下载文档原格式
1.1A Closer Look at the Processor and PrimaryStorage仔细看看处理器和主存储器We have learned that all computers have similar capabilities and perform essentially the same functions, although some might be faster than others. We have also learned that a computer system has input, output, storage, and processing components; that the processor is the “intelligence” of a computer system; and that a single computer system may have several processors. We have discussed how data are represented inside a computer system in electronic states called bits. We are now ready to expose the inner workings of the nucleus of the computer system — the processor.我们已经知道，所有的计算机都具有相似的能力，并且在本质上执行相同的功能，尽管一些可能会比另一些快一点。
我们也知道，一个计算机系统具有输入，输出，存储和处理部件；处理器是一个计算机系统智能核心，并且一个计算机系统可以有许多个处理器。
我们已经讨论过如何在计算机系统内部，用被称作“位”的电子状态来表现数据，现在我们要弄明白计算机系统的核心，即处理器，的内在的工作方式。
COMMUNICATION CHANNELSCommunication channels are an essential element of every communication system. These channels actually carry the data from one computer to another. There are two categories of communication channels. One category connects sending and receiving devices by providing a physical connection such as a wire or cable. The other category is wireless.沟通渠道是一个至关重要的元素的每个通信系统。
这些渠道实际上把数据从一台计算机到另一个。
有两个类别的沟通渠道。
一个类别连接发送和接收设备通过提供一个物理连接导线或电缆等。
另一类是无线。
PHYSICAL CONNECTIONSPhysical connections use a solid medium to connect sending and receiving devices. These connections include telephone lines (twisted pair), coaxial cable,and fiber-optic cable.物理连接使用固体介质连接发送和接收设备。
这些连接包括电话线路(双绞线)、同轴电缆和光纤电缆。
Telephone lines you see strung on poles consist of twisted-pair cable,which is made up of hundreds of copper wires. A single twisted pair culminates in a wall jack into which you can plug your phone and computer. (See Figure 9-3.) Telephone lines have been the standard transmission medium for years for both voice and data. However, they are now being phased out by more technically advanced and reliable media.Coaxial cable, a high-frequency transmission cable, replaces the multiple wires of telephone lines with a single solid-copper core. (See Figure 9-4.) In terms of the number of telephone connections, a coaxial cable has over 80 times the transmission capacity of twisted pair.Coaxial cable is used to deliver television signals as well as to connect computers in a network..电话线路你看到两极串在由双绞线,是由数以百计的铜线。
Unit 10 Program DesignText 1 Computer LanguagesComputer languages have undergone dramatic evolution since the first electronic computers were built. Early on, programmers worked with the most primitive computer instructions—machine language. These instructions were represented by long strings of ones and zeroes. Soon, assembly language was invented. It maps machine instructions to human-readable mnemonics, such as ADD and MOV.In time, higher-level languages evolved, such as PASCAL, BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, and JA V A. These languages let people work with something approximating words and sentences, such as Let I = 100. These instructions were translated back into machine language by interpreters and compilers. An interpreter translates a program as it reads it, turning the program instructions, or code, directly into actions. A compiler translates the code into an intermediary form. This step is called compiling, and produces an object file. The compiler then invokes a linker, which turns the object file into an executable program.Because interpreters read the code as it is written and execute the code on the spot, interpreters are easy for the programmer to work with. Compilers, however, introduce the extra steps of compiling and linking the code, which is inconvenient. Because the time-consuming task of translating the source code into machine language has already been accomplished, compilers produce a program that is very fast each time it is run.The problems programmers are asked to solve have been changing. Today's programs use sophisticated "user-friendly interfaces," involving multiple windows, menus, and dialog boxes. The programs written to support this new approach are far more complex than those written just ten years ago. Generally, as programming requirements have changed, both languages and the techniques used for writing programs have evolved.参考译文计算机语言自从第一批电子计算机诞生以来，计算机语言已经发生了戏剧性的变化。
第一章（计算机系统概论）digital computer 数字计算机decimal digits 十进制数字binary 二进制bit 位ASCII 美国国家信息交换标准代码computer system 计算机系统hardware system 硬件系统software system 软件系统I/O devices 输入输出设备central processing unit(CPU) 中央处理器memory 存储器application software 应用软件video game 计算机游戏system software 系统软件register 寄存器floating point data浮点数据Boolean布尔值character data字符数据EBCDIC扩充的二十一进制交换代码punched cards穿孔卡片magnetic tape磁带main memory主存vacuum tubes电子管magnetic drum磁鼓transistors晶体管solid-state devices固体器件magnetic cores磁芯integrated circuit（IC）集成电路silicon chip硅芯片multiprogramming多道程序设计timessharing分时分时技术minicomputers小型计算机mainframe大型计算机large-scaleintegrated(LSI)大规模集成very-large-scale integrated(VLSI)超大规模集成word processing文字处理eletronic spreedsheets电子表格database management programs数据库管理程序desktop publishing桌面印刷personalcomputer(PC)个人计算机microcomputer微型计算机storage capacities存储容量stand-alone computer独立计算机local area network(LAN)局域网peripheral devices外部设备assembly line流水线supercomputer巨型计算机第二章（计算机系统结构）memmory subsystem存储子系统I/O subsystem输入输出子系统bus总线system bus系统总线chip 芯片address bus地址总线instructions指令memory location存储单元data bus数据总线control bus控制总线local bus 局部总线microprocessor微处理器register set寄存器组arithmetic logic unit(ALU)运算器clock cycle时钟周期control unit控制器computer architecture计算机体系结构introduction format指令格式addressing modes寻址方式introduction set指令集internal memory内存main memory主存Random Access Memory(RAM)随机存取存储器Read Only Memory (ROM)只读存储器secondary storage副主存储器vitual memory虚拟存储器Dynamic RAM(DRAM)动态存储器refresh circuitry刷新电路Static RAM(SRAM)静态RAMcache memory高速缓冲存储器masked ROM掩膜ROMPROM可编程RAMEPROM可擦写PROMultraviolet light紫外线EEPROM or EEPROM电擦写PROMbasic input/output system(BIOS)基本输入输出系统flash EEPROM 快闪存储器memory hierarchy 存储器体系结构auxiliary memory 辅助存储器storage memory 存储容量keyboard 键盘alphanumeric key字母数字键function key 功能键cursor key 光标键numeric keypad 数字键mouse 鼠标touch screen触屏infrared ray红外线monitor 监视器display screen显示屏laser printer激光打印机ink-jet printer喷墨打印机dot-matrix printer点针式打印机modem调制解调器input-output interface(I/O interface)输入输出接口peripheral外部设备，外设interrupt中断program counter程序计数器vectored interrupt向量中断nonvectored interrupt非向量中断interrupt vector中断向量Direct Memory Acess(DMA)直接存储器存取timeout超时第三单元（计算机体系结构）parallel processing 并行操作serial operations 串行操作instructions stream 指令流data dream 数据流SISD 单指令单数据流SIMD 单指令多数据流MISD 多指令单数据流MIMD 多指令多数据流pipeline processing 流水线处理combinational circuit 组合电路multiplier 乘法器adder 加法器clock pulse 时钟脉冲vector processing 向量处理one-dimensional array 一维数组scalar processer 标量处理器vector instructions 向量指令CISC 复杂指令集计算机decoder 译码器RISC 精简指令集计算机backward compatibility 向下兼容第四单元（算法与数据结构）algorithm 算法parallel algotithm 并行算法primitive 原语syntax 语法semantics 语义pseudocode 伪码exhaustive search 穷举搜索divide-and-conquer algorithm 分治算法dynamic programming 动态规划bottom-up 自上而下top-down 自下而上array 数组one-dimensional array 一维数组pointer 指针program counter 程序计数器instruction pointer 指令指针list 列表linked list 链表singly-linked list 单向链表double-linked list 双向链表circularly-linked list 循环链表FIFO 先进先出LIFO 后进先出stack 栈push 压栈pop 出栈stack pointer 栈指针queue 队列tree 树root 根level 层次degree of a node 结点的度depth of a tree树的深度binary tree 二叉树traversal 遍历M-way search tree M向搜索树第五章（编程语言）Program 程序Program language 程序设计语言Software engineering 软件工程Pseudocode 伪码Flowchart 流程图Coding 编码Program testing 程序测试Desk-checking 手工检查Documentation 文档User documentation 用户文档Operator documentation 操作员文档Programmer documentation 程序员文档Machine language 机器语言Assembly languages 汇编语言High-level languages 高级语言RAD(rapid application development) 快速应用开发Natural language 自然语言Artificial intelligence(AI) 人工智能Compile 编译Assemble 汇编Source code 源代码Object code 目标代码Linker 连接器Executable file 可执行文件Object-oriented programming 面向对象的程序设计Object 对象Class 类ADT（abstract data type）抽象数据类型Member variable 成员变量Class variable 类变量Member function 成员函数Inheritance 继承Derived class 派生类Overload 超载Message 消息Static binding 静态绑定Dynamic binding 动态绑定Polymorphism 多态性Visual programming 可视化编程Markup language 标记语言HTML（hyper text markup language）超文本标记语言Hyperlink 超链接XML(extensible markup language) 可扩展标记语言Java virtual machine java虚拟机第六章（操作系统）Application software 应用软件System software 系统软件Utility software 实用软件Operating system（OS）操作系统Shell 操作系统的外壳程序Graphical user interface（GUI）图形用户界面Kernel 内核Serial processing 串行处理Job 作业Batch processing 批处理Simple batch systems 简单批处理系统Multiprogrammed batch systems 多道程序批处理系统Monitor 监控程序Scheduler 调度程序Multiprogramming 多道程序Multitasking 多任务Time-sharing systems 分时系统Uniprogramming 单道进程Process 进程Process management 进程管理Process control block 进程控制块Mutual exclusion 互斥Multiprocessing 多处理，多进程Distributed processing 分布式管理Concurrent processes 并发处理Deadlock 死锁Synchronize process同步处理Semaphore 信号量Reusable resource 可复用性资源I/O buffers 输入/输出缓冲区I/O channel 输入/输出通道Deadlock prevention 死锁预防Deadlock detection 死锁检测Deadlock avoidance 死锁避免Virtual memory 虚拟内存Logical reference 逻辑引用Real addresse 实地址Paging 分页Segmentation 分段Virtual address 虚拟地址Physical addresses 物理地址Real-time process 实时处理File management 文件管理Plug and play(PnP) 即插即用第七单元(应用软件)application software 应用软件word processing 字处理软件spreadsheet 电子表格personal finance 个人理财presentation graphic 演示图形database manager 数据库管理软件groupware 群件desktop accessory 桌面辅助工具browsers 浏览区desktop publishing 桌面印刷project management 项目管理CAD 计算机辅助设计CAM 计算机辅助制造multimedia authoring 多媒体发布animation 动画MIDI 乐器数字化接口speech synthesis 语音合成insertion point 插入点scroll bar 滚动条window 窗口menu bar 菜单栏pull-down menu 下拉式菜单Button 按钮toolbar 工具条dialog box 对话框default value 缺省值（默认值）macro 宏OLE 对象链接和嵌入clipboard 剪切板column 列row 行cell 单元格cell address 单元格地址cell pointer 单元格指针formula 公式function 函数bar chart 柱形图line chart 线图pie chart 圆饼图workflow software 工作流软件PIM 个人信息管理软件Web browser 浏览器World Wide Web 万维网home page 主页第八单元（数据库）DBMS 数据库管理系统instance 实例schema 模式physical schema 物理模式存储模式内模式logical schema 逻辑模式概念模式模式subschema 子模式外模式data independence 数据独立性physical data independence 物理数据独立性logical data independence 逻辑数据独立性data model 数据模型entity-relationship model 实体联系模型object-oriented model 面向对象模型semantic data model 语义数据类型functional data model 功能数据模型entity 实体entity set 实体集mapping cardinality 映射基数abstract data type 抽象数据类型attribute 属性relation 关系tuple 元组primary key 主键super key 超健candidate key 候选键foreign key 外键DDL 数据定义语言data dictionary 数据字典DML 数据操纵语言procedure DML 过程化DML nonprocedure DML 非过程化DMLSQL 结构化查询语言view 视图the relational algebra 关系代数the tuple relational calculus 元组关系演算atomicity 原子性consistency 一致性duration 持久性transaction 事物DBA 数据库管理员。
Guest editora vehicle of 一种手段productivity生产力perceive 感知empirical means：经验方法the prolonged exponential growth：长期的指数增长Fidelity：保真度energy harvesting：能源获取Ubiquitous computing：普适计算Photosynthesis ：光合作用incident light 入射光coated 覆盖的humidity 湿度moisture gradients：湿气梯度semiconductor fabrication：半导体制造Acoustic：声学的Miniaturization:小型化Photons：光子，量子Concentrations：浓度Tailored：定制的Spectrum：光谱sophisticated heterogeneous systems：复杂的异构系统Fusion：融合=aggregationQualitative 定性的Diffusion：扩散duty-cycle：占空比spatial dimension：空间范围Dissemination：散播Pervasive：普遍的Trajectory：轨道Ambient：周围的②leachMicrosensors：微传感器Cluster: 名词：簇动词：分簇Cluster head：簇头Hierarchy 分层Application-Specific 应用相关的In terms of 按照Aggregate聚合Diffusion：传播Dissipated：耗散Timeline 时间轴Backs off：后退Dissipation：耗散spread-spectrum：扩频intra-cluster：簇内Outperform：胜过③pegasisHomogeneous:同质的fusion ：融合aggregationFuse：v. 融合Humidity：湿度Beacon：信标timestamp 时间戳in terms of ：就...而言greedy approach：贪婪算法truncated chain：截断链Critical：关键的propagation delays：传播延迟Dissipate：v.发散SNR：信噪比Joules：焦耳The upper bound：上限tier：等级token ：令牌，象征Dense：密集的Sparse：稀疏的Heuristic：启发式Outperforms：胜过Preliminary：初步的Exponential：指数的traveling salesman problem 旅行商问题tradeoff 代价④z-macLatency：时间延迟Robust：鲁棒性slot assignment：时隙分配multiple access control：多址接入控制Aggregate：聚合duty cycle：占空比the overhead of：开销Vendors：厂商surface-mount：表面贴装hand-soldering：手工焊接Predetermined：预定的Stochastic：随机的Explicit Contention Notification:明确竞争通知Unicast：单播Congestion：拥塞Benchmark：基准Preamble：头部⑤A building。
11.A computer is a fast and accurate system that is organizedto accept, store and process data, and produce ~program.计算机是快速而精准的系统，他用来接收、存储和处理数据，并在已存储的程序的指引下输出结果。
2.When people use the term “memory” in reference to computer~which is comprised of chips attached to the motherboard.当人们谈及计算机用到内存这个术语时，他们几乎总是在指被称为随机存储器RAM的计算机的主存储器，它是由固定在主板上的芯片构成的。
3.Inside the hard disk ~are many tracks.在硬盘驱动器的盒子里，有一张或多张圆形的金属盘，金属盘上有许多磁道。
4.Clarity is indicated by its resolution, which~ pixes , theclearer, the clearer the images.清晰度通过分辨率显示，而分辨率又由像素决定。
在显示器尺寸不变的情况下，像素越多，图像越清晰。
5.A monitor is a hardware with a television-like viewing screen.显示器是指具有类似电视机的显像屏幕的硬件。
6.Input devices translate data and ~ that computer can process.输入设备能够将人类理解的数据和程序指令转化成计算机能处理的形式。
7.Most scanners are of the flatbed,~ are the most popular.扫描仪可以分为平板式、馈纸式、滚筒式和手持式，其中，以平板式和手持式两款最为流行。
Translation：1.When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data isprocessed and sent to output devices.输入设备将未处理的数据发送到计算机时，数据将被处理并发送到输出设备。
2.The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit(CPU).控制单元，ALU和寄存器统称为中央处理器（CPU）。
3.The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and writtento much more rapidly than the main memory area.CPU包含一组称为寄存器的特殊存储器单元，读取和写入寄存器的速度比在主存储器更快。
4. A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be representednumerically.只要能表示为数字，计算机就能将任何类型的信息存储在存储器中。
5.Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of execution of someinstructions to improve performance.高级计算机中的控制系统可以改变某些指令的执行顺序以提高性能。
6.On computers that can provide parallel processing, an operating system can manage howto divide the program so that it runs on more than one processor at a time.在可以提供并行处理的电脑上，操作系统可以管理如何分解程序，以便在多个处理器中同时运行该程序。
Chapter 11.multi-core processor(多核处理器)------It is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units called “cores”, which are the units that read and execute program instructions.它是集成了两个或两个以上称为“核”的处理单元的计算部件，具有读取和执行程序指令的单元。
2.graphics processing unit(GPU)(图形处理单元)------A graphics processing unit, also occasionally called visual processing unit(VPU),is a specialized processor. It is designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display.它是一个图形处理单元，有时也被称为视觉处理单元VPU，一个专门的处理器。
它的设计目的是快速地操作和改变内存，以加速在帧缓冲区中创建图像，以便显示输出。
3.Wearable computer(可穿戴电脑)------A wearable computer, also known as a body-borne computer or wearable ,is a miniature electronic device that is worn by the bearer under, with or on top of clothing.穿戴式电脑，也被称为人体电脑或穿戴电脑，是一种微型电子设备，由持有者佩戴在身上或者衣服上。
●计算机专业英语翻译部分●Data is a collection of un-organized facts, which can include words, numbers,images, and sounds.●数据是未经组织的事实的集合,数据可以包括单词,数字,图像和声音.● A computer consists of a variety of hardware components that work together withsoftware to perform calculations（计算）, organize data, and communicate with other computer.●计算机由许多硬件部件构成,这些硬件与软件一起工作,以便执行计算,组织数据及与其他计算机通信的任务.●These hardware components include input devices, output devices, a system unit,storage devices, and communications devices.●硬件部件包括输入设备,输出设备,系统单元 ,存储设备和通信设备.●An input device allows a user to enter data and commands into the memory ofa computer.●输入设备让用户向计算机存储器输入数据和命令.●Storage differs from memory ,which can hold these items permanently(永久的)，whereas memory holds these memory holds items only temporarily(暂时的)。
●外存储器与内存储器不同,外存储器能永久保存数据而内存储器仅临时保存.●Four common storage devices are a floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, a CD-ROMdrive, and a DVD-ROM drive.●四种常用的外存设备分别是:软盘驱动器,硬盘驱动器,CD-ROM驱动器和DVD-ROM驱动器.●Television?and?data?can?be?mixed?on?one?cable.?●宽带能用于多个方面。
1.(P1) Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together withpractical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations, such as programming language theory, computational complexity theory, computer graphics and human-computer interaction.计算机科学涉及信息和计算的理论基础，以及这些基础的实施和应用的实际技术，如编程语言理论，计算复杂性理论，计算机图形学和人机交互。
2.(P17) The most important piece of graphics hardware is the graphics card, which is the piece of equipment thatrenders out all images and sends them to a display. There are two types of graphics cards: integrated and dedicated. An integrated graphics card, usually by Intel for use in their computers, is bound to the motherboard and shares RAM (Random Access Memory) with the CPU, reducing the total amount of RAM available. This is undesirable for running programs and applications that use a large amount of video memory. A dedicated graphics card has its own RAM and Processor for generating its images, and does not slow down the computer.Dedicated graphics cards also have higher performance than integrated graphics cards. It is possible to have both dedicated and integrated graphics card, however once a dedicated graphics card is installed, the integrated card will no longer function until the dedicated card is removed.最重要的一块图形硬件是显卡，是一件呈现出所有的图像，并将它们发送到一个显示器的设备。
有两种类型的显卡：集成和专用。
集成的显卡，通常由英特尔在他们的计算机上使用，被绑定到主板并且与中央处理器共享内存（随机存取存储器），减少了可用的内存总量。
这对于使用大量视频内存的程序和应用来说是不可取的。
专用显卡有它自己的内存和处理器，用于生成它的图像，并且不会减慢计算机的速度。
专用显卡也比集成显卡有更高的性能。
有可能既有专门的也有集成的显卡，但是，一旦安装了专用显卡，集成显卡将不再起作用，直到专用显卡被移除。
3.(P18) Channel I/O requires the use of instructions that are specifically designed to perform（执行）I/Ooperations. The I/O instructions address（处理）the channel or the channel and device; the channel asynchronously（异步的）accesses all other required addressing and control information. This is similar to DMA, but more flexible.I/O通道需要使用专门设计来执行I/O操作的指令。
I/O指令处理通道或通道和设备；通道异步访问所有其他所需的寻址和控制信息。
这是类似于DMA，但更灵活。
4.(P19) 调制解调器是在模拟和数字信号之间进行转换的设备，它经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。
如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。
Modem is a device that converts analog（模拟）signals to digital signals or conversely（相反地）. It is often used to communicate between computers via（渠道）telephone lines. If the two modems can send data to each other, they use full-duplex mode; if only one modem can transmit data, they use half-duplex mode.5.(P21) We many have defined our last generation of computer and begun the era of generationless computers.Even though computer manufacturers talk of “fifth” and “sixth” generation computers, this talk is more a marketing play than a reflection of reality.我们已经定义了我们的上一代计算机，并且开始了计算机的无代时代。
即使计算机制造商谈论的“第五”和“第六”代电脑，这个说法比起现实的反映更像是一个营销游戏。
6.(P21) Although microprocessors are still technically considered to be hardware, portions of their function arealso associated with computer software. Since microprocessors have both hardware and software aspects they are therefore often referred to as firmware.虽然微处理器仍然在技术上被认为是硬件，它们的部分功能也与计算机软件有联系。
因为微处理器有硬件和软件两个方面，因此，他们往往被称为固件。
7.(P22) Electronic hardware consists of interconnected（互联的）electronic components（元件/组件）whichperform analog or logic operations on received and locally stored information to produce as output or store resulting new information or to provide control for output actuator mechanisms（机制）.Electronic hardware can range from individual chips/circuits to distributed information processing systems.Well-designed electronic hardware is composed of functional modules which inter-communicate via preciselydefined interfaces.电子硬件是由互连的电子元件组成的，这些电子元件对接收到的和本地存储的信息执行模拟或逻辑运算，以产生输出或存储产生的新信息或提供控制输出执行机构的机制。
电子硬件的范围可以从单独的芯片/电路到分布式信息处理系统。
精心设计的电子硬件是由相互通信的功能模块，通过精确定义的接口组成。
8.(P23) Hardware logic is primarily a differentiation of the data processing circuitry from other more generalizedcircuitry. For example, nearly all computers include a power supply which consists of circuitry not involved in data processing but rather powering the data processing circuits. Similarly, a computer may output information to a computer monitor or audio amplifier which is also not involved in the computational process.硬件逻辑主要是从其他更广义电路的数据处理电路的分化。
例如，几乎所有的计算机都包括一个电源，该电源由不涉及数据处理的电路组成，而是提供数据处理电路的电源。
同样地，计算机可以输出信息到计算机监视器或音频放大器，也不涉及计算过程。
9.(P23 3段)10.(P30) The Space Shuttle avionics software represents a successful integration of many of the computer industry'smost advanced software engineering practices and approaches. Beginning in the late 1970's this software development and maintenance project has evolved one of the world's most mature software processes applying the principles of the highest levels of the Carnegie Mellon University Software Engineering, Institute's Capability Maturity Model, Trusted Software methodology, and ISO 9001 Standards. This software process, considered to be a “best practice” by many software industry organizations includes state-of-the-practice software reliability engineering methodologies. Lve-critical Shuttle avionics software produced by this process is recognized to be highest quality and highest reliability software in operation in the world.航天飞机的航空电子设备软件代表了许多计算机行业最先进的软件工程实践和方法的成功整合。
