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小学下册英语第5单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.What is the main ingredient in guacamole?A. TomatoB. AvocadoC. OnionD. PepperB Avocado2.The study of Earth's surface features is known as ______.3.The elephant's large ears help it cool down in hot ________________ (天气).4.__________ (可再生资源) are resources that can be replenished naturally.5. A butterfly undergoes metamorphosis to become an ________________ (成虫).6.I brush my ___ (teeth) every day.7.I can ______ (skip) rope very well.8.I see _____ birds flying. (many)9.My uncle is a __________ (环境科学家).10.Which of these animals can be found in the Arctic?A. LionB. PenguinC. Polar bearD. GiraffeC11.The _______ changes with the seasons.12.This boy, ______ (这个男孩), loves to play basketball after school.13.I want to ________ (perform) on stage.14. A __________ is a young horse.15.What do you call the main character in a comic book?A. VillainB. HeroC. SidekickD. AntiheroB16.The _______ can change with the seasons.17. A ____ is a small bird that sings sweetly.18.My __________ (玩具名) has many __________ (名词) to choose from.19.What do we use to measure time?A. RulerB. ClockC. ScaleD. Compass20.My cousin has a pet _______ (我表弟有一只宠物_______).21.What is the term for the study of stars and planets?A. BiologyB. ChemistryC. AstronomyD. GeologyC22.I can _______ my favorite song.23.The Sun is primarily composed of hydrogen and ______.24. A combustion reaction is one that involves ______ and produces heat.25.What do we call a series of steps to solve a problem?A. StrategyB. PlanC. MethodD. EquationA26.The pelican has a large bill to catch _________ (鱼).27.I like to _______ (参加) dance classes on Fridays.28.The _______ (犬) is often considered man's best friend.29.What do we call the story of someone's life written by that person?A. FictionB. AutobiographyC. BiographyD. NovelB30.What is the term for a shooting star?A. MeteorB. CometC. AsteroidD. Satellite31.The ____ loves to jump and is very playful.32.What do you call a scientist who studies rocks?A. BiologistB. ChemistC. GeologistD. PhysicistC33.The bear catches fish in the cold ____.34.The _____ (植物发展战略) can lead to sustainable practices.35.Which animal is known for its ability to fly?A. FishB. BirdC. SnakeD. DogB36.What instrument do you use to play music?A. BrushB. GuitarC. PencilD. Ball37.The __________ (历史的文化认同) shapes identities.38.What do we call a person who plays the piano?A. PianistB. MusicianC. ArtistD. All of the above39.What do you call a young goat?A. CalfB. PigletC. KidD. Lamb40.The butterfly goes through a ______ (变形) phase.41.The hedgehog curls into a _________ (球).42.I can ________ my name.43.What do we use to take photographs?A. CameraB. MicroscopeC. TelescopeD. ProjectorA44.The capital of Libya is ________ (利比亚的首都是________).45.We visit the ______ (博物馆) for exhibitions.46.I want to _____ (visit) the aquarium.47.How many legs does a cat have?A. SixB. FourC. ThreeD. FiveB48.What do we call the lines that run north and south on a map?A. LatitudeB. LongitudeC. MeridianD. EquatorB49.What is the capital city of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KazanD. Novosibirsk50.I see a _______ (whale) in the ocean.51.What is the capital of Finland?A. HelsinkiB. EspooC. TurkuD. Tampere52.We have a ______ (特别的) program at school.53.The chemical symbol for calcium is _______.54.How many colors are there in a rainbow?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. EightC55.What do you call a group of wolves?A. PackB. FlockC. SwarmD. HerdA56. A _____ (植物保护倡导) can raise awareness about biodiversity.57.What is the tallest building in the world?A. Empire State BuildingB. Burj KhalifaC. Sears TowerD. Taipei 10158.I have many friends at __________. (学校)59.The Earth's crust is made up of several ______ plates.60.She _____ (reads/writes) stories.61.We can create a ________ project.62.I have a _______ (dream) to travel the world.63.What do you call a large body of freshwater?A. OceanB. SeaC. LakeD. RiverC64.The __________ (历史的文化) informs contemporary practices.65.The ____ has a friendly demeanor and enjoys being petted.66.She has a big ________.67. A bee gathers _______ from flowers to make honey.68.The __________ is important for life on Earth.69.The ______ is wearing a blue dress.70.________ (植物多样性保护研究) is crucial for health.71.I like to _____ (jump/run) in the park.72.Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. CircleC. TriangleD. RectangleC73.The ______ teaches us about history.74. A polymer is a large molecule made up of many ______.75. A compass uses the Earth’s magnetic ______.76.Which planet is known as the "Giant Planet"?A. MercuryB. NeptuneC. JupiterD. SaturnC77. A ____ is a playful creature that loves to chase after balls.78.Each season brings new ______ (植物).79.Which animal is known for its ability to change color?A. ChameleonB. ElephantC. TigerD. Bear80.The __________ (历史的启示) guides our future.81.What do you call a large area of flat land?A. PlateauB. MountainC. ValleyD. PlainD82. A base can turn red litmus paper ______.83.He _____ (likes/dislikes) to play video games.84.What is the name of the famous bear who lives in the Hundred Acre Wood?A. Paddington BearB. Winnie the PoohC. Yogi BearD. BalooB85.What do we call a period of ten years?A. CenturyB. DecadeC. YearD. Era86. A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed is called a _______.87.My mom enjoys __________ (和朋友聚会) on weekends.88.What is the name of the closest star system to Earth?A. Alpha CentauriB. Proxima CentauriC. Barnard's StarD. Sirius89.The __________ is a major river that flows through Brazil. (亚马逊河)90.How many bones are in a child's body?A. 206B. 205C. 300D. 25091.I have a pet ___ . (dog)92. (Mayan) civilization was advanced in mathematics and astronomy. The ____93.My brother rides a ___ (bike).94.I love to explore ________ (湖泊) on weekends.95.What do you call the place where you go to watch movies?A. TheaterB. LibraryC. SchoolD. Park96.An atom's nucleus contains protons and ______.97.__________ are used in the production of cleaning products.98.__________ are used to dissolve other substances in a solution.99.My family enjoys __________ together. (看电影)100.His favorite food is ________.。
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绳:C9FE绵:C3E0绸:B3F1绿:C2CC十二画琴斑替款堪搭塔越趁趋超提堤博揭喜插揪搜煮援裁搁搂搅握揉斯期欺联散惹葬葛董葡敬葱落朝辜葵棒棋植森椅椒棵棍棉棚棕惠惑逼厨厦硬确雁殖裂雄暂雅辈悲紫辉敞赏掌晴暑最量喷晶喇遇喊景践跌跑遗蛙蛛蜓喝喂喘喉幅帽赌赔黑铸铺链销锁锄锅锈锋锐短智毯鹅剩稍程稀税筐等筑策筛筒答筋筝傲傅牌堡集焦傍储奥街惩御循艇舒番释禽腊脾腔鲁猾猴然馋装蛮就痛童阔善羡普粪尊道曾焰港湖渣湿温渴滑湾渡游滋溉愤慌惰愧愉慨割寒富窜窝窗遍裕裤裙谢谣谦属屡强粥疏隔隙絮嫂登缎缓编骗缘琴:C7D9斑:B0DF替:CCE6款:BFEE堪:BFB0搭:B4EE塔:CBFE越:D4BD趁:B3C3趋:C7F7超:B3AC提:CCE1堤:B5CC博:B2A9揭:BDD2喜:CFB2插:B2E5揪:BEBE搜:CBD1煮:D6F3援:D4AE裁:B2C3搁:B8E9搂:C2A7搅:BDC1握:CED5揉:C8E0斯:CBB9期:C6DA联:C1AA 散:C9A2 惹:C8C7 葬:D4E1 葛:B8F0 董:B6AD 葡:C6CF 敬:BEB4 葱:B4D0 落:C2E4 朝:B3AF 辜:B9BC 葵:BFFB 棒:B0F4 棋:C6E5 植:D6B2 森:C9AD 椅:D2CE 椒:BDB7 棵:BFC3 棍:B9F7 棉:C3DE 棚:C5EF 棕:D7D8 惠:BBDD 惑:BBF3 逼:B1C6 厨:B3F8 厦:CFC3 硬:D3B2 确:C8B7 雁:D1E3 殖:D6B3 裂:C1D1 雄:D0DB 暂:D4DD 雅:D1C5 辈:B1B2 悲:B1AF 紫:D7CF 辉:BBD4 敞:B3A8 赏:C9CD晴:C7E7 暑:CAEE 最:D7EE 量:C1BF 喷:C5E7 晶:BEA7 喇:C0AE 遇:D3F6 喊:BAB0 景:BEB0 践:BCF9 跌:B5F8 跑:C5DC 遗:D2C5 蛙:CDDC 蛛:D6EB 蜓:F2D1 喝:BAC8 喂:CEB9 喘:B4AD 喉:BAED 幅:B7F9 帽:C3B1 赌:B6C4 赔:C5E2 黑:BADA 铸:D6FD 铺:C6CC 链:C1B4 销:CFFA 锁:CBF8 锄:B3FA 锅:B9F8 锈:D0E2 锋:B7E6 锐:C8F1 短:B6CC 智:D6C7 毯:CCBA 鹅:B6EC 剩:CAA3 稍:C9D4 程:B3CC税:CBB0 筐:BFF0 等:B5C8 筑:D6FE 策:B2DF 筛:C9B8 筒:CDB2 答:B4F0 筋:BDEE 筝:F3DD 傲:B0C1 傅:B8B5 牌:C5C6 堡:B1A4 集:BCAF 焦:BDB9 傍:B0F8 储:B4A2 奥:B0C2 街:BDD6 惩:B3CD 御:D3F9 循:D1AD 艇:CDA7 舒:CAE6 番:B7AC 释:CACD 禽:C7DD 腊:C0B0 脾:C6A2 腔:C7BB 鲁:C2B3 猾:BBAB 猴:BAEF 然:C8BB 馋:B2F6 装:D7B0 蛮:C2F9 就:BECD 痛:CDB4 童:CDAF 阔:C0AB 善:C9C6普:C6D5 粪:B7E0 尊:D7F0 道:B5C0 曾:D4F8 焰:D1E6 港:B8DB 湖:BAFE 渣:D4FC 湿:CAAA 温:CEC2 渴:BFCA 滑:BBAC 湾:CDE5 渡:B6C9 游:D3CE 滋:D7CC 溉:B8C8 愤:B7DF 慌:BBC5 惰:B6E8 愧:C0A2 愉:D3E4 慨:BFAE 割:B8EE 寒:BAAE 富:B8BB 窜:B4DC 窝:CED1 窗:B4B0 遍:B1E9 裕:D4A3 裤:BFE3 裙:C8B9 谢:D0BB 谣:D2A5 谦:C7AB 属:CAF4 屡:C2C5 强:C7BF 粥:D6E0 疏:CAE8 隔:B8F4絮:D0F5嫂:C9A9登:B5C7缎:B6D0缓:BBBA编:B1E0骗:C6AD缘:D4B5十三画瑞魂肆摄摸填搏塌鼓摆携搬摇搞塘摊蒜勤鹊蓝墓幕蓬蓄蒙蒸献禁楚想槐榆楼概赖酬感碍碑碎碰碗碌雷零雾雹输督龄鉴睛睡睬鄙愚暖盟歇暗照跨跳跪路跟遣蛾蜂嗓置罪罩错锡锣锤锦键锯矮辞稠愁筹签简毁舅鼠催傻像躲微愈遥腰腥腹腾腿触解酱痰廉新韵意粮数煎塑慈煤煌满漠源滤滥滔溪溜滚滨粱滩慎誉塞谨福群殿辟障嫌嫁叠缝缠瑞:C8F0魂:BBEA肆:CBC1摄:C9E3摸:C3FE填:CCEE搏:B2AB塌:CBFA鼓:B9C4摆:B0DA携:D0AF搬:B0E1摇:D2A1搞:B8E3塘:CCC1摊:CCAF蒜:CBE2勤:C7DA鹊:C8B5蓝:C0B6墓:C4B9幕:C4BB蓬:C5EE蓄:D0EE蒙:C3C9蒸:D5F4献:CFD7。
eng, eb, ed, eg eng1鶯beng 1崩硼繃 ceng4曾層 deng1登燈瞪/2等/3櫈/6鄧geng 1羹更/2梗/3更gueng 1轟heng 1亨哼/2肯/ 4行恆恒衡/6杏幸keng 2啃 meng2忟/4萌盟 neng 4能 peng4朋憑seng 1生牲笙甥 teng4藤籐騰滕 weng4宏弘泓zeng 1曾僧憎/6贈eb1ceb 1緝輯 deb1耷/6 geb 1急/3鴿/6 heb 1洽恰/6合盒俠峽keb1吸級給/6及leb1笠/6立 neb1粒凹 seb1濕/6十拾 yeb1泣邑熠/6入 zeb 1汁執edbed 1不筆畢/6拔跋弼ced 1七漆 ded6凸突 fed1忽惚笏弗彿拂狒氟窟/6乏伐筏閥佛罰ged 1吉拮/6趷gued 1骨/6掘崛 hed1乞/6核 ked1咳 led1甩 med1乜/6勿物密蜜襪nged 6屹ped1匹 sed1失室膝/6實 wed 1屈鬱/6核 yed1一壹/6日逸溢zed 1質/6姪窒egbeg 1北 deg1得德/6特 heg1克剋刻黑 leg6肋勒 meg1嘜/6陌麥脈墨默seg 1塞 zeg1則側詞 匯beng1 dai2繃帶 cang2 zeb1橙汁 yeb6 heo2入口(入口,进口)ceng4 qi3層次 keb1 seo1吸收 meg1 teo4嘜頭(标签,商标, trade mark) geng3 ga1更加 yeo4 ced1油漆 led1 dei2甩底(失约,放鸽子)qi4 geng1匙羹 fed6 gao3佛教 deb6 gued1揼骨(按摩)heng4 wen1恆温 ben2 zed1品質 heb6 gag3合格(及格,合格)heng4 wei4行為 med6 sed1密室 zeb1 sang1執生(随机应变)heng6 yen4杏仁 xi1 med6絲襪 sem1 geb1心急(焦急,着急)zeng6 ben2贈品 gem1 yed6今日 sei3 zed6世姪 (称呼朋友的儿子)dei1 neng4低能 hed1 yi1乞兒(乞丐) yed1 yed6 yeo4一日遊wei1 seng1衛生 keng2 cen1啃親(噎住) ji6 yeo4 heng4自由行peng4 yeo5朋友 seg1 cé1塞車(堵车) meg6 seng1 yen4陌生人men4 peng4文憑 yeo1 wed1憂鬱(忧郁) ngeo4 leg6 gued1牛肋骨sei1 beg1西北 wed6 ded6核突(恶心) sed1 teo4 go1膝頭哥(膝盖)dai6 meg6大麥 geng2 hei6梗係(当然) ced1 seb6 yed1七十一 (71, 7-Eleven) ceb1 xi1緝私 bed1 guo3不過wed1 sen4 xi6屈臣氏deng2 yed1 zen6等一陣(等一会儿) yi4 seng1 zei2姨甥仔(外甥)m4 deng2 sei2唔等使(不实用) teo4 deb1 deb1頭耷耷(耷拉着头)heo2 leb6 seb1口立濕(零食) seb1 seb1 leb6 leb6濕濕立立(湿漉漉)da2 zeg1 sen1打側身(侧着身) leg1 leg1 keg1 keg1勒勒卡卡(结结巴巴) guo3 teo4 leb1過頭笠(套头T恤) neb1 neb1 ded6 ded6凹凹凸凸med6 gua1 wed6蜜瓜核(蜜瓜籽)deg1 go3 ged1得個桔(到最后一场空)空,音同凶为忌讳改成吉祥的吉同音字桔十 二、 下 雨 天 (log6 yu5落雨)Sou1 Xi1 Log6 yun4 yu5 méi6 a3 ?蘇詩 : 落完雨未呀 ?雨 下 完 了 没 有 ?Leo4 Yen1 Méi6 a3. Zung6 log6 gen2.劉茵 : 未呀。
不同剂量PDE5抑制剂治疗男性勃起功能障碍的疗效研究作者:叶雪挺陈洪德张奕荣来源:《中国现代医生》2013年第29期[摘要] 目的观察不同剂量磷酸二酯酶(PDE5)抑制剂治疗男性勃起功能障碍的疗效。
方法 ED患者随机分为A、B、C三组,每次分别给予5 mg、10 mg和20 mg不同剂量伐地那非口服。
结果三组患者治疗后国际勃起功能指数(IIEF)均高于治疗前(P < 0.05)。
A、B、C 三组患者日记记录插入成功率分别为72.0%、76.0%、68.0%;完成性交的成功率分别为60.0%、72.0%、64.0%,均高于治疗前(P < 0.05)。
A、B、C组药物副反应发生率分别为28.0%、32.0%、64.0%,C组明显低于A、B两组(P < 0.05)。
结论伐地那非给药5 mg/次即有治疗ED的效果,且药物副作用低。
[关键词] 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂;男性勃起功能障碍;疗效;副反应[中图分类号] R698.1 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2013)29-0050-03男性勃起功能障碍(erectile dysfunction,ED)是男科较常遇到的一类疾病,研究表明其主要由心理、生理因素造成[1]。
目前,磷酸二酯酶(PDE5)抑制剂是治疗本病的主要药物之一,其中以伐地那非最为常用。
由于目前伐地那非治疗ED并无统一的剂量使用标准,患者在服药时往往根据经验及效果选择剂量。
临床实践发现[2],不合理地使用伐地那非,可能会使头痛、头晕等副反应发生率增加。
因此,探讨合理的给药剂量及方法尤为重要。
本研究对口服不同剂量伐地那非的疗效及副反应发生情况进行观察,旨在探讨临床用药的合理性与安全性,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法1.1 一般资料本研究共纳入ED患者75例,为我院2012年1~12月间门诊患者。
纳入标准[3]:①未服用任何药物的情况下,在4 d内尝试性交4次,有2次以上失败者;②年龄≥25岁。
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDINTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT DISTRIBUTED FOR APPROVAL. IT MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.CE DOCUMENT EST UN PROJET DIFFUSÉ POUR APPROBATION. IL NE PEUT ÊTRE CITÉ COMME NORME INTERNATIONALE AVANT SA PUBLICATION EN TANT QUE TELLE.OUTRE LE FAIT D'ÊTRE EXAMINÉS POUR ÉTABLIR S'ILS SONT ACCEPTABLES À DES FINS INDUSTRIELLES, TECHNOLOGIQUES ET COMMERCIALES, AINSI QUE DU POINT DE VUE DES UTILISATEURS, LES PROJETS FINAUX DE NORMES INTERNATIONALES DOIVENT PARFOIS ÊTRE EXAMINÉS EN VUE DE LEUR POSSIBILITÉ DE DEVENIR DES NORMES POUVANT SERVIR DE RÉFÉRENCE DANS LES RÈGLEMENTATIONS NATIONALES.TitleAmendment 1 to IEC 60404-5 Ed. 2.0: Magnetic materials - Part 5: Permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials - Methods of measurement of magnetic propertiesTitreAmendement 1 à la CEI 60404-5 Ed. 2.0: Matériaux magnétiques - Partie 5: Aimants permanents (magnétiques durs) - Méthodes de mesure des propriétés magnétiquesCopyright © 2006 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is permitted to download this electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions. You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose without permission in writing from IEC.FORM FDIS (IEC)/FORMULAIRE FDIS (CEI) 2002-08-08FOREWORDThis amendment has been prepared by IEC technical committee 68: Magnetic alloys and steels. The text of this amendment is based on the following documents:FDIS Report on voting68/XX/FDIS 68/XX/RVDFull information on the voting for the approval of this amendment can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table.The committee has decided that the contents of this amendment and the base publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance result date1) indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be• reconfirmed,• withdrawn,• replaced by a revised edition, or• amended._____________Page 3CONTENTSAdd the following line at the end:Annex B (informative) Influence of the ambient temperature on measurement resultsPage 91.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.Delete the dates to the 4 dated references.___________1)The National Committees are requested to note that for this publication the maintenance result date is 2012.Page 198 Determination of the demagnetization curveInsert at the end of the first sentence of the 3rd paragraph:“(see Annex B)”and after the 3rd paragraph the following note:“NOTE For the methods of (non-normative) measurements at elevated temperatures, see IEC 61807”.8.1 Principle of determination of the demagnetization curve, test specimen magnetizedin the electromagnetAdd at the end of the first paragraph:“(see Figure 2)”Page 218.2 Principle of determination of the demagnetization curve, test specimen magnetizedin a superconducting coil or pulse magnetizerAdd the following sentence at the end of the first paragraph:“The magnetic field strength required for saturation depends on the type of the magnetic material of the test specimen and on its coercivity.”Insert the following note after the 4th paragraph:“NOTE The magnetic field strength obtainable using an electromagnet may not be sufficient to measure very high values of the coercivity related to the magnetic polarization, H cJ. In such a case, the measurement can be carried out using other methods such as a superconducting coil or the pulse field method (see IEC 62331). These methods are, however, not normative.”9.2 (BH)max productOn page 23, at the end of a), replace “(see figure 2)” with:“(see Figure 3)”9.4 Determination of the recoil line and the recoil permeabilityIn the first sentence, replace “(Figure 3)” with:“(Figure 4)”Pages 26 and 27Insert the following new Figure 2 after Figure 1.Renumber the existing Figures 2 and 3 as Figures 3 and 4.H probeKeyH H measuring equipment E power supply to magnetize the specimen B B measuring equipment S switchingequipment(J J measuring equipment)equipmentR X-YrecordingFigure 2 – Measuring circuitPage 29Annex AAdd the following last line to the “table” above Figure A.1:(Material d / l)0,005”“REFeB340/130Add the following new Annex B:Annex B(informative)Influence of the ambient temperatureon measurement resultsTable B.1 shows the temperature coefficients of B r and H cJ of various kinds of permanent magnet materials.Table B.1 – Temperature coefficients of B r and H cJ of permanent magnet materials Material α(B r) %/℃α(H cJ) %/℃AlNiCo CrFeCo FeCoVCr RECo REFeB Hard ferrites –0,02–0,05 to –0,03–0,01–0,04 to –0,03–0,12 to –0,09–0,2–0,07 to +0,03–0,04–0–0,3 to –0,25–0,6 to –0,450,20 to 0,50The ambient temperature recommended in this standard is (23 ± 5) °C. This temperature range is considered to be adequate in the case of AlNiCo, CrFeCo and FeCoVCr permanent magnet materials because the absolute value of temperature coefficient of H cJ of these materials is smaller than 0,1 %/°C.However, in the case of temperature sensitive magnet materials such as REFeB and hard ferrites, the temperature variation within the range of ±5 °C may change measurement results considerably. For example, in the case of REFeB 240/200, the difference of measured H cJ values between 18 °C (the lowest temperature in the range) and 28 °C (the highest temperature in the range) measurements is estimated to be 100 kA/m supposing that its H cJ is 2000 kA/m and the temperature coefficient of H cJ is –0,50 %/°C.When measuring magnet materials which are sensitive to temperature, it is recommended that the ambient temperature is controlled within ±1 °C.Add the following new Bibliography:BibliographyIEC 61807, Magnetic properties of magnetically hard materials at elevated temperatures – Methods of measurementIEC 62331, Pulsed field magnetometry___________ISBN 2-8318-XXXX-XTypeset and printed by the IEC Central OfficeGENEVA, SWITZERLAND。
PDE5抑制剂药理特性分析PDE5抑制剂是一类药物,用于治疗勃起功能障碍(ED)等性功能障碍。
这类药物通过抑制磷酸二酯酶5(PDE5)的活性,从而提高一氧化氮(NO)和环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)在人体中的浓度,进而增加血液流入阴茎并促进勃起。
以下是PDE5抑制剂的药理特性的分析:1.作用机制:PDE5抑制剂通过抑制PDE5的活性,增加cGMP在细胞内的浓度。
cGMP进一步促进血管舒张,增加血液流入阴茎海绵体,使勃起发生。
2.药物代谢:PDE5抑制剂主要在肝脏中代谢。
多数药物通过细胞色素P450酶系统代谢,并以肾脏和粪便的形式排泄出体外。
3.投药途径和生物利用度:PDE5抑制剂可经口服或直接注射使用。
口服给药后,药物在胃肠道被吸收并转运到肝脏,再进入全身循环。
生物利用度在不同的药物中有所差异,通常在50%到85%之间。
4.药动学特性:PDE5抑制剂在体内的半衰期通常在2至4小时之间,但具体数值会因药物种类和个体差异而异。
这类药物通常被肝脏和肾脏迅速代谢和清除。
5.药物相互作用:PDE5抑制剂与一些药物之间存在临床上的相互作用。
例如,与硝酸酯类药物同时使用可能会导致危险的血压下降。
此外,与一些抗真菌药物、抗生素和抗癫痫药物同时使用时,也可能发生药物相互作用。
6.不良反应:PDE5抑制剂在一些患者中可能引起头痛、面部潮红、消化不良和鼻塞等不适反应。
这些不良反应通常是短暂的,出现后自行缓解。
但在极少数患者中,可能会出现严重的心血管不良反应,如心脏病发作和心律失常。
7.适应症和禁忌症:PDE5抑制剂主要用于治疗ED。
此外,也可以与其他药物联合使用,以治疗肺动脉高压等心血管疾病。
禁忌症包括对该类药物过敏、严重心脏病和肝肾功能不全等。
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绳:C9FE绵:C3E0绸:B3F1绿:C2CC十二画琴斑替款堪搭塔越趁趋超提堤博揭喜插揪搜煮援裁搁搂搅握揉斯期欺联散惹葬葛董葡敬葱落朝辜葵棒棋植森椅椒棵棍棉棚棕惠惑逼厨厦硬确雁殖裂雄暂雅辈悲紫辉敞赏掌晴暑最量喷晶喇遇喊景践跌跑遗蛙蛛蜓喝喂喘喉幅帽赌赔黑铸铺链销锁锄锅锈锋锐短智毯鹅剩稍程稀税筐等筑策筛筒答筋筝傲傅牌堡集焦傍储奥街惩御循艇舒番释禽腊脾腔鲁猾猴然馋装蛮就痛童阔善羡普粪尊道曾焰港湖渣湿温渴滑湾渡游滋溉愤慌惰愧愉慨割寒富窜窝窗遍裕裤裙谢谣谦属屡强粥疏隔隙絮嫂登缎缓编骗缘琴:C7D9斑:B0DF替:CCE6款:BFEE堪:BFB0搭:B4EE塔:CBFE越:D4BD趁:B3C3趋:C7F7超:B3AC提:CCE1堤:B5CC博:B2A9揭:BDD2喜:CFB2插:B2E5揪:BEBE搜:CBD1煮:D6F3援:D4AE裁:B2C3搁:B8E9搂:C2A7搅:BDC1握:CED5揉:C8E0斯:CBB9期:C6DA联:C1AA 散:C9A2 惹:C8C7 葬:D4E1 葛:B8F0 董:B6AD 葡:C6CF 敬:BEB4 葱:B4D0 落:C2E4 朝:B3AF 辜:B9BC 葵:BFFB 棒:B0F4 棋:C6E5 植:D6B2 森:C9AD 椅:D2CE 椒:BDB7 棵:BFC3 棍:B9F7 棉:C3DE 棚:C5EF 棕:D7D8 惠:BBDD 惑:BBF3 逼:B1C6 厨:B3F8 厦:CFC3 硬:D3B2 确:C8B7 雁:D1E3 殖:D6B3 裂:C1D1 雄:D0DB 暂:D4DD 雅:D1C5 辈:B1B2 悲:B1AF 紫:D7CF 辉:BBD4 敞:B3A8 赏:C9CD晴:C7E7 暑:CAEE 最:D7EE 量:C1BF 喷:C5E7 晶:BEA7 喇:C0AE 遇:D3F6 喊:BAB0 景:BEB0 践:BCF9 跌:B5F8 跑:C5DC 遗:D2C5 蛙:CDDC 蛛:D6EB 蜓:F2D1 喝:BAC8 喂:CEB9 喘:B4AD 喉:BAED 幅:B7F9 帽:C3B1 赌:B6C4 赔:C5E2 黑:BADA 铸:D6FD 铺:C6CC 链:C1B4 销:CFFA 锁:CBF8 锄:B3FA 锅:B9F8 锈:D0E2 锋:B7E6 锐:C8F1 短:B6CC 智:D6C7 毯:CCBA 鹅:B6EC 剩:CAA3 稍:C9D4 程:B3CC税:CBB0 筐:BFF0 等:B5C8 筑:D6FE 策:B2DF 筛:C9B8 筒:CDB2 答:B4F0 筋:BDEE 筝:F3DD 傲:B0C1 傅:B8B5 牌:C5C6 堡:B1A4 集:BCAF 焦:BDB9 傍:B0F8 储:B4A2 奥:B0C2 街:BDD6 惩:B3CD 御:D3F9 循:D1AD 艇:CDA7 舒:CAE6 番:B7AC 释:CACD 禽:C7DD 腊:C0B0 脾:C6A2 腔:C7BB 鲁:C2B3 猾:BBAB 猴:BAEF 然:C8BB 馋:B2F6 装:D7B0 蛮:C2F9 就:BECD 痛:CDB4 童:CDAF 阔:C0AB 善:C9C6普:C6D5 粪:B7E0 尊:D7F0 道:B5C0 曾:D4F8 焰:D1E6 港:B8DB 湖:BAFE 渣:D4FC 湿:CAAA 温:CEC2 渴:BFCA 滑:BBAC 湾:CDE5 渡:B6C9 游:D3CE 滋:D7CC 溉:B8C8 愤:B7DF 慌:BBC5 惰:B6E8 愧:C0A2 愉:D3E4 慨:BFAE 割:B8EE 寒:BAAE 富:B8BB 窜:B4DC 窝:CED1 窗:B4B0 遍:B1E9 裕:D4A3 裤:BFE3 裙:C8B9 谢:D0BB 谣:D2A5 谦:C7AB 属:CAF4 屡:C2C5 强:C7BF 粥:D6E0 疏:CAE8 隔:B8F4絮:D0F5嫂:C9A9登:B5C7缎:B6D0缓:BBBA编:B1E0骗:C6AD缘:D4B5十三画瑞魂肆摄摸填搏塌鼓摆携搬摇搞塘摊蒜勤鹊蓝墓幕蓬蓄蒙蒸献禁楚想槐榆楼概赖酬感碍碑碎碰碗碌雷零雾雹输督龄鉴睛睡睬鄙愚暖盟歇暗照跨跳跪路跟遣蛾蜂嗓置罪罩错锡锣锤锦键锯矮辞稠愁筹签简毁舅鼠催傻像躲微愈遥腰腥腹腾腿触解酱痰廉新韵意粮数煎塑慈煤煌满漠源滤滥滔溪溜滚滨粱滩慎誉塞谨福群殿辟障嫌嫁叠缝缠瑞:C8F0魂:BBEA肆:CBC1摄:C9E3摸:C3FE填:CCEE搏:B2AB塌:CBFA鼓:B9C4摆:B0DA携:D0AF搬:B0E1摇:D2A1搞:B8E3塘:CCC1摊:CCAF蒜:CBE2勤:C7DA鹊:C8B5蓝:C0B6墓:C4B9幕:C4BB蓬:C5EE蓄:D0EE蒙:C3C9蒸:D5F4献:CFD7。
英语动词的五种基本形式及变化规则英语动词有五种基本形式。
它们是动词原形、第三人称单数现在时(简称单三)、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
这五种形式和助动词一起构成英语的各种时态和语态等。
1、单三形式变化规则(1)一般动词在词尾加- s 例如:help →helps ,swim →swims (2)以字母s, x, ch , sh 结尾的动词加- es, 以o结尾的动词也加es,读/ z /。
例如:guess →guesses,teach →teaches,go →goes (3)以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es,读/ z /。
例如:fly →flies carry →carries2. 动词- ing形式的构成:(1)一般在动词末尾加-ing. 例如:go →going,ask →asking (2)以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ing. 例如:write →writing,close →closing,take →taking(3)以重读闭音节结尾的动词,如果末尾只有一个辅音字母,应先双写这一字母,再加-ing. 例如:get →getting,sit →sitting,put →putting,run →running,begin →beginning3. 规则动词过去式的构成(1)一般在动词原形末尾加-ed.结尾是e 的动词直接加-d.例如:look →looked,play →played,live →lived,hope →hoped(2)末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed. 例如:stop →stopped,plan →planned,trip →tripped (3)结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词,先变“y”为“i”再加-ed. 例如:study →studied,carry →carried(4)不规则动词过去式详见课本后附录并熟记名词变复数的规则变化(1)一般情况,在词尾加-s。
一般过去式的变化规则:1、一般在动词末尾加-ed;2、结尾是e加d;3、末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,;4、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加-ed;5、不规则动词过去式:am,is-was are-were do-did see-saw say-said give-gave get-got go-went come-came have-had eat-ate;3、末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,;4、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加-ed;5、不规则动词过去式:am,is-was are-were do-did see-saw say-said give-gave get-got go-went come-came have-had eat-ate;扩展一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
在英语语法中,“时“指动作发生的时间,”态“指动作的样子和状态。
一般过去时句法结构:1、肯定形式:主语+动词过去式+其他2、否定形式主语+didn't +谓语动词原形+其他①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词3、一般疑问句①Did+主语+谓语动词原形+其它?②Was/Were+主语+表语?4、一般过去时的特殊疑问句疑问词+ did+主语+动词原形+其他?疑问词+was/were+物主代词/...'s+sth.?5、被动语态主语+ was / were + 动词的过去分词。
Manuals+— User Manuals Simplified.JBL FLIP 5 ManualHome » JBL » JBL FLIP 5 ManualContents[ hide1 JBL FLIP 52 WHAT’S IN THE BOX3 Bluetooth pairing4 Play5 PARTY BOOST6 APP7 CHARGING8 WATERPROOF IPX79 TECH SPEC10 PDF DOWNLOADSOURCE11 FAQ’S12 VIDEO13 Related PostsJBL FLIP 5JBL FLIP 5WHAT’S IN THE BOXBluetooth pairingPlayPARTY BOOSTAPPWhat speaker is louder than JBL Flip 5?The JBL Boombox 2 is a better speaker than the JBL Flip 5. The Boombox has a more balanced sound profile, reproducing a more extended low-bass. It can get louder than the FLIP, and its battery lasts much longer. That being said, the FLIP has better directivity thanks to its 360-design.Why is my JBL speaker not as loud?The problem with the JBL at this point could be due to multiple reasons but most commonly, the decline in quality is caused by either overuse or playing music at too high of a volume. The only way to fix that is to replace the speaker completely.Can you overcharge a JBL speaker?Yes, it is alright to overcharge since it will stop charging at 100% battery.How do you know if JBL speaker is fully charged?When you plug in your JBL Go 2 to your power source, the LED indicator will blink red. It will only turn off when your speaker is fully charged and ready to go. The well distinct sounds accompanied by an LED indicator lets you know when your device is connected, fully charged, paired, or powered on.Does JBL Flip 5 turn off automatically?Wake up on Bluetooth requires the device to be in a low power state (standby mode) for it to work. When our JBL Flip 5 powers off due to inactivity, it completely powers down so you’ll need to physically power it on again.Why is my JBL speaker blinking?A JBL speaker blinking red indicates a low battery level. This may vary from one model to the other, but it is usually an indication that your speaker needs to be charged. The intensity and frequency of the flashing LED will be different for every JBL model.Why does my JBL Flip 5 keep turning on and off?Sometimes the battery or the circuit board of your speaker might be damaged. If the battery is damaged, the battery cannot hold charge long enough, and it keeps powering off. In some JBL models, it is easy to get a replacement battery, but for others, you will find it hard to get a replacement battery.How do I reset my JBL Flip 5 speaker?Power on your device.Press and hold the play and the volume + buttons at the same time.Maintain this position for about 5 secs.The device will power off as it restores to the factory default.Power on your Flip 5 again, and it will have restored to the factory default.Why is my JBL Flip 5 Connected but no sound?Make sure the volume of your computer isn’t set to mute. Close and re-open the audio playback app. Turn off the Bluetooth® function of your computer, and then turn it on again. Delete the speaker from the list of paired Bluetooth devices, and then pair it again.Are all JBL Flip 5 waterproof?JBL claims the Flip 5 is waterproof to an IPX7 rating. This means you should be able to submerge it in water at a depth of one metre for 30 minutes. There’s no cover for the USB-C charging port and though it is waterproofed, it isn’t tested against salt or sand ingress at the beach.Can JBL Flip 5 Speakers be Repaired?Yes, JBL speakers are repairable. However, you should first confirm whether your speaker is still within the warranty period. If yes, you can make a warranty request for JBL to fix or/and replace your malfunctioning speaker.JBL Spark Manual JBL Spark Manual Setup Specification JBL Spark Manual - Optimized PDF JBL Spark Manual - Original PDF JBL Bassline Manual JBL Bassline Manual Specifications Advanced 40mm driver Frequency response: 10Hz – 22kHz Maximum SPL: 117dB @ 30mW Rated…JBL Flip Essential Manual User Manuals JBL Flip Essential Manual Quick Start Guide What’s in the box Buttons Quick Start Guide Connections…JBL Flip 4 Manual FLIP4 What's in the box Buttons Connections Bluetooth 1. Bluetooth connection 2. Music control 3. Speakerphone Voice Assistant…VIDEO JBL FLIP 5www:///Related PostsManuals+, home privacy https://manuals.plus/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/JBL-Flip-5-_-Portable-Waterproof-Speaker.mp400:0000:00。
磷酸二酯酶抑制剂百科名片磷酸二酯酶抑制剂(phosphodiesteras,PDEs)是一个多基困大家族,是一种抑制磷酸二酯酶活性的药物。
选择性的磷酸二酯酶3, 4,5抑制剂在心衰哮喘阳痿等疾病中,具有广泛的应用前景。
通过抑制使cAMP 裂解的磷酸二酯酶F-Ⅲ,抑制cAMP的裂解,而增高细胞内cAMP浓度,增加Ca++内流,产生正性肌力作用。
除正性肌力作用外,磷酸二酯酶抑制剂还通过增高血管平滑肌细胞内cAMP含量而具有扩血管作用。
谭峰源编撰药理作用:磷酸二酯酶抑制剂对磷酸二酯酶的抑制使cAMP水平增高,cAMP对心及功能的维持具有重要作用,cAMP水平增高能导致强心作用。
各种制剂如氨力农(amrinone)、米力农(mlrinone)、依诺昔酮(enoximone)和伊马唑呾(imazodan)等短期的血流动力效应如增加心排血量,降低左室充盈压效果明显,但长期口服氨力农、米力农、依诺昔酮、伊马唑咀改善心脏运动耐量的效果令人失望。
米力农和大剂量依诺昔酮还增高病死率和室性心律失常发生率。
磷酸二酯酶抑制剂拥有抑制磷酸二酯酶活性的功效,降低第二信使(cAMP或cGMP)的水解,因而提升细胞内cAMP或cGMP的浓度。
有些磷酸二酯酶抑制剂可选择性地抑制不同类型的磷酸二酯酶的活性。
主要品种:1、1型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂:在治疗中枢神经系统、心血管和免疫系统紊乱中有一定意义。
主要品种有:Vinpoeetin、Phenothiazine、SCH51862、2型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂:在治疗心绞痛、心律失常、高血压和心衰中发挥作用。
主要品种有:EHNA3、3型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂:许多PDE3抑制剂被视作强效血管扩张剂和兼有抗血小板活性的药物而用于治疗心衰。
可调节T淋巴细胞功能,人类T 细胞以PDE3和PDE4占优势,PDE3和PDE4抑制剂相互协同.能强有力地抑制T细胞受体介导的细胞因子的产生和有丝分裂的扩增。
主要品种有:氨力农Amrinone 米力农Milrinone氨力农和米力农属强心药,其通过抑制3型磷酸二酯酶(PDE3),阻碍心肌细胞内的cAMP降解,高浓度的cAMP激活多种蛋白酶,使心肌膜上的钙通道开放,Ca2+内流,达到正性肌力作用。
77B/428/CDVCOMMITTEE DRAFT FOR VOTE (CDV)MODIFICATION. IL NE PEUT SERVIR DE RÉFÉRENCE.LES RÉCIPIENDAIRES DU PRÉSENT DOCUMENT SONT INVITÉS ÀPRÉSENTER, AVEC LEURS OBSERVATIONS, LA NOTIFICATION DESDROITS DE PROPRIÉTÉ DONT ILS AURAIENT ÉVENTUELLEMENTCONNAISSANCE ET À FOURNIR UNE DOCUMENTATION EXPLICATIVE. SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES. RECIPIENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.Titre : CEI 61000-4-5 : Compatibilité Electromagnétique (CEM) – Partie 4-5 : Techniques d’essai et de mesure – Essai d’immunité aux ondes de choc Publication fondamentale en CEMTitle : IEC 61000-4-5: Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-5 : Testing and measurement techniques – Surge immunity test Basic EMC publicationNote d'introductionIntroductory noteATTENTIONCDV soumis en parallèle au vote (CEI)et à l’enquête (CENELEC)ATTENTION Parallel IEC CDV/CENELEC EnquiryFORM CDV (IEC) 2002-08-09Copyright © 2004 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC . All rights reserved. It is permitted to download this electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions. You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose without permission in writing from IEC.CONTENTSFOREWORD (5)INTRODUCTION (7)Clause1. Scope and object (8)2. Normative references (8)3. Definitions (8)4. General (11)4.1 Power System Switching transients (11)4.2 Lightning transients (11)4.3 Simulation of the transients (11)5 Test levels (12)6. Test Instrumentation (12)6.1 Combination wave generator (1,2/50 µs - 8/20 µs) (12)6.2 10/700 µs surge generator (15)6.3 Coupling/decoupling networks (16)7. Test set-up (20)7.1 Test equipment (20)7.2 Test set-up for tests applied to EUT power ports (20)7.3 Test set-up for tests applied to unshielded unsymmetrical interconnection lines207.4 Test set-up for tests applied to unshielded symmetrical interconnections telecommunication lines (21)7.5 Test set-up for tests applied to high speed communications lines (21)7.6 Test set-up for tests applied to shielded lines (21)7.7 Test set-up to apply potential differences (22)7.8 Other test set-ups (22)7.9 Test conditions (22)8. Test procedure (22)8.1 Laboratory reference conditions (22)8.2 Application of the surge in the laboratory (23)9. Evaluation of test results (24)10. Test report (24)Annex A (informative annex) Selection of generators and test levels (42)Annex B (informative) Explanatory notes (44)Figure 1 - Simplified circuit diagram of the combination wave generator (26)Figure 2 - Waveform of open-circuit voltage (1,2/50 µs) (waveform definition according to IEC 60060-1) (27)Figure 3. Waveform definition of short-circuit current (8/20us) (waveform definition according to IEC 60060-1) (28)Figure 4 - Simplified circuit diagram of the 10/700 µs Surge generator according to ITU K series standards (29)Figure 5 - Waveform of open-circuit voltage (10/700 µs) (waveform definition according to IEC 60060-1) (30)Figure 6 - Waveform of the 5 µs x 320 µs short-circuit current waveform (definition according to IEC 60060-1 and FCC Part 68) (30)Figure 7 - Example of test set-up for capacitive coupling on a.c./d.c. lines; line-to-line coupling (according to 7.2) (31)Figure 8 - Example of test set-up for capacitive coupling on a.c./d.c. lines; line-to-ground coupling (according to 7.2) (31)Figure 9 - Example of test set-up for capacitive coupling on a.c. lines (3 phases); line L3 to line L1 coupling (according to 7.2) (32)Figure 10 - Example of test set-up for capacitive coupling on a.c. lines (3 phases); line L3 to ground coupling (according to 7.2) (33)Figure 11 - Example of test set up for unshielded unsymmetrical interconnection lines; line-to-line and line-to-ground coupling (according to 7.3), coupling via capacitors (34)Figure 12 - Example of test set-up for unshielded unsymmetrical interconnection lines; line-to-line and line-to-ground coupling (according to 7.3), coupling via arrestors (35)Figure 13 - Example of test set-up for unshielded unsymmetrical interconnection lines; line-to-line and line-to-ground coupling (according to 7.3), coupling via arrestors (36)Figure 14 - Example of test set-up for unshielded symmetrical interconnection lines (telecommunication lines); lines-to-ground coupling (according to 7.4), coupling via arrestors (37)Figure 15 - Example of a coupling/decoupling network for symmetrical high speed communication lines using the 1,2/50µs surge (38)Figure 16 - Example of test set-up for tests applied to shielded lines (according to 7.6) and to apply potential differences (according to 7.7) (39)Figure 17 - Example of test set-up for tests applied to unshielded lines and shielded lines grounded only at one end (according to 7.6) and to apply potential differences (according to 7.7) (40)Figure 18: Coupling method and test set-up for tests applied to shielded lines and to apply potential differences, especially in configurations with multiple shielded cable wiring (41)Table 1 - Test levels (12)Table 2 – Definitions of the waveform parameters 1,2/50µs – 8/20us (14)Table 3 - Relationship between peak open-circuit voltage and peak short-circuit current (14)Table 4 – Definitions of the waveform parameters of the 10/700 µs generator (15)Table 5 – Relationship between peak open-circuit and peak short-circuit current (15)Table 6: Voltage waveform specification at the EUT port of the coupling/decoupling network (17)Table 7: Current waveform specification at the EUT port of the coupling/decoupling network (17)Table A.1 - Selection of the test levels (depending on the installation conditions) (43)INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSIONELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC)Part 4-5 : Testing and measurement techniques -Surge immunity testFOREWORD1. The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization forstandardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees).The object of the IEC is to promote international cooperation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes international Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees;any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the international Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.2. The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters, prepared by technicalcommittees on which all the National Committees having a special interest therein are represented, express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the subjects dealt with.3. They have the form of recommendations for international use published in the form of standards,technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.4. In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IECInternational Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly indicated in the letter.5. The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be renderedresponsible for any equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.6. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may bethe subject of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.International Standard IEC 61000-4-5 has been prepared by subcommittee 77B: High frequency phenomena, of IEC technical Committee 77: Electromagnetic compatibility.It forms part 4-5 of IEC 61000. It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC guide 107, Electromagnetic compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility publications.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1995 and its amendment 1 (2000), and constitutes a technical revision. Particularly, the clauses dedicated to coupling/decoupling networks and to test set-ups are more detailed.The text of this standard IEC 61000-4-5 is based on the following documents:FDIS Report on voting77B/XXX/FDIS 77B/XXX/RVDFull information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table.This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. Annexes A and B are for information only.The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance1 result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be• reconfirmed;• withdrawn;• replaced by a revised edition, or• amended.1 For the present publication, national committees are requested to note that the date for maintenance is 2010.INTRODUCTIONThis standard is part of the IEC 61000 series, according to the following structure:Part 1: GeneralGeneral considerations (introduction, fundamental principles)Definitions,terminologyPart 2: EnvironmentDescription of the environmentClassification of the environmentlevelsCompatibilityPart 3: LimitsEmissionlimitsImmunity limits (in so far as they do not fall under the responsibility of the product committees)Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques Measurement techniquestechniquesTestingPart 5: Installation and mitigation guidelinesInstallationguidelinesMitigation methods and devicesPart 6: Generic standardsPart 9: MiscellaneousEach part is further subdivided into several parts, published either as international standards or as technical specifications or technical reports, some of which have already been published as sections. Others will be published with the part number followed by a dash and a second number identifying the subdivision (example : 61000-6-1).This part is an international standard which gives immunity requirements and test procedures related to surge voltages and surge currents.ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC)Part 4-5 : Testing and measurement techniques -Surge immunity test1. Scope and objectThis part of IEC 61000 relates to the immunity requirements, test methods, and range of recommended test levels for equipment to unidirectional surges caused by overvoltages from switching and lightning transients. Several test levels are defined which relate to different environment and installation conditions. These requirements are developed for and are applicable to electrical and electronic equipment.The object of this standard is to establish a common reference for evaluating the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to surges. The test method documented in this part of IEC 61000 describes a consistent method to assess the immunity of an equipment or system against a defined phenomenon.NOTE - As described in IEC guide 107, this is a basic EMC publication for use by product committees of the IEC. As also stated in Guide 107, the IEC product committees are responsible for determining whether this immunity test standard should be applied or not, and if applied, they are responsible for determining the appropriate test levels and performance criteria. TC 77 and its sub-committees are prepared to co-operate with product committees in the evaluation of the value of particular immunity tests for their products.This standard defines:• range of test levels;• test equipment;• test set-up;• test procedure.The task of the described laboratory test is to find the reaction of the EUT under specified operational conditions caused by surge voltages from switching and lightning effects at certain threat levels.It is not intended to test the capability of the insulation to withstand high-voltage stress. Direct lightning is not considered in this standard.2. Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.IEC 60050(161), International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) - Chapter 161: Electromagnetic compatibilityIEC 60060-1, High-voltage test techniques - Part 1: General definitions and test requirements IEC 60469-1, Pulse techniques and apparatus - Part 1: Pulse terms and definitions3. DefinitionsFor the purposes of this part of IEC 61000, the following definitions together with those in IEC 60050(161) apply, unless otherwise stated.3.1avalanche deviceA silicon diode, gas tube arrestor, or other component that is designed to break down and conduct at a specified voltage.3.2calibrationset of operations which establishes, by reference to standards, the relationship which exists, under specified conditions, between an indication and a result of a measurement [IEV 311-01-09]NOTE 1 - This term is based on the "uncertainty" approach.NOTE 2 - The relationship between the indications and the results of measurement can be expressed, in principle, by a calibration diagram.3.3clamping devicea silicon diode, varistor or other component that is designed to prevent an applied voltage from exceeding a specified value.3.4coupling networkelectrical circuit for the purpose of transferring energy from one circuit to another.3.5decoupling networkelectrical circuit for the purpose of preventing surges applied to the EUT from affecting other devices, equipment or systems which are not under test.3.6durationthe absolute value of the interval during which a specified waveform or feature exists or continues. [IEC 60469-1]3.7effective output impedance (of a surge generator)the ratio of the peak open circuit voltage to the peak short circuit current.3.8electrical installationan assembly of associated electrical equipment to fulfill a specific purpose or purposesand having co-ordinated characteristics. [IEV 826-01-01]3.9EUT: Equipment under test.3.10Front timesurge voltagethe front time T1 of a surge voltage is a virtual parameter defined as 1,67 times the interval T between the instants when the impulse is 30 % and 90 % of the peak value (see figure 2).surge currentthe front time T1 of a surge current is a virtual parameter defined as 1,25 times the interval T between the instants when the impulse is 10 % and 90 % of the peak value (see figure 3). [IEC 60060-1 modified]3.11ground (reference)part of the Earth considered as conductive, the electrical potential of which is conventionally taken as zero, being outside the zone of influence of any earthing(grounding) arrangement. [IEV 195-01-01]3.12high-speed communication linesconsist of input/output lines which operate at transmission frequencies above 100kHz. . 3.13immunitythe ability of a device, equipment or system to perform without degradation in the presence of an electromagnetic disturbance. [IEV 161-01 -20]3.14interconnection linesconsist of I/O lines (input/output lines) and communication lines;3.15primary protectionthe means by which the majority of stressful energy is prevented from propagating beyond the designated interface.3.16rise timethe interval of time between the instants at which the instantaneous value of a pulse first reaches the specified lower and upper limits of 10% and 90%.NOTE - Unless otherwise specified, the lower and upper values are fixed at 10 % and 90 % of the pulse magnitude. [IEV 161-02-05]3.17secondary protectionthe means by which the let-through energy from primary protection is suppressed. It may be a special device or an inherent characteristic of the EUT.3.18surgea transient wave of electrical current, voltage, or power propagating along a line or acircuit and characterized by a rapid increase followed by a slower decrease. [IEV 161-08-11 modified].3.19symmetrical linesa pair of symmetrically driven conductors with a conversion loss from differential to common mode of greater than 20 dB.3.20systemset of interdependent elements constituted to achieve a given objective by performing a specified function.NOTE - The system is considered to be separated from the environment and other external systems by an imaginary surface which cuts the links between them and the considered system. Through these links, the system is affected by the environment, is acted upon by the external systems, or acts itself on the environment or the external systems. [IEV 351-01-01]3.21time to half-value T2the interval of time between the instant of virtual origin O1 and the instant when the voltage or current has decreased to half the peak value. [IEC 60060-1 modifiedNote: the time to half-value T2 of a surge is the virtual parameter.3.22transientpertaining to or designating a phenomenon or a quantity which varies between two consecutive steady states during a time interval short compared to the time scale of interest. [IEV 161-02-01]3.23verificationset of operations which is used to check the test equipment system (e.g. the test generator and the interconnecting cables) to demonstrate that the test system is functioning withinthe specifications given in Clause 6NOTE 1 - The methods used for verification may be different from those used for calibration.NOTE 2 - The procedure of 6.1.2 and 6.2.2 is meant to insure the correct operation of the test generator, and other items making up the test set-up so that the intended waveform is delivered to the EUT.NOTE 3 - For the purpose of this basic EMC standard this definition is different of the definition given in the IEV (311-01-13)3.24virtual Origin O1for the surge voltage waveform, it is the instant at which a straight line drawn through the 30% and 90% amplitude values crosses the time axis. For the surge current waveform, it is the instant at which a straight line drawn through the 10% and 90% amplitude values crosses the time axis.4. General4.1 Power System Switching transientsPower System Switching transients can be separated into transients associated with:a) major power system switching disturbances, such as capacitor bank switching;b) minor switching activity near the instrumentation or load changes in the powerdistribution system;c) resonating circuits associated with switching devices, such as thyristors;;d) various system faults, such as short circuits and arcing faults to the grounding systemof the installation.transients4.2 LightningThe major mechanisms by which lightning produces surge voltages are the following:a) direct lightning stroke to an external circuit (outdoor) injecting high currents producingvoltages by either flowing through ground resistance or flowing through the impedance of the external circuit;b) an indirect lightning stroke (i.e. a stroke between or within clouds or to nearby objectswhich produces electromagnetic fields) that induces voltages/currents on the conductors outside and/or inside a building;c) lightning ground current flow resulting from nearby direct-to-earth discharges couplinginto the common ground paths of the grounding system of the installation.The rapid change of voltage and flow of current which can occur as a result of the operation of a lightning protection device can induce electromagnetic disturbances into adjacent equipment.4.3 Simulation of the transientsa) The characteristics of the test generator are such that it simulates the abovementioned phenomena as closely as possible;b) if the source of interference is in the same circuit, e.g. in the power supply network(direct coupling), the generator may simulate a low impedance source at the ports of the equipment under test;c) if the source of interference is not in the same circuit as the victim equipment (indirectcoupling) as the ports of the victim-equipment, then the generator may simulate a higher impedance source.levels5 TestThe preferential range of test levels is given in table 1.Table 1 - Test levelsOpen-circuit test voltageLevel ± 10 %kV1 0,52 1,03 2,04 4,0X Special NOTE - X can be any level, above, below or in between the other levels. Productcommittees are responsible for determining the appropriate test levels andperformance criteria. This level can be specified in the product specification.The test levels shall be selected according to the installation conditions; classes of installationare given in B.3 of annex B.All voltages of the lower test levels shall be satisfied (see 8.2).For selection of the test levels for the different interfaces, refer to annex A.Instrumentation6. TestTwo types of surge generators are specified. Each has its own particular applications, depending on the type of port to be tested (see Clause 7).It is the intention of this document that the output waveforms meet specifications at the point wherethey are to be applied to the EUT. Waveforms are specified as open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current and therefore are measured without the EUT connected. In the case of an ac powered productwhere the surge is applied to the ac mains, the output must be as specified in Tables 6 and 7; in thecase where the surge is to be applied directly from the generator output terminals, the waveforms mustbe as specified in Tables 2, 3 and 4. It is not intended that the waveforms meet specifications both atthe generator output and at the output of coupling/decoupling networks simultaneously, but only as applied to the EUT. The waveform specifications are to be met without an EUT connected.6.1 Combination wave generator (1,2/50 µs - 8/20 µs)This generator is intended to generate a surge having: an open circuit voltage front time of1,2 µs; an open circuit voltage time to half value of 50 µs; a short circuit current front time of 8µs; and a short circuit current time to half value of 20 µs.A simplified circuit diagram of the generator is given in figure 1. The values are selected forthe different components R S1, R S2, R m, L r, and C c so that the generator delivers a 1,2/50 µs voltage surge (at open-circuit conditions) and a 8/20 µs current surge into a short circuit.For convenience, the ratio of peak open-circuit output voltage to peak short-circuit current of acombination wave generator may be considered the effective output impedance. For thisgenerator, the ratio defines an effective output impedance of 2 ohms.Such a generator with 1,2/50 µs open-circuit voltage waveform 8/20 µs short-circuit currentwaveform is called a combination wave generator (CWG).NOTE The waveform of the voltage and current is a function of the EUT input impedance. This impedance maychange during surges to equipment and due either to proper operation of the installed protection devices, or toflash over or component breakdown, if the protection devices are absent or inoperative. Therefore the 1,2/50 µsvoltage and the 8/20 µs current waves have to be available from the same test generator output asinstantaneously required by the load.6.1.1 Characteristics and performance of the combination wave generatorandnegative Polarity positivePhase shifting in a range between 0° to 360° versus thephase angle of the a.c. line voltage tothe equipment under test, with atolerance of +/- 10 degreesRepetition rate 1 per min or fasterOpen-circuit peak output voltage adjustable from 0,5 kV to the requiredtest levelWaveform of the surge voltage see Table 2 and figure 2Output voltage setting tolerance see Table 3Short-circuit peak output current depends on peak voltage setting (seetables 2 and 3)Waveform of the surge current see Table 2 and figure 3Short-circuit output current tolerance see Table 3Effective output impedance 2 Ω± 10 %Table 2 – Definitions of the waveform parameters 1,2/50µs – 8/20usIn accordance with IEC 60060-1 In accordance with IEC 60469-1Definitions Front Timeµs Time to HalfValueµsRise time(10% - 90%)Duration time(50% - 50%)Open-circuitVoltage1,2 50 1 50Short-circuitCurrent8 20 6,4 16NOTE - In existing IEC publications, the waveforms 1,2/50 µs and 8/20 µs are generally defined according to IEC60060-1 as shown in figures 2, and 3. Other IEC recommendations are based on waveform definitions accordingto IEC 60469-1 as shown in Table 2.Both definitions are valid for this section of IEC 61000-4 and describe just one single generator.Table 3 - Relationship between peak open-circuit voltage and peak short-circuit currentOpen circuit peak voltage ± 10 % Short circuit peak current ± 10 %0,5 kV 0,25 kA1,0 kV 0,5 kA2,0 kV 1,0 kA4,0 kV 2,0 kAThe peak short-circuit current shall be as shown in Table 3 when the peak open circuit voltageis as specified.A generator with floating output shall be used.6.1.2 Calibration of the combination wave generatorIn order to compare the test results from different test generators, the test generator shall becalibrated periodically. For this purpose, the following procedure is necessary to measure themost essential characteristics of the generator.The test generator output shall be connected to a measuring system with a sufficient bandwidth and voltage capability to monitor the characteristics of the waveforms.The characteristics of the generator shall be measured under open-circuit conditions (loadgreater than or equal to 10 kΩ) and under short-circuit conditions (load smaller than or equalto 0,1 Ω) at the same charge voltage.All waveform definitions as well as the performance parameters stated in clauses 6.1.1 and6.1.2 respectively shall be met at the output of the generator.NOTE 1 When an additional internal or external resistance is added to the generator output to increase theeffective source impedance from 2 Ω to e.g. 42 Ω according to the requirements of the test set-up, the duration ofthe test pulse at the output of the coupling network might be significantly changed.NOTE 2 The characteristics of the combination wave generator in this section can be used for verification.。
第五套人民币99版5元券至100元券,自第五套人民币公布发行后至2005年初第五套人民币05版券公布发行,其投放时间为七年左右。
随着05版券的投放,99版券已基本投放完毕。
现将第五套人民币收集到的冠号列表如下,如有藏友收集到新的冠号请予以补充,以完善资料库数据99版5元券(107种)第一大组(EG是样票)AG AH AI AJBA BB BC BD BE BF BG BH BI BJCA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH CI CJDA DB DC DD DE DF DG DH DI DJEA EB EC ED EE EF EG EH EI EJFA FB FC FD FE FF FG FH FI FJGA GB GD GE GF GG GH GI GJHA HB HC HD HE HF HG HH HI HJIA IB IC ID IE IF IG IH II IJJA JB JC JD JE JF JG第一大组投放有90种冠号,其中使用AG、AH、AI、AJ4个冠号作为补票冠号。
第二大组PA PB PC PD PE PF PGUH UJZA ZB ZC ZD ZE ZF ZG ZH第二大组投放有17种冠号,其中使用UH、UJ2个冠号作为补票冠号。
99版10元券(201种)第一大组(GF是样票)AB AC AD AE AH AI AJBA BB BC BD BE BF BG BH BI BJCA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH CI CJDA DB DC DD DE DF DG DH DI DJEA EB EC ED EE EF EG EH EI EJFA FB FC FD FE FF FG FH FI FJGA GB GC GD GE GF GG GH GI GJHA HB HC HD HE HF HG HH HI HJIA IB IC IE IF IG IH II IJJA JB JC JD JE JF JG JH JI JJ第一大组投放有96种冠号,其中使用AH、AI、AJ3个冠号作为补票冠号。
ed英语语法语法是英语考试中的重中之重,所占分值也多。
提高英语能力的方法是多读多练多积累。
小编在这里整理了ed英语语法供大家阅读,希望能帮助到您。
动词的-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种,它具有动词的一些特点,同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能,在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。
一、动词的-ed形式的特征A.动词的-ed形式是由动词的过去分词构成动词的-ed形式只有一种形式,即传统语法中的过去分词。
绝大部分的动词的-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构成,也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。
1. 规则动词的-ed形式limit→limited(限制)pretend→pretended(假装)escape→escaped(逃脱)provide→provided(提供)refer→referred(提交)drag→dragged(拖)pray→prayed(祈祷)supply→supplied(供应)2.不规则动词的-ed形式cast→cast(投掷)spread→spread(传播)bite→bitten(咬)forgive→forgiven(原谅)spit→spat( 吐)wear→worn(穿)fight→fought(搏斗)lose→lost(丢失)3.少数动词的-ed形式作定语时,读音与一般过去分词不同learned a learned professor 一位知识渊博的教授aged an aged man 老人beloved his beloved computer 他心爱的计算机B.动词的-ed形式的否定形式动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。
Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside. 不允许他进去,他只好在外面等着。
Never invited to his party, she got angry with him. 从未被邀请过去他的聚会,她很生气。
禁止吸烟的五种形式英语
禁止吸烟的五种形式的英语表达如下:
1. No Smoking:这是最常见的禁止吸烟的标志,通常出现在公共场所、办公室、医院等地方。
2. Smoking Prohibited:这个表达方式与“No Smoking”类似,也是一种常见的禁止吸烟的标志。
3. Do Not Smoke:这是一种比较直接的表达方式,意思是“不要吸烟”。
4. Forbidden to Smoke:这个表达方式更加正式,通常出现在一些规定比较严格的场所,如图书馆、博物馆等。
5. It is Against the Law to Smoke Here:这个表达方式强调了吸烟在该场所是违法的,通常出现在一些需要特别注意的地方,如加油站、化工厂等。
需要注意的是,不同的国家和地区可能有不同的禁止吸烟的标志和表达方式,因此在使用这些表达方式时,需要根据当地的法律法规和文化习惯进行适当的调整。
此外,为了保护自己和他人的健康,我们应该尽量避免在公共场所吸烟,并尊重他人的权利和感受。
ed ing的形容词区分
ed结尾的形容词与ing结尾的形容词意思相同,但用法不同。
一、用法不同
(1)以后缀-ed结尾的形容词如ashamed,delighted等通常用于说明人,不用于说明事物,即使它们所修饰的名词是事物,那它们指的也是与该事物相关的人。
(2)以后缀-ing结尾的形容词如delighting,exciting,frightening等主要用于说明事物,表示事物的性质或特征,若用它们说明人,则表示此人具有此性质或特征。
例:He had a pleased smile on his face.他脸上露出了满意的微笑。
The man is very interesting.这个人很有趣。
二、对象不同
(1)主语是人,用ed的形容词。
-ed结尾的形容词用来形容感受和情感,通常在谈论people和animal的时候会使用-ed结尾的形容词,因为只有人和动物才会有感受。
(2)主语是物,用ing的形容词。
ing结尾的形容词用来形容带给别人的感受,通常在谈论people,animals,thing,situations,places,ideas时会使用-ing结尾的形容词。
三、能否作定语
加ing的形容词能做定语;加ed的形容词不能做定语,但能构成词组。
例:I am very interested in reality show.我对真人秀很感兴趣。
词缀ed和ing的意思全文共四篇示例,供读者参考第一篇示例:词缀是构成词语的重要组成部分,它可以改变词的词性或词义,使得词语的意思更加丰富和具体。
在英语中,词缀ed和ing是两个常见的词缀,它们通常用来表示动词的不同时态或形式。
下面我们来详细了解一下这两个词缀的意思及用法。
一、ed的意思及用法1. 过去分词形式:ed是一个常见的英语动词过去分词形式的词缀,通常表示过去的动作或状态。
例如:- played(玩了)- walked(走了)- talked(说了)这些词语都是动词play、walk、talk加上ed后构成的过去分词形式,表示这些动作或状态发生在过去。
通常,过去分词形式在句子中用来形成完成时态或被动语态。
比如:- I have played soccer.(我踢过足球。
)- The book was written by the famous author.(这本书是由著名作家写的。
)2. 形容词后缀:在一些情况下,ed可以用来构成形容词,表示某种特定的状态或特征。
例如:- excited(兴奋的)- bored(无聊的)- interested(感兴趣的)- She was excited to hear the good news.(她听到好消息很兴奋。
)- He seemed bored during the meeting.(他在会议中看起来很无聊。
)- decorate(装饰)-> decorated(装饰好的)- improve(改进)-> improved(改进过的)- reduce(减少)-> reduced(减少了的)这些动词在加上ed后,表示动作已经完成或产生了某种结果。
在句子中常用来描述物品或状态的变化。
比如:- exciting(令人兴奋的)- confusing(令人困惑的)- encouraging(令人鼓舞的)3. 动名词形式:在一些情况下,ing可以形成动名词,表示某个动作或状态。