英文论文翻译

Guidance Notes for completing application formPart 1 Personal InformationEligibility to work at the British CouncilWe are only able to accept applications from individuals who have the right to work in the country to which they have applied.Personal InformationThe British Council’s normal retirement age is 65. If you are over this age, or within 6 months of it, at the time you apply to join us, in line with the Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, we will consider your application but reserve the right to reject it if we consider that we would be unlikely to derive sufficient benefit from your appointment in the period before your retirement.Criminal Convictions (UK)Subject to certain exempted occupations, convictions that are ‘spent’ under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 need not be mentioned. Please be aware that declaring a conviction will not automatically disqualify you from being employed unless this post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check.If the post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check, British Council is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expects all of its partners to share this commitment. Appointment to these roles are subject to enhanced Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) checks in the UK, and, where appropriate, equivalent systems overseas.Data ProtectionThe British Council will use the information you provide in this form to process your application. If your application is successful and you take up employment with the British Council, this form will be kept on your personnel file and some details from it will be held electronically by Human Resources in line with the Data Protection Act (1998). If your application is unsuccessful, this form willbe kept on file for one year after completion of the recruitment exercise and then securely destroyed.The British Council will treat all personal details in accordance with UK law and its own privacy policy. Under Data Protection law you have the right to ask for a copy of the information we hold on you, for which we may charge a fee, and the right to ask us to correct any inaccuracies in that information. If you do want more information about this please contact your local British Council office or the Data Protection Team dataprotection@. Part 2 Job-Related InformationDisabilityThe UK Disability Discrimination Act 1995 defines a person with a disability as someone who has a physical or mental impairment (including a learning or sensory impairment) that has a substantial and long term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day to day activities. In any country, it is British Council policy to interview all applicants who are disabled and who meet the essential criteria for an advertised job.Employment and professional informationPlease give details of your employment for the last 10 years, or since leaving full-time education if this is sooner, starting with the most recent employment. Account for all your time, including voluntary work or other periods away from work. Please be aware that it will not prejudice your application if you disclose a period of ill health or a period out of formal employment (e.g. time spent at home bringing up children).Other relevant experiencePlease note that this does not need to be limited to work experience. It can include experience of volunteering or of roles held within the community e.g. youth worker, community worker or leader etc..。

大学毕业论文英文翻译中文译文计算机网络每个一个世纪都有一种主导地位的技术。

18世纪伴随着工业革命的到来的是大型机械系统的时代；19世纪是蒸汽机的时代，而20世纪的发展历程中，关键的技术是信息收集、处理和分发。

在其他的发展方面，我们还可以看到：遍布全球的电话网络的建立起来了，无线电广播和电视的出现了，计算机工业诞生了，并且以超乎想象的速度在成长；另外通信卫星也发射上天了。

技术的快速发展的一个直接结果是，这些领域正在快速地融合，信息收集、传输、存储和处理之间的差别正在迅速地消失。

对于具有数百个办公室的大型组织来说，尽管这些办公室分布在广阔的地理区域中，但未来期望的情景是，工作人员只要单击一下按钮，就可以查看最远处分部的状态。

随着信息收集、处理和分发能力的不断提高，我们对于更加复杂的信息处理技术的需求也增长得更快。

与其他的工业(比如汽车和航空运输业)相比，计算机工业还是非常年轻，尽管如此，计算机技术却在很短的时间内有了惊人的进展。

在计算机诞生之初的20年间，计算机系统是高度集中化的，通常位于一个很大的房间中。

该房间通常配有玻璃墙，参观的人透过玻璃墙可以欣赏到里边伟大的电子奇迹。

中等规模的公司或者大学可能会有一台或者两台计算机，而大型的研究机构最多也就几十台计算机。

要在20年内生产出大量同样功能但是体积比邮票还小的计算机，在当时的人们看来纯属科学幻想。

计算机和通信的结合对于计算机系统的组织方式产生了深远的影响。

把一台大型的计算机放在一个单独的房间中，然后用户带着他们的处理任务去房间里上机，这种"计算机中心"的概念现在已经完全过时了。

由一台计算机来处理整个组织中所有的计算需求，这种老式的模型已经被新的模型所取代，在新的模型下，由大量独立的，但相互连接起来的计算机来共同完成计算任务。

这些系统称为计算机网络(computer networks)。

如何设计这些网络，并且将这些网络组织起来，这就是本书的主题。

毕业论文英文翻译Graduation Thesis TranslationAbstract:This graduation thesis aims to investigate the impact of social media on consumer behavior. With the rapid development of technology, social media platforms have become an integral part of people's lives. This study aims to explore whether social media influence consumer decision-making and purchasing behavior, and how it affects brand perception and loyalty. The research methodology used in this study involves collecting and analyzing data from surveys and interviews with consumers. The findings suggest that social media does have a significant impact on consumer behavior, as it can influence consumers' opinions, preferences, and purchase decisions. Additionally, it was found that social media plays a crucial role in building brand loyalty. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of social media marketing and provides valuable insights for businesses to effectively reach and engage with their target audience in the digital age.Chapter 1: Introduction1.1 Background1.2 Research Objectives1.3 Research Questions1.4 Significance of the Study1.5 Thesis StructureChapter 2: Literature Review2.1 Definition and Concept of Social Media2.2 Consumer Behavior and Decision-Making Process2.3 Social Media Influence on Consumer Behavior2.4 Social Media Marketing and Brand Perception2.5 Social Media and Brand LoyaltyChapter 3: Research Methodology3.1 Research Design3.2 Data Collection Methods3.3 Sample Selection3.4 Data Analysis TechniquesChapter 4: Findings and Discussion4.1 Analysis of Survey Results4.2 Analysis of Interview Results4.3 Discussion of FindingsChapter 5: Conclusion5.1 Summary of Findings5.2 Implications for Practice5.3 Limitations of the Study5.4 Recommendations for Future ResearchReferencesAppendixNote: Please note that this translation is a general outline of a graduation thesis. The content and structure may vary depending on the specific topic and requirements of the thesis.。

Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。

毕业论文摘要英文翻译Abstract:This paper examines the effects of exercise on mental health and well-being. As individuals continue to face increasing levels of stress and anxiety, it is important to explore alternative methods of managing and improving mental well-being. Exercise has been widely recognized as a potential solution, and numerous studies have investigated the relationship between physical activity and mental health. This research aims to synthesize and evaluate existing literature to determine the impact of exercise on mental health outcomes. The study also investigates the mechanisms through which exercise influences mental well-being.The literature review confirms the positive relationship between exercise and mental health. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, exercise is associated with improved cognitive function and increased self-esteem. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the beneficial effects of exercise, including the release of endorphins, increased blood flow to the brain, and social interaction.Despite the evidence supporting the positive effects of exercise on mental health, barriers exist that prevent individuals from engaging in regular physical activity. These barriers include lack of time, motivation, and access to exercise facilities. Strategies to overcome these barriers are discussed, such as incorporating exercise intodaily routines, setting realistic goals, and utilizing community resources.In conclusion, exercise has a significant positive impact on mental health and well-being. This research highlights the importance of integrating physical activity into daily life, especially in the face of increasing levels of stress and anxiety. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for individuals, healthcare providers, and policymakers. By promoting the benefits of exercise and addressing the barriers to physical activity, society can strive towards improved mental well-being for all.。

论文的英文翻译Translation of the paper:Title: [Title of the paper]Abstract:The abstract provides a summary of the paper's main points, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions.1. Introduction:This section introduces the research topic, provides background information, and clearly states the research objectives. It also includes a brief literature review to highlight the relevance of the study and identify any research gaps.2. Methodology:The methodology section explains the research design, data collection methods, and analytical techniques used. It also discusses any limitations or assumptions made during the research process.3. Results:This section presents the findings of the study, including any quantitative or qualitative data collected. The results are organized in a logical and clear manner, with appropriate tables, figures, or graphs to support the findings.4. Discussion:The discussion section interprets the results, compares them toprevious research, and provides explanations for any unexpected findings. It also explores the implications and applications of the research, highlighting its contribution to the field.5. Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the study, restates the research objectives, and offers final thoughts on the topic. It may also suggest areas for future research or provide recommendations for practitioners.6. References:This section lists all the sources cited in the paper, following a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, etc.). The references should be organized alphabetically and provide all the necessary details for readers to locate the source.Appendix:If necessary, an appendix section can be included to provide additional information that supports the main text but is not essential to the understanding of the paper. This may include raw data, lengthy tables, questionnaires, or supplementary material.。

论文翻译成英文The Translation of the PaperWith the development of the world and rapid advancement of science and technology, the importance of communication among different countries has become increasingly prominent. This has led to a surge in demand for translation services, making translation an essential and indispensable profession.Translation is the act of conveying the meaning of a text from one language to another. It involves not only the transfer of the words, but also the ability to accurately capture the cultural nuances and context of the original text. A skilled translator must have a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as a broad knowledge of various subject areas.The translation process can be divided into several stages. First, the translator needs to carefully read and comprehend the source text to fully grasp its meaning. Then, they must accurately transfer the message, while considering the characteristics and conventions of the target language. Next, the translator needs to revise and edit the translation to ensure accuracy and clarity. Finally, the completed translation should undergo rigorous proofreading to eliminate any errors or omissions.Translation plays a crucial role in numerous fields. In the business world, accurate translation of documents such as contracts, proposals, and marketing materials is essential for successful international transactions and collaborations. In the academic field, translation allows for the exchange and dissemination ofknowledge among researchers from different countries, enabling cross-cultural understanding and cooperation. In the legal field, translation of legal documents ensures that individuals from different linguistic backgrounds have equal access to justice. In the entertainment industry, translation allows for the enjoyment of foreign films, TV shows, and literature.However, translation is not as simple as replacing words from one language with their equivalents in another. Translators often face linguistic and cultural challenges that require them to make difficult decisions. They need to find equivalent expressions, idiomatic phrases, and appropriate terminology that reflect the intended meaning and cultural connotations of the original text. Additionally, the translator needs to be aware of the target audience and adapt the translation accordingly, ensuring that it is easily understood and culturally appropriate.Advancements in technology have greatly impacted the translation profession. Computer-assisted translation tools, such as translation memory software, have made the translation process more efficient and consistent. Machine translation, although still in its early stages, has shown potential for aiding human translators by providing initial drafts that can be refined. However, human translators are still irreplaceable due to their ability to understand the subtleties of language and capture the essence of a text.In conclusion, translation is a complex and multifaceted profession that plays a crucial role in facilitating communication and understanding among different cultures. It requires not only linguistic proficiency, but also cultural awareness and subjectknowledge. As the world continues to grow more interconnected, the demand for skilled translators will only continue to rise, making translation an essential skill in an increasingly globalized world.。

论文英文翻译Translation of an academic paper into EnglishTranslation of an academic paper into English requires a thorough understanding of both the source language and the target language, as well as a good knowledge of the subject matter. Here are some steps to follow when translating an academic paper:1. Read the original paper: Start by reading the original paper carefully to get an understanding of the main ideas, arguments, and structure. Take note of any technical terms or jargon used.2. Research the subject: If you are not familiar with the subject of the paper, conduct some research to gain a deeper understanding. This will help you grasp complex concepts and ensure accurate translation.3. Identify the target audience: Determine who the intended readership of the translated paper will be. This will help you determine the appropriate level of language and tone to use in the translation.4. Plan the translation: Before starting the translation, make a plan of how you will approach the text. Break it down into smaller sections and set deadlines for each section to ensure a consistent and timely translation.5. Translate sentence by sentence: Start translating the paper sentence by sentence, keeping the meaning and tone of the original intact. Use appropriate grammar and vocabulary in the targetlanguage to convey the same ideas.6. Verify accuracy: Once the translation is complete, go back and review the entire paper to ensure accuracy and consistency. Pay attention to details such as citation formats, footnotes, and references to make sure they adhere to academic standards.7. Proofread and edit: After verifying accuracy, proofread the translation for any errors in grammar, spelling, or punctuation. Additionally, edit the text to refine the language and improve its readability.8. Formatting and final touches: Format the translated paper according to the appropriate academic standards, including fonts, headings, page numbering, and line spacing. Finally, proofread the final version again before submitting it.Remember to consult academic dictionaries, glossaries, and credible resources to ensure accurate translation of specialized terms and concepts. Keep in mind that translation is not simply converting words from one language to another but conveying the intended meaning while maintaining the style and essence of the original text.。

英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，小编整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！英语作文范文带中文翻译Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular,everyyear,wecanseeman yhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’spassedyouth.Peopleliketorecalltheirpassedyouth, whichmakessuchmoviessellgood.ButIfindthecommonthingsaboutthesemovies,alltheprotagonists’youthareaboutfighting,loveandothernegativethings.Iunderstandthedirectors’intention,theywanttotellpeopleyouthisnotperfectandhavingpities.Ofcourse movieisexaggerating,therealyouthisaboutstudying,atleast,mostpeoplehaveworkedso hardtogetintotheiridealcolleges.Whatthemoviesdescribemakeupsomepeople’syouth,forwhichtheydon’thavethechancetoexperience.Weshouldnotbemisledbythesemovies,fortheteenagers,theirjobistostudy,sothattheycanhaveabrightfuture.【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。

论文英文摘要翻译AbstractThe rapid development of technology has greatly affected various industries, including the education sector. E-learning, as a form of remote education, has gained popularity in recent years. This paper aims to investigate the impact of e-learning on students' learning outcomes and motivation.To achieve this objective, a literature review was conducted to identify the relevant research on e-learning and its effects. The findings show that e-learning has positive effects on students' learning outcomes, such as increased knowledge acquisition and self-directed learning skills. E-learning provides a flexible learning environment, allowing students to access educational resources anytime and anywhere. This convenience enhances students' motivation and engagement in learning activities.However, the effectiveness of e-learning depends on various factors. The quality of the e-learning platform and instructional design plays a crucial role in engaging students and promoting effective learning. In addition, the role of teachers in facilitating e-learning is also important. Teachers' guidance and support are essential in helping students navigate the online learning platform and clarify any doubts.Moreover, the digital divide is a significant challenge in implementing e-learning. Not all students have access to reliable internet connection and necessary technological devices. Therefore, it is crucial to bridge the digital divide to ensure equalopportunities in e-learning.Furthermore, challenges such as limited social interaction and a lack of personalized feedback in e-learning need to be addressed. Efforts should be made to incorporate interactive features and provide timely feedback to promote effective learning and address students' individual needs.In conclusion, e-learning has the potential to positively impact students' learning outcomes and motivation. However, it is crucial to address challenges related to technological infrastructure, instructional design, and teacher support to maximize the benefits of e-learning. Future research should focus on exploring effective strategies for integrating e-learning into traditional educational settings to create a blended learning approach.Keywords: e-learning, learning outcomes, motivation, instructional design, teacher support。

论文翻译英文Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Banking SectorAbstract: This study aims to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the banking sector. AI has emerged as a disruptive technology in recent years and has the potential to revolutionize various industries, including banking. The paper begins by providing an overview of AI and its different applications. It then explores the specific ways in which AI is transforming the banking sector, including customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation. Finally, the study examines the challenges and ethical considerations associated with the implementation of AI in banking. The findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of the role of AI in the banking sector and provide insights for banks and policymakers in adapting to the changing landscape.Introduction:With the rapid advancement of technology, the banking sector has witnessed significant changes in recent years. One of the most prominent advancements is the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI). AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. The integration of AI in the banking sector has led to improvements in efficiency, customer experience, and overall decision-making. This paper aims to explore the impact of AI on the banking sector, focusing on customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation.AI in Customer Service:AI has transformed customer service in the banking sector. Chatbots and virtual assistants powered by AI technology have become key tools in handling customer queries and providing personalized experiences. These AI-enabled systems can handle a large volume of customer inquiries simultaneously, resulting in faster response times and improved customer satisfaction. Additionally, AI-powered systems can leverage customer data to provide tailored recommendations and personalized offers, enhancing the customer experience.AI in Risk Management:Risk management is a critical aspect of banking operations. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns, detect anomalies, and predict potential risks more accurately. This enables banks to make more informed decisions regarding loans, credit assessment, and investment portfolios. By incorporating AI into risk management systems, banks can enhance their ability to identify and mitigate potential risks while ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements.AI in Fraud Detection:Fraud detection is another area where AI has significantly impacted the banking sector. AI algorithms can analyze vast datasets to identify fraudulent patterns, enabling banks to detect and prevent fraud in real-time. Machine learning algorithms continuously learn and adapt to new patterns, helping banks stay ahead of fraudsters who constantly evolve their tactics. AI-powered fraud detection systems not only save banks significant financial losses but also enhance trust and confidence amongcustomers.AI in Process Automation:AI has enabled banks to automate various processes that were previously time-consuming and labor-intensive. For instance, AI-powered robots can now perform tasks such as data entry, document processing, and account reconciliation with greater accuracy and efficiency. Automation of these processes not only reduces costs but also minimizes the likelihood of human error, resulting in improved operational efficiency.Challenges and Ethical Considerations:Despite the numerous benefits of AI in the banking sector, several challenges and ethical considerations need to be addressed. These include data privacy and security concerns, potential job displacement, algorithmic bias, and the need for regulatory frameworks to govern the use of AI in banking. It is crucial for banks and policymakers to develop strategies that ensure the responsible and ethical use of AI technologies.Conclusion:Overall, AI has shown great potential in transforming the banking sector. It has revolutionized customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation. However, the implementation of AI in banking comes with its own set of challenges and ethical considerations. Banks and policymakers need to strike a balance between harnessing the benefits of AI and addressing the associated risks. By doing so, they can adapt to the changing landscape and stay competitive in the digital era.。

你值得拥有的八大英文文献翻译神器不管是做科研还是写SCI论文，开始都需要阅读大量的文献，做课题至少查阅600篇，粗看300篇，细看100篇，研读50篇，在看到一叠叠论文后，由于语言问题，往往会觉得无从下手，下面分享几款常用的文献翻译神器。

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论文附件一、英文原文：Introduction to Wireless Communication SystemsThe ability to communicate with people on the move has evolved remarkably since Guglielmo Marconi first radio's ability to provide continuous contact with ships sailing the English channel. That was in 1897, and since then new wireless communications methods and services have been enthusiastically adopted by people throughout the world. Particularly during the past ten years, the mobile radio communications industry has grown by orders of magnitude, fueled by digital and RF circuit fabrication improvements, new large-scale circuit integration, and other miniaturization technologies which make portable radio equipment smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. Digital switching techniques have facilitated the large scale deployment of affordable, easy-to-use radio communication networks. These trends will continue at an even greater pace during the next decade.1.1 Evolution of Mobile Radio CommunicationsA brief history of the evolution of mobile communications throughout the world is useful in order to appreciate the enormous impact that cellular radio and Personal Communication Services(PCS) will have on all of us over the next several decades. It is also useful for a newcomer to the cellular radio field to understand the tremendous impact that government regulatory agencies and service competitors wield in the evolution of new wireless systems, services, and technologies. While it is not the intent of this text to deal with the techno-political aspects of cellular radio and personal communications, second-politics are a fundamental driver in the evolution of new technology and services, since radio spectrum usage is controlled by governments, not by service technology development manufacturers, entrepreneurs, or researchers. Progressive involvement in technology development is vital for a government if it hopes to keep its own country competitive in the rapidly changing field of wireless personal communications.Wireless communications is enjoying its fastest growth period in history, due to enabling technologies which permit widespread deployment. Historically, growth in the mobile communications field has come slowly, and has been couple closely to technological improvements. The ability to provide wireless communications to an entire population was not even conceived until Bell Laboratories development of cellular concept in the 1960s and 1970s [Nob62], [Mac79], [You79]. With the development of highly reliable, miniature, solid-state radio frequency hardware in the 1970s,the wireless communications era was born. The recent exponential growthin cellular technologies of the 1970s, which are mature today. The future growth of consumer-based mobile and portable communication systems will be tied more closely to radio spectrum allocations and regulatory decisions which affect or support new or extended services, as well as to consumer needs and technology advances in the signal processing, access, and network areas.The following market penetration data show how wireless communications in the consumer sector has grown in popularity. Figure 1.1 illustrates of the 20th century. Figure 1.1 is a bit misleading since the curve labeled "mobile telephone" does not include nontelephone mobile radio applications, such as paging, amateur radio, dispatch, citizens band(CB), public service, cordless phone, or terrestrial microwave radio systems. In fact, in 1990, licensed noncellular radio systems in the U.S. had over 12 million users,more than twice the U.S. cellular users population at that time [FCC91]. With the phenomenal growth of wireless subscribers in the late 1990s, combined with Nextel's novel business approach of purchasing private mobile radio licenses for bundling as a nationwide commercial cellular service, today's subscriber base for cellular and Personal Communication Services(PCS) far outnumbers all noncellular licensed users. Figure 1.1 shows that the first 35 years of mobiletelephony saw little market penetration due to high cost and the technological challenges involved, but how, in the past decade, wireless communications has been accepted by consumers at rates comparable to television and the video cassette recorder.By 1934. 194 municipal police radio systems and 58 state police stations had adopted amplitude modulation(AM) mobile communication systems for public safety in the U.S. It was estimated that 5,000 radios were installed in mobiles in the mid 1930s, and vehicle ignition noise was a major problem for these early mobile uses [Nob62]. In 1935,Edwin Armstrong demonstrated frequency modulation(FM) for the first time, and since the late 1930s, FM has been the primary modulation technique used for mobile communication systems throughout the world. World War II accelerated the improvements of the world's manufacturing and miniaturization and televison systems following the war. The number of U.S. mobile users climbed from several thousand in 1940 to 86,000 by 1948, 695,000 by 1958, and about 1.4 million users in 1962[Nob62]. The vast majority of mobile users in the 1960s were not connected to the public switched telephone network. With the boom in CB radio and cordless appliances such as garage door openers and telephones, the number of users of mobile and portable radio in 1995 was about 100 million, or 37% of the U.S. population. Research in 1991 estimated between 25 and 40 million cordless telephone were in use in the U.S.[Rap91c], and this number is estimated to be over 100 million as of late 2001. The number of worldwide cellular telephone users grew from 25,000 in 1984 to about 25 million in 19993[Kuc91], [Goo91], [ITU94], and since then subscription-based wireless services have been experiencing customer growth rates well in excess of 50% per year. As shown in Chapter 2, the worldwide subscriber base of cellular and PCS subscribers is approximately 630 million as of late 2001, compared with approximately 1 billion wired telephone line. In the first few years of 21st century, it is clear there will be an equal number of wireless andconventional wireline wireless subscriber population had already abandoned wired telephone service for home use, and had begun to rely solely on their cellular service provider for telephone access. Consumers are expected to increasingly use wireless service as their sole telephone access method in the years to come.1.2 Mobile Radiotelephony in the U.S.In 1946, the first public mobile telephone service was introduced in twenty-five major American cities. Each system used a single, high-powered transmitter and large tower in order to cover distances of over 50 km in a particular market. The early FM push-to-talk telephone systems of the late 1940s used 120 kHz of RF bandwidth in a half-duplex mode(only one person on the telephone call could talk at a time), even though the actual telephone-grade speech occupies only 3 kHz of base-band spectrum. The large RF bandwidth was used because of the difficulty in mass-producing tight mobile telephone channels per market, but with no new spectrum allocation. I,proved technology enabled the channel bandwidth to be cut in half to 60 kHz. By the mid 1960s, the FM bandwidth of voice transmissions was cut to 30 kHz. Thus, there was only a factor of four increase in spectrum efficiency due to technology advances from WW II to the mid 1960s. Also in the 1950s and 1960s, automatic channel trunking was introduces and implemented under the label IMTS(Improved Mobile Telephone Service). With IMTS, telephone companies began offering full duplex, auto-dial, auto-trunking phone systems[Cal88]. However, IMTS quickly became saturated in major markets.By 1976, the Bell Mobile Phone service for the NEW York City market(a market of about 10,000,000 people at the time) had only twelve channels and could serve only 543 paying customers. There was a waiting list of over 3,700 people [Cal88], and service was poor due to call blocking and usage over the few channels. IMTS is still in use in the U.S., but is very spectrally inefficient when compared to today's U.S. cellular system.二、英文翻译：无线通信系统介绍自从马可尼在英吉利海峡首先证实了无线电波能保证持续不断的与海上航行的船只保持联系，移动通信便有了显著的发展。

The Problem of Social Cost 社会成本问题RONALD COASE 罗纳德·科斯Ronald Coase is Professor Emeritus at University of Chicago LawSchool and a Nobel Laureate in Economics. This article is fromThe Journal of Law and Economics (October 1960). Several passages devoted to extended discussions of legal decisions have been omitted. 罗纳德·科斯在芝加哥大学法学院名誉教授和诺贝尔经济学奖得主。

本文是其外法学与经济学杂志（1960年10月）。

专门的法律问题的决定的延伸讨论的几个段落已被省略。

I.THE PROBLEM TO BE EXAMINED This paper is concerned with those actions of business firms which have harm-ful effects on others. The standard example is that of a factory the smoke from which has harmful effects on those occupying neighbouring properties. The economic analysis of such a situation has usually proceeded in terms of a divergence between the private and social product of the factory, in which economists have largely followed the treatment of Pigou in The Economies of Welfare. The conclusion to which this kind of analysis seems to have led most economists is that it would be desirable to make the owner of the factory li-able for the damage caused to those injured by the smoke, or alternatively, to place a tax on the factory owner varying with the amount of smoke produced and equivalent in money terms to the damage it would cause, or finally, to exclude the factory from residential districts (and presumably from other areas in which the emission of smoke would have harmful effects on others). It is my contention that the suggested courses of action are inappropriate, in that they lead to results which are not necessarily, or even usually, desirable. 一、要检查的问题本文关注的是这些行动的企业有伤害他人有用的影响。

外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。

毕业论文英文文献翻译The translation of a 700-word English literature for a graduation thesis would take a considerable amount of time and effort. Due to limitations in this platform, it is not feasible to provide a high-quality translation within the given word count.However, I can provide you with some guidelines and key points that can help you translate the literature on your own:1. Read the literature thoroughly and understand its main arguments and ideas.2. Make a list of keywords and important terms mentioned in the literature.3. Research the keywords and terms to understand their accurate translations in your target language.4. Identify the main structure and flow of the literature.5. Start translating paragraph by paragraph, making sure to preserve the original meaning and tone of the text.6. Use appropriate transition words and phrases to ensure coherence and logical progression in your translation.7. Proofread and revise your translation multiple times to correct any grammatical or syntactical errors.It is crucial to note that translating academic literature requires a deep understanding of the subject matter and proficiency in both languages. If you are not confident in your translation skills, it might be wise to seek professional help or consult a native speaker proficient in both languages.Remember that the translation of academic literature is animportant step in any graduation thesis, so it's essential to give ample time and attention to the task.。

序号（学号）：040940131长春光华学院毕业设计（论文）译文Electronic technique电子技术姓名盛遵义教学院电气信息学院专业电子信息工程班级电信09401指导教师张淑艳（讲师）2013 年04 月10 日┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊Electronic techniqueFrom the world of radio in the world to a single chip， modern computer technology， industrial revolution， the world economy from the capital into the economy to knowledge economy。

Field in the electronic world， from the 20th century into the era of radio to computer technology in the 21st century as the center of the intelligent modern era of electronic systems。

The basic core of modern electronic systems are embedded computer systems (referred to as embedded systems)， while the microcontroller is the most typical and most extensive and most popular embedded systems。

radio has created generations of excellence in the world Fifties and sixties in the 20th century，the most representative of the advanced electronic technology is wireless technology， including radio broadcasting， radio，wireless communications (telegraph)，Amateur Radio， radio positioning，navigation and other telemetry， remote control， remote technology。

论文翻译举例英文作文范文英文，As an English-Chinese bilingual, I often find myself translating various types of documents, including academic papers. Here, I'll provide an example of a translated English essay into Chinese, adhering to the specified format.中文，作为一名英中双语者，我经常发现自己需要翻译各种类型的文件，包括学术论文。

在这里，我将提供一个将英文文章翻译成中文的例子，符合指定的格式。

英文，Imagine you're writing an essay on the impact of technology on modern education. Here's an excerpt from the introduction:Technology has revolutionized the landscape of modern education, bringing both opportunities and challenges. In today's interconnected world, classrooms are no longer confined to physical spaces; instead, they extend to virtual realms where students engage with educationalmaterials through online platforms and digital tools. This transformation has democratized access to knowledge, allowing learners from diverse backgrounds to participatein educational experiences previously inaccessible to them.中文：想象一下，你正在撰写一篇关于技术对现代教育的影响的论文。