西华大学英语基础知识2014年、2017年—2019年考研真题

西华大学大学英语完型填空题及答案Painting,the execution of forms and shapes on a surface by means of pigment,has beencontinuously practiced by humans for some 20,000 years.Together with otheractivities(1)_____ritualistic in origin but have come to be designated as artistic(such as music ordance),painting was one of the earliest ways in which man(2)_____to express his ownpersonality and his(3)_____understanding of an existence beyond the material world.(4)_____music anddance,however,examples of early forms of painting have survived to the presentday.The modern eye can derive aesthetic as well as antiquarian satisfaction(5)_____the15,000-year-old cave murals of Lascaux——some examples(6)_____to the considerablepowers of draftsmanship of these early artists.And painting,like other arts,exhibits universalqualitiesthat(7)_____for viewers of all nations and civilizations to understand and appreciate.The major(8)_____examples of early painting anywhere in the world are found in WesternEurope and the Soviet Union.But some 5,000 years ago,the areas in which important paintingswere executed(9)_____to the eastern Mediterranean Sea and neighboring regions.(10)_____,Western shared a Europeancultural tradition——the Middle East and Mediterranean Basinand,later,the countries of the New World.Western painting is in general distinguished by its concentration(11)_____the representationof thehuman(12)_____,whether in the heroic context of antiquity or the religious context ofthe early Christian and medieval world.The Renaissance(13)_____this tradition througha(14)_____examination of the natural world and an investigation of balance,harmony,andperspective in the visible world,linking painting(15)_____the developing sciences of anatomyand optics.The first real(16)_____from figurative painting came with the growth of landscapepainting in the 17th and 18th centuries.The landscape and figurative traditions developedtogether in the 19th century in an atmosphere that was increasingly(17)_____“painterly”qualities of the(18)_____of light and color and the expressive qualities of paint handling.Inthe 20th century these interests(19)_____to the development of a third major tradition inWestern painting,abstract painting,which sought to(20)_____and express the true nature ofpaint and painting through action and form.1.A.may have been B.that may have C.may have D.that may have been2.A.seek B.sought C.seek for D.sought for3.A.emerging B.emergency C.merging D.merger4.A.As B.Unlike C.Like D.Since5.A.from B.to C.into D.for6.A.ratify B.testify C.certify D.gratify7.A.make easy B.make it easy C.make hard D.make it hard8.A.extinct B.extent C.extant D.exterior9.A.had shifted B.have shifted C.shifting D.shifted10.A.Nevertheless B.Moreover C.However D.Therefore11.A.to B.in C.on D.for12.A.figure B.shape C.shadow D.form13.A.extracted B.extended C.extorted D.extruded14.A.closing B.close C.closed D.closure15.A.on B.for C.in D.to16.A.break B.breakage C.breakdown D.breaking17.A.concerned with B.concerning C.concerning withD.concerned for18.A.reaction B.action C.interaction D.relation19.A.distributed B.attributed C.contributed D.construed20.A.discover B.uncover C.recover D.cover参考答案1-5 DBABA 6-10 BBCDD11-15 CABBD 16-20 AACCB。

西华师范大学阆中初等教育学院2014年秋《大学英语》期末试卷（A）（适用于11级5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12班）班级姓名学号成绩________________一、单项选择题。

（请将答案填于答题卡中，否则不给分。

）( )1.Our c1avichord is kept in the living room. That’s where we ______ it.A. keptB. have keptC. are keepingD. keep( )2. It has belonged to our family for years. It’s the _______A. FamiliesB. families’C. family’sD. familys’( )3. The family have had the clavichord ______ many years.A. sinceB. forC. fromD. by( )4.Who _______ it? Grandfather did.A. buyB. was boughtC. boughtD. did buy( )5. We are not allowed to touch it. We ______ touch it.A. mustn’tB. mustn’t toC. haven’t toD. don’t have to( )6. It’s kept in the living room. That’s where we _______ it.A. haveB. holdC. liftD. carry( )7. The visitor damaged it. She _______ it.A. hurtB. painedC. brokeD. destroyed( )8. Recently it was damaged. She damaged it ______A. lateB. lastlyC. latelyD. finally( )9. A friend of my father’s____ mending the clavichord now.A. areB. wasC. isD. will( )10. Tony is working at a bank ______ .A. at the momentB. a year agoC. since last yearD. for a year( )11. He gets a good salary. His salary is very ______ .A. goodB. wellC. fineD. beautiful( )12. Tony must pay the money back. He must ______ .A. pay it againB. pay itC. repay itD. pay it once more( )13. There aren't enough chairs here for us all. Please bring ______ one.A. otherB. anotherC. extraD. a different( )14. He gave him the money immediately.he gave him the money___.A. soonB. in a hurryC. once moreD. at once( )15. Our neighbour, ______ name is Charles Alison, will sail tomorrow. A．whose B．whose his C．his D．of whom( )16. He will sail from Portsmouth. He is ______ Portsmouth now.A. to B．from C．on D．At( )17. His boat, ______ is Topsail, is famous.A．whose the name B．the whose name C．of whom the name D.the name of which( )18. We'll have plenty of time. There will be ______ time to see him.A．enough B．almost enough C．less than enough D．hardly enough( )19.We'll ______ .A. say him goodbye B．tell him goodbyeC．tell goodbye to him D．say goodbye to him( )20.He's our neighbour so he lives ______ us.A．near B．a long way from C．in a different town from D．next door( )21. It has sailed across the Atlantic many times. It has sailed across the Atlantic ______ .A．sometimes B．always C．often D．usually( )22. He will set out at eight o'clock. That's when ______ .A．the trip ends B．the journey ends C．the voyage stops D．the journey begins ( )23. He will take part in a race. He will ______ in it.A．be B．take place C．act D．do( )24.The Atlantic is ______ .A．an ocean B．a sea C．a river D．a lake( )25. During this time, they will give five performances. That's what they'lldo ___ this time.A. inB. onC. ofD. before( )26.The police will have a difficult time _____ .A. as usuallyB. as usualC. than usualD. from usual( )27. The police ______ expecting the singers to arrive soon.A. isB. areC. willD. was( )28. It's always the same on these occasions. It's always the same at ______ like this.A. situationsB. countriesC. placesD. times( )29. The Greenwood Boys will give five performances. They will give five__ .A. recitalB. gamesC. playD. songs( )30.What kind of car did he ____ ?A. driveB. droveC. driveD. driving( )31. As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning. I said good morning ___ he had got into the car.A. beforeB. a long time afterC. just afterD. a moment before( )32. “Good morning,” I ____ .A. spokeB. talkedC. toldD. said( )33. I speak a few words of French. I don’t know ___ French.A. manyB. muchC. plenty ofD. a little( )34.He replied in French. He ___ the writer in French.A. askedB. answeredC. returnedD. talked( )35. Mr. Harmsworth wanted to see me. He wanted to ____ me .A. WatchB. look atC. look toD. speak to( )36.I felt nervous because I felt _______ .A. angryB. OKC. anxiousD. ill( )37.It’s your turn ____ .A. It’s your lineB. It’s your rowC. You’re nextD. It’s your chance ( )38. Don’t interrupt! Don’t ____.A. speakB. talkC. talk while I’m talkingD. cut off( )39. The writer would receive an extra thousand pound a year. He would get thousand pound a year ____.A. lessB. MoreC. overD. up( )40.‘No Parking’ means ______ .A. don't leave your car hereB. without parkingC. don't stopD. there's no room to park here ( )41. This note is only a reminder. It's ______ .A. nothingB. no oneC. nothing extraD. nothing more( )42. She had to wear short socks. It was ______ for her to wear them.A. certainB. necessaryC. importantD. impossible( )43. She often appears as a young girl. She ___on the stage as a young girl.A. is presentedB. pointsC. showD. seems( )44. She is grown up. She is ______ .A. very oldB. very youngC. a teenageD. an adult( )45. After I had lunch. After I had ____it.A. paid forB. eatenC. keptD. bought( )46. She couldn’t find her bag. It wasn’t _______.A. theirB. theirsC. they’reD. there( )47._____I was looking for it, the landlord came in.A. BecauseB. WhileC. ButD. After( )48. My dog had taken it into the garden. It was ______the garden.A. toB. intoC. behindD. in( )49.I looked for my bag. I _____it.A. tried to look afterB. tried to look atC. tried to findD. tried to see ( )50.The chair was beside the door. It was ________it.A. nearB. far fromC. next toD. besides( )51.The landlord returned with my bag. He ______quickly.A. turnedB. turned backC. came backD. turned round( )52.The play may begin at any moment. It ______ .A．has begun B．won't begin C.began for a long time D．hasn't begun yet ( )53. May I have two tickets please? ______ two tickets please?A. You must give me B．You have got to give meC．Could I have D．You may give me( )54. May I have two tickets? Please let me ______ two tickets.A．Having B．to have C．had D．have( )55. I might as well have them. I am ______ to have them.A．very pleased B．very glad C．not very glad D．happy( )56‘What a pity!’ Susan exclaimed. Susan was ______ .A．pleased B．glad C．sorry D．happy( )57. Can I return these tickets? I want to ______ .A．give them back B．give them in C．give them up D．give them off第3页共6 页( )58.‘Certainly, ’ the girl said. ‘ ______ ’ the girl said.A．Off course B．Course C．Of course D．Surely not( )59. I am only interested in doing nothing. That's _____ I'm interested in.A. onlyB. the oneC. allD. the only( )60. He always goes _____ with an empty bag.A. to homeB. to houseC. the houseD. home二、阅读理解。

西华大学英语重修答案一.听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1.Where did the man go last year?A.Chengdu.B.Beijing.C.Xi’an.2.Which book has the woman bought?A.A math book.B.A history book.C.An English book.3.Where will the man go first?A.The classroom.B.The library.C.The post office.4.What’s the time now?A.7：00.B.6：30.C.6：20.5. What are the speakers talking about?A.An organization’s help.B.Ways to protect animals.C.Things made from animals.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

请听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

6. How is the man probably feeling?A.Disappointed.B.Encouraged.C.Delighted.7. What will the man probably do tonight?A.Have a meeting.B.Go to a party.C.Fly to the US.请听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。

2019考研英语真题参考答案完整版Section I: Reading ComprehensionPart A1. D2. C3. B4. A5. B6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. CPart B11. B 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. DSection II: Use of EnglishPart A21. B 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. B 30. D31. C 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. A 37. C 38. D 39. A 40. BPart B41. interprets 42. considered 43. enhance 44. authorities 45. complex 46. hypothetical 47. obtained 48. influence 49. abstract 50. breakthrough Section III: Listening ComprehensionPart A51. B 52. C 53. B 54. C 55. A56. B 57. A 58. C 59. A 60. CPart B61. D 62. B 63. A 64. C 65. D66. A 67. C 68. B 69. D 70. ASection IV: TranslationPart A71. The key to a successful career is continuous learning and self-improvement.Part B72. I will stay up late to finish this project, only if it is absolutely necessary.Section V: WritingPrompt: Discuss the impact of global warming on the environment and propose possible solutions.Global Warming: Impacts and SolutionsIntroduction:In recent years, the issue of global warming has become a major concern for both scientists and the general public. This essay explores the impacts of global warming on the environment and offers possible solutions to tackle this complex problem.Impacts of Global Warming:1. Rising temperatures: Global warming has resulted in a significant increase in average temperatures worldwide. This has led to the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps, threatening the habitat of many species and leading to rising sea levels.2. Extreme weather events: The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves, have been observed to increase due to global warming. These events have devastating consequences for both human beings and ecosystems.3. Disruption of ecosystems: Global warming has disrupted ecosystems by altering temperature and rainfall patterns, causing shifts in habitats and loss of biodiversity. This can lead to the extinction of vulnerable species and affect the overall balance of ecosystems.Possible Solutions:1. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions: Implementing stricter regulations and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is crucial. This can be achieved through promoting renewable energy sources, encouraging energy efficiency, and adopting cleaner transportation methods.2. Afforestation and reforestation: Planting trees and restoring forests is an effective way to mitigate global warming. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, acting as natural carbon sinks. Additionally, forests help regulate local temperatures and support diverse ecosystems.3. Public awareness and education: Educating the public about the impacts of global warming and the importance of sustainable living is essential. This can be done through educational programs, campaigns, and media platforms to raise awareness and promote responsible environmental practices.4. International cooperation: Addressing global warming requires international collaboration. Countries must come together to shareknowledge, resources, and technologies in order to develop innovative solutions and implement effective measures on a global scale.Conclusion:In conclusion, global warming poses significant threats to the environment, including rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and ecosystem disruption. However, by implementing solutions such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, afforestation, raising public awareness, and fostering international cooperation, we can mitigate the impacts of global warming and move towards a more sustainable future for our planet.总结 (Conclusion):在这篇文章中，我们讨论了全球变暖对环境的影响，并提出了可能的解决方案。

西华大学专升本英语阅读理解有信用卡那套卷子一、基础知识大比拼（一）词汇（Vocabulary）Ⅰ. 按要求变换下列单词。

（5分）1. swim (现在分词)______________2. one (复数)________________3. say (第三人称单数)_____________4. see(过去时)_____________5. it’s (同音词)______________6. leave(反义词)______________7. wear(同音词) ______________8. right(同音词)______________9. Thursday(上一天)_______________10. I would(缩写)____________II. 根据所给的词的正确形式填空( 5分)1. This is my _________ (two) day in Shanghai.2. He _______ (has) lunch now.3. December is the ________ (12) month of a year.4. I usually get up at 6:30 and then brush my _______(tooth).5. They are ________________ (woman teacher).III．选择适当的选项替换句中划线部分，使其意思不变。

5分）( ) 1. Thank you .A. You’re welcomeB. ThanksC. That’s OK ( ) 2. This is a full bag .A. one is fullB. is a full oneC. box is full( ) 3. Good morning , boys and girls .A. classB. boysC. girls( ) 4. Is this pen broken ? No, it’s OK.A. right B、nice C. all right( ) 5. Is everyone here today ?A. Everyone is here today .B. We are all here today .C. Are we all here today ?（二）语法练习（Grammar）I. 单项选择---从下列各题后所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。

2017考研英语（一）、英语（二）真题及答案（完整版）来源：文都教育2017考研英语（一）真题及答案（完整版）Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!” 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing th e common cold after being 7 to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold, and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that’s usually 14 with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging“is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty.”Some experts 17 the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxyt ocin, often called “the bonding hormone” 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1.［A］Besides［B］Unlike［C］Throughout［D］Despite2.［A］equal［B］restricted［C］connected［D］inferior3.［A］view［B］host［C］lesson［D］choice4.［A］avoid［B］forget［C］recall［D］keep5.［A］collecting［B］affecting［C］guiding［D］involving6.［A］on［B］in［C］at［D］of7.［A］devoted［B］attracted［C］lost［D］exposed8.［A］along［B］across［C］down［D］out9.［A］imagined［B］denied［C］doubted［D］calculated10.［A］served［B］restored［C］explained［D］required11.［A］Thus［B］Still［C］Rather［D］Even12.［A］defeats［B］symptoms［C］errors［D］tests13.［A］highlighted［B］increased［C］controlled［D］minimized14.［A］presented［B］equipped［C］associated［D］compared15.［A］assess［B］generate［C］moderate［D］record16.［A］in the name of［B］in the form of［C］inthe face of［D］in the way of17.［A］attribute［B］commit［C］transfer［D］return18.［A］unless［B］because［C］though［D］until19.［A］remains［B］emerges［C］vanishes［D］decreases20.［A］experiences［B］combines［C］justifies［D］influences【答案】1—5 ACBAD 6—10 ADCDC 11—15 DBBCB 16—20 CABADSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours, now three hours — this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration(TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons — both fake and real — past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become — but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804 is mentioned to_________.[A] explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.[B] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[C] highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports.[D] emphasize the importance of privacy protection.22. Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C] An increase in the number of travellers.[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.23. The word “expedited” (Liner 4, Para. 5) is closet in meaning to_________.[A] quieter.[B] cheaper.[C] wider.[D] faster.24. One problem with the PreCheck program is_________.[A] a dramatic reduction of its scale.[B] its wrongly-directed implementation.[C] the government’s reluctance to back it.[D] an unreasonable price for enrollment.25. Which of the following would be the best titlefor the text?[A] Less Screening for More Safety.[B] PreCheck – a Belated Solution.[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines.[D] Underused PreCheck Lanes.【答案】21—25 CCADCText 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the pikothat connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect far sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands' inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past； it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT s ite was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates_________.[A] her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D] her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time.27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to_________.[A] its geographical features.[B] its protective surroundings.[C] its religious implications.[D] its existing infrastructure.28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because_________.[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy_________.[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of_________.[A] severe criticism.[B] passive acceptance.[C] slight hesitancy.[D] full approval.【答案】26—30 ABBADText 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn’t the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different.So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes – all things that contribute to a per son’s sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.31. Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he_________.[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness.[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.[D]had a low opinion of GDP.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that_________.[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.[B]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.[C]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.33. Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?[A]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[B]It is sponsored by 163 countries.[C]Its criteria are questionable.[D]Its results are enlightening.34. In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that_________.[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues.35. Which of the following is the best for the text?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK lesson.[B]GDP figures, a Window on Global Economic Health.[C] Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP.[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-being.【答案】31—35 CBDCAText 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that accep ting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act.”The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery. “The basic compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society – that all are equal in treatment by government- is undermined. Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36. The underlined sentence(Para.1) most probably shows that the court_________.[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves_________.[A] concrete returns for gift-givers[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts[C] leaking secrets intentionally.[D] breaking contracts officially.38. The court’s ruling is d on t he assumption that public officials are_________.[A] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to_________.[A] awaken the conscience of officials.[B] guarantee fair play in official access.[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D] inspire hopes in average people.40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is_________.[A] sarcastic.[B] tolerant.[C] skeptical.[D] supportive.【答案】36—40 CCABDPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the listA-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] The first published ske tch, “A Dinner at Poiar Walk” brought tears to Dickens’s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name “Boz” in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B] The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens’s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, because a national figure.[C] Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfull y insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a Drawing Dickens felt, was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the Change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 and was first published in book form in 1837.[D] Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. Amoralist, satirist, and social reformer, Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father’s release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dick ens, who had a reporter’s eye for transcribing the life around him, especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F]Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British Navy Pay office a respectable position, but with little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper, possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dickens’ mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dickens’ birth, his mother’s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family’s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren’s Blacking Warehouse, a sho e-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as “the young gentleman.” His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father’s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens’s greatest wound and became hisdeepest secret.He could not confined them even to hiswi fe, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G]After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, he traces an orphan’s progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens’ as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.【答案】41—45 FEACGPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol.(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that, (48) Manycountries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant. (50) It gives a basis to all organization which seeks to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.【参考译文】(46)但是即使当下英语使用者的人群还在进一步扩大，有迹象表明：在可预见的未来，英语可能会逐渐失去其全球主导地位。

西华大学2013年专升本考试试题(A卷)西华大学2013年专升本参考答案（A卷）考试科目：大学英语考试时间： 110 分钟试卷总分： 80 分考试须知：1.本试题由试题卷和答题卷组成；2.请考生按要求把相应的题做在机读卡和答题卷上；做在其他地方无效；3.考试结束后，请监考老师按考号从小到大的顺序排列机读卡和答题卷；4.考试结束后，试卷由主考学校统一回收。

Part I. Vocabulary and StructureDirections: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. (15%, 15×1 point)1. It is vital that enough money ________ to fund the project.A. be collectedB. must be collectedC. is collectedD. can be collected2. As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ______.A. ought to be saidB. must sayC. have to be saidD. need to say3. The newcomers found it impossible to ______ themselves to the climate sufficiently tomake permanent homes in the new country.A. suitB. adaptC. regulateD. coordinate4. I'd rather you _______ make any comment on the issue for the time being.A. don'tB. wouldn'tC. didn'tD. shouldn't5. Professor Taylor's talk has indicated that science has a very strong _______ on theeveryday life of non-scientists as well as scientists.A. motivationB. perspectiveC. impressionD. impact6. A person's calorie requirements vary _______ his life.A. acrossB. throughoutC. overD. within7. Our public transportation system is not ______ for the needs of the people.A. completeB. adequateC. normalD. perfect8. I don't think I could _______ another night without sleep.A. put upB. endeavorC. standD. approve9. His girl friend wanted ____ to dance with her.A. his goingB. him to goC. him goD. him going10. Prospective students must show that they have sufficient money to cover their course feesand ___________.A. supportB. sustenanceC. supplyD. maintenance11. ______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than aman whose command of language is poor.A. Other things being equalB. Were other things equalC. To be equal to other thingsD. Other things to be equal12. Is there anyone who ______ the plan put forward by the committee?A. differsB. disagreesC. objectsD. opposes13. We found that the train _____ when we got to the station.A. already leftB. had already leftC. was already leavingD. was already left14. The desks and chairs can be ____ to the height of each child.A. adjustedB. adoptedC. measuredD. objected15. Mr. Lombroso has always _______ strange hobbies like collecting bottle-tops andinventing secret codes.A. gone intoB. gone in forC. gone byD. gone along with Part II. Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are several passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. (30 %, 15×2 points)Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Sony was incorporated in 1946 as Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation. Its founders were Ibuka Masaru, whose Japan Precision Instruments Company had supplied electronic devices during World War II, and Morita Akio, an applied sciences instructor. Their business, which was funded by Morita’s father, was formed to apply the advanced technology developed during the war to the manufacture of consumer products. The company’s present name was adopted in 1958.At the beginning, the company made voltmeters, electrically heated cushions, and similar devices. The first major consumer item it produced was a tape recorder, introduced in Japan in 1950. Since then the company, which markets its products worldwide under the Sony trademark, has continued to pioneer new technology for consumer products. In 1957 Sony introduced the world’s first pocket-sized, all-transistor radio. In 1960 Sony introduced an 8-inch (20-centimetre) transistorized television set, creating a new market for television. The company was one of the first to recognize the potential of the consumer videotape market, and in 1969 it introduced videocassette recorder for both industrial and consumer use.16. When was the company formed?A. 1946B. 1950C. 1958D. 196817. What was the first name of Sony Corporation?A. Japan Precision Instruments Company.B. Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering CorporationC. Sony Corporation.D. Sony Engineering Corporation.18. When was the name Sony first used?A. 1946B. 1950C. 1958D. 196819. What was the first major consumer article produced by the company?A. V oltmeters.B. Electrically heated cushionC. Resonator sound generators.D. An audio tape recorder20. Who founded Sony Corporation?A. Ibuka Masaru.B. Morita AkioC. Morita’s fatherD. Ibuka Masaru and Morita Akio Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Anne Whitney, a sophomore at Colorado State University, first had a problem taking tests when she began college. “I was always well prepared for my tests. Sometimes I studied for weeks before a test. Yet I would go in to take the test, only to find I could not answer the questions correctly. I would blank out because of nervousness and fear. I couldn't think of the answer.”These young students were experiencing something called test anxiety. Because a student worries and is uneasy about a test, his or her mind does not work as well as it usually does. The student cannot write or think clearly because of the extreme tension and nervousness. Although poor grades are often a result of poor study habits, sometimes test anxiety causes the low grades. Recently, test anxiety has been recognized as a real problem, not just an excuse or a false explanation of lazy students.Special university advising courses try to help students. In these courses, advisors try to help students by teaching them how to manage test anxiety. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. Students are trained to become calm in very tense situations. By controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work at ease. Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.An expert at the University of California explains, “With almost all students, relaxation and less stress are felt after taking our program. Most of them experience better control during their tests."21. To "blank out" is probably______.A. to be like a blanketB. to be sure of an answerC. to be unable to think clearlyD. to show knowledge to the teacher22. Poor grades are usually the result of______.A. poor sleeping habitB. lazinessC. lack of sleepD. inability to form good study habits23. Test anxiety has been recognized as______.A. an excuse for lazinessB. the result of poor study habitsC. a real problemD. something that cannot be changed24. According to the article, to deal with this problem students can____A. take a short course on anxietyB. read about anxietyC. be able to manage or understand their anxietyD. take tests to prove they are not anxious25. A University of California advisor said______.A. all students could overcome the anxiety after taking a special test anxiety programB. almost all students felt less stress after taking a University of California advisingcourseC. students found it difficult to improve even though they had taken a special test anxietycourseD. students found it easy to relax as soon as they entered a University of Californiaadvising courseQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce large volumes of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are poisonous. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agriculture chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be lessened. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes "prior to" disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or best reduce pollution upon final disposal.A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste production into marketable byproducts. Other industries have potential economic uses for their waste products.26. The purpose of this passage is_______.A. to warn the reader of the dwindling water supplyB. to explain industrial uses of waterC. to acquaint the reader with water pollution problemsD. to demonstrate various measures to solve the pollution problem27. Which of the following points is not included in the passage?A. Industrial development includes the simplification of complex chemical processes.B. Diluting wastes needs certain amount of water.C. Demands for water will go up along with the expanding population.D. Intensive cultivation of land requires more and more chemicals.28. The reader can conclude that_______.A. countries of the world will work together on pollution problemsB. byproducts from wastes lead to a more prosperous marketplaceC. science is making great progress on increasing water suppliesD. some industries are now making economic use of wastes29. The author gives substance to the passage through the use of_______.A. interviews with authorities in the field of water controlsB. opinion and personal observationsC. definitions which clarify important termsD. strong argument and persuasions30. The words "prior to" (Para. 2) probably mean_______.A. afterB. duringC. beforeD. beyondPart III. ClozeDirections: There are a number of blanks in the following passage. For each blank there arefour choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. (10%, 10×1 point)With the improvement of engines, airplanes were made to fly faster and faster. Then, man ran 31 a barrier that blocked, for a time, any further increase in speed. The barrier 32 at about 760 miles an hour. When a plane reached this speed it would suddenly begin to shake and act 33 though it were hitting pockets of compressed air. Sometimes the shaking was so strong that the plane got badly 34 . The fact was that the plane had reached the "sound" barrier, so said because it is directly related to the speed of sound.In fact, 760 miles an hour 35 the speed of sound at sea level. 36 a plane is traveling more slowly than sound, the sound waves from the plane can float on ahead of the plane. But when the plane 37 reaches the speed of sound, it keeps in step with the sound waves. At this point, the compression waves cannot get 38 of the plane.Now, if the plane tries to go faster, it must break through the barrier. You can see how breaking through this barrier can be very 39 on the plane. At speeds faster than the speed of sound, the plane 40 the sound waves behind where they can not cause the plane any trouble. It is only when the plane passes through the sound barrier that the compression waves are met.31. A. out B. off C. into D. to32. A. appeared B. stayed C. proceeded D. evolved33. A. even B. all C. if D. as34. A. damaged B. injured C. hurt D. wounded35. A. are B. has been C. is D. will be36. A. When B. Whether C. Because D. Although37. A. behind B. ahead C. forward D. aboard38. A. through B. out C. ahead D. away39. A. hard B. rare C. simple D. different40. A. chases B. remains C. pushes D. leavesPart IV. Sentence TranslationDirections: The following sentences are underlined in the reading passages. Translate them into Chinese and write down your answers on Answer Sheet. (10 %, 4×2.5 points)41. The first major consumer item it produced was a tape recorder, introduced in Japan in1950.42. With almost all students, relaxation and less stress are felt after taking our program.43. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processeswill produce large volumes of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are poisonous.44. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently convertingformer waste production into marketable byproducts.Part V. Essay writingDirection: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of about 100 words according to the following topic. Remember your composition must be written on the Answer Sheet. (15 %)Chinese Style of Crossing Roads1.近来中国式过马路已引起了广泛关注；2.你认为这种现象的原因是什么；3.有何建议。

近年考研英语真题(完整版)近年考研英语真题(完整版)近年来，考研英语成为了许多大学生追求学业的目标。

考研英语不仅考查学生的英语语言水平，还需要学生具备一定的阅读理解和写作能力。

为了帮助考生更好地备考考研英语，下面将介绍一些近年来的考研英语真题，希望对考生有所帮助。

一、2019年考研英语一真题Section I Use of English1. Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and markA, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On average, a quarter of the working population in EU Member States is currently … [1] … (engage) in shift work, that is, work outside normal office hours such as evenings or nights, or (to) work regular or irregular patterns. Armin Häberle, a sleep specialist says, “The effect on health could be … [2] …(compare) to smoking cigarettes. People working shifts with irregular s tart times more often than not don’t get … [3] … (adequate) sleep.”People who habitually do short sleep or suffer from poor sleep quality (both indicators of poor sleep quantity) have … [4] … higher risk of various diseases. Lack of sleep has now bee n … [5] … (lie) with the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke), obesity,diabetes and hypertension. Evidence from cross-sectional, prospective and experimental studies supports these findings. Lack of sleep also disrupts the immune system, … [6] … a person more vulnerable to infections such as the common cold.A Medical Council on Shift Work was founded in the UK in 2014, aiming to produce … [7]…(convenient) evidence-based guidance for health professionals. The council has generated a consensus on lifestyle recommendations … [8] …(form) part of the 24-hour society, to include recommendations regarding sleep, nutrition, physical activity and social inclusion for all shift workers.小结：本小节的考点是词汇和语法。

1980—2019年历年考研英语真题集含答案目录1.2019年考研英语真题集含答案.....................................2-412.2018年考研英语真题集含答案.................................42-1013.2017年考研英语真题集含答案...............................101-1454.2016-1980年历年考研英语真题集含答案..............146-9835.考研英语词汇..........................................................146-10986.考研英语资料收集.................................................1099-11952019考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I’ve also e xperienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I’m training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1. A. Besides B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. However2. A. helps B. cares C. warns D. reduces3. A. initially B. solely C. occasionally D. formally4. A. recording B. lowering C. explaining D. accepting5. A. modify B. set C. review D. reach6. A. definition B. depiction C. distribution D. prediction7. A.due to B. regardless of C. aside from D. along with8. A. orderly B. rigid C. precise D. immediate9. A. claims B. judgments C. reasons D. methods10. A. instead B. though C. again D. indeed11. A. report B. track C. overlook D. conceal12. A. depend on B. approve of C. hold onto D. account for13. A. prepare B. share C. adjust D. confirm14. A. results B. features C. rules D. tests15. A. bored B. anxious C. hungry D. sick16. A. principle B. secret C. belief D. sign17. A. request B. necessity C. decision D. wish18. A. disappointing B. surprising C. restricting D. consuming19. A. if B. because C. unless D. until20. A. obsessing B. dominating C. puzzling D. triumphingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends –and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable –it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weig hted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary – feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magica lly become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help ______.A. foster a c hild’s moral developmentB. regulate a child’s basic emotionsC. improve a child’s intellectual abilityD. intensify a child’s positive feelings22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be ______.A. inexcusableB. deceptiveC. addictiveD. burdensome23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that ______.A. emotions are context-independentB. an emotion can play opposing rolesC. emotions are socially constructiveD. emotional stability can benefit health24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing ______.A. may be the outcome of impulsive actsB. may help correct emotional deficienciesC. can bring about emotional satisfactionD. can result from either sympathy or guilt25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to ______.A. teachingsB. wrongdoingsC. discussionsD. restrictionsText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap – but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 – financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26. By saying “one of the harder challenges,” the author implies that ______.A. global climate change may get out of controlB. forests may become a potential threatC. people may misunderstand global warmingD. extreme weather conditions may arise27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,” we may need to ______.A. preserve the diversity of species in themB. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacityC. accelerate the growth of young treesD. strike a balance among different plants28. California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to ______.A. restore its forests quickly after wildfiresB. cultivate more drought-resistant treesC. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. reduce the density of some of its forests29. What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5?A. To obtain enough financial support.B. To carry it out before the year of 2020.C. To handle the areas in serious danger first.D. To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.30. The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as ______.A. supportiveB. ambiguousC. tolerantD. cautiousText 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and mor e likely to be married than single. They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.Mechanization isn’t the answer, either–not yet, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they’re automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A. Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.B. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.C. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.D. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is ______.A. the aging of immigrant farm workersB. the rising number of illegal immigrantsC. the high mobility of crop workersD. the lack of experienced laborers33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?A. To strengthen financial support for farmers.B. To attract younger laborers to farm work.C. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.D. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its ______.A. control of annual admissionsB. slow granting proceduresC. limit on duration of stayD. tightened requirements35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. Manpower vs. Automation?B. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?C. Import Food or Labor?D. America Saved by Mexico?Text 4Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day – encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be harmful, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions –a kind of “moral licensing” that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority– or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action, alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.36. Some celebrities star in a new video to ______.A. disclose the causes of the plastics crisisB. demand new laws on the use of plasticsC. urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsD. invite public opinion on the plastics crisis37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may ______.A. suppress our desire for successB. mislead us into doing worthless thingsC. prevent us from making further effortsD. weaken our sense of accomplishment38. By pointing out our identity as “citizens,” the author indicates that ______.A. we should press our governments to lead the combatB. we have been actively exercising our civil rightsC. our relationship with local industries is improvingD. our focus should be shifted to community welfare39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be ______.A. a top-down processB. a win-win arrangementC. a self-driven mechanismD. a cost-effective approach40. The author concludes that individual efforts ______.A. can be too aggressiveB. can be too inconsistentC. are far from rationalD. are far from sufficientPart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How seriously should parents take kids’ opinions when searching for a home?In choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids ha ve a single demand: a backyard.McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,” he said.Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate broker with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home –but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home – without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.Many of the aspects of homebuying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decisio n solely on their opinions,” Hampson said.The other issue is that many children – especially older ones –may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif.“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said. “HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It’s not shelter, it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with .“Their opinions can change tomorrow,” Gurner said. “Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best –and give them anopportunity to customize it a bit and make it their ow n.”This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say, “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.” Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Write him an email to1) suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and2) tell him about your arrangements.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)某高校2013年和2018年本科毕业生去向统计绝密★启用前2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试○英语（二）试题参考答案○Ⅰ．英语知识运用1. D2. A3. B4. B5. D6. B7. A8. D9. C 10. A 11. B 12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. AⅡ．阅读理解A节21. A 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. B26. B 27. B 28. D 29. C 30. A31. D 32. A 33. C 34. B 35. C36. C 37. C 38. A 39. A 40. DB节41. A 42. D 43. C 44. G 45. FⅢ．翻译46.英国作家詹姆斯·海里厄特容易被人低估。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解Section I Use of English1、【答案】C.Few【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】此题词义辨析和上下文语境。

首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。

空格所在句指出：我们中_____在没有电话，个人GPS或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。

本句有without 与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few(几乎没有人)，符合文意。

2、【答案】C.run【试题考点】词组搭配【解析】此题考查词组搭配。

run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。

其他选项：Put on(穿上;使运转);take on(承担;呈现);come on(快点;开始)，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[C] run。

3、【答案】B.If【试题考点】逻辑关系【解析】此题考查逻辑关系。

空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

此处为假设的情况，故填入if(如果)符合上下文的表达。

其余选项：Since(因为;自从),though(虽然),until(直到)带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[B]If。

4、【答案】D.literally【试题考点】词义辨析【解析】空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。

其余选项：Formally(正式地)，relatively(相对地)，gradually(逐渐地)带入后，语义不通顺。

故正确答案为[D]literally.5、【答案】A.back【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。

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2014年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）标准试题(课程代码：00015）第一部分：阅读判断题（每题1分,共10分）下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。

Running: Sport or Way of Life？You go through the channels several times and find that once again there’s nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortable clothes and go for a run.One of the best things about the sport of running is that you don't need expensive equipment。

All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But don't be fooled into thinking the sport of running is easy It requires discipline and concentration。

华中师范大学二〇一四年研究生入学考试试题院系、招生专业: 外国语学院英语语言文学外国语言文学及应用语言文学考试时间：元月5日午考试科目代码及名称：713基础英语I. In each of the following sentences, 4 WWORDS or PHRASES have been underlined. Choose the one word or phrase that would NOT be appropriate in standard English. Write your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (15/150)1.Studies have suggested that eating nuts—almonds in particular—might help toAlower blood cholesterol levels in humans and reducing the risk of heart diseaseB Cby protecting the blood vessels.D2. Last summer, when Mary’s aunt and uncle flew from Turkey to visit their relativesAand tour the United States, Marry invited Sandy and I to her house to meet them.B C D3. Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations is a novel which the main character becomesAso obsessed with the idea of becoming a gentleman that his moral judgment isB C Dtemporarily affected.4. My roommate, a drama major, claimed that Ibsen’s plays, unlike Ionesco, areA Btotally conventional in their style.C D5. Because our casserole was smelling surprisingly badly as it baked, the food scienceAteacher came over to ask us what we had put it.B C D6. The problem of storing the sun’s heat is supposed to be studied by scientistsA Ball over the world in the past decades.C D7. It is difficult to predict what kinds of books will be popular in the years ahead,A Bbecause tastes change and topics either get overexplored and lost their relevance.C D8. Ms. Kovak proudly displayed her research group’s most ingenious invention, aA Bvacuum cleaner that empties its own dust bag when pressing a button.C D9. Susan is considered to be as intelligent, or more intelligent than the other studentsA B Cin her class.D10. Large sums of money have to spend each year in painting the steel works ofA B Cbridges, ships, and other exposed structures.D11. Only when the book has assumed its final form an author can declare to the readerA Bwhat he thinks he has accomplished.C D12. Betty spent all evening talking about her book, which none of us had ever heard.A B C D13. I have no idea of Mr. Smith having been promoted to the new post. Y ou should tellA B C me about it earlier.D14. It was years after I had visited my hometown, and I was determined to enjoyA B Cmy stay.D15. The more complex a subject becomes, the more necessary is it to break it up into aA B C number of parts which the reader can visualize.DII. Find the ONE choice that best completes the sentence. Write your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (15/150)1. She called her friend before she left the city to her friend would miss her.A. insureB. ensureC. assureD. reassure2. The students begin to themselves to their studies after long summer vocation.A. applyB. engageC. convertD. exert3. Before moving to California, Tom Warren has to of his house and the furniture.A. dispenseB. discardC. disposeD. discharge4. The central government is now making unremitting efforts to its policy of poverty relief in the remote rural areas.A. constructB. implementC. demonstrateD. integrate5. Accuracy and expressiveness are the two in translation. The first is to express the exact thought of original article and the second is to make the translation readily understood.A. acquisitionB. inquiriesC. requestsD. requisites6. It is believed that the deal between the two enterprises is finally made through theof the local government.A. conventionB. preventionC. interventionD. termination7. There is no perfect trading system, and each of the proposed ones has its .A. limitationsB. bordersC. frontiersD. prohibitions8. Dr. Hill has just received an invitation from Washington University to join theas a full-time professor.A. committeeB. associationC. facultyD. branch9. People find that expected noise are usually more than unexpected ones of the like magnitude.A. manageableB. controllableC. revocableD. tolerable10. Y ou will have to be very if you want him to come around and approve of the plan.A. diplomaticB. industriousC. vigilantD. sensitive11. The sell their military equipment to whoever needs it, with the purpose of making profit.A. uniqueB. unanimousC. soleD. singular12. Expects suggested that speech stages are reached in the fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who turns out to be of high IQ.A. automaticallyB. eventuallyC. inverselyD. contradictorily13. He has been coughing all day and and has a cold.A. evidentlyB. correspondinglyC. normallyD. admittedly14. This book is wide attention because it gives a detailed description of the life of Princess Diana.A. composed ofB. regardless ofC. worthy ofD. ignorant of15. Would you please these invitations to all the teachers of English department?A. hand overB. hand outC. hand downD. hand inⅢ. Proofreading: (30/150):(Do it in on the ANSWER SHEET)The following passage contains 15 errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error.Y ou should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing wor d, mark the position of the missing word with a“八”andwrite the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Fast food has grown remarkably, not only in the United States, but alsoaround the world. Restaurant chains represent a multi-billion-dollars (1)industry that shows no sign of slowing down. Innovations for operations (2)and products have kept the industry growing and, some cities wouldargue, leading to speeding up the pace of contemporary life. (3) From its inception, fast food has lived up its name. In the early (4)days of fast food, as Americans came to depend more on their cars, outletsoffered drive-in service, enabled customers to park and eat in their cars. (5)This service reduced the cost and established relative low prices. (6) Giving the popularity of fast food for lunch and dinner, it was only a (7)matter of time after marketers and franchisees realized they could (8)expand their line of products by offering breakfast to hungry peoplein a hurry.For many people, moreover, fast food has become symbolic of a (9)fast-paced lifestyle that is neither natural or healthy. An organization (10)called Slow Food was established in Italy in 1986 to oppose fast food andtheir assembly-line approach to cooking and eating. The Slow Food (11) manifesto, endorsing in Paris 1989 by delegates from 15 countries, states, (12)“We are slaved by speed and have all succumbed to the same insidiousvirus: Fast Life, who disrupts our habit, pervades the privacy of our (13)homes and forces us to eat Fast Foods.” To fight the positive connotations (14)of fast food, many companies now emphasize on the word “fresh” (15)in their advertising and use the term “quick service” to describe theiroperations.Ⅳ. Fill in each blank with THE BEST ANSWER from the four choices given under the correspondent number. Write your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (30/150)One of the most pressing challenges that the world will face in the next few decades is how to alleviate the growing stress that human activities are placing 1 the environment. The consequences are just too great to 2 . Wildlife habitats are being degraded or disappearing altogether as new developments 3 more land. Plant and animal species are becoming 4 at a greater rate now than at any time in Earth’s history. 5 as 30 percent of the world’s fish stocks are over-exploited. And the list goes on.6 , there is reason to have hope for the future.7 in computing power and molecular biology are among the tremendous increases in scientific capability that are helping researchers8 a better understanding of these problems. Recent developments in science and technology could provide the9 for some major, and timely actions that would 10 our understanding of how human activities affect the environment.One priority for research is improving hydrological forecasting. It has been 11 that the world’s water use could triple in the next two decades. Already, widespread water 12 have occurred in parts of China, India, North Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula. The need for water also is taking its toll on freshwater ecosystems in the United States. Only two percent of the nation’s streams are considered in good 13 , and close to 40 percent of native fish 14 are rare to extinct.To prevent outbreaks of 15 diseases in plants, animals, and humans, more study is needed on how pathogens, parasites, and disease-carrying species——as 16 as humans and other species they infect——are 17 by changes in the environment. The overuse of antibiotics both in humans and in farm animals has 18 to the growth of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Researchers 19 new technologies in genetics and computing to better monitor and 20 the effects that environmental changes might have on disease outbreaks.1. A. at B. in C. cover D. on2. A. notice B. speculate C. ignore D. emphasize3. A. take over B. take up C. take in D. take on4. A. dangerous B. risky C. extinct D. insecure5. A. As B. So C. Too D. very6. A. Likewise B. Y et C. Consequently D. Furthermore7. A. Advances B. projects C. Inventions D. Proposals8. A. hold B. receive C. gain D. pay9. A. basis B. base C. stage D. ground10. A. affirm B. consolidate C. hinder D. improve11. A. advocated B. expected C. estimated D. calculated12. A. supply B. use C. pollution D. shortage13. A. health B. condition C. status D. situation14. A. foods B. products C. species D. races15. A. serious B. infectious C. fetal D. deadly16. A. much B. long C. well D. far17. A. affected B. restricted C. distributed D. compensated18. A. referred B. allocated C. contributed D. attributed19. A. call in questionB. take advantage ofC. give rise toD. bring into operation20. A. see B. report C. guess D. predictV. Read the following passages carefully and choose THE ONE BEST ANSWER to each question from the four choices given. Write your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (20/150)Text A[1] “Aggression”means a mixture of three features: injury (real or symbolic), intent, and emotion. Having a toe trodden upon may or may not make you the object of aggression: it all depends on the emotion and intent of a man inside the boot. One recurring question is the exact nature of the motivation. If the answers to this and similar questions were known, better solutions might be offered. Instead, the expects continue to offer contradictory opinions. It has been suggested that competitive sports decrease aggression. But many have suggested that such sports may cause it. Similar conflicting opinions have been offered about violence on film and television. How do we begin to make sense of rival views? One way is by looking at how the ideas developed historically.[2] When Freud first considered human aggression, he suggested that it originated from the blocking of a pleasure-seeking drive. He later changed his mind, suggesting that the aggressive drive was something independent of the blocking of pleasure, and that aggression was inherent part of human conditions. These two very different views have formed the basis of contemporary thinking on the nature of aggression. Freud’s earlier idea, that it originated from the blocking of a pleasure drive, led to the frustration theory. It suggested that interference with any pleasure including, or rewarding activity, once this had begun, would produce a state of frustration, which would then evoke anger. The frustration theory has stimulated much research on both human and animals. But its limitations in explaining all human aggression are now very apparent. If you are frustrated, for example, by someone turning up to an appointment on time, anger is indeed a likely outcome. Bur so other reactions: anxiety and nervousness, trying to find the missing person, or making light of the situation by joking.[3] Freud’s later idea—that there is a separate aggressive drive—influenced a totally different set of ideas. Most important among these is the notion that the act of violence can release a tense which has previously built up in someone. Ideas of this sort not only have a long history, but also have a intuitive appeal because of thefeeling of relief that often follows an emotional act, such as an aggressive outburst. The later Freud saw aggression as a drive building up spontaneously until the act occurred, which then reduced the tension. This embodies a profoundly pessimistic belief about human nature. It led Freud to comment that it is fruitless to try to eliminate human violence, but we can only provide safe outlets for it.[4] One extension of the frustration approach is my own discrepancy theory, which I originally put forward to explain the animal fighting. Animal fight in response to sudden pain or novelty or frustration. All three situations can be thought of in terms of animal finding a large discrepancy between events and what is expecting on the basis of its past experience. When this happens, either fear or aggression is likely to occur, though many traditional factors will determine which of the two takes place in a given situation. On this view, aggression occurs because the animal compares events in its environment with its expectations built up from the past experiences.[5] The same idea can be extended to human aggression. We are likely to become angry when our expectations, wishes, beliefs or attitudes are not fulfilled by what we experience. One very clear example occurs after a person has lost a marriage partner, close relative or friend. There is distress, and attempts to escape, at first. These are replaced later by aggression.1. The author of the passage believes that if we know the nature of aggressionA. we may find better ways to deal with human violenceB. we may better understand people’s intent and emotionC. we may have a clear view of its historical developmentD. experts may stop arguing about violence on film and television2. Freud thought later on that human aggression was caused byA. the blocking of a pleasure driveB.an inherent aggressive driveC. frustration, anger and anxietyD. unexpected failures3. Freud’s later idea is pessimistic because it implies thatA. it’s impossible to eliminate human violenceB. it’s impossible to find safe outlets for violenceC. man will never understand the nature of aggressionD. man will never find ways to reduce tension4. The author’s own theory is influenced byA. Freud’s earlier ideaB. Freud’s later ideaC. research on animalsD. studies on frustration5. according to the author, whether fear or aggression occurs in a situation of discrepancy is determined byA. the extent of discrepancyB. the degree of frustrationC. our expectationsD. other factorsText B[1] Consider the puppy. At only three weeks of age, this tiny ball of fur has already begun gnawing, pawing, and tugging at its littermates. At four to five weeks, its antics rival those of a rambunctious child, chasing and wrestling with its siblings at all hours of the day and night.[2]Such behavior is not unusual among social animals. From human children to whales to sewer rats, many groups of mammals and even some birds play for a significant fraction of their youth. Brown bear cubs, like puppies and kittens, stalk and wrestle with one another in imaginary battles. Wolves play solitary games with rocks and sticks.Chimpanzees tickle one another.[3]However fascinating these displays of youthful exuberance may be, play among animals was ignored by scientists for most of this century. Biologists assumed that this seemingly purposeless activity had little effect on animal development, was not a distinct form of behavior, and was too nebulous a concept either to define or to study. Even the term "play" caused problems for researchers, because it suggests that watching animals goof off is not an activity for serious scientists.[4]But a steady accumulation of evidence over the past two decades now suggests that play is a distinct form of behavior with an important role in the social, physical, and mental development of many animals. In one study, kittens, mice, and rats were found to play the most at ages when permanent changes were occurring in their muscle fiber and the parts of their brains regulating movement. Kittens were 30 most playful between 4 and 20 weeks of age; rats, from 12 to 50 days; and mice, from 15 to 29 days. Development at those ages is comparable to that of a two-year-old human infant. At these precise times in the development of these animals, muscle fibers differentiate and the connections to areas of the brain regulating movement are made. Such changes apparently are not unique to kittens, mice, and rats,but apply to mammals in general.[5]Thus, research on play has given biologists an important tool with which to probe the development of the brain and 40 motor systems of animals. The study on rats, kittens, and mice may, for instance, provide a physiological explanation for why infant animals employ in their play the same kinds of behavior that they will later use as adults. By stalking and capturing imaginary prey over and over again, a kitten builds its muscle and brain connections in a way that allows it to perform those actions later in life.[6]Play may also provide insight into the social development of animals. When the rough-and-tumble of play ends traumatically with a yelp or a shriek, young animals may be learning the limits of their strength and how to control themselves among others. Those are essential lessons for an animal living in a close-knit group. Perhaps, some scientists guess, as mammals gathered into social groups, play took on the function of socializing members of the group. Not everyone agrees with this theory, though. Another explanation is that play may not have evolved to confer any advantage but is simply a consequence of higher cognitive abilities or an abundance of nutrition and parental care.[7]Why did play evolve? No one knows for certain, but after ten years of studying brown bears of Alaska, biologist R obert Fagen has his own opinion. “Why do people dance?” he asks. “Why do b irds sing?” For the bears, we are becoming increasingly convinced that aesthetic factors are primary." Sometimes, that is, animals play simply for the fun of it.6. In the paragraph 2, the references to animals primarily serve toA. emphasize physical similarities between and humansB. prove a controversial point about animal playC. suggest that animal play can be difficult to studyD. show the variety of animal play7. Which of the following claims do the findings of "one study" mentioned inParagraph 4 support?A. Play is a key factor in the social organization of some animal groups.B. Most animal species tend to begin playing as they approach adulthood.C. Research into play may help us understand animals’physiological development.D. Researchers do not always recognize behavioral similarities among diversespecies8. How do expect who agree with “this theory”mentioned in Paragraph 6 look at animal play?A. It is an enjoyable activity.B. It serves as a useful purpose.C. It occurs only among mammals.D. It varies from one animal to another.9.The discussion of Robert Fagen’s work serves toA. show that varying explanations may be logically relatedB. expand the discussion by introducing a different opinionC. strengthen the earlier argument with corroborating evidenceD. illustrate the resistance conservative scientists to new ideas10.Fagan compares bears playing to people dancing in order to suggest that bothactivitiesA. have little practical functionB. promote physical coordinationC. are associated wills social developmentD. involve peer groups in shared physical activityⅥ. Read the following article and answer the questions about it in ENGLISH.Y ou may borrow words or phrases from the article, are but not allowed borrow clauses or sentences. Both the content and language accuracy of your answers will be considered. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40/150)[1]If the new art is not accessible to everyone, which certainly seems to be the case, this implies that its impulses are not of a generically human kind. It is an art not for people in general but for a special class who may not be better but who are evidently different.[2]Before we go further, one point must be clarified. What is it that the majority of people call aesthetic pleasure? What happens in their minds when they “like” a work of art; for example, a play? The answer is easy. They like a play when they become interested in the human destinies that are represented, when the love and hatred, the joys and sorrows of the dramatic personages so move them that they participate in it all as though it were happening in real life. And they call a work “good” if it succeeds in creating th e illusion necessary to make the imaginary personages appear like living persons. In poetry the majority of people seek the passion and pain of the human being behind the poet. Paintings attract them if they find in them figures of men or women it would be interesting to meet.[3]It thus appears that to the majority of people aesthetic pleasure means a state of mind that is essentially indistinguishable from their ordinary behavior. It differs merely in accidental qualities, being perhaps less utilitarian, more intense, and free from painful consequences. But the object toward which their attention and, consequently, all their other mental activities are directed is the same as in daily life: people and passions. When forced to consider artistic forms proper-for example, in some surrealistic or abstract art-most people will only tolerate them if they do not interfere with their perception of human forms and fates. As soon as purely aesthetic elements predominate and the story of John and Susie grows elusive, most people feel out of their depth and are at a loss as to what to make of the scene, the book, or the painting. A work of art vanishes from sight for a beholder who seeks in that work of art nothing but the moving fate of John and Susie or Tristan and Isolde. Unaccustomed to behaving in any mode except the practical one in which feelings are aroused and emotional involvement ensues, most people are unsure how to respond toa work that does not invite sentimental intervention.[4]Now this is a point that has to be made perfectly clear. Neither grieving nor rejoicing at such human destinies as those presented by a work of art begins to define true artistic pleasure; indeed, preoccupation with the human content of work is in principle incompatible with aesthetic enjoyment proper.Questions;1. How do you paraphrase the underline sentence in Paragraph 1?2. How does aesthetic pleasure happen to the majority of people?3. How do you paraphrase the underline sentence in Paragraph 3?4. Why, according to this article, can’t most people appreciate a work of abstract art?5. How do you paraphrase the underline sentence in Paragraph 4?。

自由学英语2019 考研英语一 Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, andbatteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can ’ t find north, a fewtricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H 2O you find, you should 10see signs of people.If you ’ ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights — you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be ableto 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you lost ’rein an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on thelandscape. Trail blazes,tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17.[A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18.[A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19.[A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20.[A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20 参考答案及解析：1.生活在一个 GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。