Including Geometric Feature Variations in Tolerance Analysis of Mechanical Assemblies

冲压英语冲压常用词汇stamping, press冲压punch press, dieing out press冲床uncoiler & strainghtener整平机feeder送料机rack, shelf, stack料架cylinder油缸robot机械手taker取料机conveyer belt输送带transmission rack输送架top stop上死点bottom stop下死点one stroke一行程inch寸动to continue, cont.连动to grip(material)吸料location lump, locating piece, block stop 定位块reset复位smoothly顺利dent压痕scratch刮伤deformation变形filings铁削to draw holes抽孔inquiry, search for查寻to stock, storage, in stock库存receive领取approval examine and verify审核processing, to process加工delivery, to deliver 交货to return delivenry to.to send delinery backto retrn of goods退货registration登记registration card登记卡to control管制to put forward and hand in提报safe stock安全库存acceptance = receive验收to notice通知application form for purchase请购单consume, consumption消耗to fill in填写abrasion磨损reverse angle = chamfer倒角character die字模to collect, to gather收集failure, trouble故障statistics统计demand and supply需求career card履历卡to take apart a die卸下模具to load a die装上模具to tight a bolt拧紧螺栓to looser a bolt拧松螺栓to move away a die plate移走模板easily damaged parts易损件standard parts标准件breaking.(be)broken,(be)cracked 断裂to lubricate润滑common vocabulary for die engineering 模具工程常用词汇die 模具figure file, chart file图档cutting die, blanking die冲裁模progressive die, follow (-on)die 连续模compound die复合模punched hole冲孔panel board镶块to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边to bending折弯to pull, to stretch拉伸Line streching, line pulling线拉伸engraving, to engrave刻印upsiding down edges翻边to stake铆合designing, to design设计design modification设计变化die block模块folded block折弯块sliding block滑块location pin定位销lifting pin顶料销die plate, front board模板padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模座（Jun 01 2007 02:52PM ）lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧bolt螺栓冲压英语冲压常用词汇stamping bench, press冲压punch bench press, dieing out press冲床uncoiler & strainghtener整平机feeder送料机rack, shelf, stack料架美国公司的模具设计细节指导(中英文)字体大小：大 | 中 | 小 2007-06-28 16:10 - 阅读：341 - 评论：2I. Purpose 目的A. The purpose of this metal stamping die standard is to provide detailed instructions for use in the design, construction, and testing of all metal stamping dies supplied to the Su-dan Corporation本份模具标准是向所有提供给Su-dan公司的五金模具的设计、组立、试模提供细节指导。

con ti 连续性Con ti nu ity defi nes the junction point betwee n two curves orsurfaces. A higher continuity implies a less visible jun cti onpoint. GO, G1, and G2 con ti nuity is in depe ndent of theparameterization of the curve or surface. C0, C1, and C2continuity is dependent on the parameterization of the curve orsurface. In gen eral, C continuity is more stringent than Gcontinuity. For example, C2 continuity always implies G2continuity, and C1 continuity always implies G1 continu ity, butnot vice versa. 连续以不同层次定义，曲线使用层次C0、C1等，而曲面和面则使用层次G0、G1。

相交的曲线可说成为具有C0连续性，或接触连续性。

相切的曲线具有C1连续性，或相切连续性。

曲率半径变化率与相交时相同的曲线具有C2连续性，也描述为曲率连续。

您还可将曲率连续用于生成混合面圆角。

带边相切的放样为G1层的好例子。

Curves or surfaces that meet are said to have con ti nu ity of G0, or con tact con ti nu ity. Curves or surfaces that are tangent have a continuity of G1, or tangent continuity. Curves or surfaces for which the rate of change of the radius of curvature is the same where they meet have a continu ity of G2, also described as curvature continu ous. You can use curvature con ti nu ous in creat ing face ble nd fillets. A loft with side tangency is an example of level G1.If the junction point of two curves or surfaces is G2。

算数-整数Integer整数consecutive integer连续整数positive whole number正整数negative whole number负整数even integer偶数odd integer奇数real number实数divisor约数，除数，因子multiple倍数remainder余数score二十quotient商composite number合数prime number质数prime factor质因子successive连续的spread范围constant恒定不变的分数Numerator分子denominator分母greatest common divisor/factor最大公约数least common multiple最小公倍数common multiple公倍数common factor公因子reciprocal/inverse倒数mixed number带分数improper fraction假分数proper fraction真分数vulgar fraction/common fraction普通分数simple fraction简分数complex fraction繁分数reversible可逆的，可倒转的nearest whole percent最接近的百分数小数Decimal place小数位decimal point小数点decimal fraction纯小数infinite decimal无穷小数recurring decimal循环小数digit位decimal system十进制units digit个位tens digit 十位数tenths unit十分位3-digit number三位数quartiles四分位数percentiles百分位数inter-quartile range四分位差negligible可忽略不计的closest approximation最相近似的calculate to three decimal places结果保留3位小数approximately大约，近似estimation估算，近似实数Absolute value绝对值nonzero number非零数natural number自然数positive number正数non-negative非负的rational有理数irrational无理数比例Common ratio公比direct proportion正比percent百分比account for占（比例）scatter-plot 点阵scale比例，刻度幂和根Cardinal基数ordinal序数exponent指数，幂base/power底数/指数，幂radical sign/root sign根号radicals根式square root平方根cube-root立方根product乘积sommon logarithm常用对数集合Subset子集proper subset真子集union合集intersection交集empty set空集solution set解集set of data/data set数据集sets集合nonempty非空的mutually exclusive互斥的juxtaposition并列disjoint不相交的elements元素event事件compound events复合事件independent events独立事件sufficient充分的Venn diagrams韦恩图the intersection of A and B；A与B的交集the union of A and B；A与B的并集the sum of A and B /the total of A and B；A和B的和统计Average平均数mean平均数，中书maximum最大数minimum最小数median中位数mode众数arithmetic mean算术平均数weighted average/mean加权平均数geometric mean几何平均数range值域dispersion离差，差量 standard deviation标准方差to the nearest/round to四舍五入round保留整数value值，数值probability概率distribution分布probability distribution概率分布frequency distribution频数分布normal distribution正态分布relative frequency distributions相关频率分布standard normal distribution标准正态分布factorial notation阶乘permutations排列，置换combination组合grid lines坐标线，网格线circle graphs饼图boxpiots箱型图bar graphs/histogram柱状图，直方图atrandom随机random variables随机变量 discrete random variable离散随机变量continuous random variable连续随机变量equally likely event可能事件roll a fair die掷骰子heads up 正面朝上，头朝上tails up背面朝上，数字朝上toss up掷硬币，（胜败）机会相等数学运算Add/plus加subtract/minus减multiplication乘multiply/times乘divide除difference差sum和is equal to等于total总和divisible可被整除的division除，部分divided evenly 被整除dividend被除数the difference of A and B；A和B的差the product of A and B；A 和B的乘积prime factorization质因数分解greater than大于no less than大于等于no more than小于等于no solution无解interval区间，间隔invert倒置，颠倒inverse倒数invert a fraction求分数的倒数from subtract从…减…in equivalent to与…相等increase to 增加到increase by增加到decrease to减少了decrease by减少到identical相等的divisibility可约性，可除性代数、方程、不等式Coefficient系数literal coefficient字母系数numerical coefficient数字系数term项constant term常数项quadratic二次方程equivalent equation同解方程linear equation线性方程solution解inequality不等式expression表达式equation方程式，等式linear一次的，线性的factorization因数分解function函数inverse function反函数trigonometric function三角函数complementary function余函数variable/variations变量domain定义域sequence数列sequences of numbers数列arithmetic procession等差数列geometric progression等比数列inclusive包含序列的首末项exclusive不包含序列的首末项parentheses括号satisfy使…成立equivalent相等的几何-直线、垂线A line segment线段midpoint中点endpoint端点right angle直角perpendicular垂线perpendicular lines垂直线perpendicular bisector垂直平分线parallel lines平行线visect平分partition分割intercepts截取相交线和角Acute angle锐角obtuse angle钝角opposite angles对角vertical angle对顶角vertex angle顶角round angle周角straight angle平角included angle夹角alternate angle内错角interior angle内角exterior angle外角supplementary angles补角complementary angles余角adjacent angle邻角 a straight line直线angle bisector角平分线diagonal对角线intersect相交angle measurement in degrees角度计算三角形altitude三角形的高arm直角三角形的股equilateral triangle等边三角形hypotenuse斜边inscribed triangle内接三角形vertex顶角，顶点isosceles triangle等腰三角形median of a triangle三角形的中线oblique斜三角形opposite直角三角形中的对边right triangle直角三角形similar triangles相似三角形leg直角边included side夹边pythegorean theorem勾股定理congruent angles全等角congruent line segments等长线段四边形和多边形数字前缀1: uni,mono, 2: bi,du,di 3: tri,ter 4: tetra,quad 5: penta,quint 6: hex,sex 7: sept,hapta 8: oct 9: enn 10:dec,dekaQuadrilateral四边形pentagon五边形hexagon六边形heptagon七边形 octagon八边形nonagon九边形decagon十边形polygon多边形multilateral多边的regular polygon正多边形parallelogram平行四边形square正方形rectangle长方形rhombus菱形equilateral等边形的trapezoid梯形congruent全等的symmetric对称的symmetry对称性perimeter周长overlap重叠coordinate geometry解析几何corresponding side对应边area of a rectangle长方形面积fold对折圆Center of a circle圆心circle圆形concentric circles同心圆semicircle半圆circumference 周长chord弦 radius半径diameter直径tangent正切inscribe内切circumsscribe外切point of tangency切点tangent line切线circumscribed外接的radian弧度arc弧segment of a circle弧形 be parallel to平行be perpendicular to平行be tangent to与…相切立体几何Edge边，棱length长width宽depth深度volume体积suface area表面积cube立方体rectangular solid长方体regular solid/regular polyhedron正多面体cylinder圆柱体cone圆锥pyramid角锥sphere球体faces面cross section横截面solid line实线dimension维数three-dimensional figures三维图形as illustrated如图所示几何坐标Coordinate plane坐标平面coordinate system坐标系rectangular coordinate直角坐标abscissax-coordinate横坐标ordinate纵坐标xy-planesXY平面坐标number line数轴origin圆点axis轴x-axis；X轴intercept截距x-intercept；X轴截距quadrant象限four quadrants四象限slope斜率 a unique solution唯一解parabola抛物线linear functions线性函数句型Be fewer than小于be less than小于twice as many A as B；A是B的两倍the ratio of A to B is；A比B a diminished by B/A minus B /from A subtract B；A减去B A multiplied by B；A乘以B A divided by B；A/B A divided into B；B/A A is 20% less than B；（B-A）/B A is 20% more than B;(A-B)/B A is a divisor of B；A是B的除数（约数） be direct(inverse)proportion at/to；成反比 A is subset of B；A是B的子集be more than twice as many X in A as in B；A 里面的X是B里面X的2倍以上be proportional to；与…成比例的be drawn to；按比例绘制实际应用Balance余额cost of production产品成本approximate cost估算成本，约计成本down payment预付定金，首付款installment分期付款discount rate折扣率charter租赁，包租charge收费principal本金simple interest单利compound interest复利gross profit毛利sales revenue销售量sales taxes营业税，销售税property tax财产税list price标价margin 利润，付定金mark up涨价pruchases销售数量rebate退还款，折扣pointer指针project 预测，估计corresponding value对应值mutual fund共同基金expected value期望值，预期值intensity强度inercalary year/leap year闰年lifetime寿命reflection镜射simplification简化simplified简化的sketch草图，示意图survey调查solid color纯色concentration浓度weight加重量于，使变重yields产量central tendency集中趋势tie打平其他Blot out涂掉、删掉buck一美元dim一角clockwise顺时针constant rate匀速的cumulative 累积的defined已定义的categories种类in excess of超过in terms of用…的话，用…来表示in turn依次distinct point不同点nearest 0.1 percent最接近0.1% inclusive包括在内的alongside和…在一起preceding在…前的simultaneously同时respectively各自地，分别地per capita按照人数分配的，每人wall（容器的）壁truckload一卡车的容量denote表示。

罗马和平祭坛博物馆AraPacis Museum位于罗马市中心和平祭坛博物馆（The AraPacis museum），是自上世纪30年代以来第一座具有一定主题性并能充分体现现代建筑艺术的博物馆建筑。

事实上，AraPacis博物馆是一座具有考古和纪念意义的文化建筑，它主要容纳的是以奥古斯都和平祭坛为主以及在其陵墓周围考古发掘的遗迹。

奥古斯都和平祭坛（AraPacisAugustae）是从西班牙和高卢凯旋而来的奥古斯（Augusto）皇帝的祭坛，罗马参议院为纪念和平于公元前13年兴建。

奥古斯都和平祭坛（AraPacis）是以纪念碑中近四分之三的大理石碎片为材料建造的，从16世纪开始又被重修，在纳粹时期被安放在一座由Vittorio Morpurgo设计的建筑之上。

在被修复的部分又被用混凝土重新修缮，于1938年9月23日，在罗马奥古斯都大帝的陵墓遗址处为该宏伟建筑举行了开幕典礼。

现实中的祭坛坐落于三层阶梯平台之上，四周由围栏相围，围栏上饰有漂亮的浅浮雕并且纪念碑的两扇门是相对而立的。

2002年，理查德•迈耶（Richard Meier）被委派为纪念这座伟大的祭坛，设计建造一座博物馆。

他从一开始就非常注重历史艺术作品，痴迷于AraPacis 祭坛并且对举行祭祀仪式时所用的多边形石材有着浓厚的兴趣，最终他以很高的天赋和能力于2006年4月完成了罗马AraPacis博物馆。

这座崭新开放的博物馆，是罗马乃至整个意大利自上实际30年代以来的第一座现代意义的博物馆，无疑为这座古老而又底蕴厚重的城市带来了新的契机。

与其同期进行但还未完工的现代博物馆还包括ZahaHadid的罗马艺术博物馆等。

AraPacis博物馆的设计任务是在没有竞争的情况下交给迈耶的，从博物馆开放之日就引起众多争论而且从未平息：一方面，由于迈耶坚决的态度和使用当地材料，其设计受到了好评；另一方面，也有些人抱怨该建筑的封闭性，虽然墙面光滑，但却切断了城市与祭坛的直接联系。

文章编号:1001-2354(2002)02-0034-03LOM原型制作质量分析及控制王晓艳,王广春,赵国群(山东大学南校区模具工程技术研究中心,山东济南 250061)摘 要:简要介绍了L OM原型的制作工艺过程,从工程应用和服务需要出发,分析了影响成形件质量和精度的因素,给出了控制其质量的几种有效方法。

关键词:快速原型;叠层实体制造技术;质量控制中图分类号:T G316.18 文献标识码:A1 引言LOM(Laminated Object M anufacturing)法是美国Helisys公司于1991年研制成功的一种快速原型制造技术,它以成本低廉,成形速度快,精度高等特点得到了迅速而广泛应用。

LOM法的原理是根据计算机上构成的产品三维设计模型分层切片,将废料部分切割成网格,激光束据此切割背面带有粘胶的纸,依次叠加形成LOM叠层块(图1),其中,所需的制件被废料包围,剔除这些废料之后,便可得到LOM制件[1]。

这种成型技术生成的原型精度可达 0.1mm且不收缩,叠层厚度可减小为0.05mm~0.5mm。

由于无固化过程,因此成型速度快。

叠层实体制造技术自出现以来,已经在汽车、机械、电器、航天航空、建筑、医学、玩具和考古等行业广泛地应用于产品概念设计可视化和造型设计评估、产品装配检验、熔模精密铸造母模、仿行加工的靠模、快速翻制模具的母模及直接制模等众多方面。

但国内对LOM技术的研究主要集中于设备的研制和生产上,对LOM原型的制作精度、表面质量、制作工艺、参数的调配及后处理等方面还未进行系统的研究和总结。

2 LOM原型制作工艺2 1 CAD模型的STL文件各种快速成型制造系统的原型制作过程都是在CAD模型的直接驱动下进行的,CAD模型为原型的制作过程提供数字信息。

而ST L数据文件的内容是将三维实体的表面三角形化,并将其顶点信息和法矢有序排列起来,而生成的一种二进制或ASCII信息,这种信息直接能够由快速原型制造系统中切片软件识别。

ifeature定位基准英文回答：Definition of a Feature Datum.A feature datum is a theoretical surface, point, or axis that is established based on the geometric features of a part or assembly. It serves as a reference for locating and orienting other features on the part or assembly. Feature datums are used in engineering drawings to ensure that all features are correctly positioned and aligned.Types of Feature Datums.There are three main types of feature datums:Primary datum: This is the main reference surface, point, or axis from which all other datums are established.Secondary datum: This is a reference surface, point,or axis that is secondary to the primary datum. It is used to refine the location and orientation of other features.Tertiary datum: This is a reference surface, point, or axis that is used to further refine the location and orientation of other features.Establishment of Feature Datums.Feature datums are established based on the following criteria:Size: The datum feature should be large enough to provide a stable reference.Flatness: The datum feature should be flat or cylindrical to provide a precise reference.Parallelism: The datum feature should be parallel to other important surfaces or axes on the part or assembly.Perpendicularity: The datum feature should beperpendicular to other important surfaces or axes on thepart or assembly.Use of Feature Datums.Feature datums are used in the following applications:Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T): Feature datums are used to establish the coordinate system for GD&T, which is used to define the allowable variations in the size, shape, and location of features.Computer-aided design (CAD): Feature datums are usedin CAD software to define the relationships betweendifferent features on a part or assembly.Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs): Feature datums are used to align parts and assemblies on CMMs forinspection purposes.中文回答：基准定位。

Ladies and gentlemen :It is an honor to be here to introduce our traditional residence of South China. We come from China Jingdezhen, where is famous for its porcelain, well ,it is also a place be typical its ancient Huizhou architecture. As well, our company ,Boyuan ancient architecture company is engaged in spreading the ancient Chinese culture of architecture to the world.As you look, what In front of us is part of our Chinese Huizhou traditional house ——antechamber (前厅).This antechamber included courtyard (天井) , wing-rooms ( 厢房)and so on. Let 's take care of its construction, as we know, Chinese people all cares about FengShuey( 风水) ，so we always pay much attention to the arrangement of a house. Therefore, the courtyard not only play an important role in dailylighting ,and also collecting water for fire protection ,as well collecting water also means collecting wealth in Fengshuey.There is one thing that can not be ignored, the amazing latticework on the windows. In some window latticework you may still find thin layers of gold foil, which indicates the houses' past eminence, while some carved boards feature geometric variations of Buddhist symbols. Others are carved with poems and lyrics, or even calligraphy and paintings, which implies that literary families once lived in the houses.Latticework motifs on doors, partitions, and windows are mostly derived from traditional designs with auspicious meanings, such as storks, deer, kylins (Chinese mythical beasts), pied magpies, bats, peonies, and fu (the Chinese character for happiness), all symbolizing longevity, good health, and wealth.Latticework is often enhanced by various motifs such as intricate floral figures, and episodes from local operas and folk stories. Geometric and cross patterns are also favored because they are simple yet graceful. There are also motifs based on the symbols of the five elements (air, earth, fire, water, and wood) and the eight trigrams (sky, earth, thunder, wind, water or moon, fire or sun, mountain, and water). The carved boards are mainly those from doors, windows, tables, beds, chairs, and screens.Corbie gable, also called fire-sealing gable, is a major molding characteristic of south Chinese architecture.Huizhou Carving Art。

plastic mould 塑料模具 injection mold 注塑模具 main defect 主要缺陷 flow mark流痕 welding mark溶合痕 shrinking/shrinkage缩水 mold flow 模流 air trap气泡 flash飞边、溢料变形：warp weld line 熔接痕 warpage 翘曲变形 pack time 保压时间 mold temperature 模具温度 melt temperature 融胶温度 pack pressure 保压压力 injection pressure 注射压力 cooling time 冷却时间 Toolingtrial Glass fibre streak 玻璃纤维痕 Burn mark / charred streaks 烧焦痕 Blistering 气泡 Cold Slugs 冷胶 Filamentation 拉丝 Ejector marks 顶针痕 Plate-out 积垢 Flaking 表层脱皮 mold test 试模 additive添加剂 cylinder 料筒 burn 烧痕 cavity 型腔 cold-slug well冷料井 crack开裂 craze银纹 deflashing除边 degate 浇口料切除 draft 脱模斜度 ejection顶出 ejector mark顶出痕器 feed加料 flash line合模线 gate浇口 granulator碎料机 fill 填充heater band 电热圈 hopper料斗 impression阴模冲压英语冲压常用词汇stamping, press冲压punch press, dieing out press冲床uncoiler & strainghtener整平机feeder送料机rack, shelf, stack料架cylinder油缸robot机械手taker取料机conveyer belt输送带transmission rack输送架top stop上死点bottom stop下死点one stroke一行程inch寸动to continue, cont.连动to grip(material)吸料location lump, locating piece, block stop 定位块reset复位smoothly顺利dent压痕scratch刮伤deformation变形filings铁削to draw holes抽孔inquiry, search for查寻to stock, storage, in stock库存receive领取approval examine and verify审核processing, to process加工delivery, to deliver 交货to return delivenry to.to send delinery backto retrn of goods退货registration登记registration card登记卡to control管制to put forward and hand in提报safe stock安全库存acceptance = receive验收to notice通知application form for purchase请购单consume, consumption消耗to fill in填写abrasion磨损reverse angle = chamfer倒角character die字模to collect, to gather收集failure, trouble故障statistics统计demand and supply需求career card履历卡to take apart a die卸下模具to load a die装上模具to tight a bolt拧紧螺栓to looser a bolt拧松螺栓to move away a die plate移走模板easily damaged parts易损件standard parts标准件breaking.(be)broken,(be)cracked 断裂to lubricate润滑common vocabulary for die engineering 模具工程常用词汇die 模具figure file, chart file图档cutting die, blanking die冲裁模progressive die, follow (-on)die 连续模compound die复合模punched hole冲孔panel board镶块to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边to bending折弯to pull, to stretch拉伸Line streching, line pulling线拉伸engraving, to engrave刻印upsiding down edges翻边to stake铆合designing, to design设计design modification设计变化die block模块folded block折弯块sliding block滑块location pin定位销lifting pin顶料销die plate, front board模板padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模座（Jun 01 2007 02:52PM ）lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧bolt螺栓冲压英语冲压常用词汇stamping bench, press冲压punch bench press, dieing out press冲床uncoiler & strainghtener整平机feeder送料机rack, shelf, stack料架美国公司的模具设计细节指导(中英文)字体大小：大| 中| 小2007-06-28 16:10 - 阅读：341 - 评论：2I. Purpose 目的A. The purpose of this metal stamping die standard is to provide detailed instructions for use in the design, construction, and testing of all metal stamping dies supplied to the Su-dan Corporation本份模具标准是向所有提供给Su-dan公司的五金模具的设计、组立、试模提供细节指导。

形位公差中英文对照设计手册——形位公差符号对应英语Straightness直线度- a condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a straight line.Flatness平面度- is the condition of a surface having all elements in one plane.Roundness圆度- describes the condition on a surface of revolution (cylinder, cone, sphere) where all points of the surface intersected by any plane.Cylindricity圆柱度- describes a condition of a surface of revolution in which all points of a surface are equidistant from a common axis.Profile of a Line线轮廓度- is the condition permitting a uniform amount of profile variation, ether unilaterally or bilaterally, along a line element of a feature.Profile of a Surface面轮廓度 - is the condition permitting a uniform amount of profile variation, ether unilaterally or bilaterally, on a surface. All Around Symbol全周符号 - indicating that a tolerance applies to surfaces all around the part.Angularity倾斜度- is the condition of a surface, axis, or centerplane, which is at a specified angle from a datum plane or axis. Perpendicularity垂直度 - is the condition of a surface, axis, or line, which is 90 deg. From a datum plane or a datum axis.Parallelism平行度- is the condition of a surface, line, or axis, which is equidistant at all points from a datum plane or axis.Position Tolerance位置度 - defines a zone within which the axis or center plane of a feature is permitted to vary from true (theoretically exact) position.Concentricity同轴度 - describes a condition in which two or more features , in any combination, have a common axis.Symmetry对称度- is a condition in which a feature (or features) is symmetrically disposed about the center plane of a datum feature. Runout圆跳动- is the composite deviation from the desired form of a part surface of revolution through on full rotation (360 deg) of the part on a datum axis.Total Runout全跳动 - is the simultaneous composite control of all elements of a surface at all circular and profile measuring positions as the part is rotated through 360.Maximum Material Condition (MMC) 最大实体要求- is that condition of a part feature wherein it contains the maximum amount ofmaterial within the stated limits of size. That is: minimum hole size and maximum shaft size.Least Material Condition (LMC)最小实体要求- implies that condition of a part feature of size wherein it contains the least (minimum) amount of material, examples, largest hole size and smallest shaft size. It isopposite to maximum material condition.Regardless Of Feature Size (RFS) - the condition where the tolerance of form, runout or location must be met irrespective of where the feature lies within its size tolerance.Projected T olerance Zone延伸公差带- applies to a hole in which a pin, stud, screw, etc., is to be inserted. It controls the perpendicularity of the hole to the extent of the projection from the hole and as it relates to the mating part clearance. The projected tolerance zone extends above the surface of the part to the functional length of the pin, stud, and screw relative to its assembly with the mating part.Tangent Plane相切面- indicating a tangent plane is shown. The symbol is placed in the feature control frame following the stated tolerance.Free State Variations自由状态变形 - is a term used to describe distortion of a part after removal of forces applied during manufacture. Diameter直径- indicates a circular feature when used on the field of a drawing or indicates that the tolerance is diametrical when used in a feature control frame.Basic Dimension基本尺寸 - used to describe the exact size, profile, orientation or location of a feature. A basic dimension is always associated with a feature control frame or datum target. (Theoretically exact dimension in ISO)Reference Dimension参考尺寸- a dimension usually without tolerance,used for information purposes only. It does not govern production or inspection operations. (Auxiliary dimension in ISO) Datum Feature参考特征- is the actual component feature used to establish a datum.Dimension Origin尺寸源- Signifies that the dimension originates from the plane established by the shorter surface and dimensional limits apply to the other surface.Feature Control Frame公差控制框- is a rectangular box containing the geometric characteristics symbol, and the form, runout or location tolerance. If necessary, datum references and modifiers applicable to the feature or the datums are also contained in the box.Conical Taper - is used to indicate taper for conical tapers. This symbol is always shown with the vertical leg to the left.Slope坡度- is used to indicate slope for flat tapers. This symbol is always shown with the vertical leg to the left.Counterbore/Spotface沉孔- is used to indicate a counterbore or a spotface. The symbol precedes the dimension of the counterbore or spotface, with no spaceCountersink埋头孔 - is used to indicate a countersink. The symbol precedes the dimensions of the countersink with no space.Depth/Deep深度- is used to indicate that a dimension applies to thedepth of a feature. This symbol precedes the depth value with no space in between.Square - is used to indicate that a single dimension applies to a square shape. The symbol precedes the dimension with no space between. Number of Places位置数量- the X is used along with a value to indicate the number of times a dimension or feature is repeated on the drawing.Arc Length弧长- indicating that a dimension is an arc length measured on a curved outline. The symbol is placed above the dimension.Radius半径- creates a zone defined by two arcs (the minimum and maximum radii). The part surface must lie within this zone.Spherical Radius球半径 - precedes the value of a dimension or tolerance.Spherical Diameter球直径- shall precede the tolerance value where the specified tolerance value represents spherical zone. Also, a positional tolerance may be used to control the location of a spherical feature relative to other features of a part. The symbol for spherical diameter precedes the size dimension of the feature and the positional tolerance value, to indicate a spherical tolerance zone.Controlled Radius可控半径 - creates a tolerance zone defined by two arcs (the minimum and maximum radii) that are tangent to the adjacent surfaces. Where a controlled radius is specified, the part contour within the crescent-shaped tolerance zone must be a fair curve without flats orreversals. Additionally, radii taken at all points on the part contour shall neither be smaller than the specified minimum limit nor larger than the maximum limit.Between - to indicate that a profile tolerance applies to several contiguous features, letters may designate where the profile tolerance begins and ends. These letters are referenced using the between symbol (since 1994) or the word between on drawings made to earlier versions of the Standard.Statistical Tolerance统计公差- is the assigning of tolerances to related components of an assembly on the basis of sound statistics (such as the assembly tolerance is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the individual tolerances). By applying statistical tolerancing, tolerances of individual components may be increased or clearances between mating parts may be reduced. The increased tolerance or improved fit may reduce manufacturing cost or improve the product's performance, but shall only be employed where the appropriate statistical process control will be used. Therefore, consideration should be given to specifying the required Cp and /or Cpk or other process performance indices。

Dimensioning and Tolerancing纷纷发术语和定义实际局部尺寸形体任意横截面上的任意单独距离的尺寸值。

两点测量常看作实际局部尺寸。

实际配合原则（AME）对于尺寸的外形轮廓：相似的理想的配对特征，处于最小尺寸包络该轮廓并接触该轮廓表面高点。

对于尺寸的内部轮廓：相似的理想的配对特征，处于最大尺寸包络该轮廓并接触该轮廓表面高点。

基本尺寸用来描述零件特征或目标基准的理论尺寸，理想轮廓，方向，或位置的数值。

用基本尺寸定义零件特征时，它提供了一个理想位置，其公差由位置公差控制。

补偿公差几何公差的附加公差。

无论特征控制框里指定MMC或LMC修正时，都准许公差补偿。

基准尺寸测量时建立的理论精确面，点或线。

检测设备常用作模拟基准。

基准特征与模拟基准关联的零件特征。

模拟基准用来模拟基准面或轴的充分精确形体的表面（比如机轴表面）。

为达到检测目的，模拟基准作为基准使用。

目标基准Terms and DefinitionsActual Local SizeThe value of any individual distance at any cross-section of a feature of size. A two-point measurement is often considered an Actual Local Size.Actual Mating Envelope (AME)For an external feature of size; a similar perfect feature counterpart of the smallest size which surrounds the feature so it contacts the high points of the surface(s). For an internal feature of size; a similar perfect feature counterpart of the largest size which fits inside the feature so it contacts the high points of the surface(s)Basic DimensionA numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact size, true profile, orientation, of location of a part feature of datum target. When a basic dimension is used to define part features, it provides the location for which permissible variations are established by geometric tolerances.Bonus ToleranceAn additional amount of tolerance for a geometric tolerance. A bonus tolerance is permissible whenever an MMC of LMC modifier is specified in a tolerance portion of a feature control frameDatumThe theoretically exact plane, point of axis from which a dimensional measurement is made. Inspection equipment is often used to simulate datums. Datum FeatureA part feature that contacts a simulated datumDatum Feature SimulatorA surface of adequately precise form (such as a surface plate of mandrel) which is used to simulate a datum plane or axis. A simulated datum is used as a datum for inspection purposes.Datum TargetSymbols that describe the shape, size, and location of gage elements that are used to establish datum planes of axis.描述通常用来建立基准面或轴的测量要素的形状，尺寸和位置的符号。

京剧脸谱英语作文100Title: The Art of Jingju Facial Makeup: Exploring the Symbolism and Techniques。

Introduction:Jingju, or Beijing Opera, is a traditional Chinese performing art that encompasses various elements, including music, singing, acting, and acrobatics. Among itsdistinctive features is the intricate facial makeup, known as "Lianpu" or "Lianmian." In this essay, we will delveinto the symbolism and techniques behind Jingju facial makeup, shedding light on its significance in Chinese culture.Symbolism Behind Jingju Facial Makeup:Jingju facial makeup plays a pivotal role in conveying character traits, emotions, and social status. Each color, pattern, and stroke holds symbolic significance,contributing to the overall portrayal of the character.1. Colors:White: Represents sinister characters, cunningness, and treachery.Red: Symbolizes loyalty, courage, and righteousness.Black: Signifies integrity, impartiality, and solemnity.Green: Reflects impulsiveness, fierceness, and jealousy.Yellow: Represents ambition, intelligence, and resourcefulness.Blue: Symbolizes steadfastness, perseverance, and resilience.2. Patterns:Lines: Straight lines denote masculinity and firmness, while curved lines represent femininity and gracefulness.Dots: Used to highlight specific facial features or express emotional intensity.Swirls: Symbolize dynamic energy and unpredictability, often seen in characters with eccentric personalities.Geometric Shapes: Convey stability, order, and rationality, commonly found in characters with leadership roles.3. Techniques:Layering: Achieved through the application of multiple layers of colored pigments, creating depth and dimension.Brush Strokes: Varied brush strokes are employed to depict different textures, such as roughness, smoothness, or softness.Blending: The seamless blending of colors enhances the overall coherence and harmony of the facial makeup.Precision: Requires meticulous attention to detail, as even minor variations in line thickness or shading can significantly alter the character's portrayal.Techniques Used in Creating Jingju Facial Makeup:The creation of Jingju facial makeup is a highlyskilled art form that requires years of training and practice. Artists employ various techniques and tools to achieve the desired effects, ensuring that each character's makeup is distinct and recognizable.1. Foundation:The foundation serves as the base layer for thefacial makeup, providing a smooth canvas for subsequent layers of color.Traditional ingredients such as rice flour, talcum powder, and water are mixed to create a paste that adheres to the skin and withstands the rigors of performance.2. Contouring:Contouring techniques are used to sculpt the facial features and create the illusion of depth.Darker shades are applied to areas requiring definition, such as the jawline, cheekbones, and temples, while lighter shades are used to highlight prominent features like the nose, forehead, and chin.3. Detailing:Fine brushes and specialized tools are employed to meticulously draw intricate patterns and designs onto the face.Artists must possess exceptional dexterity and control to execute precise lines, curves, and shapes that accurately convey the character's personality and emotions.4. Finishing Touches:Once the facial makeup is complete, additional embellishments such as sequins, glitter, or decorative elements may be added to enhance visual impact and theatricality.Setting powders and sprays are used to ensure the longevity of the makeup and prevent smudging during performances under harsh stage lights.Conclusion:Jingju facial makeup is not merely decorative but serves as a powerful means of expression, communication, and storytelling in traditional Chinese opera. Through the intricate symbolism and meticulous techniques employed inits creation, Jingju facial makeup brings characters to life on stage, captivating audiences with its beauty, complexity, and cultural significance. As custodians of this ancient art form, Jingju performers continue to honor and preserve the rich heritage of Chinese opera, ensuring that its timeless allure endures for generations to come.。

slam特征跟踪方法From a technical standpoint, SLAM feature tracking methods play a vital role in accurately estimating therobot's pose and mapping the environment. These methods typically rely on extracting and matching visual or geometric features across consecutive frames to establish correspondences and compute the robot's motion. Feature tracking algorithms should be robust to changes in lighting conditions, viewpoint variations, occlusions, and dynamic objects. Moreover, they should be able to handle large-scale environments and real-time processing requirements. Achieving these objectives is challenging due to the complexity and dynamic nature of real-world environments.One popular approach to SLAM feature tracking is theuse of feature descriptors, such as SIFT (Scale-Invariant Feature Transform) or ORB (Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF). These descriptors encode distinctive information about the features, allowing for reliable matching across frames. However, feature descriptors alone may not be sufficient inchallenging scenarios with significant viewpoint changes or occlusions. To address this, researchers have proposed methods that combine feature descriptors with geometric constraints, such as epipolar geometry or 3D point cloud information. These methods leverage the geometric relationships between the features to improve tracking accuracy and robustness.Another important aspect of SLAM feature tracking is the initialization of the tracking process. When a robot starts exploring a new environment, it needs to identify and track features from scratch. This initialization step is crucial for accurate motion estimation and subsequent mapping. Various methods have been proposed to address this challenge, including keypoint detection algorithms, such as Harris corners or FAST (Features from Accelerated Segment Test), which aim to identify salient features in the scene. Once the initial set of features is obtained, the tracking process can be initialized and refined using feature matching and motion estimation techniques.In recent years, deep learning-based approaches havealso shown promise in SLAM feature tracking. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been employed to learn feature representations directly from raw image data, eliminating the need for handcrafted descriptors. These learned features can be more robust to variations in lighting and viewpoint, potentially improving tracking performance. Additionally, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks have been explored for modeling temporal dependencies in feature tracking, enabling better handling of motion blur or fast camera movements.Despite the advancements in SLAM feature tracking methods, several challenges remain. One major challenge is the trade-off between tracking accuracy and computational efficiency. SLAM systems often operate in real-time, and the feature tracking component should be able to process frames at high frame rates while maintaining accurate estimates. This requires efficient feature detection, matching, and motion estimation algorithms. Another challenge is the robustness of feature tracking in dynamic environments. Moving objects or changes in the scene candisrupt feature correspondences and lead to tracking failures. Developing methods that can handle dynamic environments and recover from failures is an ongoing research topic.In conclusion, slam特征跟踪方法 (SLAM feature tracking methods) are crucial for enabling mobile robots to navigate and map their surroundings simultaneously. These methods involve extracting, matching, and tracking distinctive features in the environment to estimate the robot's motion and build a map. While feature descriptors and geometric constraints have been traditionally used, recent advancements in deep learning have opened new possibilities for improving tracking accuracy and robustness. However, challenges such as real-time processing, dynamic environments, and tracking initialization still need to be addressed. Continued research and development in SLAM feature tracking methods will contribute to the advancement of robotics and computer vision, enabling robots to operate autonomously in complex and dynamic environments.。

机械图纸的常见符号《机械识图》根据最新的中等职业学校机械制图教学大纲，针对中等职业学校学生在识图知识与技能方面的就业需求编写而成，注重对中等职业学校学生的识图能力培养。

《图文对半，直观形象，方便教学。

全书共分9个项目：抄画平面图形，三视图的形成与投影作图，基本几何体的视图，绘制与识读组合体视图，识读视图、剖视图和断面图，识读轴套类零件图，识读盘盖轮类零件图，识读叉架类和箱壳类零件图，识读装配图。

通过这9个项目将知识点与任务有机地结合，由浅入深，循序渐进，使学生完成技能的训练，达到学以致用的目的。

自劳动开创人类文明史以来,图形与语言、文字一样,是人们认识自然、表达和交流思想的基本工具,在图学发展的历史长河中,经过不断地完善和发展得到了广泛的应用。

在现代工业生产中,机械、化工或建筑都是根据图样进行制造和施工的。

设计者通过图样表达设计意图;制造者通过图样了解设计要求、组织制造和指导生产;使用者通过图样了解机器设备的结构和性能,进行操作、维修和保养。

因此机械图样是交流传递技术信息、思想的媒介和工具,是工程界通用的技术语言。

作为职业技术教育培养目标的生产第一线的现代新型技能型人才,必须学会并掌握这种语言,具备识读和绘制机械图样的基本能力。

从以下几方面可以体现其重要性:从事机械制造行业就须掌握机械制图 ,学习机械制图感到抽象、困难,其原因之一是习惯于在平面上思考问题,缺乏空间思维能力。

在学习过程中教师要有针对性地借助各种媒体,直观、形象地引导学生建立起空间概念,由平面思维转换到空间思维。

把物体的投影与实际零件结构紧密联系,不断地“由物画图”和“由图画物”,既要想象物体的形状,又要思考图形间的投影规律,步提高空间想象和思维能力。

有了这种能力,在实际工作时,才会通过二维的平面图——零件图(或装配图)想象出来三维的空间物体——实际零件(装配体),只有掌握这种技能,才能顺利完成零件加工或机器装配的工作。

所以,空间想象能力是学习机械制图的核心内容。

风力发电机专业英语词汇偏航驱动yawing driven风力机wind turbine极端风速extreme wind speed年发电量annual energy production叶片长度length of blade解缆untwist过载度ratio of over load减压阀reducing valve齿轮的变位addendum modification on gears传动误差transmission error重复接地iterative earth风电场wind power stationwind farm安全风速survival wind speed可利用率availability叶根root of blade塔架tower风力发电机组输出特性output characteristic of WTGS安全阀safety valve变位齿轮gears with addendum modification传动精度transmission accuracy故障接地fault earthing 风力发电机组wind turbine generator system WTGS参考风速reference wind speed叶尖tip of blade数据组功率特性测试data set for power performance measurement 独立式塔架free stand tower调节特性gulating characteristics设定压力setting pressure圆柱齿轮cylindrical gear固有频率natural frequency过电压保护over-voltage protection水平轴风力机horizontal axis wind turbine风速分布wind speed distribution精度accuracy叶尖速度tip speed拉索式塔架guyed tower平均噪声average noise level切换switching直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear弹性联接elastic coupling 过电流保护over-current protection垂直轴风力机vertical axis wind turbine瑞利分布RayLeigh distribution测量误差uncertainty in measurement浆距角pitch angle塔影响效应influence by the tower shadow机组效率efficiency of WTGS旋转接头rotating union斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gearsingle-helical gear刚性联接rigid coupling断相保护open-phase protection轮毂（风力机）hub (for wind turbine)威布尔分布Weibull distribution分组方法method of bins翼型airfoil<<功率特性测试>>使用寿命service life压力表pressure gauge节点pitch point滑块联接Oldham coupling防尘dust-protected 机舱nacelle风切变wind shear测量周期measurement period前缘leading edge功率特性power performance度电成本cost per kilowatt hour of the electricity generated by WTG S液压油hydraulic fluid节圆pitch circle 固定联接integrated coupling防溅protected against splashing 支撑结构support structure for wind turbine风廓线风切变律wind profile wind shear law测量扇区measurement sector后缘tailing edge净电功率输出net electric power output发电机液压马达hydraulic motor齿顶圆tip circle齿啮式联接dynamic coupling防滴protected against dropping water关机shutdownfor wind turbine风切变指数wind shear exponent日变化diurnal variations几何弦长geometric chord of airfoil 功率系数power coefficient同步电机synchronous generator油封oil seal齿根圆root circle花键式联接splined coupling防浸水protected against the effects of immersion正常关机normal shutdown for wind turbine对数风切变律logarithmic wind shear law浆距角pitch angle平均几何弦长mean geometric of airfoil自由流风速free stream wind speed异步电机asynchronous generator刹车盘brake disc直径和半径diameter and radius牙嵌式联接castellated coupling过电流保护装置over-current protective device紧急关机emergency shutdown for wind turbine风切变幂律power law for wind shear距离常数distance constant气动弦线aerodynamic chord of airfoil扫掠面积swept area感应电机induction generator闸垫brake pad齿宽face width径向销联接radial pin coupling保护继电器protective relay风力发电机英语词汇对照（i~q）Ii-beamidler gear惰轮齿idler pulley惰轮,空转轮,导轮idling 空载，无载impeller 推进者, 叶轮impinge 撞击，冲击imprint 印记imprison监禁, 关押impulse推动, 刺激, 冲动, 推动力, 脉冲impurity杂质, 混杂物, 不洁, 不纯inductance 感应系数, 自感应,电感induction coil电感线圈inductive 诱导的, 感应的inflammable易燃的, 易怒的ingot条，块，锭initial 最初的, 词首的, 初始的initialize初始化initials缩写injector. 注射器injure 损害, 伤害inlet 进口, 入口inlet valve入口阀inner 内部的, 里面的, 内心的,内部inoperative不起作用的；无效的inspection 审查，检查instance 例图；事[实，范]例，样品,实例, 建议, 要求, 情况, 场合instantaneous瞬间的, 即刻的, 即时的,瞬时,立即insufficient不充足的,不适合的，不能胜任的insulation绝热；绝缘；隔离,绝缘体；绝缘材料intensive强烈的, 精深的, . 加强器interchange 互换，交换；交换机interlock连锁装置, 连锁internal callipers内卡钳internal-combustion engine内燃机inertia switch惯性开关interval 间隔，时间间隔，区间intervene干涉, 干预, 插入, 介入inverter反用换流器, 变极器, 反相器；"非"门irregularity 不规则, 无规律不规则性，不正则性irritation激怒；被激怒疼痛处isolating 孤立的,绝缘的isolation 隔绝, 孤立, 隔离, 绝缘, 离析isometric projection等边体isosceles triangle等边三角形Jjack 插孔，插口，插座；插头，接头；千斤顶jet 喷嘴；射流jib crane挺杆臂,转臂起重机jig 钻模；夹具；定位；模具jointing compound复合填料joist托梁 ,搁栅jubilee clipjumper 跨接线，跨接，跨[短]接片，跳接器，∏型短路线Kkeyhole sawkey-operate键盘操作keyway 键槽king dick spannerking pin大头钉kit成套工具, 用具包, 工具箱, 成套用具knob 按钮；调节器knuckle joint万向接头knurled nut凸螺母knurling多瘤的, 多节的Llabel 标签, 签条, 商标, 标志labyrinth迷路, 迷宫, 难解的事物ladder. 梯子, 阶梯ladle杓子, 长柄杓lager贮藏啤酒lagging绝缘层材料laminate 层压(制品)，迭片，迭层板，绝缘板; 碾压lamp holder 灯座lapjoint搭接lap 盖板；搭接，重迭；研磨，抛光lapping compound研磨，抛光化合物large power drill大型钻latch 锁存器；门闩线路；凸轮；闩锁lathe 车床lathe tool车床工具layout 规划, 设计, 编排, 版面, 配线, 企划, 设计图案,布局图, 版面设计leaf spring叠簧leaflet 小叶, 传单leak漏洞, 漏出, 漏出物, 泄漏, 泄漏leakage 漏, 泄漏, 渗漏left-hand thread左旋螺纹lengthwise纵长的，纵向长的level水平, 水平面, 水准, 标准, 级别leverage杠杆作用liberal自由，丰富，充足lid. 盖子lifting提升light光, 日光, 发光体, 灯轻的, 发光的light metal spirit level光金属水平仪lighting conductor光导体limit gaugelining内衬，衬里link链环, 连结物, 火把, 链接, 连结, 联合lintel楣, 过梁lip. 嘴唇, 唇缘lithium saponify锂基脂litre 升local地方的, 当地的, 局部的, 乡土的,当地居民, 本地新闻, 慢车, 局部locate定位，位置location单元；位置，定位lock 加锁，锁(紧，定)，封闭；自动跟踪locking nut自锁螺母locknut防松螺母，对开螺母locomotive 机车, 火车头log(运行)记录,(系统)日志logging saw伐木锯loom. 织布机, 织机, 隐现, 迫近lorry卡车, 铁路货车lost-head nail断头钉loudspeaker 扩音器, 喇叭lubricant润滑剂lubricate 润滑lug 接线柱；柄，把手；突起Mmachine tools 工作母机magnet 磁体, 磁铁magnetic 磁的, 有磁性的, 有吸引力的magnifier 放大器magnifying glass放大镜main主要部分, 体力, 力量, 大陆, 要点, 干线main spar主梁mallet木槌 ,球棍mandrel 半导体阴极金属心；心轴manhole人孔, 检修孔manner礼貌, 风格, 方式, 样式, 习惯manometer 流体压力计manometric. 压力计的, 用压力计测量的manual 手册，指南,人[手]工，手控，手动marine engine海用引擎masonry 石工术, 石匠职业masonry drill石钻masonry nail 水泥钉master征服,控制,精通master cylinder主液压缸mat 字模，垫块material 物质，材料；资料measureing scale测量刻度measuring 测量measuring tape卷尺mechanical机械的, 机械制的, 机械似的mechanical drawing机械图mechanism 机制；机械学，结构方式；机械装置；技巧；机械论medium媒体；介质；平均值；手段，方法；中(等)；粗略，一般[M]membrane 薄膜；隔板；表层memory记忆, 记忆力, 回忆, 存储(器), 存储器存储器,内存mention 提及, 说起mercury barometer 汞，水银气压计meshing接合；相合；啮合message 消息报文，电文；信息micrometer screw gauge螺旋测位器microprocessing unit 微处理器microscope显微镜microswitch 微动开关middle中间，中型；mill 碾磨, 磨细milling轧齿边milling machine 铣床mineral. 矿物, 矿石minimise 成极小,求最小值minor次要，局部，小minus 减(号)；负missing 故障，损失，遗漏mitre block 斜接，斜面接合块mitre joint 斜接mitring machinemix 混合mixture混合, 混合物, 混合剂Monitoring监控mode方式, 模式, 样式, 时尚modem 调制解调器modification修改，改造，改变 , 变型，变体module 模数, 模块, 登月舱, 指令舱modulus模量，系数，模数moisture 湿气，湿度，潮湿molding塑造；铸型；造型塑造物；铸造物mole wrenchmomentary刹那间的；顷刻的；短暂的mortar 臼, 研钵, 灰泥mortise. 榫眼mortise chisel榫.Motor start马达启动moulding sand沙模multimeter 万用表，多用途计量器multi-meter万用表multiplication乘法, 增加,(动, 植的)繁殖, 增殖multiplier 增加者, 繁殖者,乘数, 增效器, 乘法器multiply 繁殖, 乘, 增加Nnacelle发动机舱，机舱nail指甲, 钉, 钉子needle file 针锉needle valve 针形阀, 针状活门negative 否定, 负数,阴性的；负极的network. 网络, 网状物, 广播网neutralization中立化, 中立状态, [化]中和noise噪声 ,噪音non-shrinking非收缩性normal正常，普通，标准nose cone. 火箭或飞弹之鼻锥体, 头锥体nozzle管口, 喷嘴nut 坚果, 螺母, 螺帽, 难解的问题nut tap自攻螺母nylon 尼龙Oobstruct 阻隔, 阻塞, 遮断(道路、通道等), 阻碍物, 障碍物obtuse angle 钝角obtuse-angled triangle钝角三角形occur 发生, 出现off-shore oil rig海上平台oil ringoil switch油开关oil well 油井oilstone油石oldham coupling欧氏联轴节on-site在场open ring wrench开口扳手open-hearth furnace平炉optimum最佳，最优orifice 孔, 口oscillation摆动, 振动outlet 输出；出口；引出线，电源插座output 产量, 输出, 输出量out yawing外偏航oval nail椭圆钉over speed过速overaging超龄的；老朽的；旧式的over current protection过电流保护overhead-valve engine 顶阀发动机,预置气门发动机overheat加热过度使发展过快，使过热overlap重叠，覆盖overload 超载，过载，过负荷overpressure过压overproduction生产过剩overspeed 超速over voltage过电压oxidation氧化[作用]；氧化层oxyacetylene welding氧乙炔焊P 来源：packaging. 包装packaging 封装，组装packing 压[紧]缩；组装；包装，打包pad 焊点焊盘；填充，插入，拼凑篇幅；衰减器paint 上色，着色；涂料，油漆；paint brush漆刷paint roller. 漆滚筒, 辊子pallet扁平工具, 棘爪, 货盘panel pinpanel sawparallel 并行，并联，平行parallel connectionparallelogram平行四边形parallels平行线parameter 参数[量]，变量parity奇偶particle粒子, 点, 极小量, 微粒, 质点pawl掣子；棘爪；制转杆peak 峰值，波峰pedal踏板；踏蹬pedestal 基架, 底座, 基础peg 钉, 栓, 桩, 销子pendulum 摆，振动体；钟摆perfect, 正确的, 熟练的, 精通的,完美的perform. 履行, 执行, 表演, 演出performance 性能，特性；实绩；【动】完成，实现，执行permanent永久的, 持久的permeate 弥漫, 渗透, 透过, 充满permissible 可允许的, 可容许程度的persistent持久性，不变personnel 人员, 职员perspective drawing透视图pestle and mortar 研杵petrol engine汽油机petroleum石油phase 阶段, 状态, 相, 相位phenomena 现象pick 抓[拾]取，挑，检，挑选，挑拣pile 堆积，堆，桩pile-driver打桩机pillar crane支柱起重机pilot 驾驶(飞机等), 领航, 引水pin 插针引脚，插头；引线；管脚pin puncherpin spannerpincers铁钳；钳子pinion 小齿轮pipe wrenchpiston活塞, 瓣piston ring. 活塞环pitch桨矩pitch angle桨矩角pivot枢；枢轴；支点plane平面, 飞机, 水平, 程度, 刨planet gear 行星齿轮planetary gear 行星planetary wheel行星架planimeter. 测面器, 求积计planing machine 刨床plano-concave lens 平凹镜plano-convex lens平凸镜plaster 石膏, 灰泥, 膏药, 橡皮膏plastic塑胶, 可塑体, 塑料制品, 整形plastic hammer塑胶榔头plate clutch 盘式离合器，联轴器platform)月台, 讲台, 讲坛平台platinum 白金, 铂plenty. 丰富, 大量pliers. 钳子, 老虎钳plug 插头；插塞, 插栓plumb line铅垂线pneumatic drill气[风]动钻polarization 偏振，极化polish 抛光，磨光polishing machine抛光机polyester 聚酯polymer聚合体；聚合物polymidwasherpoppet valve 提升阀pore 气孔，微孔port 端口，通信口，进出口position 位置，定位，部位；状态positive正(确；片，数，极)，阳性，无条件，肯定potential-freepotentiometerrpour灌注, 倾泻, 涌入, 流power factor功率因数power hammerprecaution 预防, 警惕, 防范, 预防措施；预防方法precise 精确的, 准确的, 精确predetermine. 预定, 预先确定preserve 保护, 保持, 保存, 保藏press 压, 按, 印刷, 压力, 拥挤, 紧握, 新闻press plier压钳pressure 压, 压力, 电压, 压迫, 强制, 紧迫pressure gauge 压力计pressure switch压力开关pressurize增压, 密封, 使...加压prestressed concrete 钢筋混凝土pretension 借口, 要求, 主张, 自负, 骄傲prevailing流行，占优势prevent防止；预防priority 优先级，优先(权)prism 棱镜，棱柱(体)；棱形procedure. 程序, 手续produce 提出, 出示, 生产, 制造, 结(果实), 引起, 招致, 创作profile 剖面, 侧面, 外形, 轮廓prolong延长；伸展propeller螺旋桨；推进器propeller shaft桨轴property 财产, 所有物, 所有权, 性质,特性, (小)道具proportional dividers比列规protection保护protection glasses保护镜protocol 草案, 协议protractor量角器；分度规pulley 滑车, 滑轮pump泵,抽水机pump ability泵性能punch冲孔, 打孔punching machine冲孔, 打孔机punner夯,夯具purging清除,清理pyramid角锥、棱椎, 金字塔Qquality质量, 品质, 性质quantity 量，数量；大量quenching 淬火, 熄query 询问，查询；询问程序abrasive研磨料abrasive disc磨料盘accumulator 储压罐acetone丙酮activation活动, 赋活,激活,活化,激励,启用acute angle锐角adhesive 带粘性的, 胶粘, 粘合剂adjustable spanner 活动扳手admixture 混合, 混合物adversely逆地, 反对地adze扁斧aerial航空的, 生活在空气中的, 空气的, 高耸的,天线aerosol 浮质,气溶胶, 气雾剂, 烟雾剂aggregate 合计, 总计, 集合体aggressively 侵略地, 攻势地air inlet通风口air-cushion vehicle气垫船air gap气隙align对准,校直,定位;调,排列, 使结盟, 使成一行alkali-sensitive碱性感测allen key 六方allen wrench 六方扳手alloy 合金alteration变更, 改造alternator 交替符;交流发电机ammeter安培计,电流表anaerobic没有空气而能生活的, 厌氧性的anchor 锚, 抛锚, 锚定aneroid barometer无液气压表, 无液晴雨angle grinder角锉angle plate角盘annealing 退火annulus环面anode阳极, 正极anodization阳极氧化antenna 天线;触角antifriction减低或防止磨擦之物, 润滑剂anvil铁砧approximate近似, 接近, 约计 adjarbor 树阴;凉亭;藤架〈机〉柄轴;心轴arc 弧, 弓形, 拱,电弧arc welding 电弧焊archimedean screw阿基米德螺线arrmature 电枢articulated接合,链接,有关节的assemble集合, 聚集, 装配assorted files分类排列;相匹配(文件)assume假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现attenuation变薄, 稀薄化, 变细, 衰减auger打孔钻,螺丝钻averagen 平均, 平均水平, 平均数, 海损, 一般的, 通常的awln锥子axe斧, (经费的)大削减axle 轮轴, 车轴Bback saw背锯backlash反冲,无效行程;间隙,偏移;退ball bearing滚珠轴ball saddle滚珠支撑ball-peen hammerband区;带,波段带子, 镶边, 波段, 队, 乐队联合, 结合bandsaw用带锯锯bar magnet磁条barometer气压计;晴雨表battery power drill电池钻beach海滨;湖滨;河滩bead 珠子, 水珠beam compass长臂圆规beam trammel骨架bearer 支架,托架,支座,载体bell crank曲柄belting制带的材料, 带类, 调带装置bessemer酸性转炉钢bessemer converter 酸性转炉,贝塞麦转炉bevel gear斜角;斜齿轮bevel-edge shisel斜缘薄钢板biconcave lens两面凹镜biconvex lens两面凸镜bifurcated rivetbimetallic双金属的bin二进制;双态bit 位, 比特blade for iron saw剧刃blast 强风,过载blast furnace鼓风炉blast cleaning皮老虎bleed 放出(液体,气体等);漏出,漏入,泄漏,色料扩散bleeder valve 溢流阀block and tackle滑轮组blowlamp喷灯blowpipe吹风管blowtorch 吹管, 喷灯board 底板,板boiler锅炉;煮器;烧水器bolt螺栓,螺钉,支持,维持bone 骨剔除bonnet软帽,汽车发动机罩bore钻孔,钻bottom dead-centrebow-spring compassbox spanner管钳子box spanner insetbrac支柱, 带子, 振作精神bracket托架, 括弧, 支架brad曲头钉bradawl小锥Brakebrake lining闸, 刹车的衬里, 内层, 衬套brake shoe 闸轨branch of joint连接分支brass黄铜, 黄铜制品,brazing铜焊breast drillbreather 呼吸者, 喘息者, 剧烈的运动bricklayer's hammerbubble 磁泡,水泡,气泡bucket桶, 一桶的量, 铲斗Buffing wheelbulk大小, 体积, 大批, 大多数, 散装bulkhead隔壁, 防水壁bulldozer 推土机bunsen burner 本生灯burr芒刺;刺果植物;针球burstn 突然破裂, 爆发, 脉冲bursting discbush 矮树丛, (机械)衬套bushing轴衬, 套管Ccabinet screw drivercable bundle 束,光纤束;捆,卷cable reel电缆盘cable shear电缆剪cable shoes电缆靴cable tie电缆带calibration标度, 刻度, 校准caliper测径器, 卡钳, 弯脚器cam凸轮camber 拱形camshaft凸轮轴cantilever伸臂,悬臂;悬臂梁cap帽,罩cap nut螺冒capaciron电容汞弧管capacitance电容;电容量capstan lathe绞盘车床carburettor 汽化器cardan shaft万向轴cartridge额盒式磁盘[带](机);夹头cast投;掷;抛casting 铸件, 铸造castle nut城堡螺母catalyst 催化剂,触媒cathode 阴极cathode-ray tube阴极射线管catwalk桥上人行道, 狭小通道caulking 填以防漏caution小心, 谨慎, 警告cement 水泥, 接合剂, 接合, 用水泥涂, 巩固, 粘牢center puncher中心冲centre bit中心位centrifugal离心centrifugal unit离心单元ceramics 陶瓷;陶瓷技术chain vice链式钳chain wheel 滑轮chain-grate stoker链条炉排加煤机change over 改变成,对调位chaser猎人, 驱逐舰cheese 干酪,垫砖cheese-head screw 有槽凸圆柱头螺钉chisel 凿子砍凿chloride氯化物,漂白粉choke窒息, 阻气门choke valve阻气阀chord弦, 和音, 情绪chrome 铬;铬矿石;氧化铬chuck 轻拍, 抛掷, 驱逐, 丢弃, 用卡盘夹住circlip环形circular圆形,环;循环circular saw圆锯circulate 循环;流通circulating循环, 流通circumference周线;外围;周围clamp夹子, 夹具, 夹钳clamp ammeter钳形表claw hammer 拔钉锤clearancen清理,清除;出空,间空,间隔;距离cleat夹板clog填塞;塞满close grainedclout nail大帽钉club hammer锤子,榔头clutch离合器,联轴器coarse粗(糙,略),近似cobalt钴(符号为Co), 钴类颜料, 由钴制的深蓝色coil线圈,绕组coil spring弹圈collar 凸缘;圈,环,套环,轴;卡圈;安装环collar bolt凸缘螺栓combination结合, 联合, 合并, 化合, 化合物combination pliers台钳combustion chamber燃烧室compound 混合物, [化]化合物复合的, 混合, 配合compresso压缩物, 压缩机, 收缩肌comutator 换向器, 转接器concave len凹面镜concave-convex len凸凹镜concrete混凝土;具体concrete drill混凝土钻condenser冷凝器;凝结器,电容器conduit管道, 导管, 沟渠, 泉水, 喷泉cone数、物]锥形物, 圆锥体, (松树的)球果, 使成锥形cone and cup unionconical 圆锥的, 圆锥形的conjunction联合, 关联, 连接词connecting rod连接杆considerably 相当地consistency连结, 结合, 坚固性, 浓度, 密度, 一致性, 连贯性console 安慰, 藉慰,控制台container箱;罐;容器集装箱,货柜contaminate污染,弄污contrast使与对比, 使与对照, 和形成对照, 对比, 对照, (对照中的) Controlconvection传送;运流;对流converter换流器;变换器;变流器convex lens凸透镜cooling冷却;冷却技术core sandcorrespond符合, 协调, 通信, 相当, 相应corrosion腐蚀,浸蚀cotter pincountersink bit装定位countersunk埋头孔, 暗钉眼countersunk rivetcountersunk-head screwcounting计算coupling bolt 联结, 接合, 耦合,耦合性,耦合技术coverage 覆盖;敷层;有效区域crack 裂纹,裂缝cramp 钳位(电路);压[夹板];卡子,夹(子);压[夹]紧crane起重机crank不稳定的,摇晃的,曲柄crankcase曲柄轴箱crankshaft曲轴;机轴criterion标准,判据,准则cross mark十字标记cross slotted screw十字长孔crosshead 小标题, 子题, [机]十字头, 丁字头cross-peen hammer 横头锤cross-section横断面;横切面;截面crosswise斜地, 成十字状地, 交叉地crowbar撬棍;铁棍;起货钩crown wheel 顶圈crucible坩锅, 严酷的考验cupola furnace园顶熔炉current ration电流定值customs 进口税, 海关cutter刀具, 切割机cutting disk切割盘cylinder block缸体cylinder head缸头cylinder-head gasket缸头垫片,垫圈;接合垫cylindrical圆柱形,圆柱体;柱面Ddampen使潮湿, 使沮丧damper风门;节气阀darwing board画图板deactivate释放;去激励;停用;退出工作;使无效debris碎片, 残骸decimal 十进的, 小数的,小数defective有缺陷的,欠缺的deflect (使)偏斜, (使)偏转deflection偏向;偏斜;转向deformation 变形,形变;畸变,失真degrease脱脂, 除油污degree celsius摄氏度deploy展开, 配置deposit 堆积物, 沉淀物, 存款, 押金, 保证金, 存放物depress使沮丧, 使消沉, 压下, 压低depression 沮丧, 消沉, 低气压, 低压depressurizes 使减压, 使降压depth gauge深度计detergent 清洁剂, 去垢剂deviation 偏差,偏移dial gauge量规dial micrometer千分尺dielectric 电介质, 绝缘体diestock螺丝攻differential gear差速齿轮differential protection差动保护diffuser 漫射体;(扬声器)纸盆;扩散器digger挖掘者挖掘机digital clock数字钟digitizing tablet数字面板dilute 冲淡, 变淡, 变弱, 稀释discharge 卸下, 放出, 清偿(债务), 履行(义务), 解雇, 开(炮), 放(枪), 射(箭) 卸货, 流注, 放电dismantle拆除,拆卸dismount 拆卸,卸下disposal 处理, 处置, 布置, 安排, 配置, 支配dissipation 分散, 浪费, 损耗,耗散,消耗distance ring间隔环distributor发行人,分电盘,配电器dividers圆规double phase两相dog clutchdolly洋娃娃 ,移动车,台车,移动摄影车domed nut 圆顶螺母doubt不确定;疑惑dowel 木钉, 销子, 用暗销接合drain排水沟, 消耗, 排水drain tap排气阀draw bar绘图刀drawing pin图钉drawing point绘图点drift 漂移,偏差drill 训练, 钻孔, 条播, 钻头;锥子;钻孔机;钻床;钻drill gauge钻规driller 钻孔者, 钻孔机drilling machine 钻床drip pan油滴盘drop hammer落锤drum鼓, 鼓声drum brake鼓状刹车dryness干, 干燥duplex双(向,重),双工,二重durability 耐久性,耐用性duration宽度,持续时间dust 灰尘, 尘土, 尘埃dynamo 发电机dynamometer 测力计, 功率计Eearthmover 重型推土机eccentric古怪的;偏执的不同圆心的,离心的;不正圆的edge刀口, 利刃, 锋, 优势, 边缘, 优势, 尖锐elbow机械肘, 肘electric furnace电熔炉electric plier电气钳electric screw driver电钻electric welding电焊electricalelectrode 电极electrolysis 电解,电蚀electrolyte电解, 电解液electroplating 电镀, 电镀术eliminate消除,删去,排除;切断emery 金刚砂, 刚玉砂emery cloth砂布,金刚砂布emery wheel 金刚砂旋转磨石, 砂轮endplate终板endwise末端朝前或向上的,向前的energizing使活跃, 给予精力, 加强, 给与电压, 激励,赋能;接通epicyclic gear计数齿epoxy 环氧树脂epoxy-glued环氧胶equilateral triangle 等边三角形erection直立, 竖起, 建筑物exectric arc电弧exhaust pipe 排气管exhaust valve排气阀expanded metal膨胀金属expander扩展器,扩展电路,扩大器expansion bolt自攻螺丝explanatory quad填充铅块extension tube伸缩管extern外(面)的, 外来的external callipers外卡钳extrusion 挤压,挤压成形eye bolt吊耳eye screw螺丝眼Ffabrication 制造;生产;结构faceplate面板, 花盘facilitate使容易, 使便利, 推动, 帮助, 使容易, 促进fag bolt, 疲劳螺栓fake假货, 欺骗, 伪造, 赝造, 捏造, 假造, 仿造fan belt风扇皮带fan heate风扇加热器feeler gauge触规felling axe外轮轴fetch 接来, 取来, 带来, 售得, 引出, 吸引, 到达, 演绎出filament灯丝;细丝fire extinguisher灭火器firebrick 耐火砖fireman's axe消防斧firmer chisel 凿子flange 边缘, 轮缘, 凸缘, 法兰flange coupling凸缘联轴器flanged nut凸缘螺母flanged union凸缘连接flank侧面, 军队侧翼, 侧腹, 胁flash welding 闪光焊flashlight 手电筒, 闪光灯flashpoint闪点flat 平坦的, 扁平的, 单调的, 倒下的, 浅的flat nut平螺母flat-head rivet平头铆钉flaw裂缝,缺陷,疵瑕flex弯曲(四肢), 伸缩, 折曲flexure 弯曲,挠曲float chamber浮子floating 漂浮的, 浮动的, 移动的, 流动的, 不固定的flue烟洞, 烟道, 暖气管, 蓬松的东西flush刷新flux 磁通,通量;焊剂;流动, 熔化, 流出footpump脚泵forge炼炉;熔炉fork 派生(指令),分叉(指令),分支fork-lift truck叉架式运货车,铲车formation 构造,结构;形成,建立;形式forming印版foundry铸造, 翻砂, 铸工厂, 玻璃厂, 铸造厂foundation 基础, 根本, 建立, 创立, 地基, four-jaw chuck四爪卡盘four-stroke四冲程frame帧,画面;框架机架,架,机柜fret-saw线剧friction 摩擦, 摩擦力friction grip摩擦盘frictional摩擦的, 摩擦力的frost霜, 霜冻, 严寒, 结霜funnel 漏斗, 烟窗furnace炉子, 熔炉furnish 供应, 提供, 装备, 布置Ggale强风,大风galvanizing 通电流于, 电镀gang saw 直锯gas burner 煤气灶, 煤气火焰gas main 煤气总管gas mask防毒面具gas pedal气体, 煤气, 毒气, 汽油, 瓦斯gas turbine 燃气涡轮gas well 天然气井gas works煤气厂gasket垫片,垫圈;接合垫gaskets垫片,垫圈;接合垫gasometer煤气厂, 气量计gate pole门极gate valve门阀gauge标准尺, 规格, 量规, 量表, 测量gavel 槌gear lever 变速杆gear train齿轮系gear wheel齿轮geiger counter盖格计数器gel-coated胶衣gimbals 平衡环,平衡架gimlet手钻;螺丝锥girder 梁, 钢桁的支架girder bridgegland腺,密封管glass cutter玻璃刀glaze釉料, 釉面, 光滑面, 上釉, 上光globe valve球形阀gloss注释;注解;评注, 光泽的表面, 光彩, 欺人的表面, 假象, gloss paint光滑涂料glossy 平滑的, 有光泽的glove手套glue胶, 胶水, 胶合, 粘贴, 粘合goggle 眼睛睁视, (复数)风镜, 护目镜gold leaf金叶goons细打包麻布gouge弧口凿,半圆凿governor 调节器;控制器grab 抢夺, 攫取, 夺取grader 分类机,分级机grain 颗粒,晶粒,粒度;纹理graph 图表, 曲线图grease油膏;润滑油grease gun注油枪;滑脂枪grease nipple油管grinding磨的, 磨擦的, 碾的grinding disk 磨擦盘grinding machine磨床grinding wheel 砂轮groove凹槽, 惯例, 最佳状态grout 薄泥浆, 水泥浆grouting给…灌灰浆,给…涂薄胶泥grub screw自攻螺丝guide bars导向棍guide block导向块guide ring导向绳guiding shaft导向轴guillotine闸刀,处斩刑, 切(纸)gumming树胶分泌gyroscope 陀螺仪, 回旋装置, 回转仪, 纵舵调整器Hhacksaw可锯金属的弓形锯, 钢锯hairspring细弹簧, 游丝half shaft半轴half-round file半圆锉halfway中途的, 部分的, 不彻底的,半路地,在中途, 在半途handling 处理(技术,方法)hanging顶端对齐,悬挂hardener 固化剂,硬化剂harder硬的, 坚固的, (问题, 工作等)困难的,艰苦的, 猛烈的, 确实的harness导线,装备;利用harrow耙hatch 舱口, 舱口盖,开口, 孵, 孵出,策划, 图谋hatchet 短柄斧hazard 冒险(性);相关危险;事故,故障headscrew主轴螺杆headstock主轴箱helical gearing螺旋齿helix 螺旋, 螺旋状物hemp 大麻, 纤维hereafter 今后, 从此以后herring-bone gearhexagon screw diehexagon spanner六方hexagonal nut六角螺母hightensile 高强度high-tension cable高压电缆hissing发嘶嘶声, 蔑视hob滚刀, 铁架hoe 锄头,用锄耕地, 锄hoist升起;吊起;推起, 起重机, (台、架等)支持物, 固定器hollow空的,中空的hook bolt吊耳hook spanner 钩,弯脚扳手hook's jointhopper 单足跳者horizontal地平线的, 水平的horseshoe magnet马蹄形磁铁hose 软管,胶皮管,蛇管hose clip管夹hot-dip热沾hottest 热的,热烈的housing住房,房屋,护盖,框架hovercraft 水翼船hub rigidity轮毂刚度hubcap 轮毂罩hull外壳, 船体humidity湿气, 潮湿, 湿度hydraulic水压的;液压的hydraulic block液压块hydraulic ram液压活塞hygrographs 自动湿度记录计hygrometer湿度计hysteresis 滞后作用, [物]磁滞现象。

不同国家都有自己的传统服装或服饰英文作文The world is a diverse and vibrant tapestry of cultures, each with its own unique traditions and customs that have been passed down through generations. One of the most visible and enduring expressions of a nation's heritage is its traditional costumes and attire. From the flowing robes of the Middle East to the intricate embroidery of East Asia, the traditional dress of a people reflects their history, beliefs, and values.In India, the sari is a quintessential symbol of the country's rich cultural heritage. This elegant garment, consisting of a long, unstitched piece of fabric draped around the body, has been worn by women for centuries. The sari's design and patterns often vary by region, with each state and community having its own distinctive styles. For instance, the Banarasi sari, renowned for its intricate brocade work and gold or silver embroidery, is a specialty of the city of Varanasi in northern India. Similarly, the Kanchipuram sari, with its vibrant hues and intricate temple motifs, is a hallmark of thesouthern state of Tamil Nadu.Across the Himalayas in China, the Qipao, or Cheongsam, is a form-fitting dress that has become a global symbol of Chinese elegance. Originating in the Manchu culture of the Qing dynasty, the Qipao was initially worn by Manchu women, but it later gained popularity among Han Chinese and eventually became a representation of Chinese femininity and sophistication. The Qipao's design features a high collar, tight-fitting bodice, and a slit skirt, often adorned with delicate embroidery or intricate patterns that reflect the rich artistic traditions of China.In the Middle East, the abaya is a long, loose-fitting garment worn by women as a form of modest dress. While the abaya is most commonly associated with Saudi Arabia, its variations can be found across the region, with each country or community having its own distinctive styles. In the United Arab Emirates, for example, the abaya is often adorned with intricate embroidery or beadwork, while in Egypt, the abaya may feature bold, vibrant colors or patterns. The wearing of the abaya is not just a matter of fashion but also a deeply rooted cultural and religious practice that reflects the values of modesty and humility.Moving westward to Europe, the dirndl is a traditional dress worn by women in Bavaria, Austria, and other parts of Southern Germany. Thedirndl consists of a bodice, a full skirt, and an apron, and its design often features intricate embroidery, vibrant colors, and a fitted waistline that accentuates the wearer's figure. The dirndl is not only a symbol of Bavarian culture but also a representation of the region's agricultural heritage, with the apron and full skirt originally designed to facilitate physical labor in the fields.In contrast, the kilt, a traditional garment worn by men in Scotland, is a testament to the country's rich military history. The kilt, with its pleated skirt and tartan patterns, was originally worn by Scottish Highlanders as a practical and comfortable attire for the rugged terrain of the Scottish Highlands. Today, the kilt remains an important part of Scottish cultural identity, with different tartans representing different clans and regions within the country.Across the Atlantic Ocean, the poncho is a traditional garment that has been worn by indigenous communities in South America for centuries. The poncho is a simple, rectangular piece of fabric with a hole in the center for the head, and it is often woven with intricate patterns and vibrant colors that reflect the artistic traditions of the Andes. In Peru, the poncho is particularly associated with the Quechua and Aymara peoples, who have used the garment as a means of cultural expression and identity for generations.In Africa, the dashiki is a brightly colored and patterned pullovergarment that has become a symbol of African pride and cultural identity. Originating in West Africa, the dashiki features bold geometric designs and vibrant hues that are inspired by the rich artistic traditions of the region. The dashiki is not only a fashion statement but also a means of cultural expression, with different patterns and designs often representing the unique identity of different ethnic groups or communities.These are just a few examples of the diverse and rich traditional costumes and attire found around the world. Each garment is a testament to the ingenuity, creativity, and cultural heritage of the people who have worn them for generations. As globalization continues to shape the world, the preservation and celebration of these traditional forms of dress become increasingly important as a means of preserving cultural identity and diversity.Moreover, the revival and reinterpretation of traditional costumes and attire have also become a powerful tool for promoting cultural exchange and understanding. Fashion designers and artists from around the world have embraced the rich symbolism and artistry of traditional dress, incorporating these elements into their work and creating new and innovative ways of expressing cultural identity through clothing.In conclusion, the traditional costumes and attire of differentcountries and cultures are not merely pieces of fabric and adornment but rather living embodiments of a people's history, beliefs, and values. By understanding and appreciating the significance of these garments, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the diversity and richness of the human experience, and work towards a more inclusive and culturally-aware global community.。

Geometric ModelingGeometric modeling is an essential aspect of computer graphics and design, playing a crucial role in various industries such as architecture, engineering, and animation. It involves the creation and manipulation of digital representations of geometric shapes and structures, allowing for the visualization and analysis of complex objects in a virtual environment. This process is utilized in diverse applications, including 3D modeling, simulation, and rendering, and it presents a range of challenges and opportunities for professionals in the field. One of the primary challenges in geometric modeling is achieving a high level of precision and accuracy in representing real-world objects and phenomena. This requires a deep understanding of mathematical principles and algorithms, as well as the ability to translate physical properties into digital form. Engineers and designers often face difficulties in capturing intricate details and complex geometries, especially when dealing with organic shapes or irregular surfaces. Overcoming these challenges demands advanced computational techniques and innovative approaches to geometric representation. Furthermore, geometric modeling encompasses the creation of parametric models that can be easily modified and adapted to different design requirements. This flexibility is crucial in the iterative process of design and prototyping, allowing for efficient exploration of variations and alternatives. However, maintaining the integrity of the model and ensuring consistency across different iterations pose significant technical and practical challenges. Designers and engineers must carefully manage the parameters and constraints of the model to avoid errors and inconsistencies, requiring a balance between flexibility and control. In addition to technical challenges, geometric modeling also raises important considerations regarding aesthetics and user experience. The visual representation of geometric models plays a critical role in communication and interpretation, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with digital objects. Designers and artists must carefully consider aspects such as lighting, shading, and texture mapping to create compelling and realistic renderings. Balancing technical accuracy with visual appeal is a complex task that demands both technical expertise and artistic sensibility. Moreover, the advancement of geometric modeling techniques has led to the emergence of newopportunities and applications in various industries. For instance, in the field of architecture, parametric modeling enables the creation of complex and innovative structures that were previously unattainable. This has revolutionized the way architects conceptualize and realize their designs, opening up new possibilities for sustainable and efficient building solutions. Similarly, in the realm of virtual reality and gaming, geometric modeling techniques are instrumental in creating immersive and interactive environments, enhancing the overall user experience. In conclusion, geometric modeling is a multifaceted and dynamic field that presents a wide array of challenges and opportunities. From technical precision and parametric flexibility to aesthetic considerations and practical applications, professionals in this field must navigate a complex landscape of requirements and demands. By embracing innovative approaches and leveraging advanced computational tools, individuals involved in geometric modeling can push the boundaries of what is possible and contribute to the advancement of various industries and disciplines.。

第1篇Introduction:Princeton Calculus: A Comprehensive Guide is a comprehensive读本 that aims to provide a thorough understanding of calculus, as taught at Princeton University. This读本 covers all the essential topics and concepts of calculus, making it an invaluable resource for students, educators, and anyone interested in delving into the fascinating world of mathematics. With its clear explanations, abundant examples, and challenging problems, this读本将帮助读者掌握微积分的核心原理，并在实际应用中取得成功。

Chapter 1: Introduction to CalculusIn this chapter, we introduce the fundamental concepts of calculus, including limits, derivatives, and integrals. We explore the historical development of calculus and its significance in various fields of science, engineering, and economics. Additionally, we discuss the notations and conventions used in calculus, providing a solid foundation for the rest of the读本。