JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST PETROLEUM UNIVERSITY (SOCIAL SCIENCES EDITION) Vol. 4 No. 1 Jan. 2011 A

59压裂是非常规油气提高单井产量和提高采收率的主要技术手段，为油气田的高效开发提供了技术保障[1]。

在水力压裂的过程中，为了防止压后的裂缝在地层闭合压力下重新闭合，常常需要人为地往地下输送材料用来支撑裂缝，这些材料被称为支撑剂[2]。

压裂作业后，压裂液逐渐排出，储层仅留下支撑剂支撑裂缝，用以提供高导流能力通道，增加油气流流入井筒，保持油气渗流通道长期畅通。

随着页岩气行业的飞速发展，预计在未来5年内，支撑剂用量将达（500~600）×104t/a。

石英砂因自身硬度大、不易磨损、化学性质稳定且支撑剂价格相对低廉等性质逐渐变成为压裂工艺中主要使用的支撑剂之一，在压裂作业起着不可替代的作用，在低闭合压力的储层有较好的增产效果，并在1500m的以下的浅井被广泛使用[2]。

目前，中国石油页岩气油气资源主要集中于四川地区。

到2025年，西南地区预计拟新建水平井约1800口，按目前平均单井支撑剂用量（约2700t规模）和当前核算价格（石英砂成本约1100元/t，陶粒成本约2200元/t），预计累计支撑剂投资约110亿元。

石英砂生产成本约为260元/t，而北方石英砂运输到四川等地的运输成本为450~700元/t，如能实现砂源本地化，将极大地降低支撑剂成本[3]。

本次研究针对川北、川南、云南三个产地的四种石英矿矿石样品，利用各种分析测试手段，开展石英矿矿石物理性质、力学性质、化学性质等特征分析，在此基础上明确石英矿选矿重点参数，优选出更适合四川本地的优质石英砂。

1 石英矿矿物组成及微观结构特征实验评价1.1 矿石X-射线衍射全岩矿物分析将四种矿物按照测试要求，洗油，烘干，研磨至200目颗粒备用。

采用背压法将粉末样品装入样品框中压实，放入衍射仪中测试；利用HighScore软件分析原始X-衍射曲线，分析岩石中不同类型矿物的含量，结果可知：四种矿石中全岩矿物均以石英占绝对优势，含量>98%，其次为少量粘土矿物。

文章编号:1000-2634(2002)06-0074-04高含有机硫炼油废碱液的治理研究Ξ郭川梅1,唐晓东1,孙刚2,刘波2(1.西南石油学院,四川南充637001;2.西南油气田分公司川西北气矿)摘要:提出的废碱液酸化Ο空气汽提治理工艺流程,将部分硫磺回收装置用压缩空气(9.5%)引入废碱液汽提塔,作为汽提空气,汽提出来的H2S、RSH又随空气去回收硫磺,不仅解决了装置汽提能耗,而且完全回收了硫资源,消除了高含有机硫炼油废碱液对环境的污染。

对我国炼油厂加工中东高含硫原油,治理含硫废碱液具有重要意义。

最佳试验条件为:98%硫酸用量84ml/L,酸化p H=4.5～5.5,汽提温度90℃,汽提时间2.5h。

汽提处理后废碱液用于生产硫酸钠或去工程车间稀释排放,排放水总硫<1mg/L、p H=7,达到G B8987-1996一级排放标准。

关键词:有机硫废碱液;酸化Ο汽提法;综合治理;工艺流程;环境保护中图分类号:TE62 文献标识码:A引　言在石油加工过程中,常采用NaOH溶液吸收H2S气体和碱洗油品,产生了大量的炼油废碱液,其来源与分类见表1。

未经处理的炼油废碱液直接排入江河,会抑制微生物生长,降低水体自净化能力;改变水生物种群,减少或灭绝鱼类;腐蚀船舶和水中构筑物,增加水中无机盐类和水的硬度。

因此,必须对炼油废碱液进行处理,以达到综合治理和保护环境的目的。

目前,炼油废碱液的治理技术主要有熬制工业硫化碱、结晶提取Na2S、废碱液造纸制浆、沉淀法再生废碱液和中和法回收环烷酸等[1-3]。

在各种炼油废碱液中,唯有含有机硫废碱液尤其是含高浓度有机硫废碱液的治理最为困难。

例如,川西北气矿天然气净化厂炼油车间排放的高含有机硫废碱液,排放量100m3/a,硫醇硫含量高达61200mg/L。

对于这种高含有机硫废碱液,国内外尚未见到成功治理的先例报道。

该厂曾屡受废碱液憋罐之苦,不得已将废碱液用汽车拉到废弃天然气井场,高压注入地层储存。

journal of central south university分区Journal of Central South University 分区一、背景介绍Journal of Central South University (中南大学学报) 是一份具有国际影响力的学术期刊，旨在发表高水平的科研成果。

该期刊的分区情况对于评价学术影响力、学科排名以及研究人员职称评定等方面具有重要意义。

了解Journal of Central South University的分区情况有助于推动学校学科发展，提高国际学术声誉。

二、Journal of Central South University的分区标准1.学科领域根据学科领域，Journal of Central South University主要涵盖了自然科学、工程技术和人文社会科学等多个领域。

在自然科学领域，主要包括物理、化学、生物等学科；在工程技术领域，主要包括材料科学、电子工程、机械工程等学科；在人文社会科学领域，主要包括哲学、文学、历史学、经济学等学科。

2.论文质量论文质量是Journal of Central South University分区的重要标准之一。

期刊注重发表原创性、创新性的研究成果，要求论文具有较高的学术价值和实践意义。

期刊的编委会和审稿专家团队对论文进行严格的同行评议，以确保论文质量符合国际学术水平。

3.国际影响力国际影响力是衡量Journal of Central South University分区的重要指标之一。

期刊积极推动国际学术交流与合作，吸引国内外优秀学者投稿，发表具有国际影响力的研究成果。

期刊的国际合作和被国际知名数据库收录情况也是评价其国际影响力的依据。

三、Journal of Central South University的分区情况根据多个权威评价机构的评价结果，Journal of Central South University在多个学科领域具有较高的学术声誉和影响力。

国内外中英文石油期刊历史国内外英文石油期刊总录AAPG BulletinActa Petrolei Sinica / Petroleum Processing Section Bulletin für Angewandte Geologie / Bulletin for Applied GeologyBulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringChemical GeologyChemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical TechnologyChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering Cold Regions Science and Technology Computational GeosciencesCretaceous ResearchDaqing Shiyou Xueyuan Xuebao / Journal of the Daqing Petroleum InstituteEnergy & FuelsEnvironmental GeosciencesErdoel ErdGas Kohle (EKEP)First BreakFuelFuel Processing TechnologyGeofluidsGeomicrobiology JournalGeophysical Prospecting for Petroleum / Shi You Wu TanGeophysicsGulf States Petroleum DirectoryIEEE Industry Applications Magazine International Journal of Geomechanics International Journal of Phytoremediation International Journal of Rotating Machinery International Journal of Transport Phenomena International Petroleum FinanceJournal of Applied GeophysicsJournal of Applied Sciences & Environmental ManagementJournal of Applied Sciences Research Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology Journal of Computational AcousticsJournal of Energy Resources Technology Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics Journal of Oil and Gas Technology (Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute) / Shi You Tian Ran Qi XueBao (Jiang Han Shi You Xue Yuan Xue Bao ) Journal of Petroleum GeologyJournal of Petroleum Science and Engineering Journal of Petroleum TechnologyJournal of the Energy InstituteJournal of the Institute of Energy Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute Marine and Petroleum GeologyMinerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report Moscow University Chemistry Bulletin Moscow University Geology Bulletin Natural Resources Research Neftânoe HozâjstvoNeftekhimiOctane WeekOil & Gas JournalOil and Chemical PollutionOil and Gas Finance SourcebookOil and Gas InvestorOil Gas: European MagazineOrganic GeochemistryPetroleum ChemistryPetroleum Chemistry U.S.S.R.Petroleum EconomistPetroleum Exploration and Development / Shiyou Kantan Yu Kaifa Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing / Dai Qing Shi You Di Zhi Yu Kai FaPetroleum GeosciencePetroleum Processing and Petrochemicals Petroleum Refinery EngineeringPetroleum Review (London, 1968)Petroleum Science and Technology Petroleum Technology Quarterly Process Control and QualityReview of Palaeobotany and Palynology Rocky Mountain Petroleum Directory Russian Electrical EngineeringShih Yu Hua Kung / Petrochemical Technology Shiyou Daxue Xuebao / Journal of the University of Petroleum (China)Shiyou Xuebao / Acta Petrolei Sinica Subsurface Sensing Technologies and Applications Transport in Porous MediaVadose Zone JournalWorld OilXinan Shiyou Xueyuan Xuebao / Journal of Southwest PetroleumInstituteXinjing Petroleum Geology / Xin Jiang Shi You Di ZhiNon-Linked Journals (140)中國石化中國石油和化工石油政工研究AAPG Treatise of Petroleum Geology, Atlas of Oil and Gas Fields Advances in Petroleum GeochemistryAlberta Society of Petroleum Geologists News Bulletin (former title) American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, The (former title) Annual Conference - Ontario Petroleum InstituteAnnual Meeting Abstracts - American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of EconomicPaleontologists and MineralogistsAnnual Report - Minister of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources Annual Report - Minister of Mines and Petroleum Resources, Province of British Columbia APEA Journal, TheAPPEA Journal (Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association) Australian Mining and Petroleum Law JournalAustralian Petroleum Accumulations ReportBulletin - British Columbia Department of Mines and Petroleum Resources (former title) Bulletin - Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources Bulletin - Ministry of Mines and Petroleum Resources (former title) Bulletin der Schweizerichen Vereinigung von Petroleum-Geologen und -Ingenieuren Bulletin der Vereinigung Schweizerisches Petroleum -Geologen und -Ingenieur Bulletin of Japan Petroleum Institute Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (former title) Canadian PetroleumCanadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (CSPG) Newsletter (former title) Cross Section Publication - American Association of Petroleum Geologists Developments in Petroleum EngineeringDevelopments in Petroleum ScienceDiscussion Paper - American Petroleum InstituteEastern Mineral Law InstituteEsso MagazineEuroilExploration and Economics of the Petroleum IndustryFueloil & Oil Heat and Solar SystemsFueloil & Oil Heat MagazineFueloil and Oil Heat With Air ConditioningGeobyteGeology of PetroleumHandbook of Petroleum Exploration and ProductionHart's European Offshore PetroleumHart's Petroleum Finance WeekIllinois PetroleumIn SituIndian Journal of Petroleum GeologyInstitute of PetroleumInstrumentation in the Chemical and Petroleum IndustriesInternational Petroleum AnnualInternational Petroleum TimesIraq PetroleumIzvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy - Neft' i Gaz Jahrbuch der Europaischen Erdolindustrie (alternate title) Journal of Petroleum MarketingJournal of the Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists (former title) Journal of the Institute of PetroleumJournal of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists Lp-GasMemoir - American Association of Petroleum Geologists (former title) Memoirs - American Association of Petroleum Geologists Minerals and Petroleum Victoria Statistical Review National Petroleum News National Petroleum News (NPN)Neftyanaya Promyshlennost' = Petroleum Industry Nickle's Petroleum ExplorerOil and Gas Law and Taxation ReviewOil and Gas Tax QuarterlyOil Daily, TheOil, Gas & Energy QuarterlyOilheatingOilweekOpen File - British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources (former title)Pacific Petroleum Geologist Newsletter of the Pacific Section, American Association of PetroleumGeologistsPaper - Mineral Resources Branch, Petroleum Resources Section (Toronto)Paper - Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources Petroleum Age (Chicago, 1914)Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference Petroleum and Coal Geology (alternate title)Petroleum and Energy Resources BulletinPetroleum and Gas Industries in Victoria, Statistical Review Petroleum and Natural Gas Reservoir Annual (1970) Petroleum Economist Petroleum EngineerPetroleum Engineer InternationalPetroleum Exploration and Development Titles Key Petroleum Exploration in New Zealand NewsPetroleum Exploration MapPetroleum FrontiersPetroleum GazettePetroleum GeologyPetroleum Geology of TaiwanPetroleum IndependentPetroleum Intelligence WeeklyPetroleum Management (Houston, Tex.)Petroleum MarketerPetroleum NewsPetroleum Newsletter, ThePetroleum Review (London, 1905) (former title)Petroleum SciencePetroleum Software Worldwide DirectoryPetroleum Supply MonthlyPetroleum TimesPetroleum Times (1981)Petroleum Times (former title)Petroleum Times Energy ReportPetroleum TodayPetroleum World (London) (former title)Petroleum World and Oil AgePreprints - American Chemical Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry Proceedings - Joint Society of Petroleum Engineers / Department of Energy Symposium on Enhanced Oil RecoveryProceedings - Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, California Regional Meeting Proceedings - World Petroleum Congress / Actes et Documents - Congres Mondial du Petrole Proceedings of the Annual Convention - Indonesian Petroleum Association Proceedings of the Annual Southwestern Petroleum Short CourseProceedings of the South East Asia Petroleum Exploration SocietyQuarterly Completion Report of the American Petroleum InstituteReport - Israel Institute of Petroleum, Micropaleontological Laboratory Reprint Series - American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa (former title) Reprint Series - Canadian Society of Petroleum GeologistsRevista del Instituto Mexicano del PetroleoRevue de l'In stitut Français du Petrole et Annales des Combustibles Liquides (former title) Sekiyu Gakkai shi / PetroleumSekiyu Gijutsu Kyokaishi / Journal of the Japanese Association of Petroleum Technology Shiyou Shiyan Dizhi / Experimental Petroleum GeologySociety of Petroleum Engineers JournalSociety of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, Journal (former title)Southwestern Legal Foundation Institute on Oil & Gas, Law & Taxation SPE (Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME)SPE Formation EvaluationSPE Monograph Series (Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME)Strategic Petroleum Reserve Annual ReportTechnical Papers - Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME Eastern Regional Meeting Technical Record - Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Directorate General of Mineral ResourcesTechnical Report - American Petroleum InstituteTransactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Incorporated (AIME) (former title)Transactions of the Society of Mining Engineers of AmericanInstitute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. (AIME) (former title)Transactions of the Society of Petroleum EngineersTransactions of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. (AIME) (former title)Treatise of Petroleum Geology Reprint SeriesUnconventional Methods in Exploration for Petroleum and Natural Gas Vision TecnologicaWorld PetroleumWorld Petroleum Report。

第3期· 73 ·程立华等：鄂尔多斯盆地低渗透—致密气藏储量分类及开发对策field[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(1): 79-89.[16] 贾爱林, 王国亭, 孟德伟, 等. 大型低渗—致密气田井网加密提高采收率对策——以鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田为例[J]. 石油学报, 2018, 39(7): 802-813.JIA Ailin, WANG Guoting, MENG Dewei, et al. Well pattern in-filling strategy to enhance oil recovery of giant low-permeability tight gasfield: A case study of Sulige Gasfield, Ordos Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2018, 39(7): 802-813.[17] 郭智, 贾爱林, 冀光, 等. 致密砂岩气田储量分类及井网加密调整方法——以苏里格气田为例[J]. 石油学报, 2017, 38(11): 1299-1309.GUO Zhi, JIA Ailin, JI Guang, et al. Reserve classification and well pattern infilling method of tight sandstone gasfield: A case study of Sulige Gasfield[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2017, 38(11): 1299-1309.[18] 郭建林, 郭智, 崔永平, 等. 大型致密砂岩气田采收率计算方法[J]. 石油学报, 2018, 39(12): 1389-1396.GUO Jianlin, GUO Zhi, CUI Yongping, et al. Recovery factor calculation method of giant tight sandstone gas field[J]. Acta Pe-trolei Sinica, 2018, 39(12): 1389-1396.[19] 付宁海, 唐海发, 刘群明, 等. 低渗致密砂岩气藏开发中后期精细调整技术[J]. 西南石油大学学报（自然科学版）, 2018, 40(3): 136-145.FU Ninghai, TANG Haifa, LIU Qunming, et al. Technologies for fine adjustment in the middle-later development stage of low per-meability tight sandstone gas reservoirs[J]. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Science & Technology Edition), 2018, 40(3): 136-145.（修改回稿日期　2019-12-27　编　辑　孔　玲）我国今年已进口中亚天然气逾76×108 m3据中国—中亚天然气管道霍尔果斯计量站的数据，截至2020年3月7日，我国今年已累计进口中亚天然气逾76×108 m3。

西南石油大学学报 (自然科学版2012年 6月第 34卷第 3期Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Science &Technology EditionV ol. 34No. 3Jun. 2012编辑部网址:http ://文章编号:1674– 5086(2012 03– 0105– 06DOI :10. 3863/j.issn. 1674– 5086. 2012.03. 015中图分类号:TE355文献标识码:A海上稠油热采井井筒温度场模型研究及应用 *李伟超, 齐桃, 管虹翔, 于继飞, 隋先富中海油研究总院, 北京东城 100027摘要:海上稠油油田的开发越来越受到人们的重视, 多元热流体吞吐是一项集热采、烟道气驱等采油机理于一体的新型、高效稠油开采技术, 该技术在渤海油田进行了现场试验并取得了成功。

以渤海 M 油田多元热流体吞吐实验井为例, 介绍了海上稠油油田多元热流体吞吐工艺的特点; 研究了热流体吞吐井各传热环节及井筒温度场分布模型, 建立了井筒综合传热系数的计算方法, 并以海上实际热流体吞吐井为例进行了计算。

在此基础上, 模拟了隔热油管导热系数、下入深度、多元热流体组成等工艺参数对热采效果的影响, 并得到了一些有益的结论, 为海上稠油油田规模化热力采油工艺方案优化设计起到指导性作用。

关键词:海上油田; 稠油; 多元热流体; 吞吐; 热采网络出版地址:http :///kcms/detail/51.1718.TE.20120517.1604.015.html李伟超, 齐桃, 管虹翔, 等. 海上稠油热采井井筒温度场模型研究及应用 [J ]. 西南石油大学学报:自然科学版, 2012, 34(3 :105– 110. Li Weichao, Qi Tao, Guan Hongxiang, et al . Research and Application of Wellbore Temperature Field Models for Thermal Recovery Well in Offshore Heavy Oilfield [J ]. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University :Science &Technology Edition , 2012, 34(3 :105– 110.引言在海上油田稠油开采过程中, 由于受到环境条件、作业空间、操作成本等因素的影响, 陆地油田常规热采开发方式和工艺技术 [13]的应用受到很大限制, 其开采难度远远高于陆上稠油油田。

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版)2021年6月第43卷第3期Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Science & Technology Edition )Vol. 43 No. 3 Jun. 2021DOI : 10.11885/j.issn.1674 —5086.2020.04.07.01文章编号：1674—5086(2021)03—0101 — 10 中图分类号：TE357文献标志码：A页岩油藏提高采收率技术及展望李一波1 *，何天双】，胡志明2,李亚龙2,蒲万芬1*收稿日期：2020-04-07 网络出版时间：2021-05-11通信作者：李一波，E-mail : ***************.cn基金项目：中国石油创新基金(2019D-5007-0212);四川省科技计划(2021YFH0081)1.西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院，四川成都6105002.中国石油勘探开发研究院廊坊分院，河北廊坊065007摘要：通过调研近二十年国内外页岩油藏提高采收率技术的室内研究和现场应用，结合页岩油藏储层特征，总结了 开发过程中的难点，并针对各类提高页岩油藏采收率技术的作用机理，讨论了对页岩油藏的适应性。

研究表明，注气是页岩油藏补充地层能量的最佳方法，二氧化碳和天然气是常用的注入介质，但其作用机理还有待深入探讨；通过改善储层润湿性来提高渗吸效果是表面活性剂和低矿化度水的主要机理；泡沫驱拥有良好注入性的同时能够有效调整裂缝性油藏的非均质性，但是其在裂缝中的稳定性有待加强；热力采油可以改变储层的热应力，诱导裂缝扩张，增大注入介质的波及范围。

溶剂和纳米材料在机理上有改善页岩储层润湿性的作用，但是其在页岩油藏开发中的可行性还 有待验证。

关键词：页岩油藏；提高采收率；非常规油气；机理研究；综述A Comprehensive Review of Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologiesfor Shale OilLI Yibo 1*, HE Tianshuang 1, HU Zhiming 2, LI Yalong 2, PU Wanfen 11. Petroleum Engineering School, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China2. Langfang Branch, PetroChina Research Insittute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Langfang, Hebei 065007, ChinaAbstract: Through the investigation of the indoor research and field application of EOR technologies in shale oil reservoirs at home and abroad in the past 20 years, the difficulties in the development process are summarized in combination with the characteristics of shale oil reservoirs, and the adaptability of various EOR mechanisms to shale oil reservoirs. The results show: The gas injection is the best way to supply energy for shale reservoir. Carbon dioxide and natural gas are the normal injection media and the displacement mechanism needs further investigation. The wettability alteration to enhance the performance of imbibition effect is the main mechanism for surfactant and low salinity water flooding. Foam has the good performance in adjusting the heterogeneity but its stability needs to be enhanced. Thermal methods can change the thermal stress of the shale formation and thus induce the propagation of fracture to increase the sweep efficiency. In theory, solvent and nano-based material can also improve the wettability of shale reservoir, but its adaptation needs further discussion.Keywords: shale reservoir; enhanced oil recovery; unconventional resource; mechanism investigation; review网络出版地址：http :///kcms/detail/51.1718.TE.20210510.1809.002.html李一波，何天双，胡志明，等.页岩油藏提高采收率技术及展望[〕]•西南石油大学学报(自然科学版)，2021,43(3): 101-110.LI Yibo, HE Tianshuang, HU Zhiming, et al. A Comprehensive Review of Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies for Shale Oil[J]. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Science & Technology Edition), 2021, 43(3):101-110.102西南石油大学学报（自然科学版）2021年引言随着世界能源需求的不断增加以及常规油气资源开发难度日益加大，以页岩油气为代表的非常规油气资源作为接替能源受到了广泛的关注。

天然气勘探与开发·70·2020年 3 月出版气田开发模拟[J]. 天然气勘探与开发, 2019, 42(2): 100-106.Ren Lan, Huang Jing, Zhao Jinzhou, et al. Numerical simulation on productivity when shale-gas horizontal-well refracturing[J].Natural Gas Exploration and Development, 2019, 42(2): 100-106.[18] 张健, 张国祥, 李良, 等. 页岩水力压裂数值分析[J]. 非常规油气, 2017, 4(5): 99-102.Zhang Jian, Zhang Guoxiang, Li Liang, et al. Shale hydrofrac-ture simulation analysis[J]. Unconventional Oil & Gas, 2017, 4(5): 99-102.[19] 刘兴国, 董海海, 张娟. 厚层块状特低渗砾岩油藏水平井压裂参数优化[J]. 当代化工研究, 2016(7): 104-105.Liu Xingguo, Dong Haihai & Zhang Juan. Parameter optimi-zation of horizontal well fracturing in the thick layer ultra-low permeability conglomerate reservoir[J]. Modern Chemical Re-search, 2016(7): 104-105.[20] 狄伟. 支撑剂在裂缝中的运移规律及铺置特征[J]. 断块油气田, 2019(3): 355-359.Di Wei. Migration law and placement characteristics of prop-pant in fractures[J]. Fault-Block Oil and Gas Field, 2019(3): 355-359.[21] 马立华, 袁旭, 冯建设. 支撑剂沉降铺置规律机理及方法浅析[J]. 石化技术, 2019, 26(2): 212.Ma Lihua, Yuan Xu & Feng Jianshe. Mechanism and method of proppant settlement and laying[J]. Petrochemical Industry Tech-nology, 2019, 26(2): 212.[22] Daneshy AA. Numerical solution of sand transport in hydraulicfracturing[J]. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1978, 30(1): 132-140. [23] Gadde PB, Liu YJ, Norman J, et al. Modeling proppant settlingin water-fracs[C]//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 26-29 September 2004, Houston, Texas. DOI: https: ///10.2118/89875-MS.[24] Kaushal DR, Thinglas T, Tomita Y, et al. CFD modelingfor pipeline flow of fine particles at high concentration[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 2012, 43: 85-100. [25] 张涛, 郭建春, 刘伟. 清水压裂中支撑剂输送沉降行为的CFD模拟[J]. 西南石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 36(1): 74-82.Zhang Tao, Guo Jianchun & Liu Wei. CFD simulation of prop-pant transportation and settling in water fracture treatments[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Science & Tech-nology Edition), 2014, 36(1): 74-82.[26] Zeng J, Li H & Zhang DX. Numerical simulation of proppanttransport in hydraulic fracture with the upscaling CFD-DEM method[J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2016, 33:264-277.（修改回稿日期　2019-12-20　编　辑　陈　玲）作者简介：卢聪，1983年生，博士；主要从事油气藏增产改造理论与技术的研究与教学工作。

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猪圆环病毒的分子生物学特性及诊断方法第33卷第2期西南民族大学?自然科学版JournalofSouthwestUniversityforNationalities?NaturalScienceEdition文章编号:1003—2843(2007)020319—07猪圆环病毒的分子生物学特性及诊断方法杨晓农l',郭万柱1(1.四川农业大学动物生物技术中心,四川雅安625014;2.西南民族大学生命科学与技术学院,成都610041)摘要:猪圆环病毒(PCV)病是近年来阻碍养猪业发展的重要传染病,PCV因而成为各国学者的研究热点.本文就猪圆环病毒的基因组结构与功能,主要的编码蛋白质及其功能,分子生物学诊断方法等领域的最新研究进展进行了综述.关键词:猪圆环病毒(PcV);猪传染病?中图分类号:$858.28文献标识码:A猪圆环病毒(Porcinecirovirus,PCV)属于圆环病毒科,圆环病毒属,为单股负链环状DNA病毒.该科的病毒粒子直径l425nm,为20面体对称结构,无囊膜,是已知的最小的动物病毒之一【JJ.PCV大小直径约为17nm,含有单股环状DNA,分子量为5.8×l0Da.自上世纪70年代Tischer等首次发现PCV以来,各国学者开始了对PCV的深入研究【.PCV可分为PCV.1和PCV.2两个血清型,其中致病性pcv(Pcv.2)是引起断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合症(Postweaningmultisystemicwastingsyndrome,PMWS)等疾病的主要病原【3,'5'61.Clark(1997)[71首次报道,1991年在加拿大西部的猪群中,发生了称为断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合症(PMWS)的疾病.目前,PMWS已在美国,欧洲和亚洲一些国家和地区广泛存在和蔓延[8'9,10,11,,,们.在我国,郎洪武等(2000)021应~ELISA方法对来自北京,河北,山东,江西等7省(市)的559份猪血清进行检测,结果显示猪群PMWS抗体的阳性率为42.9%,由此证明猪圆环病毒已在我国一定区域内广泛存在.由于PCV.2引发的PMWS等各种疾病持久和广泛的蔓延,已给养猪业造成严重威胁.因此,猪圆环病毒病已经成为目前阻碍养猪业发展的重要疾病之一.1病毒基因组结构,复制与转录1.1PCV基因组结构根据PCV的致病性,抗原性及核酸序列,将Pcv分为PCV.I~PCV.2两个血清型【l3'M】.从PK—l5细胞系上得到的PCV无致病性,被定为PCV.l型;而具有致病性,能引起猪PMWS的PCV被定为PCV.2型[15'5'J.PCV—l基因组全长为1758bpl760bp;PCV.2全长为l767bpl768bpt7J.PCV基因组中含有圆环病毒所特有的茎环结构(Stem.1oopstructure),它是一保守的9核苷酸基序,序列为TAGTA TTAC(PCV—1)或AAGTATTAC(PCV一2),这一序列对病毒DNA的复制非常关键,DNA的滚环复制就是从这里开始.茎环结构下游有4个六聚体重复(5'-CGG.CAG.3,HlH2H3H4),这些序列是病毒复制酶蛋白的结合位点【】8'J. PCV.1与PCV.2之问的核苷酸同源性为68%,核苷酸差异表现在核苷酸链上的几个部位互相存在碱基缺失现象;而GenBank登录的各个PCV.2毒株之间的序列同源性均达90%以上.说明PCV.1与PCV.2有一定的亲缘关系,但也发生了较大的变异.Hamel等(1998)[2~1应用软件对PcV基因组分析,发现PCV.1和PCV.2均可能含有l14"开放阅读框(ORE).其中ORFl,2,3,4,7和8具有一定的同源性,其余ORFs无任何I司源性.编码的蛋白大小从36kDa2kDa不等.现已经证实,PCV有两个主要的阅读框:ORFl和ORF2,二者在长度上都大~600bp 【2l'J.ORF1编码与病毒复制相关的Rep蛋白,该蛋白氨基酸序列相当保守,是PCV.1和PCV.2产生抗原交叉性的主要原因;而ORF2编码病毒的主要结构蛋白Cap,是主要的免疫蛋白引.收稿日期1.2006.11.13作者简介:杨晓农(1963.),男,西南民族大学生命科学与技术学院副教授,四川农业大学博士研究生.通讯作者:郭万柱(1938-),男,四川农业大学动物生物技术中心教授,博导.320西南民族大学?自然科学版第33卷PCV.2基因组的l1个阅读框大小相差悬殊.其中ORF1,ORF5,ORF7,ORF10,5一3方向相同;ORF2,ORF3,ORF4,ORF6,ORF8,ORF9,ORFIl,53方向相同.这些阅读框表现为重叠基因,从而充分利用了圆环病毒有限的遗传物质,这可能是生物进化过程中自然选择的结果.1.2PCV基因组的复制与转录PCV基因组的复制采用滚环复制模式进行.病毒在复制过程中首先产生双链的复制型中间体(RO,该复制中问体的两条链都能进行基因转录和蛋白质的表达.PCV基因组首尾相连对病毒DNA的滚环复制是必需的.PCV-1共有l2种RNA,包括一个衣壳蛋白RNA,81bRep相关RNA(分别为Rep,Rep',Rep3a,Rep3b,Rep3c.1,Rep3c.2,Rep3c.3,Rep3c.4)和3+NS相关RNA(分别为N$462,NS642,NS0).8个Rep相关RNA都有相同的5,端和3端核酸序列,同时和3/bNS相关RNA有相同的3端核酸系列.Rep蛋白是引起其他7种Rep相关RNA剪接的前转录物.而3个Ns相:~RNA则是由位于ORFI内部,独立于Rep 启动子的3个不同启动子转录的【l9].Rep基因~ecv-1DNA复制所必须的,在4个保守区截断或者导入点突变均可导致复制子Rep蛋白的失活.Rep基因的转录起始点位于757土l0nt处.Rep蛋白是通过去掉Rep基因上一个位于l176nt至l558nt~间的内含子后而得到的.Mankertz等(2001)[2】用实时PcR对用PcV.1感染的细胞和用载有Rep基因的质粒感染的细胞进行扩增,发现Rep蛋白并不能单独促进复制,而是必须和Rep,蛋白共同组成PCV—l的功能复制因子.PCV.1型基因组复制依赖于Rep蛋白(全长蛋白,分子量为35.6kD)和Rep蛋白(被剪接的蛋白,分子量为19.2kD)的表达和一个含有复制起点的长为lllbp的基因片段的存在.复制起始蛋白的启动子P(Rep)基因位于Rep基因(640～679bp)的上游,与PCV.1的复制区重叠;结构蛋白的启动子P(Cap)序列则位于Rep阅读框架(1328～l252bp)内部最新研究已经揭示了PCV.2的转录.PCV.2有9种特异性RNAs,分别为CapRNA(CR);5种Rep相关RNAs(Rep,Rep,Rep3a,Rep3b和Rep3c);3种Ns相关RNAs(NS5l5,NS672和NS0):通过基因组比较发现,PCV-1和PCV-2的Rep,Rep',Rep3a,Rep3b和Ns0是基本相周的,而相应的Rep3c.,Ns相关RNA却因剪接点不同而在数量上和性质上有所差别【】引.2病毒主要的编码蛋白2.1Rep蛋白Rep蛋白与病毒的滚环复制有关,由PCV最大的阅读框ORFI编码,分子量为35.6kD(PCV-1)或35.8kD(PCV.2),有312aa(PCV.1)或3l4aa(PCV-2)组成.PCV:1和PCV.2相比,Rep蛋白氨基酸序列同源性达86%,这也是两种不同血清型PCV产生抗原交叉反应的主要原因..PCV-1Rep蛋白仅有1个糖基化位点,位于20.22aa(NPs);PCV.2Repe1]含有3个糖基化位点,23.25aa(NPS),256—258aa(NQT),286?288aa(NAT).对PCV.1感染细胞进行转录分析表明,PCV-1的ORFI基Nl(Rep基因)转录出2种mRNA(分别为l250nt和750nt),一种编码全长的Rep蛋白(312aa,分子量35i6kD),该mRNA转录起始点位于基因组的757~10m处;Rep'蛋8(168aa,19.2kD)是通过去掉Rep基因上一个位于l176nt至l558nt~间的内含子后而得到的,其N端与Rep蛋白完全一致,而C端完全不同,C端48个氨基酸阅读框架发生了改变,结合dNTP 的P环缺失Lz6J.Rep蛋白具有与典型滚环复制(RCR)有关的3个保守基序:I(FTLUN),II(HLQG),llI(YcsK)以及结合dNTPs的P环(P-loop)结构(序列为G一～GKS)I2,引,这些结构对于维持Rep蛋白的功能至关重要,突变或缺失均会影响病毒的复制,这也进一步证明PCVDNA采用滚环复制方式进行复制.PCV-2的ORF1含有945编码314aa的病毒复制蛋~Rep,-~pcv.1的ORF1编码的蛋白有相同的抗原性【2251.根据转录的RepmRNA推导的氨基酸序列比较发现,PCV.2的Rep,Rep蛋th~pcv.1的两种蛋白相当,也与病毒的复制密切相关【juJ.2.2Cap蛋白Cap蛋白是PCV的主要结构蛋白,是PCV衣壳的主要结构成分,分子量大约是36kDa,由病毒基因组的第2期杨晓农等:猪圆环病毒的分子生物学特性及诊断方法32lORF2编码.PCV.1和PCV.2的Cap蛋白均由233绷成,氨基酸同源性仅约64%.2种病毒的Cap蛋白都只有单一的糖基化位点,分别位于PCV.1Cap蛋白的102.104aa(NYS)及PCV.2的l43.145aa(NYS).用杆状病毒表达ORF2基因发现,在电镜下能观察到0RF2所编码蛋白可以自我装配成病毒衣壳样颗粒【2_2J.LiuQ等(2001)[川利~JORF2特异性多抗经Western.blot分析证实ORF2编码病毒的结构蛋I~(Cap),并利用免疫荧光分析及位点突变分析来定位ORF2,研究表明,位于l2～l8位及34～4l位的氨基酸残基对PCV.2ORF2的精确定位起着至关重要的作用.Truong等(2001)[】利用免疫相关线性B.细胞表位,借助于ELISA方法确定了ORF2编码蛋I~(Cap)的两个抗原表位,分别位于其所编码的氨基酸的69～83处和ll7～13l处,这两处对Cap蛋白是特异性的.Dominique等(2000)认为PCV.2的Cap蛋白上存在3个特异性抗原表位,同时还存在与PCV.1相同的表位,但他们不与PCV'1抗体发生交叉反应,可能是因为他们位于整个蛋白的内部[331.Mahe等(2000)用杆状病毒和质粒载体表达了ORF1和ORF2,发现PCV'IORF2虽与PCV.2ORF2抗原性相关,但只有ORF2蛋白可以被PCV.2多抗识别L2引.Liu等(2001)将ORF2基因连接~IJMBP.His(8).tag基因3端,在细菌中表达了ORF2融合蛋白,该融合蛋白可以与PCV.2多抗反应【341.以上研究均表明可以用ORF2来区分PCV.1与PCV.2.Truong等也利用ORF2抗原表位作为PCV试验猪及自然感染猪血清学检测的标志【3引.目前,,对PCV研究较深入的为ORF1和ORF2,同时由于ORF2的以上特性,其编码产物成为分子水平上诊断PCV的理想抗原,ORF2也成为研制基因工程疫苗的首选基因.因此,ORF2的研究已成为PCV.2研究热点.3分子生物学诊断方法3.1核酸探针及原位杂交技术Choi等【35'J用地高辛标记的探针做原位杂交检测Pcv病毒研究PCV.2病毒和猪细小病毒在猪体内的分布状况.Nawagitgul等(2000)[37J根据Pcv的基因序列,设计了一组探针,包括ORF1及ORF2的正,负链探针.研究结果表明,PCV.2ORF1负链探针对PCV.1和PCV.2两种基因型均可检出,而PCV.2ORF2负链探针可以用来区分PCV.1和PCV.2.Rosell等(1999)【38J用保守的317bp的DNA片段作为探针用来做杂交,结果从30头患猪中检测到28份阳性.病毒的DNA主要位于淋巴器官,尤其是淋巴结部位.Sirinarumit,r等(2000)[J建立了快速检测PCV的原位杂交技术.在该方法中,应用快速加强杂交(Rateenhancementhybridization,REH),仅用7～8h,比传统的杂交方法(用时2d)检测时问大大缩短,更适用于对PCV.2的诊断. Sirinarumitr等(2001)[4o】建立了双杂交方法同时检测猪PRRSV和PCV病毒.他用地高辛标记的RNA探针(针对PRRSV)和荧光标记的RNA探针(针对pcv)同时做原位杂交.该方法不仅可同时检测2种病毒的感染,而且可确定这2种病毒是否共同感染同一细胞.Kim等(2002)[41]也建立了双原位杂交来同时检测病毒I~JDNA.Kim等(2001)[2J针对PCV—I(ORF1)的349bp~异DNA片段~IlPCV.2(ORF2)的481bp特异DNA片段,借助PCR技术获得这两个目的片段,进行地高辛标记,然后用于原位杂交,从福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋的组织中检测病毒的DNA.原位杂交和免疫组化相比,二者均可被用来作为PCV.2病毒诊断的工具,但原位杂交比免疫组化更灵敏.3.2PCR诊断技术3.2.1常规PCR方法Morozov[41,Allan[131从PCV.PK15DNA链上设计特异性引物j~'PCR反应,可直接检测组织病料及其细胞培养物中的病毒核酸,是一种陕速,简便,特异的方法.Liu等(2000)[441建立了用竞争PCR(cPCR)方法以检测仔猪血清中的Pcv病毒DNA.cPCR是基于针对PCV.1的502bp基因片段或PCV.2的506bp基因片段.与一定量的竞争性DNA同时扩增,预期片段大小为76l或765bp.该诊断方法可以诊断PCV的感染,并确定病毒在组织细胞中的拷贝数量.用这种方法检测到多于50%的临床健康仔猪带有PCV.1和PCV.2型病毒.在l6头PMWS患猪中,所有患猪都感染了PCV.2型,有3头检测到PCV.1型.对健康猪和患猪中的病毒滴度比较表明,发展成临床症状的PMWS 患猪需要一定数量的PCV-2病毒.322西南民族大学?自然科学版第33卷3.2.2多重PCR(multiplexPCR)该方法方便,快捷,已广泛用于医学临床,给疾病的快速诊断带来了方便.Laroehelle 等(1999)I451建立了多重PCR方法来检测和区分PCV.1和PCV.2病毒.Ouardani等(2000)[461根据已发表的PcV一2和PCV一1基因序列设计了两套引物,一套中的一对引物针对Pcv.1和PCV.2的ORF2基因序列可扩增出488bp的目的条带,另一对引物针对PCV.1的ORF1基因能扩增~375bp的基因片段,而对PCV一2的ORF1不能扩增;另一套中的一对引物针对PCV.1和PCV.2ORF1基因序列均可扩增~646bp的目的条带,另一对引物只对PcV—l的ORF2基因能扩增出425bp的目的条带,而不能扩增PCV一2的ORF2基因,从而能够很好地区分PCV?l和PCV一2的感染.由此可见,利用所建立的复合PCR可对PCV病毒进行检测和分型.3.2-3套式PCR(nested—PCR)Wijit等(2002)I4'用套式PCR:来检~iJPCV.2,并认为该法为甚至是毫无病变的PMWS的追溯研究提供了一个强有力的工具.Celera等(2002)!通过设计3个寡核苷酸引物进行半套式PCR来检~lJPCV?2DNA,并证实该方法是特异的.Kim等(2001)[491建立了检测和区分PCV.1和PCV.2的多重套式PCR方法,并用该方法从猪精液中检测PCV.60份精液样品当中,用传统的多重PCR仅检测出8份(30%)PCV阳性,而用多重套式PCR检测出30份(50%)阳性,其中1份仅PCV.1阳性,18份仅PcV.2阳性,20份是PcV.1和PCV一2双阳性.结果表明,多重套式PCR方法比传统的病毒分离方法更敏感,快速,对于从公猪精液中检测和区分PCV一1和PCV一2,不失为一种好方法.Kim等(2003)l叫运用多重套式PCR来同时检测PCV.1,PCV.2及PPV,并同原位杂交法进行了比较.结果发现,两种方法的检出率均为100%;因而证实了该法可以成功地同时检测上述三种病毒.:t3.2.4实时定量PCR(real—timequantitativePCR)Bmnborg等(2004)I建立了以TaqMan为基础的实时定量PCR方法,用于血清,血浆及组织样品中的PCV-2的定量检测.用该法测定动物中的病毒载量,对鉴别健康猪和PMWS猪十分有用. Chung等(2005)I也建立了实时定量PcR方法用于PRRsvcDNA和PCV.2DNA的定量检测.应用该方法对自然感染猪和攻毒猪的PRRSV和PCV.2在肺,脾,扁桃体及淋巴器官中的分布和定量进行了研究,结果表明,PRRSV和PCV.2病毒载量分别为5.73838和5.65—6.91(拷贝数/mg).已建立的定量PcR方法可能是将来疫苗研制和发病机理研究的有用工具.3.2.5PCR一限制性长度多态性(RFLP)分析方法Fenaux等(2000)l"】根据已有的Pcv株的基因序列,建立了通用的PCR.RFLP分析方法,该方法不但可以用于PCV-2的致病性研究,而且可以用来检测来自不同地理区域的PCV.2的感染情况.Hamel等(1998)叫借助于RFLP建立了可以分型的PCR诊断方法,很容易检~IJPCV.1和PCV.2.他根据已发表的所有PCV基因组的保守序列设计引物,对PCV.1和PCV.2毒株的基因均扩增出了438bp的基因片段,这些片段经RFLP分析很容易鉴定和区分PCV'2毒株的基因型.4结语.自猪圆环病毒(PCV)发现以来,各国学者对其进行了深入地研究.目前,PCV一27Jt.1~l其引起的PMws等疾病已成为当今的研究热点,取得了不小的进展,但仍有许多问题尚待解决.由于目前仍然无有效的措施防治猪圆环病毒病,所以仍需对PcV的分子生物学特性进行深入研究,进一步弄清病毒基因组各ORFs及其编码的蛋白质的结构与功能,病毒的免疫学特性以及病毒的致病机理等,为PCV.2的弱毒疫苗,亚单位疫苗以及重组活载体等疫苗的研制奠定坚实的理论基础,力争从根本上解决该病的防制问题.参考文献:【l】殷震,刘景华.动物病毒学(第二版)[M】.北京:科学出版社,1997:1175.1183. 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储层岩石的压缩问题李传亮【摘要】岩石的应力敏感与岩石的压缩性密切相关.为了搞清岩石的应力敏感程度,深入分析了岩石的压缩问题.岩石孔隙体积的压缩是因为骨架体积的压缩所致,因此孔隙压缩系数与孔隙度和骨架性质有关.因存在系统误差,体积法测量的孔隙压缩系数数值偏高,且存在逻辑反转现象.弹性模量法消除了系统误差,测量结果符合科学逻辑.岩石孔隙、骨架和外观体积的压缩系数定义的压力不同,不能互相替代.孔隙度为0时,孔隙压缩系数为0,骨架压缩系数和外观体积压缩系数皆不为0,且骨架压缩系数等于外观体积压缩系数.岩石的应力敏感指数可由岩石的孔隙压缩系数求出.由于致密岩石的孔隙压缩系数极低,因此,低渗透储层的应力敏感程度极弱,生产过程可将其忽略.【期刊名称】《石油钻采工艺》【年(卷),期】2010(032)005【总页数】5页(P120-124)【关键词】低渗透;油藏;压缩系数;应力敏感;岩石【作者】李传亮【作者单位】西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室,四川成都,610500【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TE328笔者在文献［1］中提出“低渗透储层不存在强应力敏感”的观点，在其他文献中又不断强化了这个观点，阐述了其理论依据。

文献［2］对笔者的观点进行了质疑，题目是关于应力敏感的，质疑的内容大都是岩石的压缩问题，关于应力敏感的内容极少，现撰文对其进行回复，以期达到更广泛的共识。

Systematic error problem“体积法”测量的岩石压缩系数出现了逻辑反转现象（Hall图版）［3，4］，即高渗透疏松岩石的压缩系数低，低渗透致密岩石的压缩系数高，而且，岩石压缩系数的测量值超过了地层流体［5］。

笔者认为这是由于实验的系统误差所致，实验时将岩心放入柔软的橡胶封套中，由于封套与岩心表面之间存在微间隙，实验测量到了微间隙中流体（包括气泡）的压缩系数，而非完全是岩石的压缩系数。

由于流体的压缩性强，加之封套的塑性变形，实际测到的压缩系数才很高，若是岩石本身的压缩系数，不可能超过地层流体。

西南石油大学学报（自然科学版）2017年12月第39卷第6期Journal of Southwest Petroleum University（Science&Technology Edition）V ol.39No.6Dec.2017DOI：10.11885/j.issn.16745086.2016.05.10.03文章编号：16745086（2017）06009209中图分类号：TE349文献标志码：A顶部注气重力驱技术在底水油藏应用探讨周炜1*，张建东2，唐永亮3，柴小颖2，周燕21.中国石油勘探开发研究院提高石油采收率国家重点实验室，北京海淀1000832.中国石油青海油田分公司勘探开发研究院，甘肃敦煌7362003.中国石油塔里木油田分公司勘探开发研究院，新疆库尔勒841000摘要：顶部注气重力驱技术在国内油田现场应用仍处于“摸石头过河”探索阶段。

通过综合考虑油藏地质参数、开发参数等方面因素，初步定性、定量建立了适合注气重力驱油藏筛选条件，并以国内首个开展实施顶部注气重力驱技术的西部某底水砂岩油藏为例，结合油藏工程法、数值模拟法、现场动态及监测结果等开展注气重力驱油藏方案要点、估算注气规模、开井时机优选及气液界面稳定性研究，论述了注气重力驱关键技术注入优化控制技术、生产井开关井控制技术、注采优化射孔技术、动态跟踪及调整技术，最后，针对控制气液界面稳定性提出“注采兼顾、分区控压限产、追踪界面调整”开发技术政策。

关键词：重力驱；筛选条件；注气规模；气液界面稳定性Application of Top Gas Injection-Assisted Gravity Drainage in BottomWater ReservoirsZHOU Wei1*,ZHANG Jiandong2,TANG Yongliang3,CHAI Xiaoying2,ZHOU Yan21.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,PetroChina,Haidian,Beijing100083,China2.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,Qinghai Oilfield Company,PetroChina,Dunhuang,Gansu736200,China3.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,Tarim Oilfield Company,Korla,Xinjiang841000,ChinaAbstract:The application of top gas injection-assisted gravity drainage technology in domestic oilfields is still in the exploratory stage.Based on the comprehensive consideration of the formation′s geological parameters,development parameters,and other factors,preliminary qualitative and quantitative screening conditions for identifying reservoirs suitable for gas-assisted gravity drainage were established.A bottom water sandstone oil reservoir in the western part of China,where top gas injection-assisted gravity drainage technology was implemented for the first time first in China,was used as an bined with the reservoir engineering method,numerical simulation method,field dynamics,and monitoring results,studies on the key points of gas-assisted gravity drainage reservoirs,estimation of gas injection scale,optimization of well opening timing,and stabil-ity of the gas–liquid interface were carried out.Key technologies of gas-assisted gravity drainage technology were discussed, including injection optimization control technology,production well switch and control technology,injection and production optimization perforation technology,dynamic tracking,and adjustment technology.Finally,for the control of gas–liquid in-terface stability,the technology policy was proposed that recommended focusing on both injection and production,zoning to control pressure and limit production,and tracking interface adjustment.Keywords:gravity drainage;screening conditions;gas injection scale;gas–liquid interface stability网络出版地址：http：///kcms/detail/51.1718.TE.20171019.1000.002.html周炜，张建东，唐永亮，等.顶部注气重力驱技术在底水油藏应用探讨[J].西南石油大学学报（自然科学版），2017，39（6）：92100.ZHOU Wei,ZHANG Jiandong,TANG Yongliang,et al.Application of Top Gas Injection-Assisted Gravity Drainage in Bottom Water Reservoirs[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2017,39(6):92–100.*收稿日期：20160510网络出版时间：20171019通信作者：周炜，E-mail：zhouwei007@基金项目：中国石油天然气股份有限公司科学研究与技术开发项目（KT20171609）第6期周炜，等：顶部注气重力驱技术在底水油藏应用探讨93引言国内外许多学者对顶部注气重力驱技术做了大量研究工作，从室内实验的机理研究到现场效果评价等得出很多认识，值得借鉴[16]。

西南石油大学学报（自然科学版）2017年4月第39卷第2期Journal of Southwest Petroleum University（Science&Technology Edition）V ol.39No.2Apr.2017DOI：10.11885/j.issn.16745086.2015.11.23.03文章编号：16745086（2017）02012507中图分类号：TE357.7文献标志码：A致密油藏水平井分段压裂CO2吞吐实验研究周拓1*，刘学伟1，2，王艳丽3，秦春光4，盖长城51.中国科学院渗流流体力学研究所，河北廊坊0650072.中国石油天然气勘探开发研究院廊坊分院，河北廊坊0650073.中国石油中原石油工程有限公司塔里木分公司，新疆库尔勒8410004.中国石油吉林油田公司，吉林松原1380005.中国石油冀东油田分公司，河北唐山063200摘要：目前，某油田正在进行CO2吞吐试验，该油田属于致密油藏，分段压裂水平井CO2吞吐效果受诸多因素制约，急需通过物理模拟方法研究复杂条件下的CO2吞吐机理。

因此，采用大型物理模拟实验系统，首次选用露头平板模型，针对致密油首次利用致密岩芯和实际原油，开展分段压裂水平井CO2吞吐模拟实验研究。

实验结果表明，CO2吞吐能有效提高致密油藏采收率，且注入压力是CO2吞吐效果重要的影响因素；通过对吞吐过程中模型不同位置压力、出口产量等关键参数分析，明确了CO2吞吐地层能量补充特征。

研究成果对于致密油藏有效开发具有一定指导意义。

关键词：分段压裂水平井；大型物理模拟；CO2吞吐；注入压力；补充地层能量Experiments of CO2Huff-n-puff Process in Staged FracturingHorizontal Wells for Developing Tight Oil ReservoirsZHOU Tuo1*,LIU Xuewei1，2,WANG Yanli3,QIN Chunguang4,GAI Changcheng51.Institute of Porous Flow and Fluid Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Langfang,Hebei065007,Chinangfang Branch of Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development,PetroChina,Langfang,Hebei065007,China3.Tarim branch of Zhongyuan Oilfield Company,PetroChina,Korla,Xinjiang841000,China4.Jilin Oilfield Company,PetroChina,Songyuan,Jilin138000,China5.Jidong Oilfield Company,PetroChina,Tangshan,Hebei063200,ChinaAbstract:Using large physical simulation equipment and outcrop plate model,an experimental study on CO2huff-n-puff in staged fracturing of horizontal wells was carried out.The experiment results show that CO2huff-n-puff can effectively improve oil recovery of tight oil reservoir.In addition,the injection pressure is an important factor affecting CO2huff-n-puff effect.By analyzing pressures at different model locations,production and other key parameters,we clearly define the stratigraphic energy supplement features of CO2huff-n-puff.The result of the research has great significance in the effective development of tight oil reservoirs.Keywords:staged fracturing horizontal wells;large physical simulation;CO2huff-n-puff;injection pressure;stratigraphic energy supplement网络出版地址：http：///kcms/detail/51.1718.TE.20161124.1544.030.html周拓，刘学伟，王艳丽，等.致密油藏水平井分段压裂CO2吞吐实验研究[J].西南石油大学学报（自然科学版），2017，39（2）：125131.ZHOU Tuo,LIU Xuewei,WANG Yanli,et al.Experiments of CO2Huff-n-puff Process in Staged Fracturing Horizontal Wells for Developing Tight Oil Reservoirs[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2017,39(2):125–131.*收稿日期：20151123网络出版时间：20161124通信作者：周拓，E-mail：275719662@基金项目：国家油气重大专项（2011ZX05013006）；中国石油天然气集团公司重大基础攻关课题（2014B1203）126西南石油大学学报（自然科学版）2017年引言中国致密油资源储量丰富，勘探前景广阔[13]。

2021年1月V ol.23No.1西南石油大学学报（社会科学版）Journal of Southwest Petroleum University（Social Sciences Edition）第23卷第1期Jan.2021DOI：10.11885/j.issn.1674-5094.2020.09.23.01文章编号：1674-5094（2021）01-0001-07中图分类号：F407.22文献标志码：A论我国油气资源开发的水土保持生态补偿制度刘洋*，王甲山，李绍萍，黄馨莹东北石油大学经济管理学院，黑龙江大庆163318摘要：油气资源开发过程扰动资源开采地的原始地质地貌和水文情况，成为影响油气产区生态环境的主要因素之一。

当前，我国油气资源开发水土保持生态补偿制度存在着法律体系不健全、补偿主体界定不清、补偿客体未统一、补偿标准有局限、补偿资金来源渠道受限等问题。

为此，可以通过完善油气资源开发水土保持生态补偿法律制度体系、从补偿给付主体和补偿接受主体以及补偿实施主体三方面明确补偿主体、确认补偿客体为水土环境生态利益、依据油田永久占地和临时占地面积折损的水土保持生态服务功能价值计算补偿标准、拓宽补偿途径等措施，进一步优化我国的油气资源开发水土保持生态补偿制度。

关键词：油气资源开发；水土保持；生态补偿；水土保持补偿；生态服务Ecological Compensation System for Soil and Water Conservationin the Exploitation of Oil and Gas Resources in ChinaLIU Yang*,WANG Jiashan,LI Shaoping,HUANG XinyingSchool of Economics and Management，Northeast Petroleum University，Daqing Heilongjiang,163318，China Abstract：The disturbance of the original geology，geomorphology and hydrology in the area of oil and gas exploitation has become one of the main factors affecting the ecological environment of oil and gas exploitation areas.The ecological compensa-tion system for soil and water conservation during oil and gas resource exploitation is faced with multiple limitations in its actual practice，which include imperfect legal system，unprecise definition of compensation subject and object，unclear standard of compensation and limited approaches of compensation.We suggest optimizing the ecological compensation system for soil and water conservation during exploitation of oil and gas resources by improving relevant laws and regulations，determining com-pensation subject in terms of compensation payment，compensation acceptance and compensation implementation，defining ecological benefit of soil and water environment as the object of compensation，calculating compensation standard according to the ecological service function value of soil and water conservation damaged by permanent and temporary expropriation of land，and by diversifying approaches of compensation.Key words：exploitation of oil and gas resources；water and soil conservation；ecological compensation；compensation for water and soil conservation；ecological service刘洋，王甲山，李绍萍，等．论我国油气资源开发的水土保持生态补偿制度[J]．西南石油大学学报：社会科学版，2021，23（1）：1–7．LIU Yang,WANG Jiashan,LI Shaoping,et al．Ecological Compensation System for Soil and Water Conservation in the Exploitation of Oil and Gas Resources in China[J]．Journal of Southwest Petroleum University：Social Sciences Edition，2021，23（1）：1–7．*收稿日期：2020–09–23作者简介：刘洋（1983–），女（汉族），吉林公主岭人，副教授，博士，研究方向：油气资源经济管理。

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西南石油大学学报（自然科学版）2017年8月第39卷第4期Journal of Southwest Petroleum University（Science&Technology Edition）V ol.39No.4Aug.2017DOI：10.11885/j.issn.16745086.2016.06.25.03文章编号：16745086（2017）04009014中图分类号：TE348文献标志码：A低渗透油藏储层多尺度裂缝的建模方法研究刘建军1，2，3*，吴明洋2，宋睿1，2，黄刘科2，戴小军21.“油气藏地质及开发工程”国家重点实验室·西南石油大学，四川成都6105002.西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院，四川成都6105003.武汉轻工大学多孔介质力学研究所，湖北武汉430023摘要：低渗透油藏储层中流体的流动是一个横跨致密基质、天然裂缝、水压裂缝、井筒的典型多尺度力学行为。

明确油藏储层中裂缝的尺度分级，建立精确的低渗透储层多尺度裂缝模型，探究多尺度之间的级联耦合作用过程和内在联系，是低渗透油藏渗流研究的关键，也是实现超低渗透油藏有效开发的重要理论基础。

根据复杂学科的多尺度关联方法及油藏多尺度裂缝建模的相关文献资料，明确提出了油藏中多尺度裂缝的尺度分级标准，总结归纳了多尺度关联方法和低渗透油藏储层多尺度裂缝模型，分析了按连续介质思想和离散介质思想构建的几种代表模型的优劣。

在此基础上，提出了储层裂缝多尺度建模的建议，并指出了低渗透油藏多尺度裂缝建模研究的趋势。

关键词：低渗透油藏；多尺度裂缝；数学模型；多尺度关联；表征方法Study on Simulation Method of Multi-scale Fractures in LowPermeability ReservoirsLIU Jianjun1，2，3*,WU Mingyang2,SONG Rui1，2,HUANG Liuke2,DAI Xiaojun21.State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation,Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu,Sichuan610500,China2.School of Geoscience and Technology,Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu,Sichuan610500,China3.Institute of Poromechanics,Wuhan Polytechnic University,Wuhan,Hubei430023,ChinaAbstract:The flow of fluids in low permeability reservoirs displays typical multi-scale mechanical behavior across dense ma-trices,natural fractures,hydraulic fractures,and wellbores.Studying the classification of the scale of fractures in reservoirs, establishing an accurate multi-scale fracture model in low permeability reservoirs,and exploring the cascade coupling process and internal correlations between multi-scales are the keys to the study of seepage flow in low permeability reservoirs and pro-vide an important theoretical basis for effective recovery from low permeability reservoirs.Based on the multi-scale correlation method of complex disciplines and the relevant literature on multi-scale fracturing modeling of reservoirs,the scale classifica-tion criteria of multi-scale fractures in reservoirs are proposed.In addition,the multi-scale correlation method and multi-scale fracture model in low permeability reservoirs are summarized.The advantages and disadvantages of several representative models constructed from a continuous media perspective and a discrete media perspective were analyzed.Based on the study′s results,recommendations for constructing the multi-scale model of reservoir fractures are proposed and the research trend of multi-scale fracture modeling in low permeability reservoirs is pointed out.Keywords:low permeability reservoir;multi-scale fractures;mathematical model;multi-scale correlation;characterization method网络出版地址：http：///kcms/detail/51.1718.TE.20170623.0921.004.html刘建军，吴明洋，宋睿，等.低渗透油藏储层多尺度裂缝的建模方法研究[J].西南石油大学学报（自然科学版），2017，39（4）：90103.LIU Jianjun,WU Mingyang,SONG Rui,et al.Study on Simulation Method of Multi-scale Fractures in Low Permeability Reservoirs[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2017,39(4):90–103.*收稿日期：20160625网络出版时间：20170623通信作者：刘建军，E-mail：liujj0906@基金项目：国家科技重大专项（2017ZX05013006）第4期刘建军，等：低渗透油藏储层多尺度裂缝的建模方法研究91引言低渗透油藏在中国石油工业中占有重要地位。

第19卷　第4期 西南石油学院学报 Vol.19　No.4 1997年　11月 Journal of S outhwest Petroleum Institute Nov　1997不稳定试井分析中参数识别的神经网络方法Ξ胡　泽(西南石油学院石油工程系,四川南充637001)摘要　在不稳定试井分析中,调整试井解释参数往往花费解释人员大量的时间。

特别,当试井解释参数较多时,进行参数调整就更为困难,有时得不到一个合理的参数识别结果。

因此,研究新的试井解释参数识别方法势在必行。

目前,典型曲线的自动拟合方法是其研究成果之一,但由于数值计算方法的局限,使得该方法难于推广。

文中研究了基于神经网络的系统辨识方法在不稳定试井分析参数识别中的应用。

通过神经网络对一实际的油气藏系统进行建模和辨识,从而由新的神经网络模型可以获得参数识别结果。

着重讨论了均质地层和双重介质地层的压力不稳定测试的参数识别问题,一个实例的分析显示了该识别算法的特性。

主题词　试井解释;参数识别;系统辨识;神经网络中图分类号　TE353.2前　言试井资料的解释包括定义一个适当的解释模型(内边界,地层,外边界),调整油藏模型参数来获得油田数据与理论数据的最佳拟合。

先前的典型曲线分析都是通过手工计算油藏压力响应,然后与理论模型的压力响应相拟合,从而获得系统的参数识别,这种方法受人的主观性影响。

机辅典型曲线的自动拟合能够消除主观性的影响,而且在分析变流量史的测试,处理不充分或根本不存在典型曲线的复杂油藏模型(水平井,边界系统)方面有突出的优点。

当仅用压力进行分析时,可避免噪声对压力导数的影响。

目前的典型曲线自动拟合方法均是建立在回归分析基础上。

尽管这种非线性回归分析似乎比传统的典型曲线拟合更适用,但它却遭受到非唯一解的影响,不同的初始估计值可能会得到不同的结果,况且对某些初始值,可能会发散。

近几年来,神经网络技术发展迅速,已经应用在各个方面。

对系统辨识而言,非线性系统的辨识一直难于找到相应的数学方法,神经网络因其学习能力和非线性特性,在这方面具有很大的潜力。

西南石油大学学报 （自然科学版）2017 年 6 月 第 39 卷 第 3 期 Journal of Southwest Petroleum University （ Science & Technology Edition ） Vol. 39 No. 3 Jun. 2017 DOI： 10.11885/j.issn.1674 5086.2015.12.31.01 （ 2017） 03 0066 11 文章编号：1674 5086 中图分类号：TE122 文献标志码：A莺 琼盆地轴向水道沉积演化及勘探前景何小胡 * ， 张迎朝， 张道军， 陈 杨， 黄 灿中国海洋石油总公司南海西部石油管理局， 广东 湛江 524057摘 要：莺 琼盆地在莺歌海期和黄流期发育大规模的轴向水道沉积体系， 但由于对这种轴向水道的成因机制及水道 砂体的分布规律缺乏系统认识， 勘探一直未能取得商业性突破。

针对制约轴向水道沉积体系勘探的物源和储层展布 问题， 以最具代表意义的轴向水道 琼东南盆地中央峡谷为例， 应用地质与地震相结合分析技术、 多属性融合技 术、 适用于峡谷水道体系的地震沉积学等， 开展了具有针对性的物源体系、 沉积演化、 储层展布等方面的研究， 阐明了 中央峡谷水道的物源、 沉积演化及优质储层展布规律， 建立了具有储层预测功能的峡谷沉积模式及水道砂叠置方式， 指出乐东 10 1 峡谷水道等 4 个潜在的大型岩性圈闭群是轴向水道领域的下一步勘探有利区域， 提升了轴向水道勘探 潜力。

关键词：莺 琼盆地； 轴向水道； 中央峡谷； 充填演化； 储层展布Sedimentary Evolution and Exploration Prospects of Axial Channel in Ying–Qiong BasinHE Xiaohu* , ZHANG Yingchao, ZHANG Daojun, CHEN Yang, HUANG CanCNOOC Nanhai West Petroleum Bureau, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524057, ChinaAbstract: Channel sandstone is the most important oil and gas reservoir type in deep-water sedimentary systems. A large-scale axial channel deposition system is present in the Yinggehai and Huangliu Formations in the Ying-Qiong Basin. Axial channels are considered an important area for oil and gas exploration in the Ying-Qiong basin, and are valued by domestic and international companies. However, due to a lack of systematic understanding of the formation mechanism and distribution of sandstones in such axial channels, exploration thus far has been unable to yield a commercial breakthrough. This study aimed to resolve issues of provenance and reservoir distribution, which have restricted the exploration of axial channel depositional systems. The central valley, which is the most representative axial channel in the Qiongdongnan Basin, was taken as an example. Combined geological and seismic analysis, multi-attribute integration technology, seismic sedimentology, and other new technologies suited to canyon channel systems were applied in this study. We then carried out targeted research on the provenance system, sedimentary evolution, and reservoir distribution, thereby clarifying the provenance, sedimentary evolution and quality reservoir distribution patterns of the central valley channel. We have also established a sedimentation model and channel sandstone superimposition method for the central valley, which could be used to predict the structure of the reservoir. Our results revealed the existence of four potential large lithologic traps, such as in the Ledong 10-1 Valley channel. These areas are favorable for the next step of exploration of axial channels, thus greatly enhancing their exploration potential. Keywords: Ying–Qiong Basin; axial channel; central valley; filling evolution; reservoir distribution网络出版地址：http： ///kcms/detail/51.1718.TE.20170303.1107.002.htm ： 何小胡， 张迎朝， 张道军， 等. 莺 琼盆地轴向水道沉积演化及勘探前景[J]. 西南石油大学学报 （自然科学版） ， 2017， 39 （3 ） 66 76. HE Xiaohu, ZHANG Yingchao, ZHANG Daojun, et al. Sedimentary Evolution and Exploration Prospects of Axial Channel in Ying–Qiong Basin[J]. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Science & Technology Edition), 2017, 39(3): 66–76.* 收稿日期：2015 12 31网络出版时间：2017 03 03通信作者：何小胡， E-mail： 187383734@ 基金项目：国家科技重大专项 （ 2016ZX05026 02）第3期何小胡， 等： 莺 琼盆地轴向水道沉积演化及勘探前景67引 言轴向重力流沉积是浊积岩[1 3]了较大改善， 使得对盆地整体结构和地层层序的认 识更加全面。