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skf原产地证明摘要：1.SKF 公司简介2.原产地证明的定义和重要性3.SKF 原产地证明的作用和意义4.如何获取SKF 原产地证明5.SKF 原产地证明的注意事项正文：1.SKF 公司简介SKF（Svenska Kullagerfabriken）是一家瑞典的轴承制造公司，成立于1907 年。
它是全球最大的轴承制造商之一，产品广泛应用于各种工业领域，如汽车、机床、航空航天等。
SKF 以其高质量的产品和服务而闻名于世，是轴承行业的领军企业。
2.原产地证明的定义和重要性原产地证明是指一份由出口国政府或商会颁发的文件，证明商品的原产地。
原产地证明在国际贸易中具有重要意义，因为它可以证明商品的产地，有助于进口国对商品的质量、价格、税收等方面进行监管。
此外，原产地证明还有助于企业享受关税优惠和贸易条约中的优惠待遇。
3.SKF 原产地证明的作用和意义SKF 原产地证明对于购买SKF 轴承的消费者来说具有重要意义。
首先，它可以确保消费者购买的轴承是正宗的SKF 产品，享受到优质的售后服务。
其次，SKF 原产地证明可以帮助消费者了解轴承的产地、生产工艺和质量标准，为消费者提供更多的购买信息。
最后，SKF 原产地证明有助于消费者享受关税优惠和贸易条约中的优惠待遇，降低进口成本。
4.如何获取SKF 原产地证明要获取SKF 原产地证明，消费者需要向SKF 官方授权经销商购买轴承。
在购买过程中，消费者需要提供相关信息，如收货地址、联系方式等。
经销商会在发货前为消费者办理原产地证明，并将证明随轴承一同寄给消费者。
消费者收到轴承后，可以核对原产地证明上的信息是否与轴承相符，以确保轴承的正品质量。
APPLICATION FOR LOW VOLTAGE DIRECTIVEOn Behalf ofShenzhen Xuxing Telecom Technology Co.,Ltd.Li-ion BatteryModel: A1, X8Prepared For : Shenzhen Xuxing Telecom Technology Co.,Ltd.14I,Block A, Huaqiang Plaza, No.1019Huaqiang North Road, Futian District,Shenzhen,ChinaPrepared By : Most Technology Service Co., Ltd.No. 5, 2nd Langshan Road, North District, Hi-techIndustrial Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen,Guangdong, ChinaTEL : 0755 – 86170306FAX : 0755 – 86170310Date of receipt of test item : January 13, 2011Report Reference Number : SZSTS110103EU______ST/SG/AC.10/11Rev.5 Section 38.3Clause Requirement- Test Result - Remark Verdict38.3 Lithium metal and lithium ion batteries P 38.3.1 Purpose PThis section presents the procedures to be followedfor the classification of Lithium metal and lithium ioncells and batteries.P 38.3.2 Scope P 38.3.2.1 Lithium metal and lithium ion cells and batteries whichdiffer from a tested type by:Pa) For primary cells and batteries, a change of morethan 0.1 g or 20% by mass, whichever is greater, tothe cathode, to the anode, or to the electrolyte.Nb) For rechargeable cells and batteries, a change inwatt-hours of more than 20% or an increase in voltageof more than 20%.Pc) A change that would materially affect the testresults. Shall be considered a new type and shall besubjected to the required test.P38.3.2.2 I For the purposes of classification, the followingdefinitions apply:P38.3.3 When a cell or battery type is to be tested underthis sub-section, the number and condition ofcells and batteries of each type to be tested are asfollows: Tests 1 to 5 must beconducted in sequence onthe same battery,Pa) When testing primary cells and batteries undertests 1 to 5, the following shall be tested:N Ten cells in undischarged states, N Ten cells in fully discharged states, N Four small batteries in undischarged states, N Four small batteries in fully discharged states, N Four large batteries in undischarged states N Four large batteries in fully discharged states N b) when testing rechargeable cells and batteries undertests 1 to 5 the following shall be tested:P Ten cells at first cycle, in fully charged states, N Four small batteries at first cycle, in fully chargedstates.P Four small batteries 50 cycle ending in fully chargedstates.P Two large batteries at first cycle, in fully chargedstates. N Two large batteries 25 cycle ending in fully chargedstates.NClause Requirement- TestResult - RemarkVerdict______c) When testing primary and rechargeable cells under test 6(Impact), the following shall be tested in the quantity indicated:PFor primary cells, five cells in undischarged states and five cells in fully discharged statesPFor component cells of primary batteries, Five cells in undischarged states and five cells in fully discharged states.NFor rechargeable cells, five cells at first cycle at 50% of the design rated capacity,N For components cells of rechargeable batteries, five cells at first cycle at 50% of the design rated capacity.PFor prismatic cells, ten test cells are required instead of the five described above, so that the procedure can be carried out on five cells along the longitudinal axes and, separately, five cells along the other axes. In every case, the test cell is only subjected to one impacPd) When testing rechargeable batteries under test 7(Overcharge), the following shall be tested in the quantity indicated:PFour small batteries at first cycle, in fully charged states.P Four small batteries after 50 cycles ending in fully charged states.P Two large batteries at first cycle, in fully charged states,N Two large batteries after 25 cycles ending in fully charged states.Ne) When testing primary and rechargeable cells under test 8(Forced Discharge), the following shall be tested in the quantity indicated:The requirement is not applicable to test batteries. N Ten primary cells in fully discharged states N Ten rechargeable cells, at first cycle in fully discharged statesN Ten rechargeable cells after 50 cycles ending in fullydischarged statesNf) when testing a battery assembly in which the aggregate lithium content of all anodes, when fully charged, is not more than 500g, or in the case of a lithium ion battery, with a watt-hour rating of not more than 6200 Watt-hoursNClause Requirement- Test Result - Remark Verdict______38.3.4 ProcedurePTest 1 to 5 must be conducted in sequence on the same cell or battery.P Test 6 and 8 should be conducted using not otherwisetested cells or batteriesPTest 7 may be conducted using undamaged batteriespreviously used in tests 1 to 5 for purposes of testing on cycled batteriesP38.3.4.1 Test 1: Altitude Simulation P 38.3.4.1.1 Purpose P This test simulates air transport under low-pressureconditions.-- 38.3.4.1.2 Test procedureP stored at a pressure 11.6 kPa -- ambient temperature (20 ± 5).℃ 24℃ -- Stored times( ≥ 6 hours) 8 hours. -- 38.3.4.1.3 RequirementCells and batteries meet this requirement if there is nomass loss, no leakage, no venting, no disassembly, no rupture and no fire and if the open circuit voltage of each test cell or battery after testing is not less than 90% of its voltage immediately prior to this procedure. The requirement relating to voltage is not applicable to test cells and batteries at fully discharged statesNo mass loss, no leakage, no venting, no disassembly, no rupture and no fire. Battery after testing is not less than 90% of its voltageimmediately prior to this procedure.PMass M of Test Battery (g)OCV (V) Group No.M1 (beforet he test) M2 (after the test)MassLoss limit(0.1%)OCV1 (beforethe test) OCV2 (after the test) OCV (≥90%)01 21.223g 21.223g0.00%3.861 3.861 100.0% 02 21.178g 21.178g 0.00%3.867 3.867 100.0%03 21.338g 21.338g 0.00%3.866 3.866 100.0% Group A (at first cycle, infully charged states) 04 21.385g 21.385g 0.00% 3.862 3.862 100.0% 05 21.142g 21.142g 0.00%3.865 3.865 100.0% 06 21.465g 21.465g 0.00%3.854 3.854 100.0% 07 21.276g 21.276g 0.00%3.860 3.860 100.0% Group B (after fiftycycles ending in fullycharged states)08 21.328g 21.328g 0.00%3.8673.867100.0%Remark1.Mass loss (%)=(M1-M2)/M1*100% (Where M 1 is the mass before the test and M 2 is the mass after the test)2.When mass loss does not exceed the value in Table: Mass loss limit, it shall be considered as "no mass loss".3.The OCV of each test cell after testing is not less than 90% of its voltage immediately prior to this procedure.4. Ambient temperature: 24℃Conclusion:Clause Requirement- TestResult - RemarkVerdict______Li-ion Battery had passed altitude simulation test.38.3.4.2 Test 2: Thermal Test P 38.3.4.2.1 Purpose P This test assesses cell and battery seal integrity andinternal electrical connections. The test is conducted using rapid and extreme temperature changes.P38.3.4.2.2 Test procedurePTest temperature and stored hours 1) 75℃, ≥6h 2) -40℃, ≥6h-- The maximum time intervalBetween test temperature extremes is 30 minutes. --Test timesrepeated 10 times -- After which all test cells and batteries are to be storedfor 24 hours at ambient temperature (20±5℃)24℃ -- For large cells and batteries the duration of exposure tothe test temperature extremes should be at least 12 hours.Small batteryN 38.3.4.2.3 RequirementCells and batteries meet this requirement if there is nomass loss, no leakage, no venting, no disassembly, no rupture and no fire and if the open circuit voltage of each test cell or battery after testing is not less than 90% of its voltage immediately prior to this procedure. The requirement relating to voltage is not applicable to test cells and batteries at fully discharged statesNo mass loss, no leakage, no venting, no disassembly, no rupture and no fire. Battery after testing is not less than 90% of its voltageimmediately prior to this procedure.PMass M of Test Battery (g)OCV (V) Group No. M1 (beforet he test) M2(afterthe test)MassLosslimit(0.1%)OCV1 (beforethe test) OCV2 (after the test) OCV (≥90%) 01 21.223g 21.223g 0.00%3.861 3.835 99.33%02 21.178g 21.178g 0.00%3.867 3.854 99.66% 03 21.338g 21.338g 0.00% 3.866 3.845 99.46% Group A (at first cycle, in fully charged states)04 21.385g 21.385g 0.00% 3.862 3.836 99.33% 05 21.142g 21.142g 0.00%3.865 3.842 99.40% 06 21.465g 21.465g 0.00%3.854 3.836 99.53% 07 21.276g 21.276g 0.00%3.860 3.837 99.40% Group B (after fiftycycles ending in fullycharged states)08 21.328g 21.328g 0.00%3.8673.85399.64%Remark1.Mass loss (%)=(M1-M2)/M1*100% (Where M 1 is the mass before the test and M 2 is the mass after the test)2.When mass loss does not exceed the value in Table: Mass loss limit, it shall be considered as "no mass loss".3.The OCV of each test cell after testing is not less than 90% of its voltage immediately prior to this procedure.4. Ambient temperature: 24℃Conclusion:Clause Requirement- TestResult - RemarkVerdict______Li-ion Battery had passed thermal test.38.3.4.3 Test 3: Vibration P 38.3.4.3.1 PurposePThis test simulates vibration during transport..P 38.3.4.3.2 Test procedure PCells and batteries are firmly secured to the platform of the vibration machine without distorting the cells insuch a manner as to faithfully transmit the vibration.-- The vibration shall be a sinusoidal waveform with a logarithmicP Duration 15min -- Frequency range 7Hz... ..200Hz.....7Hz -- Amplitude 0.8mm -- This cycle shall be repeated 12 times for a total of 3 hours for each of three mutually perpendicular mounting positions of the cell.-- 38.3.4.3.3 Requirement PCells and batteries meet this requirement if there is no mass loss, no leakage, no venting, no disassembly, no rupture and no fire and if the open circuit voltage of each test cell or battery after testing is not less than 90% of its voltage immediately prior to this procedure. The requirement relating to voltage is not applicable to test cells and batteries at fully discharged states No mass loss, no leakage,no venting, no disassembly, no rupture and no fire. PMass M of Test Battery (g) OCV (V)GroupNo. M1 (beforet he test) M2(afterthe test)MassLosslimit(0.1%)OCV1 (beforethe test) OCV2 (after the test) OCV (≥90%) 01 21.223g 21.223g 0.00% 3.835 3.835 100.0% 02 21.178g 21.178g 0.00% 3.854 3.854 100.0% 03 21.338g 21.338g 0.00% 3.845 3.845 100.0% Group A (at first cycle, in fully charged states) 04 21.385g 21.385g 0.00% 3.836 3.836 100.0% 05 21.142g 21.142g 0.00% 3.842 3.842 100.0% 06 21.465g 21.465g 0.00% 3.836 3.836 100.0% 07 21.276g 21.276g 0.00% 3.837 3.837 100.0% Group B (after fifty cycles ending in fully charged states)08 21.328g 21.328g 0.00%3.8533.853100.0%Remark1.Mass loss (%)=(M1-M2)/M1*100% (Where M 1 is the mass before the test and M 2 is the mass after the test)2.When mass loss does not exceed the value in Table: Mass loss limit, it shall be considered as "no mass loss".3.The OCV of each test cell after testing is not less than 90% of its voltage immediately prior to this procedure.4. Ambient temperature: 24℃Conclusion:Li-ion Battery had passed vibration test.Clause Requirement- TestResult - RemarkVerdict______38.3.4.4 Test 4: Shock P 38.3.4.4.1 PurposePThis test simulates vibration during transport..P 38.3.4.4.2 Test procedurePTest cells and batteries shall be secured to the testing machine by means of a rigid mount which will support all mounting surfaces of each test battery.This is small batteries. -- a half-sine shock of peak acceleration 150 g P Pulse duration 6ms -- the positive direction followed three times shocks --Each cell or battery shall be subjected to three shocks in the positive direction followed by three shocks in the negative direction of three mutually perpendicular mounting positions of the cell or battery for a total of18 shocks.--38.3.4.4.3 Requirement PCells and batteries meet this requirement if there is no mass loss, no leakage, no venting, no disassembly, no rupture and no fire and if the open circuit voltage of each test cell or battery after testing is not less than 90% of its voltage immediately prior to this procedure. The requirement relating to voltage is not applicable to test cells and batteries at fully discharged states No mass loss, no leakage,no venting, no disassembly, no rupture and no fire. PMass M of Test Battery (g) OCV (V)GroupNo. M1 (beforet he test) M2(afterthe test)MassLosslimit(0.1%)OCV1 (beforethe test) OCV2 (after the test) OCV (≥90%) 01 21.223g 21.223g 0.00% 3.835 3.835 100.0% 02 21.178g 21.178g 0.00% 3.854 3.854 100.0% 03 21.338g 21.338g 0.00% 3.845 3.845 100.0% Group A (at first cycle, in fully charged states) 04 21.385g 21.385g 0.00% 3.836 3.836 100.0% 05 21.142g 21.142g 0.00% 3.842 3.842 100.0% 06 21.465g 21.465g 0.00% 3.836 3.836 100.0% 07 21.276g 21.276g 0.00% 3.837 3.837 100.0% Group B (after fifty cycles ending in fully charged states)08 21.328g 21.328g 0.00%3.8533.853100.0%Remark1.Mass loss (%)=(M1-M2)/M1*100% (Where M 1 is the mass before the test and M 2 is the mass after the test)2.When mass loss does not exceed the value in Table: Mass loss limit, it shall be considered as "no mass loss".3.The OCV of each test cell after testing is not less than 90% of its voltage immediately prior to this procedure.4. Ambient temperature: 24℃Conclusion:Li-ion Battery had passed shock test.Clause Requirement- TestResult - RemarkVerdict______38.3.4.5 Test 5: External Short Circuit P 38.3.4.5.1 PurposePThis test simulates an external short circuit. P 38.3.4.5.2 Test procedurePThe cell or battery to be tested shall be temperature stabilized so that its external case temperature reaches 55℃--Short circuit condition with a total External resistance of less than 0.1ohm--The cell or battery must be observed for a further six hours for the test to be concluded.--This short circuit condition is continued for at least one hour after the cell or battery external case temperature has returned to 55℃-- 38.3.4.5.3 RequirementPCells and batteries meet this requirement if theirexternal temperature does not exceed 170℃ and there is no disassembly, no rupture and no fire within six hours of this test. Battery externaltemperature does notexceed 170℃, and there is no disassembly, no fire and no rupture within six hours of this testPGroupNo.External Highest Temperature(℃)Criteria Result0155.6℃ P 02 55.5℃ P 03 55.7℃ P Group A (at first cycle, in fully charged states)04 55.9℃ P 05 55.6℃ P 06 55.7℃ P 07 55.8℃ P Group B (after fifty cycles ending in fully charged states) 0855.9℃Battery external temperature does not exceed 170℃, and there is no disassembly, no fire and no rupture within six hours of this testPAmbient temperature: 23℃Conclusion:Li-ion Battery had passed external short circuit test.Clause Requirement- TestResult - RemarkVerdict______38.3.4.6 Test 6: ImpactThe test sample Component cell of chargeable batteries. P 38.3.4.6.1 PurposePThis test simulates an impact. P 38.3.4.6.2 Test procedureP - Dropped height 61±2.5cm, -- - mass9.1Kg -- - diameter bar 15.8mm --- Impact position:Prismatic cell is to be impacted with its longitudinal axis parallel to the flat surface and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the 15.8 mm diameter curved surface lying across the centre of the test sample, Prismatic cell is also to be rotated 90 degrees around its longitudinal axis so that both the wide and narrow sides will be subjected to the impact.--A coin or button cell is to be impacted with the flat surface of the sample parallel to the flat surface and the 15.8 mm diameter curved surface lying across its centre.38.3.4.6.3 RequirementPCells and batteries meet this requirement if theirexternal temperature does not exceed 170℃ andthere is no disassembly, no rupture and no fire within six hours of this test.Battery external temperature does not exceed 170℃, and there isno disassembly, no fire and no rupture within six hours of this testPGroup No. ExternalHighestTemperature(℃)Criteria Result0178.2℃ P 02 76.3℃ P 03 79.4℃ P 04 80.6℃ P Group A (at first cycle, in fully charged states)05 78.5℃ P 0648.3℃ P 07 47.6℃ P 08 50.3℃ P 09 48.6℃ P Group B (after fifty cycles ending in fullycharged states) 1047.9℃Battery external temperature does not exceed 170℃, and there is no disassembly, no fire and no rupture within six hours of this testPAmbient temperature: 23℃Clause Requirement- TestResult - RemarkVerdict______Conclusion:Li-ion Battery had passed Impact test.38.3.4.7 Test 7: OverchargeP 38.3.4.7.1 PurposePThis test evaluates the ability of a rechargeable battery to withstand an overcharge condition.P 38.3.4.7.2 Test procedurePThe charge current2×900=1800mA, Twice the manufacturer'srecommended maximum continuous charge current--The minimum voltage of the test:--a) The minimum voltage of the test (Themanufacturer ’s recommended charge voltage is not more than 18V).2×4.2=8.4V, the lesser of two times the maximum charge voltage of the battery or 22V,-- Ambient temperature. 24℃ -- The duration of the test.24 hours 38.3.4.7.3 RequirementPRechargeable batteries meet this requirement if there is no disassembly and no fire within seven days of the testThere is no disassemblyand no fire within seven days of the test.PGroupNo. CriteriaResult 01P 02 P 03 P Group A (at first cycle, in fully charged states)04 P 05 P 06 P 07 P Group B (after fifty cycles ending in fully charged states) 08There is no disassembly and no fire within seven days of the test.P Ambient temperature: 24℃Conclusion:Li-ion Battery had passed overcharge test.Clause Requirement- TestResult - RemarkVerdict______38.3.4.8 Test 8: Forced discharge N 38.3.4.8.1 PurposeNThis test evaluates the ability of a primary or a rechargeable cell to withstand a forced discharge condition.-- 38.3.4.8.2 Test procedureNEach cell shall be forced discharged at ambient temperature by connecting it in series with a 12 V DC, power supply at an initial current equal to the maximum discharge current specified by the manufacturer.NThe specified discharge current is to be obtained by connecting a resistive load of the appropriate size and rating in series with the test cell, Each cell shall be forced discharged for a time interval (in hours) equal to its rated capacity divided by the initial test current (in ampere)N38.3.4.8.3 RequirementNPrimary or rechargeable cells meet this requirement if there is no disassembly and no fire within seven days of the test.NPHOTOGRAPHS OF EUT。
商誉减值盈余管理案例商誉减值是指企业在进行并购或者股权投资时，为了取得被投资企业的商誉而支付的溢价。
但是，有时候这些商誉可能会因为各种原因而发生减值，从而对企业的财务状况和业绩产生影响。
为了掩盖商誉减值对企业的影响，一些公司可能会采取盈余管理手段，通过调整财务报表来掩盖实际的商誉减值损失。
下面将列举一些商誉减值盈余管理案例，以揭示盈余管理的实质和影响。
1. Enron案Enron是美国一家能源公司，曾被誉为全球最大的能源交易公司。
然而，在2001年，Enron因为涉嫌进行大规模的盈余管理和财务造假而破产。
其中，Enron通过将商誉减值损失转化为利润，从而掩盖了实际的商誉减值风险。
2. WorldCom案WorldCom是美国一家电信公司，也因为盈余管理和财务欺诈行为而破产。
在WorldCom的财务报表中，公司通过将商誉减值损失转移至其他资产，从而在一定程度上掩盖了实际的商誉减值情况。
3. Tyco案Tyco是一家美国多元化企业，也曾因为财务不端行为而备受争议。
在Tyco的财务报表中，公司通过将商誉减值损失转移至其他费用，从而掩盖了实际的商誉减值风险。
4. Lehman Brothers案Lehman Brothers是美国一家知名的投资银行和金融服务公司，也是2008年金融危机的重要参与者。
在Lehman Brothers的财务报表中，公司通过将商誉减值损失转化为资产减值损失，从而在一定程度上掩盖了实际的商誉减值情况。
5. Toshiba案Toshiba是日本一家知名的电子产品制造商，也曾因为财务丑闻而备受关注。
在Toshiba的财务报表中，公司通过将商誉减值损失转化为其他费用，从而掩盖了实际的商誉减值风险。
6. 宝能系案例宝能系是中国一家知名的投资集团，也曾因为盈余管理行为备受争议。
在宝能系的财务报表中，公司通过将商誉减值损失转化为其他投资收益，从而在一定程度上掩盖了实际的商誉减值情况。
7. 华谊兄弟案华谊兄弟是中国一家知名的影视公司，近年来也曾因为财务造假行为备受关注。
isds案例ISDS案例是指国际投资争端解决机制（Investor-State Dispute Settlement）的案例。
该机制是指投资者与国家之间的争议通过国际仲裁解决的一种机制，旨在保护投资者的权益。
以下是一些ISDS 案例的列举，以便更好地理解该机制的应用和影响。
1. 阿根廷和西班牙之间的案例：该案例涉及西班牙能源公司Repsol 的投资争议。
阿根廷政府在2012年收回了Repsol在阿根廷的石油公司YPF的大部分股权，引发了一场争议。
Repsol随后向国际仲裁机构提起诉讼，要求获得赔偿。
2. 加拿大和美国之间的案例：该案例涉及加拿大制药公司Eli Lilly 的投资争议。
Eli Lilly声称美国的药品专利审查制度侵犯了其知识产权，要求获得赔偿。
然而，加拿大最高法院最终裁定该专利无效，导致Eli Lilly的诉讼失败。
3. 澳大利亚和香港之间的案例：该案例涉及澳大利亚烟草包装法案。
香港的烟草公司香港投资者向国际仲裁机构提起诉讼，声称该法案侵犯了其投资者权益。
最终，仲裁庭裁定澳大利亚政府没有违反国际投资协定。
4. 南非和荷兰之间的案例：该案例涉及荷兰石油公司Shell在南非的投资争议。
南非政府决定不再续签Shell在南非大陆架上的油气开采许可证，引发了一场争议。
Shell随后向国际仲裁机构提起诉讼，要求获得赔偿。
5. 印度和英国之间的案例：该案例涉及英国矿业公司Cairn Energy 在印度的投资争议。
印度政府冻结了Cairn Energy在印度的股权，以满足对税收的要求。
Cairn Energy随后向国际仲裁机构提起诉讼，要求获得赔偿。
6. 埃及和以色列之间的案例：该案例涉及埃及天然气输送给以色列的争议。
埃及政府在2012年停止向以色列供应天然气，引发了一场争议。
以色列的天然气公司向国际仲裁机构提起诉讼，要求获得赔偿。
7. 巴西和美国之间的案例：该案例涉及巴西的互联网服务提供商Oi 公司的投资争议。
标准普尔评级历史
标准普尔向全球金融界提供了140余年的独立见解。
该公司在1941年由标准统计公司及普尔出版公司合并而成，公司历史则可追溯到1860年。
当时，普尔先生(Henry Varnum Poor)出版了《铁路历史》及《美国运河》，并以“投资者有知情权”为宗旨率先建立了金融信息业。
时至今天，早已成为行内权威的标准普尔仍在认真严格的履行最初的宗旨。
在过去一个多世纪，标准普尔经历了多个里程碑：
1906年成立标准统计局(Standard Statistics Bureau)，提供在此之前难以获得的美国公司的金融信息
1916年标准统计局开始对企业债券进行债务评级，随即开始对国家主权进行债务评级1940年开始对市政债券进行评级
1941年普尔出版公司及标准统计局合并，标准普尔公司成立
1966年麦格罗·希尔公司兼并标准普尔公司。
境外公司主体资格证明公证认证-加拿大法国荷兰卢森堡使馆认证境外公司主体资格证明公证认证-加拿大法国荷兰卢森堡使馆认证。
海外公司在中国境内注册公司必须提供投资者主体资格证明公证认证文件。
首先我们来看一下其法律依据：1、《关于取消要求外国公文书认证的公约》（Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents，简称1961年《海牙取消认证公约》）。
2、2006年4月27日「关于外商投资的公司审批登记管理法律适用若干问题的执行意见」「工商外企200681号文」：第五条：申请外商投资的公司的审批和设立登记时向审批和登记机关提交的外国投资者的主体资格证明或身份证明应当经所在国家公证机关公证并经我国驻该国使(领)馆认证。
香港、澳门和台湾地区投资者的主体资格证明或身份证明应当依法提供当地公证机构的公证文件。
境外公司在中国境内投资，设立外商合资，企业并购，设立办事处，股东民事纠纷等，在国内工商等部门登记手续，需要证明境外公司是合法存续的，因而要求出具海牙公司主体资格证明认证文书。
海牙公司主体资格证明认证资料清单：1、主体证明认证：公司注册证书，章程，资信证明，存续证明，法人身份证明2、涉及到诉讼纠纷：公司会议纪要，股东董事会议决议3、涉及到变更：变更文件4、其他文书认证：股东董事在职证明，协议书，授权书，任命书，产品证书等。
境外公司主体资格证明认证流程：1、法国公司认证流程：法国国际公证律师公证，法国州务卿认证，中国驻法国使馆认证2、加拿大公司认证流程：加拿大公证律师公证，加拿大省政府认证，中国驻加拿大使馆认证3、卢森堡公司认证流程：卢森堡公证员公证，卢森堡外交部认证，中国驻卢森堡使馆认证。
4、荷兰公司认证流程：荷兰公证律师公证，荷兰外交部认证，中国驻荷兰使馆认证境外公司主体资格证明认证时间：1、加拿大法国认证时间为：3-15个工作日2、卢森堡荷兰认证时间为：7-15个工作日来源于/html/zlzx/8784.html。
