An anatomical and functional model of the human tracheobronchial tree

580 articles found for: pub-date > 2008 and tak(((Collaborative Environment) or (Research Center) or communications or telecommunications or network or equipment) and (information or technology or research or government or agencies) and ("e-Science" or Collaborative or research or development or application) and (service or platform or provide or comprehensive or integrated or efficient) and (use or environmental or tools or actively or promote or appropriate or support) and (services or based or (new way) or (use of) or collaborative or development) and (science or technology or activities or R&D or application or "e-Science") and (building or support or units or coordinated or key or technology or partners or contact or prospective))Edit this search | Save this search | Save as search alert | RSS Feedresults 526 - 550Font Size:Journal (580)Journal/Book TitleExpert Systems with Applications (26)Computers & Education (23)Computer Networks (20)Automation in Construction (14)Acta Astronautica (10)Topicsensor network (9)decision support (6)earth observation (6)co2 emission (5)computer science (5)view moreYear2011 (143)2010 (254) 2009 (183)Open all previewsSort by: Relevance - selected | Date526Nurses' perceptions of the barriers to and the facilitators of research utilization inTurkeyOriginal Research ArticleApplied Nursing Research , Volume 22, Issue 3, August 2009, Pages 166-175Ayla Yava, Nuran Tosun, Hatice Çiçek, Tülay Yavan, Gülşen Terakye, Sevgi HatipoğluShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase$ 31.50 527Mammographic surveillance in women younger than 50 years who have a family history of breast cancer:tumour characteristics and projected effect on mortality in the prospective, single-arm, FH01 study Original Research ArticleThe Lancet Oncology , Volume 11, Issue 12, December 2010, Pages 1127-1134FH01 collaborative teamsShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase$ 31.50528The zebrafish embryo model in toxicology andteratology, September 2–3, 2010, Karlsruhe, GermanyReproductive Toxicology , In Press, Uncorrected Proof ,Available online 12 March 2011Wibke Busch, Karen Duis, Martina Fenske, Gerd Maack, Juliette Legler, Stephanie Padilla, Uwe Strähle, Hilda Witters, Stefan ScholzShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase $ 31.50529In situ stress variations at the Variscan deformation front —Results from the deep Aachen geothermalwell Original Research ArticleTectonophysics , Volume 493, Issues 1-2, 8 October 2010, Pages 196-211Ute Trautwein-Bruns, Katja C. Schulze, Stephan Becker, Peter A. Kukla, Janos L. UraiShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase$ 31.50 Research Highlights►In situ stress study in an area of changing stress pattern. ►Borehole failure analysis using high quality image logs from a deep geothermal well. ►Strike -slip regime at the Variscan Thrust Front.530A survey of demographics, motivations, andbackgrounds among applicants to the integrated 0 + 5vascular surgery residency Original Research ArticleJournal of Vascular Surgery , Volume 51, Issue 2, February2010, Pages 496-503Jason T. Lee, Mediget Teshome, Christian de Virgilio, Brandon Ishaque, Mary Qiu, Ronald L. DalmanShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase $ 31.50 531A Conceptual Model of the Experience of Dyspnea and Functional Limitations in Chronic Obstructive PulmonaryDisease Original Research ArticleValue in Health , Volume 12, Issue 6, September 2009, Pages 1018-1025David E. Victorson, Susan Anton, Alan Hamilton, Susan Yount,David CellaShow preview| PDF (128 K) | Related articles | Related reference workarticles532Introducing graph theory to track for neuroplasticalterations in the resting human brain: A transcranialdirect current stimulation study Original Research ArticleNeuroImage , Volume 54, Issue 3, 1 February 2011, Pages2287-2296Rafael Polanía, Walter Paulus, Andrea Antal, Michael A. NitscheShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase $ 31.50 Research Highlights► The use of voxel-based graph theory to track for neuroplastic alterations; ► tracking neuronal signal-to-nois e ratio alterations in the resting brain; ► tDCS induces cortico -cortical functionalreorganization.533Comprehensive genetic analysis of transcriptionfactor pathways using a dual reporter gene system inbudding yeast Original Research ArticleMethods , Volume 48, Issue 3, July 2009, Pages 258-264 Pinay Kainth, Holly Elizabeth Sassi, LourdesPeña-Castillo, Gordon Chua, Timothy R. Hughes, Brenda AndrewsShow preview | Supplementary content | Related articles | Relatedreference work articlesPurchase$ 41.95 534From genes to shape: Understanding the control of morphogenesis at the shoot meristem in higher plantsusing systems biologyComptes Rendus Biologies , Volume 332, Issue 11,November 2009, Pages 974-985Jan Traas, Olivier Hamant Show preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase $ 31.50535Admission control scheme based on priority access for wireless LANs Original Research ArticleComputer Networks , Volume 54, Issue 1, 15 January2010, Pages 3-12Sunmyeng Kim, Young-Jong Cho, Yong K. KimShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase $ 31.50 536A surface display yeast two-hybrid screening system for high-throughput protein interactomemapping Original Research ArticleAnalytical Biochemistry , Volume 390, Issue 1, 1 July 2009,Pages 29-37Jun Chen, Jianhong Zhou, Claire K. Sanders, John P. Nolan, Hong CaiShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase $ 31.50 537Burn Hazards of the Deployed Environment inWartime: Epidemiology of Noncombat Burns fromOngoing United States Military Operations OriginalResearch ArticleJournal of the American College of Surgeons , Volume 209,Issue 4, October 2009, Pages 453-460 David S. Kauvar, Charles E. Wade, David G. BaerShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase $ 31.50538Worm control in sheep in the futureOriginal Research ArticleSmall Ruminant Research , Volume 86, Issues 1-3,October 2009, Pages 40-45F. Jackson, D. Bartley, Y. Bartley, F. KenyonShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articles Purchase $ 31.50 539Young people living with parental bereavement:Insights from an ethnographic study of a UKchildhood bereavement serviceOriginal Research ArticleSocial Science & Medicine , Volume 72, Issue 2, January 2011, Pages 283-290Joanne D. Brewer, Andrew C. Sparkes Show preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase$ 35.95Research highlights► Gives voice to bereaved young people who describe the factors that have helped them to live with parental death. ► Describes an ethnographic study exploring the role of one specific UK childhood bereavement organization. ► Provides insights into the expe riences of both recently bereaved children and those bereaved over ten years ago. ► Outlines practice implications for working with bereaved young people.540 Characterisation of clayey raw materials for ceramic manufacture in ancient Sicily Original Research ArticleApplied Clay Science, In Press, Corrected Proof,Available online 17 September 2010Giuseppe Montana, Miguel Ángel Cau Ontiveros, AnnaMaria Polito, Ettore AzzaroShow preview| Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase$ 31.50Research Highlights►The main Sicilian clays used in the past for pottery production were characterised. ►Chemistry, mineralogy and technological properties were investigated. ►Chemical analysis revealed markers for the discrimination of production centres. ►Provenance of loc al/regional ceramic products has been successfully identified.541 Long-term avian research at the San Joaquin Experimental Range: Recommendations for monitoring and managing oak woodlands OriginalResearch ArticleForest Ecology and Management, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 30 August 2010Kathryn L. PurcellShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase$ 31.50Research highlightsThe San Joaquin Experimental Range (SJER) has a long history of avian research dating back to 1935.Early work focused on California quail and formed the basis for quail management in California. Research has led to important recommendations for implementing avian monitoring programs.Long-term data provide unique opportunities to explore biotic responses to changing environments. These datasets have facilitated studies of the impacts of invasive species and climate change.542Integration of experimental facilities: A joint effort for establishing a common knowledge base inexperimental work on hydrogen safety OriginalResearch ArticleInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy , Volume 36,Issue 3, February 2011, Pages 2700-2710 Ernst-Arndt Reinecke, Thomas Huebert, IsabelleTkatschenko, Armin Kessler, Mike Kuznetsov, M. Wilkins, David Hedley, Inaki Azkarate, Christophe Proust, Beatriz Acosta-Iborra, B. Gavrikov, Peter C.J. De Bruijn, Alessia Marangon, Andrzej Teodorczyk, A. GrafwallnerShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase $ 31.50 543The archaeology of climate change in the Caribbean Original Research ArticleJournal of Archaeological Science , Volume 37, Issue 6, June 2010, Pages 1226-1232 Jago Cooper, Matthew PerosShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase$ 31.50544Changing primary education programmes’ reflection in teacher training: thinking, interrogant, searcher teacher candidates Original Research ArticleProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences , Volume 1, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 2732-2733Hatice Mertoglu, Esra Macaroglu AkgulShow preview |PDF (92 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles545Lessons from smallpox eradication campaign in Bihar State and in IndiaVaccine , Volume 29, Issue 11, 3 March 2011, Pages2005-2007Mahendra Dutta, R.N. BasuShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articles Purchase $ 31.50 546Performance comparison of some shared memoryorganizations for 2D mesh-like NOCs Original ResearchArticleMicroprocessors and Microsystems , Volume 35, Issue 2, March 2011, Pages 274-284Martti Forsell Show preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase$ 35.95547Standardized marketing strategies in retailing? IKEA’s marketing strategies in Sweden, the UK andChina Original Research ArticleJournal of Retailing and Consumer Services , In Press, Corrected Proof , Available online 29 September 2010 Steve Burt, Ulf Johansson, Åsa Thelander Show preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase $ 31.50548Energy and economic assessment of soda andorganosolv biorefinery processes Original Research ArticleBiomass and Bioenergy , Volume 35, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 516-525 Araceli García, María González Alriols, Rodrigo Llano-Ponte, Jalel LabidiShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase$ 35.95549New discoveries in the Piramide Naranjada inCahuachi (Peru) using satellite, Ground Probing Radarand magnetic investigations Original Research ArticleJournal of Archaeological Science , In Press, Corrected Proof , Available online 4 January 2011Rosa Lasaponara, Nicola Masini, Enzo Rizzo, R. Coluzzi, Giuseppe OreficiShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase$ 31.50 Research highlights► The investigation of earthen archaeology is a challenge. ► We propose an approach for detecting buried earthen remains in Cahuachi Nasca, Peru. ► Geostatistical analyses of satellite data, georadar and geomagnetic have been used. ► Archaeological excavat ion confirm the reliability of the proposed method. ► Archaeological findings were adobe walls and a rich ceremonial offering.550The need for a General Comment for Article 19 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: Towardenlightenment and progress for childprotection Original Research ArticleChild Abuse & Neglect , Volume 33, Issue 11, November 2009, Pages 783-790 Susan Bennett, Stuart N. Hart, Kimberly Ann Svevo-CianciShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase $ 31.50。

假肢与矫形器专业词汇（英语）abdomen anatomical retainer of the intestinesabdominal related to the abdomenabduct to move (a limb) away from the midline of the bodyabducted gait walking with the legs spread away from the midlinemuscleabductor abductingablatio mammae, mastectomy surgical removal of female breastabove elbow (A.E.) prosthesis prosthesis for transhumeral amputationabove the knee (A.K.) prosthesis prosthesis for transfemoral amputation - (AK)abutment counter piece, counter flare, neckacceleration getting continuously fasteracceleration phase sub-phase in the swing phase of gaitinpelvis, receiving the hip jointsocketacetabulum concaveacetone chemical thinner for laquers and paintsAchilles tendon tendon at distal end of calf muscleacrylic resin thermoplastic resin on acrylic basisacute rapid onset or short duration of a conditionadapter device coupling two different endsadduct to move (a limb) toward the midline of the bodyadductor adducting muscleadductor roll medial-proximally located roll oft soft tissue (TF-prosthetics) adhesion contact socket contact socket, type of suction socketadiposity being too large in abdominal and other circumferences, fat ADL's aids for daily livingadolescent juvenile - phase between childhood and adulthoodadultadolescent youngadult “grown up” - beyond adolescenceaetiology reason or factor causing a diseaseAFO ankle-foot-orthosisagonist muscle being active and result-oriented (opposite:antagaonist) aids for daily living (ADL) tools and devices etc.- modified for the disabledair splint orthoses containing an air chamber to customize fitAK (prosthesis) prosthesis after transfemoral amputationAK-socket above knee (transfemoral) socketalignment assembling O&P components referring to a reference system allergy reaction of the immune system against “foreign” matteralloy a mix of metals, changing the specific characteristics aluminum a light metalambulate / ambulation reciprocal walkingambulator a walking frame, supporting a patient's ambulation amputation surgical removal of a body partamputation surgery surgical act of removing a body segment (extremity) analgesia absence of, or insensitivity to pain sensationanalyse, analysis detailed research on components of a wholeanamnesis background of a diseaseanatomical landmarks (bony) prominences, points of importance in O&Panatomy descriptive or functional explanation of the body properties angularity in the shape of an angleangulus sub-pubicus angle of the pubic ramus, important in IC-socketsjointankle tibio-tarsalankle block connector between prosthetic foot and shinankle joint (talus joint) joint connecting foot and shankankle-foot orthosis (AFO) orthosis with functional impact on ankle and footankylosing to unite or stiffen by ankylosisankylosis immobility, posttraumatic fusion of a jointantagonist muscle opposing agonist action, often controllinganterior in front of, the foremostanteversion to bring (a limb) forward, opposite of retroversion anthropometry taking measurements of the human bodyanti… againstanvil block of iron, surface used in forging metalA-P or a-p antero-posterior, from front to backapex top or summit, the highest point, the peakappliance an instrument, O&P: a prosthesis or orthosis, technical aid application making work or connecting to…learning a professionapprentice somebodyapprentice student learning a profession or craft in a structured approach apprentice student learning a profession or craft in a structured approach apprenticeship (course) training course for vocational educationappropriate best (compromise-) solution for a given problem Appropriate Technology technology appropriate (e.g. for the Third World)arch support shell shell-like custom molded medical shoe insertarteries blood vessels transporting oxygenated blood to the periphery arthritis acute or chronic joint inflammationarthrodesis blocking a joint through surgical procedurearthroplasty reconstruction of a joint through surgical procedure arthrosis, osteoarthritis joint disease - degenerating cartilage and joint surfaceGelenkarticulation Articulatio,aseptic not caused by bacterial infectionASIS / A.S.I.S anterior superior iliac spineassessment evaluation, obtaining information (about a condition) athetosis condition of slow withering movementsathletic arch support custom molded medical shoe insert for the athleteatrophy shrinkage, wastage of biological tissueautonomic nervous system independent nerve tissue, not under voluntary controlaxial rotator joint for socket rotation around the vertical axisback posterior component of the trunkbalance condition of keeping the body stabilized in a desired positionball bearing bearing cage containing rollers, making/keeping axes rotatable ball joint (universal joint) tri-axial jointband, strap, cuff suspension aid (small corset)bandages elastic wrapping, light brace, adhesive wrapping etc.bandaging act of applying bandages, tapingbands m-l connection between orthotic side bars (calf band etc.)bars, side-bars uprights, vertical struts in an orthosisbearing, ball bearing bearing cage containing rollers, making/keeping axes rotatable bed sore pressure/shear related skin trauma of bed-bound individuals below elbow amputation (BE-) forearmamputation (below the elbow joint, transradial, transulnar) below elbow, lower arm arm below the elbow jointbelt suspension component, also light abdominal bandagebench workstation,worktablebench alignment static alignment of prosthetic/orthotic componentsbending providing a shape or contour to sidebars, bands etc.bending iron set of two contouring tools for metal bar bendingbending moment the force or torque bending an objectbending, contouring providing a shape or contour to sidebars, bands etc.BE-prosthesis prosthesis after amputation below the elbow jointbevel to brake an edgebig toe halluxbilateral twosided, double..., relating to “both sides”bio-engineering science of engineering related to living structuresbio-feedback internal autoresponse to a biological eventbiological age the "natural age" - dependent on how a person presentsbiology science related to living structuresbio-mechanics science combining biology and mechanicsbipivotal joint joint with two axesBi-scapular abduction bringing both shoulders forward simultaneously (prosthetic control motion)BK below the kneeBK-prosthesis prosthesis after amputation below the kneeBK-socket below the knee socketblister forming vacuum molding plastic sheet material in a frameblock heels wide basis heelsbody the total appearance of a biological beingbody jacket US-American term for symmetrical spinal orthosesbody powered operated by human power (as opposed to outside energy) bolts machine screw and similarbonding agent connective glue, cement etc.bone single part of the skeletal systembone loss syndrome reduction of bony massbone spur a protrusion of bone or fragment of bonebonification, calcification change into bony tissuebony bridge surgical bony fusion between e.g. tibia and fibulabony landmark anatomically protruding bony surfaces (as the fibula head) bony lock (ischial containment) m-l tight locking design in ischial containment sockets bordering providing a smooth trim line or brimbordering, trimming providing a well-rounded trim line or smooth brimBoston Brace spinal orthosis developed in Boston, USA (scoliosis, kyphosis treatment)bouncy mechanism flexion device for limited flexion in prosthetic kneesbow leg genu varum, o-shaped legs, enlarged distance between knees brace, splint, caliper supportive device, old-fashioned for “orthosis”brain, cerebrum main switch board of the central nervous systembrazing heat supported metal solderingbrazing tool, soldering iron tool for heat supported metal solderingbrim proximal socket area, casting tool / templatebrooch / hook hooks holding a lace, closure of shoes etc.buffing creating a shiny surface finishbuild-up (of a material) location of added plaster in modifications of plaster castsburn heat related injurybursa anatomic padding cavity containing liquidby-law (USA: bill) lawCAD CAM Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Manufacture cadence rhythm of walkingcalcaneus heelbonecalculation doing mathematical operationscalf band m-l connection between side bars (KAFO)calf corset enclosure of calf and shin (in an orthosis)calf muscle, triceps surae plantar flexor of the foot, muscle in the lower legcaliper measuring tool, precision instrumentcaliper, brace, splint old fashioned term for joint stabilizing lower limb orthoses Canadian Hip Disarticulation Pr. external shell prosthesis for hip disarticulationscane walkingstickcap band finishing element of trim lines, brims of corsetscarbon fiber structural reinforcement in plastic compositescardanic two axes, aligned in 90 degrees toward each othercardio-vascular related to heart and blood circulationcarve shaping by taking material off (chipping off, sanding off)cast positive (plaster or similar) moldcast modification functional changing of the shape of a castcast removal removal of plaster bandage from a poured plaster castcast taking act of taking a plaster- or similar impressioncasters freely moving front wheels at a wheel chaircasting and measurement taking getting 3-dimensional body impressions and measurements casting procedures technique of getting 3-dimensional body impressions caudal direction, toward distal end of the vertebral column (tail)c-clamp clamping tool (woodwork)CDH congenital dislocation of the hipcell (biological and technical) smallest living unit; hollow technical unitcellular made up from cellscelluloid one of the first plastic materials availablecement, glue bonding agentcenter of gravity (COG) mathematic-physical mass concentration in one point center of mass calculated concentration of mass (in bio-mechanics) center of mass (COM) mathematic-physical mass concentration in one point centrode graph for the path of the instantaneous centers of rotation cerebral related to the cerebrum, braincerebral palsy loss of neural muscle control by congenital brain damage cerebral paresis dysfunction of muscle tissue related to cerebral trauma cerebro vascular accident vascular bloodclotting in a part of the brainbraincerebrum thecerebrum / cerebral brain / related to the braincervical related to the neckcervical collar (cervical brace) orthosis for the neck (after whiplash syndrome)cervical spine most proximal segment of the spinal columnchairback brace posterior semi-shell trunk orthosischamfer to thin out the edges of a materialCharcot joint rapid progressive degeneration of a joint (foot)check-, or diagnostic socket transparent or translucent socket for diagnosis of fit chiropedist (Canada) medical doctor specialized in foot careChopart amputation tarsal (partial) foot amputation at the Chopart joint line Chopart joint tarsal joint line of several bones in the footchronic long term (disease; opposite of acute)circumduction semi-circular (mowing) forward swing of a leg circumference the measurment around a physical bodyclam shell design longitudinally split socket or shellclosure mechanism used to closeclub foot, talipes varus pes equino varus, a congenital (or acquired) foot deformity CNC Computer Numeric Controlled design and manufacturing CO cervical orthosis, orthosis for neck immobilizationCO - CP - CPO Certified ... Orthotist..Prosthetist..Prosthetist/Orthotist coating surface cover (as plasticising metal surfaces)coccyx Anatomy: the “tailbone”coefficient of friction number determining forces between sliding surfacescollar cervical orthosis, orthosis for neck immobilization collateral ligaments ligaments bridging the side of jointscompatible fitting to each othercompliance measure of willingness to follow a therapeutic ordercomponents single parts of a whole, construction parts, pre-fab partscomposite reinforced plastic component, matrix and fillercompound result of a chemical binding processcompression panty hose orthotic garment to treat varicosisconcave inwardly shaped, hollow (opposite of convex)condyle massive rounded end of bone, basis for forming a joint surfacewithborncongenital beingconstant friction continuous application of a braking forcecontact cushion distal contact padding in prosthetic socketcontact measuring measuring while touching the object measuredcontact pad contact cushion (prosthetics)continuous passive motion (CPM) keeping a joint mobile through passive motion in motorized device contour (the) the outer perimeter of a bodycontour (to) creating a shape by forming, bendingcontour drawing draft of the outer perimeter of a bodycontracture condition of motion limitation in jointsconvex outwardly shaped, bulged (opposite of concave)cork bark of a tree, natural cellular leight weight materialcoronal plane frontal planecorrection, rectification modification (of shapes, designs etc.) in order to improvecorrosion deterioration of materials by chemical influence (as oxdation)corset therapeutic circular enclosement of body segmentscorset, fabric corset lumbar brace made from textile materialcountersinking taking the edge off a drilled hole, creating circular concavitycoupler a connective devicecoxitis/coxarthritis inflammation of the hip jointCPM, continuous passive motion keeping a joint mobile through passive motion in motorized device CPO Certified Prosthetist / Orthotistcraft & trade European (German) vocational structuring systemcranial relating to the headcrossline filing using a handheld file in a 90 degrees offset directioncruciates, cruciate ligaments crossed ligaments at the knee centerCRW Community based Rehabilitation Worker (WHO Geneva)CT, computer tomography a method to take X-rays in "slices"Orthosis CTLSO Cervico-Thoraco-Lumbo-SacralOrthosisCTO Cervico-Thoracocuff, band, strap suspension aid (small corset)cup, connection cup socket connector in prostheticscure (med.) medical therapeutic measurecure (techn.) to set, hardencushion, pad upholstering device, providing soft surfacecustom made made to measurements as a single unitdeceleration to become continuously slowerdeceleration phase sub-phase in the swing phase of human gaitdecree, directive, regulation text in the lawbooks or regulation with law-like characterdeficiency lack of necessary function or ability by physical impairmentdeflector plate a leaf spring design in prosthetic feet, energy return devicedeformity malformation of form, may be influencing functiondegeneration biological wear and tearDelrin a plastic material, used as a flexible, energy returning keeldensity foaming hard foam block on a socket as a connector to componentsdeposit (biological or pathological) storage mechanism, sedimentdermatitis skin disease, infection of the skinderotating orthosis (scoliosis) orthosis for derotation - one of the priciples of scoliosis treatment design construction, functional lay-out and planningdexterity, manual skill skill of creating by hand, craftsman skilldiabetes mellitus carbohydrate metabolism disorder (frequent amputation reason) diabetic gangrene death of tissue caused by diabetesdiagnosis searching and finding a cause and details of diseasediaphysis shaft of a long bonedimension seize as measureddimensional stability keeping the dimensionsdiplegia paralysis, affecting both sides of the bodydirect socket technique manufacture of a prosthetic socket directly on the amputee's limb directive information or order on how to …..directive, regulation, decree text in the lawbooks or regulation with law-like characterdisability handicap, functional loss of abilitydisabled person a person with a disability, handicapdisabled, handicapped handicapped, having a functional loss of ability"amputation"directly through a joint linedisarticulation thedisc, intervertebral disc intervertebral cartilaginous cushioning elementdislocation joint injury resulting in complete discontiuity of joint surfaces dislocation overstretching or rupture of ligaments, also in combination with fracture doff US-colloquial: do - off = take offdoffing a prosthesis taking off a prosthesiscontrollingdominant leading,don US-colloquial: do - on = put ondonning a prosthesis putting on a prosthesisdonning aid aid to don a prosthesis as pull sock, stockinette, silk tie etc.dorsal related to the dorsum = back, posteriorly locateddorsiflexion lifting the forefoot, correct would be “dorsal extension”, lift of footdraft first drawing of a new ideadrawer effect a-p instability of the knee caused by slack cruciatesdrill (to) to machine a holeDS(L)T Direct Socket (Lamination) TechniqueDUCHENNE's disease severe progressive form of muscular dystrophyDUCHENNE's sign trunk bends lateral toward stance leg during stance phaseDUPUYTREN’sche Kontraktur fibrosis, flexion contracture of fingers into palmstiffnessdurometer hardness,duroplastic resin synthetic resin, not thermoplastic after initial curingdystrophy pathologic loss of muscle massCommunityEC Europeanedema, oedema swelling, high concentration of fluids in the soft tissueelastic capable of recovering form and shape after deformation elastic anklet ankle foot orthosiselastic bandage, ACE-bandage stretchable, expandable bandageelastic knee sleeve knee supporting soft orthosis, tt-prosthetic suspensionelbow splint old-fashioned term for: elbow orthosiselectrical stimulation neuromuscular stimulation by electric impulses electromyography recording of electrical activity of a muscleembedding enclosing, encapsulating, (German: socket retainer function) embossing manual shaping of sheet metal by special hammerEMG recording of electrical activity of a muscleendo-skeletal pylon type prosthetic components covered by external cover energy consumption use of energy in physical activitiesenergy expenditure spending of energy in physical activitiesenergy return energy output, achieved by spring-like design in O&PorthosisEO elbowepicondylitis stress related inflammation of the elbow, (tennis)epiphysis dist./prox. End of a bone, zone of longitudinal growth equilibrium keeping of balanceequinovalgus combined drop foot and valgus deformityequinovarus combined drop foot and varus deformityeversion rotation of hand or foot around long axis of the limbeversion turning foot outward and up (opposite of inversion)EWHO elbow wrist hand orthosisexamination, assessment evaluation, obtaining information (about a condition)exo-skeletal prosthetics: external structural components (opposite: modular) extension straightening motion of a jointextension assist strap or other means assisting joint extensionextension moment force (torque) causing extension (straightening) of joints extension stop bumper or other means of extension limitationextensor muscle causing extensionexternal related to the outside (opposite: internal)external fixation outside orthotic fixation (of a fracture or a surgical result) extremity upper or lower extremities: arms or legsfabric corset textile orthosis for the abdomen or trunkfabrication the procedure of mechanically creating a devicefatality mortality, death ratefatigue (material) time-dependent alteration of typical material propertiesfatigue (muscles) time-dependent slow down of muscle actionFederal Trade Association German professional trade associationfeedback return of informationfelt material made up from compressed, interwoven hair or fiber female the woman species in a creature (opposite: male)femoral channel dorso-lateral convex channel in a prosthetic socketfemoral condyles the distal ends (close to the knee joint) of the femurfemur the thigh boneFES functional electrical stimulationfibre glass (fiber glass) glass reinforcement component in compositesfibula calfbone, the lesser of two bones in the calffibular head the proximal thicker portion of the fibulafit compatibility between patient and device in function/comfortflab abundance of soft tissueflaccid paralysis, paresis non-spastic paralysis, loss of voluntary muscle innervationflare even anatomical surface (as the tibial flare)flat evenflat foot foot deformity, loss of medial-longitudinal arch heightflatfoot, talipes planus foot deformity, loss of any medial-longitudinal arch heightflexion joint motion, buckling or bending a jointflexion assist device assisting (joint) flexionflexion moment force (torque) causing flexionflexor muscle creating a flexion motionfloor reaction orthosis orthosis utilizing floor reaction forces for patient stabilizationFO (either) finger orthosis (or) foot orthosisfoam a cellular resin (polyurethane foam hard or soft)foaming act of manual creation of a prosthetic foam connectorchildfoetus unbornfollow-up continuous control and maintenance, aftertreatmentfoot cradel anatomically adapted plantar foot supportfoot deformity misalignment (functional misshape) of the footfoot flat stance phase: sole of the foot getting in complete ground contact foot slap stance phase: uncontrolled quick foot flat motionforce cause or reason for acceleration, deceleration, movementforging non-chipping iron shaping process under the influence of heat fracture traumatic breaking of a boneframe the outer supportive, stiffening elementframe socket the outer supportive, stiff element as a retainer for a flexible socket freehand drawing, draft manual first draft or drawingcounter-acting sliding movement, "rubbing"friction forcefrontal plane, coronal plane reference plane as seen from the frontfulcrum center of a single axis joint, center of rotationfully synthetical man-made (material)functional component i.e. joints etc. (as opposed to structural components)functional level degree of function a disabled patient still achievesfunctional needs component need to satisfy specific needsfundamental of basic importanceambulationgait walking,gait analysis research of gait patterns and time-related specificsgait deviation pathological changes in normal walking patternsgait pattern physiological or pathological walking characteristicsgait trainer somebody teaching how to walkgait training lessons in learning how to walkgalvanization surface protection of metalsgangrene local death of soft tissue due to lack of blood supply gastrocnemii, “gastrocs” double-headed calf musclegauge measuring instrument (measures width / thickness)gear train joint joint components, forcing each other trough toggled connection gel man-made or natural material, consistency similar to gelantine genu kneegenu recurvatum hyper-extended knee joint (frequently seen in poliomyelitis) genu valgum/knock knee knock knees, knees frequently touching each other medially genu varum/bowleg bow legs, knee distance too large (opposite of genu valgum) geometric locking locking systematic of polycentric knee jointsgeometrical stance control locking systematic for the provision of stance stabilitygeriatric elderly, old, aged,glue, cement bonding agentgoniometer instrument (tool) for measuring anglesgrease fat, as lubricant or tissuegrid particle size indication in abrassive materialsgrind surface modification by abrasion, sanding etc.ground reaction force force directed from the ground toward the body Haemo.., haema... related to the bloodhallux, halluces big toeHalo brace cranial/cervical orthoses, ring fixed at proximal cranium hamstrings popliteal tendons, insertion of flexor muscleshand splint old fashioned for hand orthosishard and soft foaming technique of using hard and soft PU-foams in combinationhd extra sturdy version of…..disarticulationHD hipHDPE HighPolyethyleneDensityHD-socket pelvic socket of the hip disarticulation prosthesisheavy metals a specific group of metals (heavy in weight)heel clamp prosthesis a partial foot prosthesis, suspension by a posterior "clamp" heel cup foot orthosis, Berkely cupheel off / heel rise moment in stance phase when the heel risesheel spur bony protrusion at the distal-medial aspect of the calcaneus heel strike moment in stance phase when the heel touches the ground heel wedge heel bumper in foot or length compensation, absorbs shockHelfet’s heel cup foot orthosis, similar Berkely cupremoving the distal half of the bodysurgery,hemicorporectomy amputationhemipelvectomy amputation surgery removing one half of the pelvis hemipelvectomy-prosthesis artificial leg after hemipelvectomyhemiplegia paralysis of one half side of the bodyheredetary congenital by transmission from parent to offspringhernia subcutaneous protrusion of intestinshindfoot posterior 1/3 of the foot (heel and tarsus)hinge simple joint, single axiship dysplasia pathological development of hip socket leading to dislocation hip hiking exaggerated movement (lifting) of the hip joint in gaithip joint, articulatio coxae proximal joint of the leg, leg-pelvis jointhip positioning orthoses a brace controlling functional alignment of the hip jointhip socket concave component of the hip jointhip spica cast applied to pelvis and legHKAFO Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot-OrthosisHO (either) Hand Orthosis (or) Hip Orthosis (!!)hobby-handicraft hobbyists work also meaning: non-professional resulthook and eyelet closure closure of textile fabric corsetshook and pile closure Closure material with interlocking surfaces (e.g. Velcro)hook and pile, Velcro self-adhesive strap materialhorizontal plane reference plane as seen from the tophosiery, medical hosiery medical compression hosiery (phlebology)humerus bone in the upper armhybrid something having properties of at least two different resources hydraulic joint control cylinder/piston device controlling prosthetic joint motion hyper… more of somethinghyperextension over-stretching (of a joint)hyperextension orthosis a spinal brace serving for reclination of the thoracic spinegrowthhyperplasia increasedhyper-reflexia pathologically exaggerated reflexeshypertonia elevated blood pressurehypertonicity increased muscle tone or muscle tensionhypertrophy growth of tissue by enlargement of cellshypo… less of somethinghypoplasia biological structure significantly diminished in sizehypotonia low blood pressurehypotonicity loss of muscle tone (or tension)ContainmentIC IschialICRC International Committee of the Red CrossICRC Ischial and ramus containmentIC-socket ischial containment socketidiopathic scoliosis adolescent scoliosis without a known causeilium, os ilium the medial or lateral "wing-shaped" bone in the pelvis。

When writing an essay in English about My Model,its important to consider the context in which the term model is being used.Here are a few different approaches you might take,depending on the specific meaning of model in your essay:1.A Role Model:Begin by introducing who your role model is and why they are important to you. Discuss the qualities and achievements of your role model that you admire. Explain how their actions or life story has influenced your own life or goals.Example Paragraph:My role model is Malala Yousafzai,a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest Nobel Prize laureate.Her courage and determination to fight for girls education rights in the face of adversity have deeply inspired me.Malalas story has taught me the importance of standing up for what I believe in,even when it is difficult.2.A Fashion Model:Describe the physical attributes and style of the model.Discuss the impact they have had on the fashion industry or their unique contributions to it.Explain why you find their work or presence in the industry notable.Example Paragraph:Kendall Jenner is a fashion model who has made a significant impact on the industry with her unique style and presence.Her tall and slender physique,combined with her ability to carry off diverse looks,has made her a favorite among designers and fashion enthusiasts alike.I admire her for her versatility and the way she uses her platform to promote body positivity.3.A Model in Science or Technology:Introduce the model as a theoretical framework or a practical tool used in a specific field.Explain the principles behind the model and how it is applied.Discuss the benefits or limitations of the model and its implications in the real world.Example Paragraph:The Standard Model in physics is a theoretical framework that describes three of the four known fundamental forces excluding gravity and classifies all known elementary particles.It has been instrumental in understanding the behavior of subatomic particles and predicting the existence of new particles,such as the Higgs boson.However,the models inability to incorporate gravity or dark matter has led to ongoing research for amore comprehensive theory.4.A Model in Business or Economics:Introduce the business or economic model and its purpose.Explain how the model works and the strategies it employs.Discuss the success or challenges associated with the model and its potential for future growth.Example Paragraph:The subscriptionbased business model has become increasingly popular in recent years, particularly in the software panies like Adobe have transitioned from selling packaged software to offering services on a subscription basis,allowing for continuous revenue streams and a more predictable income.This model has been successful in fostering customer loyalty and providing a steady income,although it requires ongoing innovation to maintain customer interest.5.A Model in Art or Design:Describe the aesthetic or functional qualities of the model.Discuss the creative process or design principles that inform the model.Explain the cultural or historical significance of the model and its influence on contemporary art or design.Example Paragraph:The Eames Lounge Chair,designed by Charles and Ray Eames,is a model of modern furniture that has become an icon of midcentury design.Its elegant form,made from molded plywood and leather,exemplifies the designers commitment to blending comfort with aesthetics.The chairs timeless appeal has made it a staple in both residential and commercial settings,influencing countless furniture designs that followed. Remember to structure your essay with a clear introduction,body paragraphs that develop your points,and a conclusion that summarizes your main e specific examples and evidence to support your claims,and ensure your writing is clear,concise, and engaging.。

病态窦房结综合征鉴别诊断标准1.窦房结恶性病态综合征的鉴别诊断包括详细的病史询问和临床体征观察。

The differential diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome includes detailed medical history inquiry and clinical sign observation.2.心脏心电图和动态心电图对病态窦房结综合征的鉴别具有重要意义。

Electrocardiogram and Holter monitoring play a crucial role in the differential diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome.3.心脏彩色多普勒超声检查可以帮助识别病态窦房结综合征的可能原因。

Echocardiography can help identify possible causes of sick sinus syndrome.4.行心脏负荷试验可能有助于评估患者的窦房结功能。

Cardiac stress test may help evaluate the sinoatrial node function in patients.5.病态窦房结综合征的鉴别诊断需要排除其他引起类似症状的心脏疾病。

The differential diagnosis of sick sinus syndromerequires ruling out other cardiac conditions that may cause similar symptoms.6.体格检查和临床症状是病态窦房结综合征鉴别诊断的重要依据。

Physical examination and clinical symptoms are important bases for the differential diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome.7.定向电生理检查对病态窦房结综合征的诊断和评估具有重要价值。

数字教材的形态特征与功能模型胡畔;王冬青;许骏;韩后【摘要】随着平板电脑和智能手机等高性能终端设备的日渐普及，移动阅读等电子阅读方式已成为人们数字化生活的重要组成部分。

在教育教学领域，数字教材作为推行教学改革、开启智慧教育、提升教学质量的关键环节与核心要素，也越来越受到人们的重视，成为当前的研究热点。

准确把握数字教材的概念、形态与功能，是数字教材推广应用的前提。

从媒体特征的差异性来看，数字教材经历了三种不同的发展形态--静态媒体数字教材、多媒体数字教材和富媒体数字教材，并且随着技术的发展，其媒体资源的丰富性、交互性、动态性始终在不断增强。

从支持教与学的角度来看，数字教材功能模型应以数字教材内容为核心，以工具软件、终端设施及网络平台为支持环境，在此基础上再进行具体功能的设计，以为数字教材的标准化与规范化建设提供参考与借鉴。

%Along with the growing popularity of high-performance terminal devices such as tablet PCs and smart phones, mobile reading as a new way of e-reading has entered into people's digital life. Digital textbooks are the key to promote educational reform and teaching quality, but also the core element of smart education. Understanding the concept, form and function of digital textbooks is a prerequisite to adopt it on a large scale. According to the characteristics of media, digital textbooks can take three different forms, namely, static-media digital textbooks, multi-media digital textbooks and rich-media digital textbooks. The richness, interactivity and dynamic of digital textbooks demonstrate a significantly increasing tendency. From the teaching and learning's perspective, content should be the core part offunctional model for digital textbook, with software, terminals and network services constituting the supporting environment. Designing specific functionality of digital textbooks based on this model could provide a reference for standardization in the construction of digital textbooks.【期刊名称】《现代远程教育研究》【年(卷),期】2014(000)002【总页数】7页(P93-98,106)【关键词】数字教材;形态特征;功能模型;学习系统【作者】胡畔;王冬青;许骏;韩后【作者单位】华南师范大学教育信息技术学院广东广州 510631;华南师范大学教育信息技术学院广东广州 510631;华南师范大学教育信息技术学院广东广州510631;华南师范大学教育信息技术学院广东广州 510631【正文语种】中文【中图分类】G436随着平板电脑、智能手机等高性能终端设备的普及，移动阅读与泛在阅读等电子阅读方式已成为人们数字化生活的重要组成部分，电子书的发展也随之进入快车道。

55.1 IntroductionPelvic floor muscles (PFM) form one of the most complex muscle units in the body [1]. The high level of anatomical and functional complexity significantly increases the risk of pelvic floor disorders. These dis-orders constitute a cluster of pain, incontinence, and sexual disorders that arise predominantly from struc-tural changes and dysfunctional muscle states, rather than a malfunction of the pelvic organs. Where theintegrity of the structural anatomy has not been com-promised, pelvic muscles provide support to the ab-dominal and pelvic organs, maintain continence, en-able sexual intercourse, facilitate parturition, provide postural support, and assist with movement [2–4]. Yet,even in the absence of structural defects and with nor-mal laparoscopy findings, chronic pelvic pain syn-dromes arise. Understanding the mechanisms of cau-sation can lead to more effective treatment strategies and better therapeutic outcomes.Initial screening needs to distinguish between acute pain symptoms of organic origin and those arising from dysfunctional muscle states and associated withchronic pain. Management of acute pain needs to aAbstract The anatomical and functional complexity of pelvic floor muscles increases the risk of pelvic floor disorders. Chronic pain disorders in the form of idiopathic bladder, vulvar and rectal pain represent three common pain syndromes that affect the anterior, middle, and posterior pelvic compartments respectively. Evidence suggests that these pain disorders are of somatic and muscular origin and are associated with hypertonic pelvic muscle states. Two potential mechanisms by which muscle overac-tivation gives rise to sensitization and pain include ischemia and myofascial trigger points found in muscle tissue, ligaments and fascia. Clinical modalities essential to the management of these pain disorders include surface electromyography and myo-fascial therapy. Surface electromyography provides an objective means of evaluating and normalizing pelvic muscle function, while myofascial therapy provides the means of resolving trigger point related pain. This chapter reviews current research in relation to the three pain syndromes, identifies the physiological characteristics of dysfunctional muscle states for each disorder and provides guidelines for normalizing their function in the management of chronic pain.Keywords Bladder pain syndrome • Levator ani syndrome • Myofascial therapy •Surface electromyography • Vulvodynia593M. JantosBehavioural Medicine Institute of Australia, Adelaide, AustraliaG.A. Santoro, A.P. Wieczorek, C.I. Bartram (eds.) Pelvic Floor Disorders © Springer-Verlag Italia 2010594M. Jantosfollow established medical practice protocols; how-ever, chronic pain is a more complex phenomenon. Chronic pain is defined by the International Associa-tion for the Study of Pain as an “unpleasant sensory and emotional experience” [5], and thus requires a psychophy-siological approach. Characteristic of this approach is the recognition of the impact of mind–body modulators on the experience of pain. Even though the role of emotions in the experience of chronic pain will not be the focus of the discussion, their influence needs to be acknowledged [6, 7].This chapter will discuss three pelvic pain condi-tions related to functional changes in PFM and will specifically consider the role of surface electromyo-graphy and myofascial therapy in their management. The three conditions include:•vulvar pain, classified as vulvodynia, subcategories vestibulodynia and clitorodynia•bladder pain, referred to as interstitial cystitis and bladder pain syndrome•rectal pain, labeled as levator ani syndrome, proc-talgia, or coccygodynia.These pain syndromes affect three separate pelvic compartments. Bladder and urethral pain affects the anterior pelvic compartment, vulvovaginal pain affects the middle compartment, and anorectal pain affects the posterior compartment. Although each compart-ment is associated with a specific function (the bladder with elimination of fluid wastes, the vulva and vagina with reproduction and sexual pleasure, the anus and rectum with elimination of solid wastes), what these three compartments share in common are layers of soft tissue, consisting of muscles, fascia, and liga-ments. The PFM make up the bulk of the soft tissue contained within the bony pelvis. Functionally, these muscles support abdominal and pelvic organs, main-tain continence, and create the orgasmic platform for sexual function.Surface electromyography (SEMG) provides an objective means of evaluating the functional state of PFM and is an important modality in the re-education and rehabilitation of pelvic muscles. Where dysfunc-tional muscle states give rise to chronic pain, myo-fascial therapy (MT) forms an essential component of pain management. MT focuses on the elimination of trigger points in muscles, fascia, and ligaments, while SEMG assists with correcting dysfunctional states contributing to pain. Both SEMG and MT assist in normalizing PFM function and elimination of pain.55.2 Sources of PainThe prevailing question in the mind of the clinician and patient relates to the source of pain. Generally, three common origins of pain are recognized:•somatic origin – arising from skin, muscles, and bone tissue; patients describe this type of pain asa throbbing, stabbing, or burning•visceral origin – coming from internal organs; this type of pain tends to be diffuse and more general-ized, with patients frequently describing it in more emotive terms as being a tiring or exhausting pain •neuropathic origin – arising from damaged nerve fibers; the pain is described as numbness, pins and needles, and as producing electric current-like sen-sation [8].Of the three sources of pain, the most common is somatic pain. This arises predominantly from muscle tissue and is a sympathetically maintained pain [9].In the case of chronic pelvic pain syndromes, mus-cle overactivation has been shown to be a characteristic of vulvodynia, painful bladder syndrome, and rectal pain, and may be the leading cause of pain [10–16]. Muscle overactivation can arise in response to a range of noxious triggers, including inflammation, chemical irritation, deep somatic or visceral disease, and iatro-genic causes [8, 9, 17]. Triggers of chronic pain may initially be acute in nature (e.g. infection or inflam-mation), but lead to chronic muscle overactivation via spinally mediated reflexes [8–10]. Such overactivation gives rise to progressive neuromuscular tension by which muscle tissue not only responds to acute noci-ceptive triggers, but progressively becomes the pri-mary “initiator of nociception” and the site of chronic pain [18, 19]. It is estimated that 85% of chronic pain syndromes may be of muscular origin [20].55.3 Mechanisms of PainTo place the problem of chronic pelvic pain in the context of muscle dysfunction, it is necessary to view pelvic muscle states as representing a continuum595 55 Surface Electromyography and Myofascial Therapy in the Management of Pelvic Pain(Fig. 55.1). If the midpoint of the continuum repre-sents normal muscle tone and an asymptomatic state, then hypotonic (underactive) and hypertonic (over-active) muscle states form two opposite extremes of that continuum. Hypotonic muscle states are more likely to lead to pelvic disorders associated with muscle weakness, including urinary and fecal incon-tinence and sexual dysfunctions such as sexual arousal disorder and anorgasmia. Hypertonic muscle states are more likely to be associated with chronic pain disorders in the form of localized pain syn-dromes affecting the bladder, vulva, and rectum, as well as tension myalgias affecting the abdominal, lower back, groin, and leg areas.Changes in pelvic muscle tone can be subtle and involuntary. Weakness can occur on account of dener-vation, overstretching, or atrophy, while overactivation can occur in response to iatrogenic triggers, disease, chemical irritants, or emotional stressors [6–10]. Most of these changes take place without the patient’s con-scious awareness, and give rise to muscle incompe-tence, fatigue, instability, irritability, and pain [14].Two pain mechanisms arise in association with mus-cular overactivation (hypertonic muscle states). The first of these is ischemia (reduced blood flow), which also leads to hypoxia (reduced oxygen supply) during increased physiological demand (periods of muscle contraction or overactivation). Ischemia leads to deep tissue pain of moderate to high intensity [8, 17, 21, 22]. Ischemic pain is most often described as a “stab-bing” and “burning” pain, and results in lower pain thresholds. With lower pain thresholds, patients expe-rience an increased sensitivity to touch consistent with peripheral sensitisation, commonly referred to as hy-peralgesia [21, 23].If a muscle is contracted under is-chemic conditions, severe pain can develop within a minute [8]. Hyperalgesia arising from ischemia can be reversed through conservative therapy based on the deactivation and down-training of muscles (dis-cussed in a later section).A second mechanism of pain that arises from mus-cle overactivation is mediated by myofascial trigger points (TrPs), which give rise to myofascial pain syn-drome [10, 11, 24]. A TrP is a hyper-irritable nodule usually found within muscle spindles and character-ized by electrically active loci and a dysfunctional motor endplate. This nodule is a contraction knot within a taut band of muscle tissue. It is a few mil-limeters in diameter and can be found at multiple sites in a muscle and muscle fascia. A TrP produces a con-sistent pattern of referred pain and referred tenderness and can cause motor dysfunction and autonomic phe-nomena [8, 10, 11]. Pain from TrPs can be felt not only at the site of its origin but in remote areas distant from the source. Since the pain originating from a given muscle tends to exhibit a relatively consistent pattern of pain referral, it is often possible to identify the muscle(s) from which the pain originates if the pattern of pain is clearly delineated by the patient. TrPs are characterized by the following:•they can arise in response to acute and chronic overload, following physical trauma or result from sympathetically mediated tension (anxiety-related bracing and guarding/splinting)•they contribute to motor dysfunction by causing increased muscle tension, spasm of neighboring muscles, loss of coordination in affected muscles, substitution patterns in recruitment of muscles, and a weakening of affected muscles•they cause weakness and limited range of motion;in most cases, the patient is only aware of theFig. 55.1 Normalizationof pelvic muscle functionthrough SEMG-assistedretrainingNormalization of Pelvic Muscle Function596M. Jantospain but not of the other dysfunctional aspects of muscles•the intensity and extent of the pain depends on the degree of irritability of the TrPs and not on the size or location of the muscle•they can disturb the proprioceptive, nociceptive, and autonomic functions of the affected anatomical region.Pain from TrPs can go unrecognized unless the cli-nician is prepared to identify them by palpating muscles that harbor these tender points. Palpation of TrPs evokes discomfort and assists the patient to identify “their”pain. This simple and reliable means of identifying the source of pain confirms in the patient’s mind that the pain is of muscular origin and not due to other causes. Pelvic musculature is structurally and functionally pre-disposed to developing myofascial TrPs, due to its workload supporting abdominal and pelvic viscera, maintaining posture, and facilitating movement.The presence of TrPs in pelvic muscles has been well documented [8, 10, 11]. TrPs in the anterior half of the pelvic floor refer pain to the vagina, bladder, and clitoris. TrPs in muscles of the posterior half of the pelvic floor cause poorly defined pain in the per-ineal region, and discomfort in the anus, rectum, coc-cyx, and sacrum [10, 16, 25]. Active TrPs in these muscles can interfere with the function of voiding, movement, and sexual intercourse [10, 16, 25, 26].55.4 VulvodyniaVulvodynia is the most common form of chronic uro-genital pain [27]. The condition is defined as un-explained vulvar discomfort, most often described as burning pain for which there is no known physical or neurological explanation [28]. It is a diagnosis of ex-clusion. The pain is localized in the vulvar area and is most often provoked by pressure application, be it from tight clothing, tampon use, or attempted sexual intercourse. Vulvodynia significantly undermines the quality of life of women and couples [29].The lifetime prevalence is generally estimated to be in the order of 4–19%, affecting women of all ages but most prevalent among young women [27, 30–32]. In an Australian study of 744 vulvodynia patients, the mean age of women was 30.7 years, and 75% were under the age of 34 years [30]. The prevalence peaked at 24 years of age and the average age of symptoms onset was 22.8 years, ranging from 5.5 to 45.2 years. Based on these data, it is evident that chronic vulvar pain is not related to parity or commencement of sexual activity, as over 30% of patients in this study reported the onset of symp-toms prior to commencement of sexual activity.For the diagnosis of vulvodynia, two physical cri-teria show good reliability and validity: the presence of pain on vaginal penetration, and tenderness on pres-sure application to the vulvar vestibule [33]. Both of these criteria resulted in 90% of cases being correctly classified. A lack of proportionality between the pathology and severity of pain has led some to suggest that vulvodynia may be a somatoform disorder or a sexual dysfunction [34, 35]. There is no evidence to support such hypotheses. Instead, evidence from cur-rent research suggests that vulvodynia should be clas-sified as a chronic pain syndrome [36].55.4.1 SEMG StudiesSEMG studies consistently highlight an association between pelvic muscle dysfunction and symptoms of vulvar pain. SEMG readings show the overactivation of the levator ani muscle to be characteristic, and of diagnostic value [14, 15]. Chronic overactivation of muscles progressively leads to painful decompensation and peripheral sensitization [18, 19]. The mechanisms by which overactivation gives rise to hypersensitivityhave been discussed extensively in literature [18, 19]. Fig. 55.2 Pelvic diaphragm with SEMG probe597 55 Surface Electromyography and Myofascial Therapy in the Management of Pelvic PainPFM assessments involving chronic pain syndromes have traditionally used intravaginal probes, as shown in Fig. 55.2.SEMG functional assessment of pelvic muscles differentiated between vulvodynia patients and con-trols in the following muscle characteristics:•elevated resting baselines in 71% of patients, with readings over 2.0 μV•poor contractile potential in 63% of patients, with readings under 17 μV•elevated resting standard deviation greater than0.2 μV in 93% of patients•poor recruitment and recovery times of over 0.2 s in 86% of patients•spectral frequency of less than 115 Hz in 69% of patients [14].Among vulvodynia patients, 88% showed at least three of the above criteria, thus providing objective confirmation for the diagnosis of vulvodynia. Subse-quent studies also confirmed that SEMG can differ-entiate symptomatic patients from asymptomatic con-trols [37]. Vulvodynia patients showed:•32% more amplitude during pretest rest•49% more muscle instability during pretest rest •46% less amplitude during 3 s phasic contractions •49% less amplitude during 12 s tonic contractions.It is evident from the SEMG studies that the com-mon functional features of PFM in vulvodynia in-cluded chronic overactivation, irritability, instability, and fatigue. The SEMG findings were validated by manual assessments of trained physical therapists [38]. Symptomatic women presented with superficial and deeper pelvic floor muscle hypertonicity, reduced mus-cle strength, and inability to relax, and demonstrated restrictions in the degree of vaginal stretch. The study reported that 90% of the women experiencing pain with intercourse demonstrated pelvic floor pathology. Other comorbidities seen in vulvodynia patients in-cluded evacuation difficulties and anal fissures, all symptoms associated with hyper-tonic PFM.The loss of muscle extensibility that is evident in limited vaginal stretch can be the direct result of chronic overactivation of pelvic muscle tissue. Chronic over-activation gives rise to a shortening of muscle tissue and the development of a muscle contracture. Muscle contracture has been described as consisting of an elec-trically silent, involuntary state of maintained muscle shortness and decreased extensibility (i.e. loss of elas-ticity and increased rigidity) of the passive elastic prop-erties of the connective tissue [19]. In the case of vul-vodynia, a contracture in the levator ani muscle narrows the urogenital hiatus by compressing the vagina against the pubic bone, closing the lumen of the vagina in a manner similar to that of the other pelvic floor sphinc-ters, thus limiting its extensibility [3, 39].55.4.2 Managementof VulvodyniaA survey of tertiary specialists working with vulvo-dynia patients found that 85% expressed concern about the lack of training and information on the manage-ment of this pain condition. In relation to treatment, therapeutic drugs were found to be the frontline modality. The most common drugs used were tricyclic antidepressants (89%) and the anticonvulsant, gabapentin (68%). Both of these non-specific phar-maceutical agents were used on the assumption that vulvodynia was caused by a form of neuropathy [40]. The paucity of positive outcomes when using such protocols may be reflected in reports showing that over 64% of the time the interventions tried made the patients’ symptoms no better or worse, and no single treatment or combination of treatments was found to improve symptoms [41].Management of vulvodynia pain needs to incor-porate SEMG-assisted normalization of pelvic muscle function using the guidelines discussed in the last sec-tion of this chapter. Several studies have shown this to be the most effective approach to the management of the disorder [14–16, 36]. SEMG-assisted normal-ization of pelvic muscle function resulted in an 83% reduction in symptoms [15]. In a more recent study of 529 vulvodynia patients, SEMG-assisted therapy, in conjunction with release of a functional muscle contracture, enabled 80–90% of patients to resume sexual activity upon conclusion of therapy [36]. Nor-malization of pelvic muscle function was evident in:• a decrease in muscle resting baseline• a decrease in muscle instability•an increase in phasic contraction amplitude•an increase in tonic contraction amplitude.598M. JantosFigs. 55.3 and 55.4 illustrate typical pretreatment overactivation of PFM. Fig. 55.3 shows overactivation in a patient with a strong pelvic muscles, while Fig. 55.4identifies overactivation, instability, and fatigue in a pa-tient with inherent muscle weakness.The post-treatment SEMG readings in Fig. 55.5 il-lustrate improved resting baseline, good recruitment and coordination of muscle fiber, increased amplitude of pha-sic and tonic contraction, low irritability, and good re-covery post contraction.Using SEMG retraining of PFM, patients follow a regular home-training protocol of twice-daily exercises using a home-training unit. As readings improve, muscles become more responsive to voluntary control [39]. To restore muscle resilience and elasticity, therapy needs toincorporate elements of muscle lengthening and my-ofascial release [25, 26, 38, 39]. Lengthening can be fa-cilitated through physical therapy exercises or dilator-assisted stretches. In addition to the physiological benefits derived from dilator-assisted lengthening of muscles,dilators have a desensitizing effect and can be used both by the patient alone or with the help of their sexual part-ner [39, 40, 42]. The clinician needs to review the pa-tient’s progress every 2–4 weeks. Significant improve-ments in SEMG readings are often noted within 3–6weeks of commencement of therapy. Long-term follow-up studies have shown that SEMG-assisted PFM reha-bilitation can lead to long-term normalization of muscle function and resolution of vulvodynia symptoms [43].55.5 Bladder Pain SyndromeBladder pain syndrome, also known as interstitial cys-titis and urethral syndrome, is a chronic and debilitat-ing condition. It is characterized by urinary frequency,urgency, nocturia, and suprapubic pressure [44]. Pain occurs in the absence of bacterial infections and uro-logical abnormalities [45, 46]. The diagnosis of blad-der pain syndrome is made by excluding all other po-tential causes of pain. The prevalence of this disorder was found to be 8% in gynecology settings [47]. It is estimated that almost 90% of cases are among women and 30% of these are among women under the age of 30 years [48, 49]. As with vulvodynia, bladder pain has a negative impact on quality of life, with 90% of women reporting impairment in daily activities, 88%suffering sleep disturbances, 79% experiencing work impairment, and 70% confirming problems in rela-tionships and with sexuality [50, 51].Hypotheses to explain bladder pain have focusedFig. 55.3 Female, nulliparous, age 31 years, with a three-year history of symptoms. The pretreatment SEMG assessment shows two phasic and two tonic contractions, illustrating a very elevated resting baseline and irritability. Scale range 0–26 μV . For all the SEMG assessments shown in this and subsequent figures, pa-tients rested in a semi-supine position and readings were taken using a single-user vaginal sensor (T6065) connected to a Myo-Trac 3/MyoTrac Infiniti encoder and analysed by computerized software manufactured by Thought Technology Ltd, Montreal,CanadaFig. 55.4 Female, nulliparous, age 24 years, with an early onset of symptoms prior to commencement of sexual activity (primary vulvodynia). The pretreatment SEMG assessment shows two phasic contractions and two tonic contractions, illustrating ele-vated rest (equivalent to more than 50% of maximum voluntary contraction), poor recruitment and coordination of muscles fibers,low contractile amplitude, and slow recovery indicative of muscleirritability. Scale range 0–26 μVFig. 55.5 Post-treatment SEMG assessment of same client as in Fig. 55.4, following muscle retraining showing normalization of muscle function and associated with pain-free state. Scale range 0–26 μV599 55 Surface Electromyography and Myofascial Therapy in the Management of Pelvic Painon neurogenic, inflammatory, autoimmune, and psy-chosomatic causes, but no definitive evidence existsto support any of these hypotheses [52]. However,there is growing evidence showing that dysfunctionalmuscles contribute significantly to bladder pain [12,16, 52–54]. Since the early 1980s, evidence haspointed to an association between bladder pain andPFM dysfunctions [54]. In recent studies, examinationof pelvic floor muscles was found to reproduce bladderpain symptoms [52–55]. In 87% of cases, pressureapplied to the levator ani muscles reproduced referredpain to the suprapubic, bladder, urethra, vulvar, andrectal areas and reproduced urgency and frequency,and in 71% of patients it reproduced symptoms of dyspareunia [52]. Most patients showed lack of control over PFM and poor ability to relax them. The studies concluded that pelvic floor myofascial trigger points may underlie the pathophysiology of bladder symp-toms. Muscle overactivation and myofascial changes were seen as not only a source of symptoms, but a trigger for neurogenic inflammation [52, 55]. Most of the patients presenting with bladder pain syndrome also reported an early history of urethral and anal symptoms suggestive of early onset of pelvic floor pathology [16].55.5.1 SEMG studiesThere are very few structured SEMG studies profiling patients with bladder pain. It is an area that requires considerably more research. However, published stud-ies reporting SEMG assessments [16] and physical exams found muscle overactivation, inadequate vol-untary control, muscle shortening, and trigger point referred pain, not only as symptoms but possibly also causing bladder pain [25, 26, 52].Fig. 55.6 illustrates the level of PFM overactiva-tion, instability, irritability, and fatiguing, seen in a SEMG assessment of a patient with an early-onset history of bladder pain with symptoms of urgency and frequency. The pain became so disabling that it dis-rupted most of her daily activities. The patient was consistently misdiagnosed as suffering from urinary tract infection, and prescribed antibiotics, before un-dergoing urethral diathermy, urethral scraping, and multiple courses of anti-inflammatory and painkiller medications. The treatments were ineffective in re-solving symptoms and resulted in significant scarring and increased pain.Following a period of SEMG-assisted muscle re-training and myofascial therapy, the patient no longer complained of urgency and frequency, was able to re-sume her apprenticeship and was successful with pain-free intercourse.Chronic pelvic muscle overactivation is character-ized by a continuous state of mild contraction. The general mechanisms by which muscle overactivation gives rise to hypersensitivity have been discussed in the literature and in relation to bladder pain [19, 52]. Irrespective of whether muscle tension is due to nox-ious stimuli, ischemia, visceral–muscular reflexes, build up of neurogenic metabolites and sensitizing agents, inflammation, erythema and edema formation, or emotional tension, each of these agents can act as a trigger that can lead to progressive sensitization and pain [19, 22].An overactive muscle gives rise to painful trigger points which compromise pelvic muscle function and produce referred pain [16]. These findings have been validated by physical examination carried out by trained nurse practitioners who identified myofascial TrP pain and reproduced the patients’ symptoms, not-ing levator muscle tenderness and palpable taut muscle bands that elicited pain in the bladder, vagina, vulva, or perineum [55].Another finding that is important to note is the frequency of shared comorbidities among patients with bladder, vulvar, and rectal pain. A significant number of the bladder pain patients also meet the di-agnostic criteria for vulvodynia. In one study, medical examinations of the urogenital area carried out by urologists showed that almost 60% of cases reported vulvar pain upon q-tip swab testing in the 5-o’clockand 7-o’clock positions, confirming the presence of Fig. 55.6 Female, nulliparous, 22 years of age, adolescent onset of bladder pain symptoms. Pretreatment SEMG assessment of two phasic contractions and two tonic contractions. Scale range 0–26 μV600M. Jantosvulvodynia [55]. During vaginal examination of the PFM, 94.2% of patients experienced levator pain, 77% reported sexual dysfunction and deep pain with sexual intercourse, 69% described burning pain with or after sexual activity, and 71% reported that the pain could last for hours or days. Another study of 47 bladder pain patients and 47 controls found an even higher prevalence of vulvar pain, with 85.1% of the patients meeting the diagnostic criteria for vulvodynia, whereas only 23.4% reported bladder pain and 51.1% reported urgency and frequency [56]. Again, many of these pa-tients reported childhood histories of voiding diffi-culties, suggestive of an early onset of pelvic floor dysfunction.Anatomically and histologically, the bladder and vagina share many common characteristics which may lend support to the concept of a common pain pathway [55, 56]. The bladder, urethra, and vagina derive from the same embryonic urogenital sinus, share the same smooth muscles, collagen, and elastin fibers, and the fibers of the medial portion of the le-vator muscle interdigitate between the proximal ure-thra and the vagina.However, the common embryonic origin of the bladder and vulvovaginal tissue does not explain the common occurrence of rectal pain, as intestinal tissue is not of the same origin. It is more likely that the common denominator in these three pelvic pain con-ditions is hypertonic pelvic muscles. Because of the lack of awareness of the link between PFM dysfunc-tion and bladder pain, the symptoms are frequently mistaken for gynecologic pain. Based on current re-search, it has been suggested that bladder pain and vulvar pain may be the same entities mediated by hy-pertonicity of PFM [55, 56].55.5.2 Managementof Painful BladderThere are no controlled studies comparing different interventions. Traditional therapies overlooked the muscular component and instead focused on medica-tions, hydrodistention, physical and behavioral thera-pies, and neuromodulation [57–59]. All of these ther-apies have been found to be suboptimal in alleviating symptoms, in part because of their failure to address the muscular cause of symptoms [55]. Hydrodistension was shown to significantly reduce symptoms of pain,but the benefits appeared to be short lived [57, 58]. Medication helped only half of the patients, and heat application and relaxation strategies provided only temporary relief in 34.6% and 25.6% of cases, re-spectively [55].Surgery is used as an absolutely last measure [59]. In a study of 52 patients, the reported frequency of ineffective treatments included antibiotics in 55%, urethral dilation in 50%, anticholinergics in 30%, di-azepam in 22%, tricyclic antidepressants in 15%, α-blockers in 12.5%, phenazopyridine hydrochloride in 10%, surgery in 5%, and acupuncture in 10% [16]. There are no data showing the frequency with which these treatments were prescribed.The efficacy of therapies based on pelvic floor muscle normalization using SEMG and myofascial therapy has been documented in several reports [16, 25, 55]. In studies focusing on SEMG retraining, there was a 65% reduction in SEMG resting tone between pre- and post-treatment readings. On average, the pre-treatment resting tone was reduced from 9.73 μV to 3.61 μV post treatment [16]. The retraining of pelvic muscles and elimination of TrPs was associated with a marked reduction in bladder pain, urgency, and fre-quency symptoms in 70–83% of cases. To date, these are the best reported outcomes, with long-term benefits evident if patients maintained a home program of stress reduction and pelvic floor exercises. In summing up reports on the treatment of bladder pain, one of the primary authors concluded that “it is our experi-ence that the ‘taut muscle bands’ palpated on exam and trigger points that reproduce the patient’s pain are not normal variants. These abnormal areas will often resolve and pain will improve using myofascial release, biofeedback, relaxation techniques, neuro-modulation . . . ”, and further added that “PFD [pelvic floor dysfunction] and neural upregulation may relate more appropriately to the etiology of the symptoms than an altered glycosaminoglycan layer” [55]. It ap-pears that the bladder may be an “innocent bystander”in a more diffuse process involving pelvic muscle dys-function [60]. Decreasing PFM tension and eliminat-ing TrP activity appears to effectively ameliorate the symptoms of bladder pain, urgency, and frequency [16, 55]. On the basis of this evidence, SEMG man-agement and myofascial therapy should focus on pelvic floor normalization, using down-training pro-tocols, discussed later in this chapter, and on myo-fascial TrP release.。

多模态磁共振成像英语Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized the field of medical imaging, providing doctors with detailed, non-invasive views of the internal structures of the human body. Within the vast realm of MRI, multimodal MRI stands out as a particularly advanced and versatile technique. It combines multiple imaging modalities within a single MRI scanner, enabling the acquisition of complementary information about the tissue microstructure, biochemistry, and function.The concept of multimodal MRI is based on theintegration of different MRI techniques, each sensitive to different tissue properties. For instance, structural MRI provides anatomical details of the brain's gray and white matter, while functional MRI (fMRI) reveals brain activity patterns associated with cognitive tasks or sensory stimuli. Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) and magnetic resonancespectroscopy (MRS) offer insights into the microstructural organization and biochemical composition of tissues, respectively.The key advantage of multimodal MRI lies in its ability to provide a comprehensive picture of the brain or any other organ. By combining the information obtained from different modalities, researchers and clinicians can gain a deeper understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of diseases such as cancer, stroke, dementia, and neurodegenerative disorders. This, in turn, can lead to more accurate diagnoses, effective treatment plans, and better patient outcomes.In addition to its diagnostic capabilities, multimodal MRI also holds great potential for research applications.It can be used to study brain development, neuroplasticity, and the neural correlates of cognition and behavior. By tracking changes in tissue properties over time, researchers can gain insights into the progression of diseases and the effects of therapeutic interventions.Technological advancements have played a crucial role in the development of multimodal MRI. The introduction of high-field MRI scanners, advanced gradient systems, and powerful computers has enabled the acquisition and processing of larger datasets with improved spatial and temporal resolution. These advancements have made it possible to perform complex multimodal MRI sequences in a clinically feasible time frame.Despite its many advantages, multimodal MRI also faces some challenges and limitations. One of the main challenges is the integration and harmonization of different imaging modalities within a single scanner. This requires careful consideration of factors such as scanner hardware, imaging sequences, and data acquisition and processing pipelines.Another limitation is the potential for signal interference between different modalities. For example, the strong magnetic fields used in MRI can affect thesensitivity and accuracy of other imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or computed tomography (CT). Therefore, careful planning andoptimization are essential to ensure accurate and reliable multimodal MRI data.Despite these challenges, the future of multimodal MRI looks bright. With continuous technological advancements and improved understanding of tissue properties, we can expect even more powerful and versatile multimodal MRI techniques to emerge in the coming years. These techniques will likely play a pivotal role in the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of a wide range of diseases and disorders, leading to better patient outcomes and healthier communities.In conclusion, multimodal MRI represents a significant leap forward in medical imaging technology. By combining the strengths of different MRI modalities, it offers a comprehensive and nuanced view of the human body, enabling more accurate diagnoses, effective treatment plans, and improved patient outcomes. As we continue to push the boundaries of this remarkable technology, the potential for its application in medicine and research is limitless.。

核磁共振英语词汇英文回答：Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerfulanalytical tool that utilizes magnetic fields and radio waves to investigate the properties of atoms and molecules. It offers a non-destructive and versatile technique for characterizing materials at the atomic and molecular level. NMR has various applications across multiple scientific disciplines, including chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine.The basic principle of NMR involves the interaction between atomic nuclei with a magnetic field. Certain nuclei, such as 1H (proton), 13C, 15N, and 31P, possess anintrinsic magnetic moment due to their nuclear spin. When placed in a magnetic field, these nuclei align with or against the field, resulting in two distinct energy states. By applying radio waves to the sample at specific frequencies, it is possible to induce transitions betweenthese energy states.The absorption of radio waves by the nuclei leads to the resonance phenomenon, which forms the basis of NMR. The resonant frequency for a particular nucleus depends on its chemical environment, including the electron density and surrounding atoms. By analyzing the resonance frequencies and patterns, NMR provides detailed information about the structure, dynamics, and interactions of molecules.NMR spectroscopy is a widely used technique for identifying and quantifying different atoms and functional groups within molecules. It plays a crucial role in determining the molecular structure of organic and inorganic compounds, as well as studying chemical reactions and reaction mechanisms. NMR also finds applications in drug discovery and development, protein structure determination, and metabolomics.In medical imaging, NMR is employed as a non-invasive tool for obtaining detailed anatomical and functional information about the human body. Magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI) utilizes NMR techniques to create high-resolution images of organs, tissues, and blood vessels. MRI is particularly valuable for diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of medical conditions, including brain disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and musculoskeletal injuries.NMR also has applications in other fields, such as materials science, polymer characterization, and geological studies. It is a versatile technique that provides valuable insights into the structure, dynamics, and properties of various materials and systems.In summary, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful analytical tool that offers a non-destructive and versatile approach for investigating the properties of atoms and molecules. Its applications span multiple scientific disciplines, including chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine, providing insights into molecular structure, dynamics, and interactions.中文回答：核磁共振（NMR）是一种强大的分析工具，利用磁场和射频波来研究原子和分子的性质。

新生血管密度相关参数基线强度,峰值强度的英文Baseline intensity and peak intensity are two important parameters related to the new blood vessel density in various medical imaging techniques, such as MRI and CT scans. These parameters provide valuable information about the structure and function of the blood vessels in different parts of the human body.Baseline intensity refers to the intensity of the blood vessels in their resting state, before any external stimuli or changes in physiological conditions. It represents the overall level of blood flow and oxygenation in the tissues surrounding the blood vessels. Baseline intensity is an essential parameter for understanding the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system and for detecting any abnormal changes that may indicate disease or injury.Peak intensity, on the other hand, refers to the maximum intensity reached by the blood vessels during a specific period of time or under certain conditions. It reflects the peak level of blood flow and oxygenation in the tissues and can help detect variations in the blood vessels' response to different stimuli or physiological changes. Peak intensity is particularly important for assessing the vascular reactivity and responsiveness of the bloodvessels, as well as for monitoring the progression of vascular diseases.In medical imaging studies, baseline intensity and peak intensity are often measured and compared to establish baseline values for healthy individuals and detect any deviations from these values in patients with vascular disorders or injuries. These parameters can provide valuable insights into the anatomical and functional characteristics of the blood vessels, as well as help researchers and healthcare professionals develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for vascular diseases.Overall, baseline intensity and peak intensity are essential parameters for assessing the blood vessel density and function in various medical imaging techniques. By measuring and analyzing these parameters, researchers and healthcare professionals can gain a better understanding of the vascular system and improve the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases.。

组织病理学英文Organization Pathology: A Comprehensive GuideOrganization pathology is the study of the abnormalities and diseases that affect thestructure and function of tissues, organs and cells in the body. It is a critical component of medical diagnosis, treatment and research, and is a key discipline in both clinical and anatomical pathology. Organization pathology is concerned with the identification, characterization, and management of pathological conditions that can affect different cells, tissues, and organs of the body.In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the key concepts and principles of organization pathology, including its history, techniques, and methods of diagnosis and treatment.History of Organization PathologyOrganization pathology has been an integral part of medical practice for centuries. In ancient times, physicians relied on gross anatomy and external signs of disease to diagnose illness.However, in the 17th century, the development of the microscope enabled medical professionals to examine the structural changes that occur within the body at a cellular and subcellular level.The pioneers of organization pathology were Italian anatomists, Bartolomeo Eustachio and Giovanni Battista Morgagni. Their work in the early 18th century laid the foundation for modern organization pathology. In the 19th and 20th centuries, organization pathology expanded rapidly with the development of advanced technologies, such as immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and molecular biology.Techniques Used in Organization PathologyOrganization pathology uses various techniques to diagnose and treat diseases. These include:1. Histopathology: Histopathology is the study of tissue samples that have been removed from a patient during a surgical or biopsy procedure. The samples are processed, stained, and examined under a microscope to identify any abnormalities or changes.2. Immunohistochemistry: Immunohistochemistry involves the use of antibodies to identify specific proteins or markers within tissue samples. This technique is used to diagnose certain cancers, among other conditions.3. Flow cytometry: This technique is used to analyze individual cells within a sample to gain insights into their structural and functional characteristics.4. Molecular pathology: Molecular pathology involves the analysis of DNA and RNA to detect disease-causing mutations or alterations. This technique is widely used in the diagnosis and management of cancer.Diagnosis and Treatment of DiseasesOrganization pathology plays a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. The discipline helps medical professionals to identify abnormalities in tissues, cells, and organs, which can help to determine the underlying cause of a patient's symptoms. Early diagnosis of a disease isessential in the successful treatment of many conditions.Treatments for diseases diagnosed through organization pathology can range from medication and therapy to surgery and radiation. The successof treatment depends on many factors, including the stage of the disease, the patient's overall health, and the type of treatment.Applications of Organization PathologyOrganization pathology has many applications in medical practice beyond diagnosis and treatment. It is used in medical research to understand the underlying causes of diseases and to develop new therapies and treatments. Organization pathology is also used in the development of diagnostic tests and the screening of high-risk populations for certain diseases.In addition to medical applications, organization pathology is used in forensic science to identify the cause of death and in industries such as food safety and environmental monitoring toensure that products and environments are free from harmful contaminants.ConclusionOrganization pathology is a critical component of medical practice and research. By examining tissues, cells, and organs at a microscopic level, medical professionals can diagnose diseases, develop new treatments, and better understand the underlying causes of many pathological conditions. With continued technological advancements and research, organization pathology will continue to play a vital role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in the decades to come.。

一、英译中说明:下面单词或词组一共180个，与郭益民老师给的要求一致。

我把类似的英语尽量放在一起了,所以可能和我们以前发的名词解释的顺序有点不一样,不过大体上顺序差不多。

还有我特意把英语单词排列整齐的放在最前面，是为了方便把后面的中文和提示遮起来，所以一定要抽空把后面的挡住检测一下掌握情况哦！扫一扫左边二维码，关注微信公众号“温医网盘”，更多资料等着你！部分高频词regulation potential reflex osmotic pressure synapse current 调节 电位 反射 渗透 压力 突触 电流英文中文 帮助记忆小提示 paracrine旁分泌 ①para 旁(pang)②crine ≈cry 哭(眼泪的分泌) autoregulation自身调节 auto 自动 regulation 调节(也有”规则”的意思) autorhythmicity自动节律性 rhythm 韵律,节律 facilitated diffusion via carrier经载体易化扩散 ①facilitate vt.使容易(facility n.设备,设施;工具)②diffusion 扩撒 ③via 经 (visa 签证,经过一个国家要签证) ④carrier 载体 channel 海峡(通道) facilitated diffusion via channel经通道易化扩散 voltage-gated ion channel电压门控通道 ①voltage →v(电压)②gate 大门③ion 离子 mechanically-gated ion channel机械门控通道 mechanics 机械≈machine 机器 chemical-gated ion channel化学门控通道 electrochemical driving force电化学驱动力 primary active transport原发性主动转运 active 积极的,主动的 secondary active transport继发性主动转运 second 第二 symport同向转运 ①sym →same 同样的②port (transport) antiport反向转运 anti 反 a gonist激动剂 gonist →谐音”去你的”→情绪很激动! antagonist拮抗剂 ant 反 polarization极化 polar →极(前缀)→pole(极点) depolarization去极化 de →去,除去(前缀)→例:destroy(毁灭) hyperpolarization超极化 hyper →超级(联想high,super) repolarization复极化 inward current内向电流 current 电流,流通的 outward current外向电流 “all or none ” phenomenon “全或无”现象threshold intensity阈强度 ①threshold →thres 阀门+hold 控制→控制阀门(阈)②intensity →in(向里)＋tense(紧)→使更紧,更强的紧程度→强度 renal threshold for glucose肾糖阈 ①renal 肾脏的(联想rent,卖肾)②glucose 葡萄糖(简写是g) threshold potential阈电位 equilibrium potential平衡电位 ①equili →equal(平等的)② brium →bridge(桥) resting potential静息电位 action potential 动作电位local potential 局部电位calcium induced calcium release 钙触发钙释放calcrium→Ca(钙) induce→诱导preload前负荷afterload后负荷motor unit运动单位motor机动车hem atocrit 血细胞比容hem血→谐音”汗马”→汗血宝马hem ostasis 生理性止血hem(血)+o+stasis(静止)home ostasis 稳态home(内环境是细胞的home)-o-stasis(静止)plasma crystal osmotic pressure 血浆晶体渗透压crystal→cry+stal→哭出来的泪水是晶莹的plasma colloid osmotic pressure 血浆胶体渗透压colloid≈call+old→老是打电话→粘人→胶体serum 血清intr insic pathway 内源性凝血途径intr（看做intro内向）+insic（看做inside）→内在的，本质的extr insic pathway 外源性凝血途径extr(看做extra额外的)clotting time 凝血时间bleeding time 出血时间blood group 血型(a型,b性,o型,ab型是一个group)blood co ag utlation 血液凝固blood coagutlation=clotingclotting factor/coagulation factor 凝血因子platelet agg regation 血小板聚集aggregate聚集(联想:segregate分离)agg lutination 红细胞凝集agglutination凝集→aggl(简写)osmotic fragility红细胞渗透脆性fragilitty →fragment(碎片)+ility(≈ablitity能力,性的词根,后面会经常出现!!)suspension stability悬浮稳定性cross-match test 交叉配血试验stroke volume 每搏输出量stroke≈strike(击打,罢工)cardiac cycle 心动周期cardiac→cardi是心脏的词根cardiac output 心输出量cardiac index 心指数excitability 兴奋性exciting(激动的)+ability(能力)excitation-contraction coupling : 兴奋收缩耦联①contraction(收缩)!→contract(合约,合同)→签合同时很紧张②coupling→couple夫妻,一对contractility 肌肉收缩能力contration(收缩)+ability(能力)my o cardia l contractility 心肌收缩能力Myocardial心肌的→my(≈muscle肌肉)+card(心脏)iso metric contraction 等长收缩①iso→等(前缀)!②metric(米制的)→meter(米),米是长度单位iso tonic contraction等张收缩tonic→紧张的≈tensemuscle tonus肌紧张tonus≈tense紧张period of isovolumic contraction等容收缩期isovolumic→iso(等)+v(体积)period of isovolumic relaxation 等容舒张期heterometric autoregulation 异长自身调节hetero异性恋(单词中有很多e)+metric(米是长度单位) homometic regulation 等长调节homo同性恋(homo-tong同)ventri cular function curve 心室功能曲线①ventri(心室词根)→v(静脉血)+entri(进来)→实际上心室里面是动脉血②atri(心房词根)后面会出现→a(动脉血)+tri(看成entri)→心atri o ventri cular delay 房室延搁房里面是静脉血fast / slow response cell 快/慢反应细胞premature systole 期前收缩pre之前(词根,如previous)+mature成熟期的com pen satory pause 代偿间隙公司com弄坏了我的钢笔pen深感抱歉sorry对我进行了补偿normal pacemaker 正常起搏点指窦房结late nt pacemaker 潜在起搏点受窦房结控制,起兴奋传导的作用(在功能上后于late窦房结)ec topic pacemaker 异位起搏点ec异常(e谐音”异”,常的开头字母是c)+topic主题→异常的主题→偏题,异位blood resistance 血流阻力resistance阻力(电阻r)→resisit抵抗systolic pressure 收缩压单词中有两个SS(shou suo)diastolic pressure 舒张压单词中只有一个S(shu zhang),而且舒张压是低(di)的a rterial blood pressure动脉血压动脉血Acentral v enous pressure 中心静脉压静脉血Vbaroreceptor reflex 压力感受性反射bar酒吧(压力大会到酒吧喝酒)+o+receptor接收器(reception接待处) elastic resistance 弹性阻力elastic弹性→记忆方法①plastic 塑料(塑料有弹性)②谐音“易拉的”，易拉长的东西有弹性airway resistance 气道阻力compliance 顺应性compliance→complian--ia反一下变成ai→complain抱怨→与”抱怨”相反的是”顺应”specific compliance 比顺应性tidal volume 潮气量residual volume 余气量residual→rest 剩余的+ dual形容词functional residual capacity 功能余气量Cap a city→帽子(cap)装下一个(a)城市(city)→“容量”真大啊（难道是哈里波特的魔法帽？）vital capacity 肺活量vital至关重要的(肺活量是肺功能测定最常用最简便的方式,最重要) foeced vital capacity 用力肺活量forced ex piratory volume 用力呼气量expiratory呼气的→expiration呼气→inspiration吸气(inspire鼓舞)re spiratory quotient 呼吸商quotient商→iq(智商)的q就是这个单词anatomical dead space 解剖无效腔anatomical →an+atom原子+ical→结构上的,解剖的alveolar dead space 肺泡无效腔alveolar肺泡的→alve(≈cave洞穴)+olar(≈hole洞)alveolar ventilation 肺泡通气量ventilation→vent(拉丁文)=wind,表示"风"(读音也类似)ventilation /perfusion ratio 通气血流比值ratio比值→rate比率pulmonary ventilation 肺通气pul monary 肺的→pul拉，mon门→拉门→肺像拉门一样的呼吸pulmonary surfactant 肺表面活性物质surfactant →surfac(e)表面+ actant活性(active活力的)pulmonary stretch reflex 肺牵张反射stretch 伸展,牵张stretch reflex 牵张反射gas exchange in lungs 肺换气oxygen capacity 氧容量【回顾】capacity:帽子(cap)装下一个(a)城市(city)-“容量”真大啊oxygen content 氧含量oxygen saturation 氧饱和度（词根）sat＝full（充满的）,饱和度的缩写为soxygen dissocistion curve 氧解离曲线dissocistion →dis(表否定)+social社会的(社会是一个群体)→对群体的否定就是解离mechanical digestion 机械性消化mechanical digestionslow wave 慢波slow wave sleep 慢波睡眠gastric emptying 胃的排空gastric胃:gas(气体)+tri(看成entri进来,与”心房atri”一样),胃会胀气entero-gastric reflex 肠-胃排空entero→en(里面)+tero(看成text检查)→对照下个单词gastro intestinal hormone 胃肠激素intest→in(里面)+text(检查)→肠有毛病用肠镜在里面检查hormone谐音”荷尔蒙”hormone 激素gastric muc osal barrier 胃黏膜屏障muc 黏+cosal(coast海岸,细胞膜就像海岸一样)muc us bi carbon ate barrier 黏液-碳酸氢盐屏障receptive relaxation 容受性舒张segmental motility 分节运动segment部分energy metabolism 能量代谢metaboli sm代谢→(谐音:摸她不理=代谢中没空理你！)basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率rate比率【回顾】:ratio比值thermal equivalent of food 食物的热价thermal热的→(谐音:折磨..温医夏天这么热,太折磨人了!)equivalent→equi（相等）+val（价值）+ent→等价的thermal equivalent of oxygen 氧热价thermal sweating 温热性发汗body temperature 体温tubul o glomeru lar feedback 管-球反馈tubul=tube管glomeru=globe球glomerul o tubul ar balance 球-管平衡glomeru lar filtration rate肾小球滤过率fil tra tion→fill(充满)+tra vel(旅行,移动)effective filtration pressure 有效滤过压filtration fraction 滤过分数ejection fraction 射血分数ejection喷出→eject(e出+ject扔)--联想--reject拒绝(re反+ject扔) solvent drag 溶剂拖曳solvent溶剂,有溶解能力的(有解决能力的)→solve解决osmotic diuresis 渗透性利尿diuresis利尿(好猥琐,自己联想-_-|||)clearance 清除率adequate stimulus 适宜刺激transducer function 换能作用pupillary light reflex 瞳孔对光反射pupillary 瞳孔的→pupil瞳孔,小学生(小瞳孔-_-! 好棒的称呼) near reflex of the pupil 瞳孔近反射visual acuity 视敏度visual field 视野dark adaptation 暗适应microcirculation 微循环cochlear microphonic potential 耳蜗微音器电位①cochlear =cochl+ear(耳) ②音器就是指听筒phoneendo cochlear potential 耳蜗内电位endo内(词缀)ny stagmus 眼震颤①ny→nod点头(上下摆动) ②stagmus→stage舞台(眼眶作为舞台)③眼珠在眼眶里上下摆动→眼震颤synaptic transmission 突触传递electric synapse 电突触classical synapse 经典的突触non-directed synapse 非定向突触recurrent inhibition 回返性抑制①current电流→recurrent再流一次②exhibition展览(ex表示向外)→inhibition(in表示向里)post synaptic inhibition 突触后抑制post经过,在...之后pre synaptic inhibition 突触前抑制pre在...之前excitatory post synaptic potential 兴奋性突触后电位inhibitory post synaptic potential 抑制性突触后电位neuro transmitter 神经递质①neuro≈nerve神经②trans传递neuro modulator 神经调质modulator→mode（模式）late（过时了），需要调整up/down regulation 上调/下调fibrin o lysis 纤维蛋白溶解①fibrin→fiber(纤维)②lysis(溶解,分离)→我（i）躺下（ly）分离了两条蛇(s) cholinergic fiber 胆碱能纤维adrenergic fiber 肾上腺素能纤维specific project ion system 特异投射系统project投射→pro(向前)+ject(扔) 【回顾】：eject喷出→e出+ject扔nonspecific projection system 非特异投射系统ascending reticular activating system 脑干网状结构上行激动系统①reticular网状的(组胚中出现过很多次,大家应该不陌生!)②activating激动的→active活跃的referred pain 牵涉痛referred →refer to 谈到,涉及到spinal shock 脊髓休克spinal 脊髓的,针的→spin 针(脊髓像针一样?)tendon reflex 腱反射de cerebrate rigidity 去大脑僵直①de(表去除)②cere bra te=bra in(大脑)α-rigidity / γ-rigidity α僵直/γ僵直electr o encephal o gram脑电图①electric电的②encephalon脑③gram≈graph图(如photograph) permissive action 允许作用permissive →permit允许feed-forward 前馈negative feedback 负反馈消极是负面的positive feedback 正反馈积极是正面的long-loop feedback 长反馈short-loop feedback 短反馈ultra-short-loop feedback 超短反馈ultra超→ultraman奥特曼hypo thalamic regulatory peptides 下丘脑调节肽①hypo在...下②peptide肽→pep+tide(肽的)wolff-chaikoff effect 碘阻滞效应stress 应激emergency reaction 应急反应emergency 紧急事件注:11级考到的名词解释为①反向转运②正常起搏点③肺泡通气量④肾糖阈⑤突触前抑制。

神经损伤与功能重建·2023年11月·第18卷·第11期·个案报道·超声引导下神经水分离术治疗复发肘管综合征1例胡华琼1,2，黄海伦1，吴珊1作者单位1.贵州医科大学附属医院神经内科贵阳5500012.重庆市云阳县人民医院神经内科重庆404599基金项目贵阳市科技技术项目（No.筑科合同[2019]9-1-7号）收稿日期2020-02-17通讯作者吴珊wuwushan@关键词水分离；周围神经卡压；超声；复发肘管综合征；治疗中图分类号R741；R741.05文献标识码A DOI 10.16780/ki.sjssgncj.20200137本文引用格式：胡华琼,黄海伦,吴珊.超声引导下神经水分离术治疗复发肘管综合征1例[J].神经损伤与功能重建,2023,18(11):681-682.神经水分离术是一种治疗周围神经卡压的新技术，能缓解纤维缠绕、炎症粘连、保护神经及血管[1]。

国外多项研究证实其对轻中度正中神经、尺神经、股外侧皮神经、隐神经、腓肠神经、坐骨神经非隐匿病变导致的卡压有治疗效果，现报告超声引导下神经水分离术治疗术后复发肘管综合征1例。

1临床资料患者，男，35岁，因“左手部尺侧及环小指麻木2年余”入院，既往长期从事电脑工作，2年多前开始出现手部尺侧及环小指阵发性麻木，予以间断服用“甲钴胺片、维生素B1片”治疗，7月前症状逐渐加重，就诊于外院，诊断为“肘管综合征”，行“单纯肘管尺神经松解术”后感麻木、握力均有缓解，术后2月上述症状再次出现，期间口服甲钴胺、维生素B1营养神经治疗，症状无缓解，就诊我院时患者有手部尺侧及环小指持续性麻木。

查体：手部骨间肌、小指展肌肌力减弱，有轻度肌肉萎缩，肘部尺神经Tinel 试验（+），夹纸试验均为阳性，尺神经运动传导速度降低至36.17m/s ，神经超声可见横截面（图1A ）上尺神经在肘管中横截面积明显增大为0.21cm 2，且边界不清，内部回声偏低；在纵切面（图1B ）上可见尺神经受压处变细、边界回声强，远端神经水肿变粗，超声未见有囊肿、神经纤维瘤、骨性压迫等，住院期间送检周围神经免疫抗体、血压、血糖均未见异常，完善颈椎核磁未见神经根压迫。

Active Shape Models for a fully automated3D segmentation of the liver–an evaluation onclinical dataTobias Heimann,Ivo Wolf,and Hans-Peter MeinzerMedical and Biological Informatics,German Cancer Research Center,Heidelberg,t.heimann@dkfz.deAbstract.This paper presents an evaluation of the performance of athree-dimensional Active Shape Model(ASM)to segment the liver in48clinical CT scans.The employed shape model is built from32sam-ples using an optimization approach based on the minimum descriptionlength(MDL).Three different gray-value appearance models(plain in-tensity,gradient and normalized gradient profiles)are created to guidethe search.The employed segmentation techniques are ASM search with10and30modes of variation and a deformable model coupled to a shapemodel with10modes of variation.To assess the segmentation perfor-mance,the obtained results are compared to manual segmentations withfour different measures(overlap,average distance,RMS distance andratio of deviations larger5mm).The only appearance model deliveringusable results is the normalized gradient profile.The deformable modelsearch achieves the best results,followed by the ASM search with30modes.Overall,statistical shape modeling delivers very promising re-sults for a fully automated segmentation of the liver.1IntroductionThe computerized planning of liver surgery has an enormous impact on the se-lection of the therapeutic strategy[1].Based on pre-operative analysis of image data,it provides an individual impression of tumor location,the exact structure of the vascular system and an identifiction of liver segments.The additional information can potentially be life-saving for the patient,since anatomical par-ticularities are far easier to spot in a3D visualization.The limiting factor to utilize operation planning in clinical routine is the time required for the seg-mentation of the liver,an essential step in the planning workflow which takes approximately one hour with conventional semi-automatic tools.For this rea-son,there have been numerous attempts to automate the segmentation process as much as possible.c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg2006.This paper was published in rsen,M.Nielsen,and J.Sporring(Eds.):MICCAI2006,LNCS4191,pp.41–48,2006 (/content/v28p412075281l36/)and is made available as an electronic reprint for personal use only.Soler et al.have presented a framework for a complete anatomical,patholog-ical and functional segmentation of the liver[2],i.e.including detection of the vascular system and lesions.The method is based on a shape constrained de-formable model[3],which is initialized with a liver template shape and deformed by a combination of global and local forces.Park et e an abdominal prob-abilistic atlas to support voxel classification in CT images[4].The underlying classifier is based on a Gaussian tissue model with Markov Random Field mecker et al.have built a3D statistical shape model of43segmented livers and utilize a modified Active Shape search for segmentation[5].The point correspondences for their model are determined by a semi-automatic geomet-ric method.It is interesting to note that all these approaches use some kind of shape information to guide the segmentation process:Due to its close proximity to organs with similar gray-value and texture properties,segmentation methods without prior information are prone to fail.At the same time,modeling shape information of the liver poses a huge challenge,since the enormous anatomical variance is hard to capture.Statistical Shape Models as introduced by Cootes et al.[6]seem to be best-suited for this task:In constrast to an anatomical atlas or a deformable model they do not only store information about the expected mean shape,but also about the principal modes of variation.Since Lamecker et al.evaluated a statistical shape model for liver segmen-tation,there have been several advances in3D model building and search algo-rithms.The time seems ripe for a new evaluation of the approach,which we are going to present in this paper.2Preliminaries2.1Statistical Shape ModelsStatistical Shape Models capture shape information from a set of labeled training data.A popular method to describe these shapes are point distribution mod-els[6],where each input shape is specified by a set of n landmarks on the surface. Applying principal component analysis to the covariance matrix of all landmarks delivers the principal modes of variation p m in the training data and the cor-responding eigenvaluesλm.Restricting the model to thefirst c modes,all valid shapes can be approximated by the mean shape¯x and a linear combination of displacement vectors.In general,c is chosen so that the model explains a certain amount of the total variance,usually between90%and99%.In order to describe the modeled shape and its variations correctly,landmarks on all training samples have to be located at corresponding positions.2.2Gray-level appearance modelsTofit the generated shape model to new image data,a model of the local appear-ance around each landmark in the training data is necessary.For this purpose, Cootes et al.suggest to sample profiles perpendicular to the model surface at eachlandmark [7].Typically,these profiles contain the immediate gray-level values or their normalized derivatives.By collecting profiles from all training images,a statistical appearance model featuring mean values and principal variations can be constructed for each landmark.The probability that an arbitrary sample is part of the modeled distribution can then be estimated by the Mahalanobis distance between the sample and the mean profile.2.3Active Shape Model searchStarting from the mean shape and an initial global transform to the image,the shape model is refined in an iterative manner:First,the fit of the gray-level appearance model is evaluated at several positions along the surface normal for each landmark.Subsequently,the global transform and the shape parameters y m are updated to best match the positions with the lowest Mahalanobis distance.To keep the variation in reasonable limits,the shape parameters are restricted either to ±3√λm individually or to a hyperellipsoid for the entire shape vector y .By repeating these steps,the model converges toward the best local fit.To make the method more robust regarding the initial position,usually a multi-resolution framework is employed [7]:The model is first matched to coarser versions of the image with a larger search radius for the new landmark positions.3Material and methods 3.1Image dataThe data used in the experiments has been collected over a period of five years of computerized operation planning and clinical studies at our research center.All images are abdominal CT scans enhanced with contrast agent and recorded in the venous phase,though the exact protocol used for acquisition changed over time.The resolution of all volumes is 512x512voxels in-plane with the number of slices varying between 60and 130.The voxel spacing varies between 0.55mm and 0.8mm in-plane,the inter-slice distance is mostly 3mm with a few exceptions recorded with 5mm slice distance.From 99scans that have been labeled by radiologic experts,eight had to be taken out of the experiments because of abnormal anatomy,e.g.in cases where parts of the liver have been removed by surgery or where tumors ex-ceeding the volume of one liter deform the surroundings.The quality of the individual segmentations,created with a selection of different manual and semi-automatic tools,varies depending on the application they were created for.For some datasets the V.Cava is segmented as part of the liver,for others it is left out.We wanted to build a model without the V.Cava (as it is used for operation planning)and elected 32datasets with high quality segmentations as training samples for the shape model.The chosen segmentations were smoothed with a 3D Gaussian kernel and converted to a polygonal representation by the Marching-Cubes algorithm.The resulting meshes were then decimated to contain around 1500–2000vertices and forwarded to the model-building process.The remaining 59CT volumes were treated as candidates for the evaluation process.3.2Model buildingWhile Lamecker et e a semi-automatic procedure to determine correspon-dences,we employ a fully automated approach that minimizes a cost function based on the description length of the model[8],which should deliver better generalization ability and specificity.The shape model was built with2562land-marks which were distributed equally over the model surface employing the landmark reconfiguration scheme we recently presented in[9].For the gray-level appearance models,a multi-resolution image pyramid was created for each CT volume that was used during the creation of the shape model.We opted for six different levels of resolution R0to R5,where R n corresponds to the n-th down-sampling step(with R0as the original resolution).For each down-sampling step, x-and y-resolution were halved,leading to a doubled voxel spacing.When the xy-spacing reached the same values as the(originally much higher)z-spacing, the z-resolution was halved as well.Finally,we calculated three different gray-level appearance models for each resolution:A plain intensity profile,a gradient profile and a normalized gradient profile.3.3Evaluation of gray-level appearance modelsTo evaluate the performance of the different appearance models,we employ the following procedure:For all training images,thefit of the gray-level appearance models is evaluated at the true landmark positions and at three positions on each side of the surface.To simulate the conditions during model search(where landmarks are most probably not located at the correct positions),we randomize the landmark position with a standard deviation of1mm in R0along the surface (doubled at each following resolution).At the same time,the direction of the normal vector is randomized with a standard deviation of approximately ten degrees.This way,20samples are extracted for each landmark in each image. The index of the position with the bestfit(ranging from-3to3)is stored and used to generate a histogram of the displacements for each resolution.Ideally, the appearance model should always achieve the bestfit at the true position (displacement0),in practice we expect to see a Gaussian distribution with a certain variance.3.4Alternative model search algorithmIn the classical ASM approach,the model is strictly constrained to the variations learned from the training data.To allow additional degrees of freedom,Weese et al.presented a search method with shape constrained deformable models[10]. They calculate the external energy from thefit of gray-value profiles(similar to the original ASM search)and the internal energy based on the length differ-ence between corresponding edges in the deformable mesh and the closest shape model.A conjugate gradient algorithm is used to minimize the weighted sum of both energies,varying the position of all vertices.We adopt the idea of allowing free deformations guided by the difference in edge length,but simplify the method for an easier integration into the ASM search algorithm as described in Sec.2.3:When the new landmark candidates are found,a spring-model deformable mesh is initialized on these points with the neutral positions for all springs set to the corresponding edge length of the closest shape model.This mesh is then iteratively relaxed according to:x t+1 i =x t i+ j∈N(i)d i,jδ|d i,j|−|m i,j||d i,j|(1)where x i are the coordinates of the ith point,N(i)denotes the neighbours of vertex i,and d i,j and m i,j are directed edges of the deformable mesh and the model,respectively.δis set to0.05in our experiments,and a number of100 iterations is run for relaxation.3.5Evaluation of model searchInitially,the shape model is scaled to afixed size(around the average liver size) and translated to the upper left part of the image volume(corresponding to the right side of the patient).Without any further interaction,this procedure leads to the model being attracted by the liver in the vast majority of cases.In11 cases,however,the image volume was recorded at a different patient position or slightly rotated,so that the search would not converge towards the liver.Instead of devising special initial transforms for these images,we decided to drop them from the evaluation set and ended up with48volumes for thefinal validation.Initial experiments suggested that the best starting resolution for the search is R4,since many profiles leave the image volume in R5,reducing the informa-tion of the appearance model.We run afixed number of10iterations for R4and R3each,which usually brings the model pretty close to the liver.To deal with the remaining cases,the search in R2is run until convergence,which is defined as a maximum landmark movement of0.5mm.Subsequently,10iterations in R1and R0each are sufficient tofine-tune the model to the image data.This method was performed with three different search strategies:The ASM search with10modes of variation for the model(1),the ASM search with an increased 30modes of variation in R2to R0(2)and the deformable model search with10 modes of variation(3).In the latter case,the deformable model was only used in R1and R0,the previous resolutions were handled as in method1.For all meth-ods,the shape parameter vector y was restricted to lie inside a hyperellipsoid (size determined by theχ2distribution).Originally,we planned to evaluate a combination of these methods with all created appearance models,but it quickly became evident that only the normalized gradient appearance model delivered usable results(see Sec.4.2).After the last iteration in R0terminates,the resulting mesh is rasterized into a volume of the same resolution and compared to the existing segmentation.A number of different comparison measures is used for this purpose:The Tanimoto coefficient which quantifies the overlap of two volumes as C T=|A∩B|/|A∪B|,Fig.1.Visualization of the variance of the created shape model:The left column shows√λ1,the medium and right column the variation of the largest eigenmode between±3of the second and third largest eigenmode,respectively.average and RMS surface distance and the ratio of the surface area with a deviation larger than5mm.All surface metrics were calculated in both direction to guarantee symmetry.4Results4.1Model buildingFor a detailed evaluation of the model building process,we refer the reader to[9]. The three largest modes of variation are displayed in Fig.1and seem to capture the encountered shape variability adequately.90percent of the total variance is explained by thefirst10modes of variation(used for search methods1and3), while the30modes used for method2account for99.9percent.4.2Evaluation of gray-level appearance modelsThe results of the displacement from true position analysis are displayed in Fig.2. While we expected a Gaussian distribution for all appearance models,only the normalized gradient profile produces symmetric displacements.In contrast,the plain intensity and gradient profiles feature a clear shift to the inside of the shape model(negative displacement values).4.3Evaluation of model SearchFigure3displays boxplots of the results of the automatic segmentation using the three different search techniques.The results of the volumetric error are specifiedFig.2.Histograms showing the displacements from the true landmark positions at different resolutions R 0to R 5.From left to right:Intensity,gradient and normalized gradient profile appearance models.Fig.3.Results of the segmentation using the normalized gradient appearance model (1=ASM with 10modes,2=ASM with 30modes,3=deformable model with 10modes).The box connects the 1st and 3rd quartiles of all values with the dot representing the median,the whiskers span the interval between the 0.05and 0.95quantiles.as 100(1−C T )(C T being the Tanomoto coefficient).For all four measures of segmentation quality,the ASM search with 30modes of variance yields better results than the search with 10modes.For one test dataset,the search with 30modes did not converge in R 2,this image was omitted from the statistics of method 2.The best overall results are accomplished with the deformable model search.5DiscussionComparing our results to the ones obtained in [5](2.3–3.0mm average surface distance,3.1–3.9mm RMS distance and 9.0–17.1%deviations larger 5mm for a varying number of parameters during model search)does not reveal significantdifferences.However,it is hard to draw any conclusions from this,mainly because different training and evaluation data was used in the experiments.Consequently, the here presented numbers should only be interpreted relative to each other.Having evaluated our shape model on nearly50clinical datasets,we are confi-dent that a statistical shape modeling approach is able to solve the segmentation problem for liver operation planning for the vast majority of cases in the near future.However,we also noticed several problems:While32training shapes do not build the most extensive shape model,it is a sufficiently high number to draw the conclusion that the necessary shape variability for an exact segmenta-tion of the liver will probably not be reached by the strictly constrained ASM model.Approaches using deformable meshes based on the shape model seem to have a much higher potential of solving this task.Considering the simplicity of the deformable model enhancement,the obtained improvements for already acceptable results of the ASM are excellent.Since the deformable model was only used in the two highest resolutions,it could not save the performance in the worst case results,as is noticeable by the upper whiskers in the boxplots.A better initialization of the shape model and restriction of the allowed geometric transformations(rotation and scale)seem to be necessary in these cases.We were surprised by the disappointing results from the intensity and unnormalized gradient appearance models,which are probably due to the skew distribution visible in the displacement histograms.However,there are many more possi-bilites to model the local appearance(e.g.[11])which will most likely improve the obtained results.Our future work will focus on evaluating these alternative appearance models and on improving the deformable model search with more sophisticated search and relaxation schemes.References1.Meinzer,H.P.,Thorn,M.,Cardenas,C.E.:Computerized planning of liver surgery–an puters&Graphics26(4)(2002)569–5762.Soler,L.,Delingette,H.,Malandain,G.,Montagnat,J.,et al.:Fully automaticanatomical,pathological,and functional segmentation from ct scans for hepatic surgery.In:Proc.SPIE Medical Imaging.(2000)246–2553.Montagnat,J.,Delingette,H.:Volumetric medical images segmentation usingshape constrained deformable models.In:CVRMed.(1997)13–224.Park,H.,Bland,P.H.,Meyer,C.R.:Construction of an abdominal probabilisticatlas and its application in segmentation.IEEE TMI22(4)(2003)483–492mecker,H.,Lange,T.,Seebass,M.:Segmentation of the liver using a3D statis-tical shape model.Technical report,Zuse Institute,Berlin(2004)6.Cootes,T.F.,Taylor,C.J.,Cooper,D.H.,Graham,J.:Active shape models–theirtraining and application.CVIU61(1)(1995)38–597.Cootes,T.F.,Taylor,C.J.:Statistical models of appearance for computer vision.Technical report,Wolfson Image Analysis Unit,University of Manchester(2001) 8.Heimann,T.,Wolf,I.,Williams,T.G.,Meinzer,H.P.:3d active shape models usinggradient descent optimization of description length.In:Proc.IPMI,Springer(2005) 566–5779.Heimann,T.,Wolf,I.,Meinzer,H.P.:Optimal landmark distributions for statisticalshape model construction.In:Proc.SPIE Medical Imaging.(2006)518–528 10.Weese,J.,Kaus,M.,Lorenz,C.,Lobregt,S.,et al.:Shape constrained deformablemodels for3D medical image segmentation.In:Proc.IPMI,Springer(2001)380–38711.van Ginneken,B.,Frangi,A.F.,Staal,J.J.,ter Haar Romeny,B.M.,Viergever,M.A.:Active shape model segmentation with optimal features.IEEE TMI21(8) (2002)924–933。

高中英语动词时态教案5篇教学中，备课是一个必不可少、极其重要的环节，备课不充分或者备得不好，会严重影响课堂的气氛和学生的积极性，一堂准备充分的课，会令学生和老师都获益非浅。

因此，平时，我紧抓备、教、改、辅、查等教学中的重要环节。

以下是我带来的高中英语动词时态教案内容，感谢您的阅读，希望能援助到您！高中英语动词时态教案1一.教材解读(Material Interpretation) 通常人们忌讳“只见树木，不见森林”，然而这里我们姑且就一个单元这只林片木来想象一下那片充盈神奇的森林。

从某种意义上说，这或许正是这套教材的编写者们的用意所在。

高一英语新教材的编写依然以单元为单位，但每个单元打破了呆板的块状设计，换之于流畅的线型流程，为课堂教学的灵活组织留下了更大的空间。

整个教材体现了municative Curriculum的指导思想。

每个单元以功能为主题，话题为支撑，结构为平台，任务为载体，意义交流为目的，充分体现了语言运用的基本思路，为任务型课堂教学构建了框架，注重提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析和解决问题的能力，发展学生与人沟通和合作的能力。

本单元的主题是Technology，中心话题为Hi-tech,话题本身具有强烈的时代气息，贴近学生的实际生活，符合学生的认知水平，在学生中有较强的认同感。

这一单元的交际功能项目(Functional Item)有两个：1. Describing things2. Expressing agreement disagreement。

结构项目(Structure)为The Present Continuous Passive Voice;主要能力项目为Reading 和Writing，其中一个阅读正篇，两个Language Input, 要求学生学会阅读并在阅读中培养根据上下文或构词法理判断词义的能力，同时学会写信并在信中阐述问题的症结，发表自己的观点。

拓展项目为如何运用高科技获取更多英语信息，提升英语学习，并探究科技为人类带来便利的同时可能存在的负面影响以及消除这些影响的解决办法。

骨科疾病诊治流程与诊治能力说明1.患者出现关节疼痛和肿胀的症状时，应尽快就诊骨科医生。

When patients experience joint pain and swelling, they should seek medical attention from an orthopedic doctor as soon as possible.2.医生会先进行详细的病史询问和体格检查，以确定疾病的可能原因。

Doctors will first conduct a detailed medical history interview and physical examination to determine the possible cause of the disease.3.如果需要进一步确诊，医生可能会建议患者进行X光、MRI或CT等影像学检查。

If further confirmation is needed, doctors may recommend patients to undergo imaging examinations such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans.4.根据检查结果和病情表现，医生会为患者制定个性化的诊治方案。

Based on the examination results and the patient's condition, doctors will develop a personalized diagnosis and treatment plan for the patient.5.诊治方案可能包括药物治疗、物理疗法、手术治疗等多种方法。

The treatment plan may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, and other methods.6.对于关节炎、骨折、肌肉拉伤等常见问题，骨科医生具有丰富的诊治经验。

设计牙冠流程和设计过程注意要点1.这是一项复杂的治疗过程，需要精密的计划和操作。

This is a complex treatment process that requires meticulous planning and execution.2.首先要对患者的口腔情况进行全面评估。

First, a comprehensive assessment of the patient's oral condition is needed.3.确定需要修复的牙齿，选择合适的牙冠材料和颜色。

Identify the teeth that need restoration and choose the appropriate crown material and color.4.接着进行牙齿的修整，为牙冠的安装做好准备。

Next, the teeth are prepared for the installation of the crowns.5.需要准确的测量、模型制作和牙冠的设计。

Accurate measurements, model making, and crown design are needed.6.制作精致的牙冠需要技术娴熟的技师进行精细加工。

Skilled technicians are required to produce delicate crowns with exquisite craftsmanship.7.在制作过程中，需要充分考虑患者的咬合和美观要求。

During the production process, the patient's bite and aesthetic requirements must be fully considered.8.牙冠的安装需要精密的操作和细致的调整。

The installation of the crowns requires precise operation and meticulous adjustment.9.安装后要及时清洁和护理，确保牙冠的长期效果。