suddenly or erratically. 突然倾斜,突然地或者无规则地倾斜或坠落。

科技英语阅读（EST Reading）课后习题答案(2011-12-13 18:37:16)标签：分类：Unit 1 MathematicsPart I EST Reading1. Who is Bertrand Russell?Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 – d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of and . Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century.2. What is Russell’s Paradox?Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russell’s paradoxPart 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russell’s paradox on Gottlob Frege’s system.Para. 2: Russell’s paradox dealt a heavy blow to Frege’s attempts to develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic.Para. 3: An illustration of Russell’s paradox in terms of setsPara. 4: Contradiction found in the set.Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russell’s paradox on his system and inability to solve it.Part 3 (Paras. 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russel’s paradoxPara. 6: Russell’s own response to the paradox with his "theory of types."Para. 7: Zermelo's solution to Russell's paradoxPara. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation for all of mathematics?Part 4 (Para. 9): Correspondence between Russell and Frege on the paradoxVocabulary and Structure2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities("initial" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base)2) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of "weak" in the OALD, with a distinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition)3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow)4) Singapore's continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in our pool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the world's best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term)5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead)6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same way as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way)7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly found particles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form)8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as " the discovery of numerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. " (serve)9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become)10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace) 3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence.1) A simple way to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' — topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed.2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities, whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead.3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under the assumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented.4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal sense.5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways.4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones.1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars.2) The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers.3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period.4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red.5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes's theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse Understanding1. C. A "3 percent margin of error" means that there is a 95 percent chance that the survey result will be within 3 percent of the population value.2. E. How is it that a survey of only 1,000 people can reach this level of accuracy?3. G. The margin of error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size.4. A. The margin of error is a mathematical abstraction, and there are a number of reasons why actual errors in surveys are larger.5. F. Finally, the 3 percent margin of error is an understatement because opinions change. Section A Pre-reading Task1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set?This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery.2. Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot?The set is named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because he coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales.3. Why has there been so much controversy about who discovered the Mandelbrot set? Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim.4. What did the challengers say about Mandelbrot’s claim of discovery?Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and described the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrot's efforts but also helped to guide them5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrot’s claim?Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because his efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community.Section C Post-reading TaskLanguage in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.迭代函数iterative function优先权之争priority battle分形特征fractal properties有意义make sense以越来越小的规模重复同一模式patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales混沌理论chaos theory季刊a quarterly journal数学界the mathematics community波纹线crisp lines会议公报proceedings of a conference2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.e.g. a. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape .b. The shape can be subdivided in parts.c. each part is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property calledd. each part has a property of self-similarity.e.g. A fractal is generally "a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole", a property called self-similarity.1) In addition to coining the term "fractal" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as "fractal dimensions" and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c.2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lessons supplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraic problems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the "perfected" shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns.4) But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。

Keys:第一章科技英语阅读第一节科技英语主要特点I.1.The first three sentences in Passage One are all constructed with passive voice while thefirst three sentences in Passage Two are constructed with active voice. Therefore, the language in Passage One sounds more formal and objective than that of Passage Two.2.The words spoken by Sheila in Passage Two are informal. Examples: "There's Ravi atthe home of that American doctor." (Contracted form); "A wonderful guy." (Incomplete sentence); "Ravi looks sweet, doesn 't he?" (Question tag).3.In the second paragraph of Passage One, "it" refers to "to use insecticide regularly, on avery large scale."4.In the second paragraph of Passage Two, "through" means "finish" or "complete."5.Passage One is written for academic purpose and Passage Two mainly for entertainment. II.Passage OneA blast of hot air is sent into the bottom of the furnace to make the coke burn fiercely. It is blown into the furnace through pipes. These pipes are installed around the circumference of the blast furnace eight feet above the bottom.While the coke is burning and iron is melting, gas is formed at the top of the chamber. This is led off from the top of the furnace to be used. It contains carbon monoxide, which is combustible. Part of this gas is used for making the air blast hot. It is led off into stoves.Passage TwoAll elements are composed of discrete units called atoms, which are the smallest particles that exhibit the characteristics of the element. Atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged electrons, and electrically neutral neutrons. Protons and neutrons, which have approximately the same mass, are clustered in the nucleus in the center of the atom. Electrons, which are tiny in comparison to the other units, orbit the nucleus at high speed. Atoms that have an equal number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. Those that have gained or lost electrons, and therefore are positively or negatively charged, are called ions.第二节科技、半科技英语专业术语I.1. D (自动驾驶仪)2. F (生物钟)3. I (热核的)4. G (地热的)5. B (微波)6. J (放射疗法)7. E (光周期)8. A (超导体)9. H (远距离操纵器) 10. C (超显微/滤过性病毒)II.1. 一位从事航空医学研究的医生2. 防止计算机犯罪的措施3. 一种新型除霜器4. 一个用光电池驱动的玩具5. 一辆装有自动报警器的汽车6. 隔音材料7. 一种广泛使用的杀虫剂（农药）8. 用放射性碳做的试验9. 电信业的发展10. 一台通用机床III.1. in-(Inorganic)2. radio- (radioactive)3. hydro- (Hydrotherapy)4. -free (caffeine-free)5. infra- (infrared) / ultra- (ultrared)6. mono- (monorail)7. aero- (Aerodynamics) 8. -fold (33-fold)9. geo- (geocentric) 10. -proof (weatherproof)11. bio- (biotechnology) 12. anti- (antibiotic)IV. 发电站 2. 矿物燃料 3. 太阳黑子 4. 航天探测器 5. 滚珠轴承6. 涡轮7. 航天飞机8. 树木的年轮9. 离心调速器10. 心肌功能V.1. flow2. laws3. law4. conserved5. transferred6. transformed7. bond8. thermodynamics9. work 10. law 11. degraded 12. work13. law 14. state 15. disorder 16. energy17. law 18. biological 19. metabolically 20. cellVI.1.很明显，许多家用电器的加热和照明作用都依靠电阻。