英国政体总介绍(中英文)

本英国是一个单一制、君主立宪的民主国家，它的政府体系（即所谓西敏制）直接影响了许多其他国家的政治体制，包括加拿大、印度、澳大利亚和牙买加等英联邦成员国。

英国没有成文的宪法，但宪法惯例（constitutional conventions）具有宪法的作用；各种成文法和普通法共同组成了所谓的英国宪法。

英国的国家元首和理论上最高权力的拥有者是英国君主目录1机构组成2机构设置▪政府▪国会▪政党▪议会3领导团队4主要职责▪公共服务▪权力下放▪举行选举5国家政体6国家宪法1机构组成编辑英国是一个单一制、君主立宪的民主国家，它的政府体系（即所谓西敏制）直接影响了许多其他国家的英国国徽政治体制，包括加拿大、印度、澳大利亚和牙买加等英联邦成员国。

英国没有成文的宪法，但宪法惯例（constitutional conventions）具有宪法的作用；各种成文法和普通法共同组成了所谓的英国宪法。

英国的国家元首和理论上最高权力的拥有者是英国君主，目前为伊丽莎白二世。

实际上，女王只拥有象征性的地位，其权力的形式受到惯例与民意的约束。

但是君主基本上还是可以行使三个重要的权利：被咨询的权利、提供意见的权利和警告的权利。

一个君主在位的时间越长，经验与学识越丰富，他的意见就越会受到内阁和首相本人的重视，而这种君主与内阁之间的交流是在每周例行的秘密会议中进行的。

事实上在英国，拥有最高政治权力的人是内阁首相（现任首相大卫·卡梅伦; zh-hant大卫·卡麦隆于2010年5月11日起执政），他必须得到下议院的支持。

“君临国会”（Crown in Parliament）代表了英国的国家主权。

2机构设置编辑政府英国政府正式名称为“女王陛下政府”或“国王陛下政府”（取决于在位君主），负责英国的行政功能。

首相为政府首脑，由英国君主任命，但是依惯例此人必须是下议院中最有可能获得下议院支持的议员。

首相获任命后再挑选其他部长和行政首脑，组成政府。

英国是什么制度的国家
英国是一个君主立宪制国家。

它是由君主、议会和政府三个主要机构组成的。

这一制度具有千年的历史，但它的基本原则在不同的历史时期得到了不断的发展和完善。

首先，英国的君主立宪制意味着国家的最高权力在君主手中，但是君主必须遵守宪法，并与议会和政府共同行使权力。

英国的君主地位世袭，可以说是国家的象征和统一的象征。

其次，议会是英国政治体系的关键组织，它由两个部分组成：上议院和下议院。

上议院是由继承爵位的成员组成，包括主教、贵族和一些继承爵位的普通公民。

下议院则由选举产生的议员组成，代表着人民的意愿。

议会具有立法、监督和批准政府预算等职责。

此外，政府由具有行政权力的首相和内阁组成。

首相是英国政府的最高领导人，通常是大党的党魁或联合政府的领导人。

内阁由各个政府部门的部长组成，他们负责制定政策和管理国家事务。

英国的立宪制度注重权力的分立和制衡。

君主、议会和政府之间相互制约，以确保国家权力的平衡和合理行使。

例如，议会可以对政府的决策提出质询和审查，首相和内阁必须负责并向议会解释政策决策的合理性。

此外，英国的立宪制度还重视司法独立和法治原则。

司法体系独立于政治体系，法律适用于每个人，无论其地位或身份。

人
们有权利通过法律途径维护自己的权益，并通过司法程序获得公正和公平的待遇。

总的来说，英国是一个君主立宪制国家，其中君主、议会和政府是其核心机构。

这一制度的特点是权力的分立和制衡、法治原则以及重视司法独立。

通过这种制度，英国保障了公民的权利和自由，并实现了政府的合法权力和行使。

英国政治制度国会君主上议院下议院内阁国会议员宗教领袖世袭贵族终身贵族保守党工党自由民主党徽标ParliamentSovereignthe House of Lordsthe House of monsthe CabinetMPs (Members of Parliament) religious leadershereditary peerslife peersthe Conservative Partythe Labor Partythe Liberal Democratic Party Emblem⏹The British GovernmentConstitutional monarchy (君主立宪制）•The Monarch reigns but doesn't rule.•The rights of the Monarchy, as formality and historical legacy, are strictly restricted by a set of laws•Power:the Crown (non-democratic) →aristocratic Lords → the House of mons (with a powerful Prime Minister)• A process of democracy:political party →extension of the universal franchise →thedevelopment of local government and devolutionThe Constitution• a set of rules and conventions•No Written constitution•Multiple documents:Statute law (成文法);mon laws;ConventionsAncient documentsEuropean Union lawThe European Convention on Human Rights•Characteristics:Constitutional MonarchyParliamentary sovereignty (parliamentary authority unlimited)Representative democracyThe rule of law (people are subject to law, not to the will of governorsThe MonarchyThe King/Queen (ceremonial duties; signing papers) •Legislative:Summon, or dissolve ParliamentGive Royal Assent to bills•JudicialPardon赦免Personal Immunity豁免 (not the Crown)•ExecutiveConfer peerages and knighthoodsAppoint important government positions (government, military, Church) on the advice of the PM•Foreign affairsListens to PM and others’ reports•Cultural: national unity, morality and continuity of history Symbolic functions: “Britishness” of BritainCeremoniesParliament•The supreme legislative body•Three parts: the Crown, the House of Lords, the House of mons •FunctionsLaw-making (create, abolish, amend)Vote the taxationDetermine revenue and expenditure of governmentExamine government policies and administrationDebate major political issues of the day•Each parliament fives years (one session a year )(October or November)•Prime Minister’s Questions (Every Wednesday) （首相质询）•the State Opening of Parliament (议会开幕)The “Queen’s Speech” by the Government to ParliemantHouse of Lords (the Upper House)•Lords Spiritual (神职贵族）：religious leaders (archbishop 大主教 and bishop 主教)•Lords Temporal （世俗贵族）：hereditary peers and life peers•Law Lords•Nobel titles: duke (公）, marquis（侯）, earl/count（伯）, viscount（子）, baron（男）•Lord Chancellor (the most important official in the legal system of England and Wales. He is also the speaker of the Houseof Lords and an important member of the UK government )大法官，上议院议长•Power much reduced:a place of discussion and debatedelay the passage of bills approved by the mons up to a yearthe highest court of appealHouse of mons (the Lower House)•650 seats (England 523, Scotland 72, Wales 38, Northern Ireland 17)•MPs: elected by people of their constituencies ( 选区） in a general election （大选）•Prime Minister (leader of the party with the majority of seats) and the Cabinet•The Leader of the Opposition (the head of the largest defeated party) and the Shadow Cabinet•The government (Party) and the Opposition (Party)What do MPs do•Questions time (government ministers)•From a motion to a bill to an Act (3 readings)on a topic, proposal or motion);from motion to a bill (first reading),to amended and improved version of the bill (2nd reading)Improve the wordingThird readingGoes to Upper HouseGoes to MonarchAn act of Parliament (law)Government•Unitary government (单一制）Three tiers of governments–Central government(Local government)–County government (shires)–District government (cities, boroughs自治市, towns) Central Government•His (or Her) Majesty’s Government•Prime Minister: tremendous powerpresiding over the CabinetAllocating functions among ministersmeeting with the QueenRepresenting the UK at major international events •Ministers•Cabinet：the major decision-making body; 20 Ministers•Collective responsibility （集体负责制）•Civil servants (politically neutral)(500,000) (cannot be candidates for Parliament or support any party) •Whitehall and No. 10 Downing StreetLocal Government•Counties councils (53)•District councils (369)•Locally elected but controlled by laws and policies established by the central governmentDevolution责权下放•Since the late 1990s•The powers of the central government over local affairs↓devolve tothe Scottish and Welsh local legislatures• A Scottish parliament (129 Ms) (1997)• A Wales assembly (60 Ms) (1997)•Northern Ireland assembly (108 Ms) (1998)Political parties• 1. The Liberal Democratic Party (middle)—(Whigs辉格党 1679)—the Liberal Party 1815—the Liberal Party+the SocialDemocratic Party＝the Liberal Democratic Party 1988 • 2. The Conservative Party (right)--1688, Tories→the Conservative Party 1815-- supports private enterprise and minimal state regulation-- accepts the mixed economy (private ownership ofbusinesses with some government control.-- believe in a governing class with a natural right andspecial privileges• 3. The Labor party (Left, middle and lower middle classes)-- 1900, unionists, liberals, socialists--believes in socialism (class cooperation) to promote munal growth--demands economic equality--supports nationalization of big enterprises-- believes in the supervision of industry by the government/ distribution of wealth/ equal opportunity foreveryoneEmblem and Colour:•the Conservatives: a blue torch•Labour: a red rose•the Liberal Democrats: a yellow bird.A two-party system of government (since 1945)•Conservative Party:supporter:from the richer sections of societylandowners and business people.People living in the south of England and rural areas 1951-64; 1970-74; 1979-97; May 11, 2010 up to now(David Cameron )(Theresa May13/7/2016)•Labour:Supporters:working class peoplemiddle class people who believe in socialist ideals.People who live in the north of England and in urban areas 1945-51; 1964-70; 1974-79; 1997-2010(Tony Blair 1997-2007, Gordon Brown)Elections•650 constituencies (2010)•One MP each constituency•British citizen, citizens of other monwealth countries and the Republic of Ireland living in UK; 18 or over•Candidate of the party; independent candidate•Ballot (秘密投票）•The simple majority system (vs absolute majority)简单多数原则•Hung Parliament 悬浮议会 1974／2010（no one party has an overall majority) (a minority or coalition government联合政府）•PMs after World War II(see photos from left to right, top to bottom)Tony BlairJohn MajorMargaret ThatcherJames CallaghanEdward HeathHarold WilsonSir Alec Douglas-HomeHarold MacmillanSir Anthony EdenClement AttleeSir Winston ChurchillNeville ChamberlainJudiciary System of UKWords and Expressionsmon law 普通法，习惯法，判例法Precedent 先例Statute law 成文法Criminal law 刑法Civil law 民法Criminal court 刑事法院Civil court 民事法院The Crown Court 巡回刑事法庭The County Court 郡法院The High Court 高等法院Tribunal 特别法庭Magistrates’ court 执事法院Magistrate 执事官,治安官Offence （具体的）罪行Summary offences 简易判决罪Indictable-only offences 可起诉的罪行The suspect 犯罪嫌疑人The defendant/accused/offender 被告The plaintiff/accuser/原告Charge 指控Convict 定罪Prosecute 公诉Appeal 上诉Appeal court 上诉法庭The Crown Prosecution Service (the CPS) 皇家公诉机关Jury 陪审团 juror 陪审员Verdict 判决Sentence 判刑Acquit 宣告无罪Plaint 控诉Solicitor 小律师，事务律师，初级律师，诉讼律师，沙律师Barrister 大律师，辩护律师，高级律师，出庭律师，巴律师Plead 辩护Legal redress 法律救济The Appellate mittee of the House of Lords 上诉委员会The Lord Chancellor 大法官The adversarial system 对抗制Parliament⏹In the United Kingdom, the institution responsible for makinglaws, discussing major issues affecting the country and raising taxes is called________. The three parts of Parliament, the ______ (i.e. king or queen), the House of ______ and the House of_______, meet together only on special occasions. Although the agreement of all three is required for laws to be passed, that of the king or queen is now given without_______.⏹Although the king or queen remains ______ of the kingdom, theresponsibility of the sovereign in policy-making andadministration has been gradually ______ over the past 3-4centuries and government of the country is now in the hands ofa ______, presided over by a ___________. Since the 19th century,the Government has been the political _______with the mostmembers in the House of ______, and the leader of that party has been the ___________.The Judicial System•Separate Legal Systems:England and WalesScotland and Northern Ireland•The supreme executive body of the law:The House of LordsThe Lord ChancellorThe Department for Constitutional Affairs and the Home Office (内政部）No Ministry of Justice (司法部）The Rule of Law•Everyone is bound by the law•All persons are equal before the law•The officials and institutions of the state↓maintainLaw and order•Legal redress for everyone with plaints•The law and legal processes and personnel: independent from political interference•Sources of Lawmon Law System:•The principle of “precedence” (先例）：The court will follow the precedents in previous legal cases.•There should be as much certainty in the law as possible. •The creation of new precedents: the House of Lords mon Law•Statute Law: formal written laws passed by the Parliament •European Union Law: since 1973. economic and social matters. (EU law over British domestic law)The Court System•Criminal law: the rules for citizens and acts punishable by the state (theft, murder)•Civil law: the relationships and transactions between private parties, individuals, organizations, or panies (disputes such as pensation for loss or damage)•Administrative law: a special sort of civil law concerning theinteractions of citizens with the state➢Criminal Courtsmagistrates’ Courts →the Crown CourtMinor criminal offences Serous offencessummary offences indictable-only offences(theft, vandalism ) ( rape, murder)magistrates a judge and a jury of 12 （JPs Justices of the Peace)→the Court of Appeals for the Criminal Division →the House of Lords➢Civil Courts:County Courts→High Court90% civil cases more plicated civil cases1 judge, no jury 1-3 judges, no jury→the Court of Appeals for the Civil Division → The House of LordsIn Scotland⏹Criminal Courts:District Court → Sheriff’s Courtslay Justices of the Peace the Sheriff or with a jury of 15→ the Court of Justiciary⏹Civil Court:Sheriff’s Courts → The higher Court of Session → the House of LordsThe House of Lords:The Appellate mittee of the House of Lords:appeals from the courts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and in civil cases from ScotlandOther Courts:Tribunals(特别法庭）: informal and cheap (disputes between private citizens or/and public authorities) e.g. sex discrimination; unfair dismissal from work, etc.Judicial ProceedingsPut six activities into the most logical order:Prosecute 公诉convict 定罪Sentence 判刑mit 犯罪arrest 逮捕charge 指控The Legal Process⏹ArrestA person may be arrested and held for questioning at a policestation on suspicion of mitting an offence for a maximum of 24 hours without charge, unless a senior police officer thinks more time is needed in the investigation of a serious offence.The accused normally has a right to be represented by asolicitor.⏹ChargeWhen the police are satisfied they have enough evidence, the suspect is charged with the offence. For serious offences, the suspect will be held on remand in prison before trial. For less serious offences, the suspect will be allowed home on bail. For minor offences, the accused may be released with a policecaution.⏹CPSThe Crown Prosecution Service was established in 1986 to ensure uniformity over decisions to prosecute. Roughly 2,000solicitors and barristers operate the CPS and it is theirdecision whether the police have enough evidence to have abetter than even chance of securing a conviction.⏹Magistrates CourtAll cases begin in a magistrates court, and most of them are tried here. However, magistrates are limited in the sentences they can hand down (maximum: 6 months), and more seriousoffences are sent up to crown court. Defendants may also choose to have trial by jury; these cases are also referred to Crown Court.⏹Crown CourtThis is above a magistrates court and is presided over by the judge. His or her job is to direct the twelve members of thejury so they understand the elements that make up the offence.After hearing all the evidence, it is then up to the jury to decide whether the defendant is guilty. The judge then hands down the sentence.The Adversarial System• A lawyer represents the prosecution and the other represents the accused•Both sides call for witnesses in support of their case in order to establish the defendant’s innocence or guilt • A person is innocent until proven guilty•No truth, only evidence before the judge and the juryLay people – Basic principle of involvement of lay people as magistrates or as jurors⏹MagistratesLay people play a major part in the administration of justice through the 28,000 lay magistrates. People who are respected and responsible members of their local munity are selected to serve as magistrates, known in the past as Justices of the Peace, in county courts within the area in which they live. They are not paid for the work and they are not professionally trained in the legal system but they do undergo some part-time training.⏹The JuryThis is the other way that the public is involved in the process of justice and all criminal trials in the Crown Courts and the Old Bailey (High Court) are held before a judge and jury.The jury•All criminal trials in the Crown Courts and the High Court are held before a judge and jury• A group of ordinary citizens (12, 15 in Scotland): drawn froma cross-section of the public and selected at random•Decide whether an accused person is guilty or innocent•Cannot ask questions in court; to listen impartially to the evidence from all sides• A unanimous agreement of guilty or not guilty.•Very rare in civil casesSolicitor and Barrister•Solicitor:The general legal work:paperworkrepresenting the client in certain civil proceedings •Barrister:Have the right to plead cases in court:Give specialized legal adviceAct as advocates in the courtsJudges•Basic principle of judicial independence•The Lord Chancellor: the head of judiciary (appointed by the Prime Minister), appointing magistrates•Judges appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister.•Not subject to ministerial direction or control.•Not allowed to take part in politics formally•Irremovable once appointed•Very high salariesMajor Crimes•(attempted) Murder (UK)/Homicide (US)故意杀人•Manslaughter过失杀人•(attempted) Rape强奸•Theft盗窃•Burglary入室行窃•Armed Robbery持械抢劫•Arson纵火•Blackmail勒索•Kidnapping绑架•Hijacking劫持•Criminal Damage损害罪•Cruelty to children/ Children Abuse虐待儿童•Handling Stolen Property销赃罪•Shoplifting入店行窃•Drunken Driving醉酒驾车•Fraud诈骗•Forgery伪造•Drug Trafficking贩毒Some Important Punishments in the English Speaking Countries •Imprisonment 监禁Usually fixed term e.g. 6 years---‘life’ for murder but this is often as 8 years ‘with good behaviour’.•Probation假释The convicted person is not in jail but has to report to a police station every week and has a probation officer who monitors his/her behaviour.•Fine罚款According to different degree of the offence there will be different sums of money to be paid as a punishment. Fines imposed in previous cases are often made examples to provide standards for future cases.•Suspended Sentence缓刑The person is sentenced e.g. to 2 years imprisonment but because of some mitigating circumstances e.g. they mitted the crime under provocation---there is a period of time e.g. 5 years during which if they are convicted of another crime, the original sentence will also e into force and be added to the new sentence.•munity Service社区服务For less serious crimes---often involving young people (juvenile delinquents)---they are sentenced to a period e.g. 1 year during which they must spend a certain number of hours per week working in the munity e.g. decorating old people’s homes, coaching underprivileged children in sports.Maximum prison sentences for serious crimesOffence Max. PenaltyMurder Life imprisonment Rape 7 years Theft 3 years Burglary 3 years Blackmail 5 yearsArson 5 years –Criminal damage to property 2 years –Causing death by dangerous driving 5 years Armed robbery 5 yearsMost English-speaking nations do not have the death penalty though someUSA states do --- and use it quite regularly。

英国政治制度英国是一个单一制、君主立宪的民主国家，它的政府体系（即所谓西敏制）直接影响了许多其他国家的政治体制，包括加拿大、印度、澳大利亚和牙买加等英联邦成员国。

英国没有成文的宪法，但宪法惯例（constitutional conventions）具有宪法的作用；各种成文法和普通法共同组成了所谓的英国宪法。

英国的国家元首和理论上最高权力的拥有者是英国君主.基本信息•中文名：英国政治制度•国家：英国•代表：宪法•机构设置：政府机构组成正在加载英国国徽英国是一个单一制、君主立宪的民主国家，它的政府体系(即所谓西敏制)直接影响了许多其他国家的政治体制，包括加拿大、印度、澳大利亚和牙买加等英联邦成员国。

英国没有成文的宪法，但宪法惯例(constitutional conventions)具有宪法的作用;各种成文法和普通法共同组成了所谓的英国宪法。

英国的国家元首和理论上最高权力的拥有者是英国君主，目前为伊丽莎白二世。

实际上，女王只拥有象征性的地位，其权力的形式受到惯例与民意的约束。

但是君主基本上还是可以行使三个重要的权利:被咨询的权利、提供意见的权利和警告的权利。

一个君主在位的时间越长，经验与学识越丰富，他的意见就越会受到内阁和首相本人的重视，而这种君主与内阁之间的交流是在每周例行的秘密会议中进行的。

事实上在英国，拥有最高政治权力的人是内阁首相(现任首相大卫·卡梅伦; zh-hant大卫·卡麦隆于2010年5月11日起执政)，他必须得到下议院的支持。

'君临国会'(Crown in Parliament)代表了英国的国家主权。

机构设置政府英国政府正式名称为'女王陛下政府'或'国王陛下政府'(取决于在位君主)，负责英国的行政功能。

首相为政府首脑，由英国君主任命，但是依惯例此人必须是下议院中最有可能获得下议院支持的议员。

首相获任命后再挑选其他部长和行政首脑，组成政府。

英语国家概况英国的政府体制看英国的征服体制，了解这个国家的概况情况。

下面是店铺带来英国的政府体制相关介绍，欢迎大家阅读!英语国家概况:英国的政府体制介绍Government and Administration英国政府机构I.General knowledgeThe United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy,the head of state is a king or a queen. The UnitedKingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereignby His or Her Majesty's Government. The System ofparliamentary government is not based on a writtenconstitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up ofstatute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law andinterprets statutes.联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。

联合王国以君的名义,由国王或女王陛下政府治理。

英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪法,英国宪法不由单一文件构成,而由成文法,习惯法和惯例组成。

司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成文法。

英语国家概况:英国的政府体制(君主立宪制)Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchy's powerare limited by law and Parliament. The monarchy actually has no ral power. Constitutionalmonarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.英国的君主体制是以君主立宪闻名的。