L. Multi Agent System for Negotiation and Decision Support

Engineering 3 (2017) 272–278ResearchClimate Change—ReviewThe 2 °C Global Temperature Target and the Evolution of the Long-Term Goal of Addressing Climate Change—From the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to the Paris AgreementYun Gao a ,*, Xiang Gao b , Xiaohua Zhang caDepartment of Science & Technology and Climate Change, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China bEnergy Research Institute, National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing 100038, China cNational Center for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation (NCSC), Beijing 100038, Chinaa r t i c l e i n f oa b s t r a c tArticle history:Received 12 July 2016Revised 27 October 2016Accepted 20 January 2017Available online 16 March 2017The Paris Agreement proposed to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. It was thus the first international treaty to endow the 2 °C global temperature target with legal effect. The qualitative expression of the ultimate objective in Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has now evolved into the numerical temperature rise target in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement. Starting with the Second Assessment Report (SAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change (IPCC), an important task for subsequent assessments has been to provide scientific informa-tion to help determine the quantified long-term goal for UNFCCC negotiation. However, due to involvement in the value judgment within the scope of non-scientific assessment, the IPCC has never scientifically af-firmed the unacceptable extent of global temperature rise. The setting of the long-term goal for addressing climate change has been a long process, and the 2 °C global temperature target is the political consensus on the basis of scientific assessment. This article analyzes the evolution of the long-term global goal for addressing climate change and its impact on scientific assessment, negotiation processes, and global low- carbon development, from aspects of the origin of the target, the series of assessments carried out by the IPCC focusing on Article 2 of the UNFCCC, and the promotion of the global temperature goal at the political level.© 2017 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier LTD on behalf of the Chinese Academy of Engineering andHigher Education Press Limited Company. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-NDlicense (/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Keywords:Climate changeInternational negotiationIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Long-term goalCritical vulnerability Intuitive building1. IntroductionThe ultimate objective determined by the United Nations Frame-work Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is to achieve “stabili-zation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable eco-nomic development to proceed in a sustainable manner” [1]. As a framework convention, this expression only fixes the requirements of the stabilization of the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere in a qualitative manner, and does not define the quanti-tative level of concentration for avoiding “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” How to define a quantified long-term global goal to address climate change is one of the core issues for subsequent scientific assessment and international cli-mate negotiation.Previous Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assess-ment reports have made assessments of rising temperature and possible risks in the climate system under various emission scenar-ios. However, due to uncertainties in the science of climate change, limits in scientific cognition and development, the time lag and spatial difference between emissions and their consequences, and* Corresponding author.E-mail address: gaoyun@/10.1016/J.ENG.2017.01.0222095-8099/© 2017 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier LTD on behalf of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Contents lists available at ScienceDirectjo ur n al h om e pag e: w w /locate/engEngineering273 Y. Gao et al. / Engineering 3 (2017) 272–278necessary value judgment other than scientific assessment for de-fining danger levels, the IPCC has never scientifically affirmed the indices that indicate “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system,” and thus cannot define the unacceptable extent of global temperature rise based purely on science.Scientific research into the 2 °C temperature rise started a long time ago; however, the 2 °C global temperature target was not con-sidered as the action goal until the decision of the Council of the European Union (EU) conference in 1996 [2]. After the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference in 2009 and the Cancún Climate Change Conference in 2010, limiting the global temperature rise to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels became the consensus of the in-ternational community. In 2008–2014, the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) made a comprehensive assessment of the climate system change, risks, emission budget, and mitigation pathway choice of 2 °C global warming on the basis of the research results available. After scientific assessment and a series of political push-es, one of the three goals reached at the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference was stated as “Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pur-suing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre- industrial levels” [3]. Thus, the long-term goal of addressing climate change has evolved from a qualitative expression of stabilizing the greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere, in Article 2 of the UNFCCC, to a global temperature target with specific value, in Article 2of the Paris Agreement.This article analyzes the evolution of the long-term goal for ad-dressing climate change, and the related impact on future scientific assessments, negotiation processes, and global low-carbon develop-ment, from the aspects of the origin of the 2 °C global temperature target, the related IPCC conclusion for Article 2 of the UNFCCC, and the promotion of the global temperature goal at the political level. 2. Early scientific research related to the 2 °C targetStudies regarding the 2 °C temperature rise can be traced back to the 1970s, when an explorative study was carried out in the European natural and social sciences to push decisions related to climate change. According to the overview given by Randalls [4] on the history of the EU’s temperature control goal, the proposal for the global temperature control goal was very strongly related to the scientific study of climate sensitivity. Equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) quantifies the response of the climate system to constant radiative forces on multi-century timescales. It is defined as the change in the global mean near-surface air temperature at equilibrium that is caused by a doubling of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration [5]. If the ECS is 2 °C, then the doubling of the CO2 concentration (generally taken as 550 ppm) will result in a global average temperature rise of 2 °C [6]. In 1967, Manabe and Wetherald [7] used a heat balance model and estimated a tempera-ture response of approximately 2 °C to doubling CO2 concentrations; in subsequent climate change science, and particularly in the esti-mation of the climate system model, the doubling of CO2 has been taken as the core scenario for calculation. Initially, the ECS value was estimated by experts, and in the subsequent IPCC’s First to Third As-sessment Reports, it was taken as 1.5–4.5 °C. In the IPCC’s Fourth As-sessment Report, ECS was determined as 2.0–4.5 °C [8]. However, on the basis of many subsequent studies, the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) made an elaborate analysis of this issue, considering it to be 1.5–4.5 °C, that is, extremely unlikely to be less than 1 °C and very unlikely to be greater than 6 °C [5]. With respect to mitigation, countermeasures and actions to address climate change involve a series of estimations and policy analyses on social and economic costs. In 1977, Nordhaus [9] made an explorative cost-benefit analy-sis of climate change using the CO2 concentration-doubling scenario; subsequent cost-benefit analyses of addressing climate change be-gan to take the doubling of CO2 or the 2 °C scenario as the starting point of exploration, reaching many research conclusions [10].In the 1980s, before the IPCC’s First Assessment Report (FAR) was released, climate change studies mostly focused on the relationship between increased anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission and greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere, and the global average temperature, calling attention to possible threats from an-thropogenic factors. However, there was insufficient basis to deter-mine the indices that should be chosen and the specific figure that would be used as the global ultimate objective in addressing climate change. In addition, since addressing climate change involves com-plex fields, discussion at the political or policy level tends to give a relatively prudent expression of proposed reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, and to wait for further scientific research results [4]. At that time, some scholars proposed a study of the threshold value of climate change from wider perspectives, in order to determine the level at which climate change can be accepted or avoided; that is, they hoped to make a systematic assessment of various risks that may result from climate change, instead of paying attention only to carbon emission [11].3. IPCC’s First and Second Assessment Reports and decision of the European CouncilIn 1990, the IPCC released its FAR. Based on the progress of study in that period, the FAR pointed out that the emissions from human activities resulted in an obvious increase of the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, aggravated the greenhouse effect, and caused the global near-surface air temperature to rise, thus inciting the international community to immediately effect political progress and discuss how to take action to deal with global climate change. In this report, the assessment was made under the “business-as-usual” emissions scenario (Scenario A), along with other scenarios with progressively increasing levels of the controls (Scenarios B, C, and D); these scenarios held that in around 2025, 2040, 2050, and 2100, respectively, the equivalent CO2 would be two times that of pre-industrial-revolution levels, and the global average temperature would rise by 0.1–0.3 °C per decade. In order for the concentration to remain stable at the level of that period (1990), it would be necessary to immediately reduce the anthropogenic emis-sion of greenhouse gases (mainly CO2) by 60%, and reduce methane by 15%–20% [12]. The IPCC’s FAR placed emphasis on the rising tem-perature effect due to the anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases; the scientific basis was insufficient at that time to formulate suggestions for a specific goal. Considering that addressing climate change involves wide and complex fields, the UNFCCC was formed under the encouragement of the FAR, and established the qualitative expression of the ultimate objective.As an important scientific support for the UNFCCC’s negotiation process, the IPCC included an examination of approaches to the realization of Article 2 of the UNFCCC in the Second Assessment Report following a resolution of the Executive Council of the World Meteorological Organization. In addition, the IPCC specifically for-mulated a synthesis report to present information on the scientific and technical issues related to interpreting Article 2 of the UNFCCC [13]. In fact, since the IPCC’s Second Assessment Report (SAR), providing scientific information to assist the quantification of the long-term goal for the UNFCCC’s negotiation has been an impor-tant task in the IPCC’s scientific assessments. According to the SAR published in 1996, the scientific, technical, economic, and social science literature does suggest ways to move toward the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC, but uncertainties remain for the judg-ment of what constitutes dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system and what needs to be done to prevent such274Y. Gao et al. / Engineering 3 (2017) 272–278and risk. Since both the magnitude and rate of climate change are very important, the basis for determining what constitutes “dan-gerous anthropogenic interference” would vary in different regions, depending on local characteristics, as would the consequences, ad-aptation, and mitigation capacity of the impact of climate change.Notably, the TAR introduced five “reasons for concern,” thus con-ceptually expressing the reasons for emphasizing the risks of climate change (Fig. 1) [14]. These five reasons include: ① risks to unique and threatened systems; ② risks from extreme climate events; ③ dis-t ribution of impact; ④ aggregate impact; and ⑤ risks from future large-scale discontinuities. In Fig. 1, the global average annual tem-perature represents the magnitude of climate change; however, it is pointed out that future impacts will be a function of the magnitude and rate of global and regional changes in mean climate, climate variability, extreme climate phenomena, socioeconomic conditions, and adaptation, depending on multiple aspects. The TAR also stat-ed that in the setting of the strategy, goal, and timetable to avoid “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system,” it is necessary to consider inertia and uncertainty in the climate, eco-logical, and socioeconomic systems; assess possible risks of climate change from more comprehensive and intuitive perspectives; and relate the risks with global mean near-surface air temperature. As shown in Fig. 1, although the TAR did not define which kind of tem-perature rise should become the index of “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system,” it showed that global warm-ing above 4 °C would pose extremely large risks. These five reasons for concern have been used consistently in subsequent IPCC assess-ments.In 2007, the IPCC released its Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), stating that the five “reasons for concern” identified in the TAR re-main a feasible framework for considering critical vulnerabilities. In the AR4, many risks are affirmed with higher confidence. For example, the report stated that regarding “unique and threatened systems,” observed climate change has had an impact on the polar and high mountain communities and ecosystems; if the global aver-age temperature becomes 1.5–2.5 °C higher than that in 1980–1999, approximately 20%–30% of the plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to face increased risks of extinction; and an increase of about 1–3 °C in the sea surface temperature would result in moreinterference. In the SAR, the conclusions related to the 2 °C temper-ature rise are that for the mid-range IPCC emission scenario (IS92), assuming the “best estimate” value of climate sensitivity and includ-ing the effects of future increases in aerosol concentrations, models project an increase in the global mean near-surface air tempera-ture relative to 1990 of about 2 °C, an increase in sea level of about 50 cm, a greater risk for small islands and low-lying coastal areas, and extensions of the geographical range and season for vector or-ganisms by 2100.The clear proposition that the global average temperature should not exceed 2 °C above the pre-industrial level was first raised in the decision of the European Council’s conference in 1996 [2]. Based on the IPCC’s SAR and the IS92, and after considering the possible risks of climate change, the European Council held that global greenhouse gas emissions should be halved from the 1990 figure, and that CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere should be stabilized at approxi-mately 550 ppm (twice the pre-industrial level), so as to realize the target of limiting the global average temperature rise to 2 °C above pre-industrial levels (the goal for global mitigation cooperation). The EU did not give a reason for this decision, and its definitive ex-pression did not find support in the IPCC’s SAR. The proposition does not currently receive wide international recognition.4. IPCC’s Third and Fourth Assessment Reports and promotion at the G8 SummitIn 2001, the IPCC released its Third Assessment Report (TAR), which provided newer and stronger evidence to prove that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities (probability > 66% but < 90%). The impacts of cli-mate change include both advantages and disadvantages, but the larger and quicker the change, the more obvious the leading posi-tion of adverse impacts. In the Synthesis Report of the IPCC’s TAR [14], Question 1 pointed out that the natural, technical, and social sciences can provide essential information and evidence needed for decisions on what constitutes “dangerous anthropogenic interfer-ence with the climate system.” However, such decisions are value judgments determined through sociopolitical processes that consid-er development, equity, and sustainability, as well as uncertainties Fig. 1. IPCC’s TAR: Corresponding figures for assessment and impact risks. SRES : Special Report on Emissions Scenarios ; A1Fl, A1B, A1T, A2, B1, and B2 are alternative development paths and related greenhouse gas emissions scenarios provide in SRES ; IS92a: Scenario a in IPCC emission scenario 1992. Source: Ref. [14], Fig. SPM-2 in Summary for Policymakers , Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability .275 Y. Gao et al. / Engineering 3 (2017) 272–278frequent coral bleaching and widespread mortality. Regarding ex-treme weather, the projected droughts, heat waves, floods, and their adverse impacts would increase. Regarding the distribution of im-pacts, regions with the weakest economies are often the most vul-nerable to climate change, and the low-latitude and less-developed regions face increasing risks. Regarding aggregate impacts, the net cost of impacts with increased warming would increase as time goes on. And finally, regarding the risks of large-scale singularities, global warming lasting for many centuries would result in a rise in the sea level, which would be much larger than that observed in the 20th century; melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets could oc-cur on century timescales.The IPCC’s reports should be neutral with respect to policy; thus, the IPCC only provides comprehensive, objective, open, and transparent assessment reports, and leaves readers to make their own judgments. It does not define “dangerous anthropogenic in-terference with the climate system.” Compared with the previous three assessment reports, the AR4 provided a clearer and more intuitive explanation and expression of risks, as shown in Fig. 2[15]. The important progress at this stage is that the scientific commu-nity has confirmed the importance of risk assessment and value judgment of climate change for the determination of the long-term goal, thus pushing the discussion of a global temperature goal into the political process.In February 2005, at the request of the European Council, the European Commission reported on a cost-benefit analysis of the medium- and long-term emission reduction strategy and goal [16]. This report assumed that, until 2100, the global average temperature would rise by 1.4–5.8 °C compared with that in 1990, and the Euro-pean temperature would rise by 2.0–6.3 °C. If the temperature rise could be controlled to within 2 °C, the benefits would be sufficient to offset the cost of the mitigation policy; if the temperature rose over 2 °C, it would probably result in quicker and more unpredict-able climate response, and even irreversible and disastrous conse-quences. Based on this report, European Parliament reiterated the 2 °C target in the same year, and held that the TAR’s conclusion had indicated the necessity to strengthen emission reduction and limit global risks [17]. In July 2005, the British Prime Minister Tony Blair asked the Gleneagles G8 Summit to list climate change as one of two priority themes, as the UK served as the rotating president of the G8 Summit. However, the G8 did not reach consensus on a global tem-perature goal.In 2006, Sir Nicholas Stern (the economic consultant for the Brit-ish Prime Minister) published The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, in which he wrote that if no timely actions were tak-en in the following decades, climate change would result in the loss of 5%–20% of global GDP; however, if immediate and powerful global mitigation actions were taken to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at 500–550 ppm, the cost could be controlled at about 1% of global GDP per year [18]. After the publication of the IPCC’s AR4, climate change became one of the key topics of the G8 Summits in Heiligendamm (Germany) in 2007, in Toyako (Japan) in 2008, and in L’Aquila (Italy) in 2009. The final declaration made by the L’Aquila G8 Summit expressed willingness to limit the global temperature rise to within 2 °C of pre-industrial levels along with other countries, so that the global greenhouse gas emissions would be reduced by 50% before 2050, and so that devel-oped countries should reduce emissions by 80% or more by 2050. Although the scientific significance of taking a 2 °C temperature rise as the goal was unclear [19], a strong push from the EU at theFig. 2. IPCC’s AR4: Impact examples related to rising global average temperature. Source: Adapted from Ref. [15], Fig. 3.6 in Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.276Y. Gao et al. / Engineering 3 (2017) 272–278political level extended the discussion of the global temperature goal from the scientific level to the international political and diplo-matic levels.5. From the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference to the Paris Climate Change ConferenceThe 35th G8 Summit in July 2009 and the subsequent Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate (MEF) were held just be-fore the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference, attracting world-wide attention. The leaders of the 17 participating members of the MEF delivered a joint declaration requiring that the results of the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference comply with the UNFCCC’s goal and scientific requirements, thus unanimously recognizing that the global average temperature rise shall not be over 2 °C higher than pre-industrial levels [20]. It was the first time that a consen-sus had been reached between the main developed and developing countries regarding the 2 °C target. This MEF Summit delivered a strong political signal to the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference at the end of the same year. Thanks to the efforts of major powers, the 2 °C global temperature target was written into the Copenhagen Accord. Since the Copenhagen Accord was not unanimously rec-ognized by all parties, it did not have legal effect. Part I—“A shared vision for long-term cooperative action”—of the Cancún Agreements formulated at the 2010 Cancún Climate Change Conference stated that nations should work together in “… reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average tempera-ture below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, and that Parties should take urgent action to meet this long-term goal … strengthening the long-term global goal on the basis of the best available scientific knowledge, including in relation to a global average temperature rise of 1.5 °C” [21]. The 2 °C global temperature target was a global political consensus from then on.Since 2009, the political consensus of the 2 °C global tempera-ture target has had a major impact on the international scientific community. Corresponding climate change trend simulation, impact assessment, and emission reduction path studies have taken it as the object of scenario studies. Since the IPCC assessment is based on peer-reviewed scientific research, the AR5 of the IPCC fully assessed the scientific research related to the 2 °C global temperature target in 2014. A report from the AR5 Working Group I made the first quan-titative assessment on the cumulative emission space under the 2 °C global temperature target. The global average surface warming in the 21st century and subsequent period would mainly depend on the cumulative emission of CO2. In this report, transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) is defined as the global mean near-surface air temperature change per 1000 GtC (the shorthand for gigatons of carbon) emitted into the atmosphere. It quantifies the transient response of the climate system to cumu-lative carbon emissions. According to the AR5, TCRE is likely to fall within the range of 0.8–2.5 °C per 1000 GtC; this applies for cumu-lative emissions up to about 2000 GtC, until the time temperatures peak. Limiting the warming caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions alone with a probability of > 33%, > 50%, and > 66% to less than 2 °C since the period between 1861 and 1880 will require cumulative CO2 emissions from all anthropogenic sources to stay between 0 and about 1570 GtC (5760 GtCO2), 0 and about 1210 GtC (4440 GtCO2), and 0 and about 1000 GtC (3670 GtCO2) since that period, respec-tively; however, an amount of 515 (445–585) GtC (1890 (1630–2150) GtCO2), had already been emitted by 2011 [5].Based on the assessment of different sectors, regions, and key risks, the AR5 Working Group II pointed out that in case of a temperature rise of 1 °C or 2 °C compared with pre-industrial levels, the risks incurred by the world would be on the medium to high level, and in case of a temperature rise over 4 °C or even higher, the risks would be high or very high [22]. The AR5 Working Group III provided the most viable scenario to achieve the goal of keeping the global temperature rise until 2100 within 2 °C compared with the pre- industrial level: to limit the greenhouse gas concentration to 450 ppm CO2e (the shorthand for carbon dioxide equivalents). It will be necessary to reduce the global greenhouse gas emissions until 2030 to 50 Gt CO2e, to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 by 40%–70% compared with the 2010 level, and to limit green-house gas emissions to net zero in 2100. The Report also assessed the development and technical choice in sectors such as energy, transport, building, human settlements, infrastructure, and spatial planning under this goal [23].In summary, the IPCC’s AR5 Synthesis Report defined the rela-tionship between cumulative anthropogenic emissions of CO2, glob-al average temperature change, and the potential risks to the climate system until 2050. As shown in Fig. 3[24], the risk level indicated by any given global temperature rise and the five major reasons corre-sponds to the cumulative anthropogenic emissions of CO2 within a certain range.The AR5 did not clearly define the indices and values constituting “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” In fact, since it is highly sensitive for parties to consider the related information about Article 2 of the UNFCCC, when the AR5 Synthesis Report was reviewed and adopted at the IPCC’s 40th Session in Oc-tober 2014, the textbox providing information related to Article 2 of the UNFCCC was finally abandoned, and only the Preface of the Syn-thesis Report stated that the Report included information related to Article 2 of the UNFCCC. Nevertheless, the assessment conclusions drawn by the AR5 regarding the 2 °C global temperature target, as well as the scientific information required for decision-making (in-cluding emission budget, pathway, and technical choice) strength-ened the scientific basis for this political consensus.In 2011, the Durban Climate Change Conference established the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (hereinafter referred to as the Durban Platform). It launched the negotiation for an international mechanism applicable to all parties after 2020, and decided to strive for an ambitious global emission reduction goal with the timeframe for global greenhouse gas emis-sion peaking before 2050, taking into account reports such as the IPCC’s AR5 [25].From the launch of the Durban Platform to the conclusion of the Paris Agreement at the Paris Climate Change Conference, parties held different views about the expression of the UNFCCC’s prin-ciples, the scope of the agreement, and the legal form of the final results; however, the 2 °C global temperature target seemed indis-putable. The bilateral joint declarations delivered by China with the US, France, and the EU before the Paris Climate Change Conference had mentioned that it was required to “consider a global temper-ature goal within 2 °C.”† To a certain extent, this represented the consensus of China and the developed countries with respect to this issue. Based on scientific assessment and a series of political pushes, the Paris Agreement finally considered “holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels,” as one of three goals of the Agreement, and the 2 °C global temperature target was formally included in the international treaty with legal effect. During the 2016 Opening for the Signature of the Paris Agreement, held at the United Nations Headquarters in New York on 22 April, 175 parties (174 countries†US-China Joint Presidential Statement on Climate Change on November 12, 2014, in Beijing, China; EU-China Joint Declaration on Climate Change on June 29, 2015, in Brussels, Belgium; France-China Joint Presidential Statement on Climate Change on November 2, 2015, in Beijing, China.。

代理报关委托协议英文Customs Clearance Agency AgreementThis Customs Clearance Agency Agreement (“Agreement”) is made and entered into as of [Date], by and between the following parties:Client:Name: [Client's Name]Address: [Client's Address]Contact Info: [Client's Contact Information]Agent:Name: [Agent's Name – e.g., ABC Customs Agency LLC]Address: [Agent's Address]Contact Info: [Agent's Contact Information]Recitals:WHEREAS, the Client wishes to engage the services of the Agent for the purpose of customs clearance; andWHEREAS, the Agent agrees to provide such services under the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement.1. Scope of ServicesThe Agent shall provide customs clearance services for goods imported or exported by the Client in the United States as per the laws and regulations of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection.2. Authority and ResponsibilityThe Agent is authorized to act as the Client's representative for customs clearance purposes, including but not limited to preparing and submitting necessary documents, paying required duties and taxes, and communicating with customs authorities.3. Fees and PaymentThe Client agrees to pay the Agent a service fee of $500 per shipment for services rendered. Payment terms shall be net 30 days from the date of invoice.4. ComplianceThe Agent shall comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and policies of customs authorities. The Client shall provide all necessary documentation and information required for customs clearance.5. ConfidentialityBoth parties agree to maintain the confidentiality of all information and documents related to the customs clearance process.6. LiabilityThe Agent shall not be liable for any delays, loss, or penalties due to inaccurate or incomplete information provided by the Client or due to reasons beyond the Agent's control.7. Term and TerminationThis Agreement shall be effective from the date of signing and remain in effect until December 31, 20XX. Either party may terminate this Agreement with 30 days' notice.8. Dispute ResolutionAny disputes arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be resolved through negotiation, or if necessary, by arbitration or legal action in the jurisdiction of [specified court/location].9. Entire AgreementThis Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties regarding its subject matter and supersedes all prior communications, agreements, or understandings, both written and oral.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Customs Clearance Agency Agreement as of the date first above written.Client Signature: __________Agent Signature: __________。

内容摘要生产调度是在不增加或少增加投入的情况下，通过充分组合和利用现有资源，提高企业竞争力的最有效手段之一。

半导体生产线的结构复杂、设备多且加工特性各异，具有严重的可重入性、高度不确定性和多目标优化特征，所有这些给半导体生产线的调度带来了极大的困难。

在综述半导体生产线调度特点的基础上，对半导体生产线的动态调度进行了深入而细致的研究，给出了半导体生产线多目标优化动态调度规则（ＭＯＤＤ，Ｍｕｌｔｉ．ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅＯｐｔｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎＤｙｎａｍｉｃＤｉｓｐａｔｃ｝ｌｉｎｇＲｕｌｅ）。

ＭＯＤＤ包括五种类型的调度规则：正常生产状态调度规则、瓶颈设备低在制品水平调度规则、非瓶颈设备高在制品水平调度规则、多批加工设备调度规则与紧急工件调度规则。

该算法考虑了半导体生产线的本质特点，如可重入流、多批加工、紧急工件、次序相关的准备时间等等；能够同时优化半导体生产线多个性能指标。

如ＭＯＶＥＭＥＮＴ、加工周期、生产率与准时交货率。

但是该算法的局限性在于：在半导体生产线瓶颈变化频繁的情况下，可能会影响调度决策的快速性。

群体智能理论为半导体生产线动态调度提供了新的解决思路。

在充分理解群体智能理论的思想的基础上，提出了半导体生产线动态实时智能调度方法。

研究分三个阶段进行：第一阶段：基于信息素的间接交互方式，提出了基于信息素的半导体生产线动态实时智能调度算法（ＰＢＤＲ，Ｐｈｅｒｏｍｏｎｅ．ＢａｓｅｄＤｙｎａｍｉｃＲｅａｌ．ＴｉｍｅＳｃｈｅｄｕｔｉｎｇＡｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ）。

首先，模拟蚁群生态系统，构建了实现半导体生产线动态调度的ＭＡＳ系统（ＳＭＡＳ）。

在该系统中，使用每个蚂蚁ａｇｅｎｔ分别控制相应的工件、设备、运输工具与人员，将与调度相关的信息表示成相应的蚂蚁ａｇｅｎｔ的信息素。

蚂蚁ａｇｅｎｔ通过感知其他蚂蚁ａｇｅｎｔ的信息素来确定自己下一步行为，即选择合适的设备等待加工或选择合适的工件进行加工，从而实现动态调度。

该算法有两方面的优势：一是将调度相关信息表示成蚂蚁ａｇｅｎｔ的信息素后，可以根据要优化的性能指标，来相应地改变信息素的表示方式，对调度的结构却不发生影响，可以方便地实现方法的重用；二是决策时间短、计算量小、实时性好、易于实现，非常适用于动态调度。

复习题外贸英文函电l D/D WPA L/C CFR D/Al FOB D/P EMP FPA B/Ll感谢10月1日的电子邮件。

你们增长的销售额，是你们成功分销我产品的明证。

l我们认识到价格是维持、拓展市场的一个重要因素。

在不降低质量的前提下，我们一直努力降低成本。

实际上，我们的利润一直很低。

这就是我们不能再降低价格的原因。

但我们不会停止降低成本的努力。

l作为一个选择方案，可行的方法也许是提供一个低档的但是质量仍可接受的低价产品。

一些品种的说明书在附件中。

请告知你们对哪些产品有兴趣。

l你方通过Chartered银行开出的信用证已收到。

经仔细审核，我们发现其中有些条款与销售确认书不符，不符点如下：l 1.我们同意接受的价格术语是CFR而不是FOB。

l 2.应允许转运和分批装运。

l 3.数量前需加上“大约”的字样。

l请修改信用证并把装运期和信用证的有效期分别延展到九月底和十月十五号。

感谢你们的合作。

1l For the past five years we have been selling your Electronic Lighters to wholesalers and large dealers in all parts of Pakistan and our clients are very much satisfied with your products.The styles and colours are very much to the taste of our market.We have built up a considerable number of well-established connections with excellent business results.l As we understand that you have no agent in Pakistan,we would like to offer our services.l For your reference,we would propose a sole agency agreement for a duration of three years with annual turnover of50,000,60,000and70,000pieces for the first,second and third year respectively.On all sales,we are entitled to receive a commission of15%.During the validity of the agency agreement,we shall not handle any other foreign products of the same line and competitive types.The area to be covered by the agency agreement is confined to Pakistan.l If you agree to grant us the sole agency we will devote full attention to the development of your products on the Pakistan market and will go into the matter further.l We look forward to receiving your favourable reply.2l Thank you for your letter of the31st October in connection with sole agency.l In reply,we wish to state that we appreciate your efforts in pushing the sales of our Electronic Lighters in Pakistan and we are satisfied with your work in the past.However,after serious consideration,we do not think conditions are ripe to entrust you with the agency at the present stage as the sales volume mentioned in your letter under reply is too small for us to grant you the agency.To tell you frankly,the average annual quantity we sold to your country in the past few years is larger than what you mentioned.l In spite of this,please do not misinterpret our above remark,which in no way implies dissatisfaction.If a bigger turnover can be realized to justify establishing the agency we would like you to represent us.l We hope you will agree with on this point and continue placing orders with us as you have done so far.l 1.Such color deviation existing between the products and the samples is normal and permissible,so the compensation claimed is impracticable.l 2.Many banks in Hong Kong can issue Letters of Credit and effect payment in Renminbi.l 3.We would like to place an order for500sets“Lenova”brand Model262notebook computers at price of US$550each,CIF EMP,for shipment during July/August.l 4.It is in view of our long-standing business relationship that we accept your counter offer.l 5.Owing to the high expense for the opening of L/C here,we suggest that after shipment,you draw on us a sight draft for collection through your bank.l 6.I don’t think I can cut our price to that extent you required.Shall I suggest that we meet each other half way?l7.It will be appreciated if you will immediately let us have your firm offer for TV sets.l8.You should lodge a claim against either the carrier or the insurance company as the goods was damaged during transit.l9.Taking into consideration of our friendly business relations,we are of the opinion that if you could increase your order to8,000sets we would allow a5%discount.l10.They can not accept any fresh orders now because of heavy commitments.l 1.Marine insurance policy is required for110%of the invoice value against FPA and War Risk as per the People’s Insurance Co.of China.l 2.If a party does not pay a sum of money when it falls due the other party is entitled to interest upon that sum.l 3.The new packaging of this article is exquisitely designed and we are confident that it will appeal strongly to customers.l 4.In the absence of your definite instructions we will cover your goods against W.P.A and War Risk according to usual practice.l 5.We are responsible to replace the defective products.l 6.Considering the small amount involved,we are prepared,as an exception to make payment by D/P at sight for your first trial order.l7.If the goods are to be transshipped from one means of transportation to another during the course of the entire voyage,it’s called“combined transport”.l8.Because of the high cost of air transportation,we prefer sea transportation.l9.The cartons used for packing our sewing machines are light but strong,which save shipping space and facilitate the storage and distribution of the goods.l10.As your cargos are shipped all year around,we make it a rule to cover insurance under open cover.l很抱歉，我方不能接受你方的还盘，因为我方报给你方的价格是很实际的。

方兆本个人简介：方兆本， 1945年生，浙江金华人。

教授，博士生导师。

1986年获美国匹兹堡大学统计学博士。

1990年加拿大温哥华UBC大学访问讲学。

中国现场统计学会理事、中国概率统计学会理事，美国当代统计索引CIS通讯编辑，美国ASA、IMS会员。

曾任科大数学系主任，现任全国政协常委，安徽省政协副主席，民建安徽省主委，中国科技大学商学院院长。

在《概率纪事》、《统计纪事》、《多元分析》等杂志发表论文几十篇。

推广Hofffding引理被收入Cox著统计渐进技术。

对多维相依序、泊松过程刻画、非参数回归、金融工程等问题做出深入研究。

近年力主统计与经济、金融、保险的结合，创立了科大的保险精算教育，致力于金融工程人才培养，推进MBA、MPA教育。

专业方向：概率论与数理统计、概率统计所授课程：随机过程、概率论、数理统计、多元统计分析(专业课）、随机分析（专业课）科研项目：1.火灾风险评估方法学2.针对信用卡用户的信用评估与风险分级3.合肥市个人信用评分系统4.深圳市个人信用评分系统5.鹏华基金投资组合与风险管理控制系统6.香港恒生指数期权市场波动性之研究7.大数量普通股投资优化的Portfolio模型及其解8.不完全市场中有价证券组合的定价理论9.个人与企业信用评分模型设计10.信息技术在金融证券市场中的应用及高性能决策分析软件系统的研究论文著作：股市波动性预测模型改进研究（本文从参数估计准则和收益率波动性的定量表达这两方面来探讨股市收益的波动性预测改进方法，并由些提出了以收益率偏差绝对值为代替偏差平方并利用非线性最小二乘法来估计参数的（A）GARCH – NLS模型。

最后，我人以国泰君安指数、上证综指以及深证成指1998.1.5 – 2002.9.25的每日收盘价格为样本来考察各种合理替代所产生的模型对股市波动性的预测性能影响。

结果发现，（A）GARCH –NLS模型对股市波动性的预测精确度有了较显著的提高。

Appears in: AI magazine Volume 19, No.2 Intelligent Agents Summer 1998.ArticlesMultiagentystemsMThe characteristicsof MASs arethat(1) eachagent has incompleteinformation or capabilitiesfor solvingthe problemand, thus, has a limited viewpoint; (2)there is no system globalcontrol;(3) data are decentralized;and (4) computationis asynchronous. O’Hare and Jennings 1996; Bond and Gasser 1988).It is becoming increasingly clear that to be successful,increased research resources and attention should begiven to systems consisting of not one but multiple agents.The distributed AI (DAD community that started forming inthe early 1980s and was tiny compared to mainstream, single-agent AI is rapidly increasing. The growth of the MAS field isindisputable.Research in MASs is concerned with the study, behavior,and construction of a collection of possibly preexistingautonomous agents that interact with each other and theirenvironments. Study of such systems goes beyond the study ofindividual intelligence to consider, in addition, problemsolving that has social components. An MAS can be defined asa loosely coupled network of problem solvers that interact tosolve problems that are beyond the individual capabilities orknowledge of each problem solver (Durfee and Lesser 1989).These problem solvers, often ailed agent, are autonomous andcan be heterogeneous in nature.The characteristic of MASs are that (1) each agent hasincomplete information or capabilities for solving the problemand. thus, has a limited viewpoint; (2) there is no systemglobal control; (3) data are decentralized; and (4) computationis asynchronous. The motivations for the increasing interest inMAS research include the ability of MASs to do thefollowing:First is to solve problems that are too large for a centralizedagent to solve because of resource limitations or the sheer riskof having one centralized system that could be a performancebottleneck or could fail at critical times.Second is to allow for the interconnection andinteroperation of multiple existing legacy systems. To keeppace with changing businessneeds, legacy systems must periodically beupdated. Completely rewriting such software tends to beprohibitively expensive and is often simply impossible.Therefore, in the short to medium term, the only way that suchlegacy systems can remain useful is to incorporate them into awider cooperating agent community in which they can beexploited by other pieces of software. Incorporating legacysystems into an agent society can be done, for example, bybuilding an agent wrapper around the software to enable it tointeroperate with other systems (Genesereth and Ketchpel1994).Third is to provide solutions to problems that can naturally beregarded as a society of autonomous interacting components-agents.For example, in meeting scheduling a scheduling agent thatmanages the calendar of its user can be regarded asautonomous and interacting with other similar agentsthat manage calendars of different users (Garrido andSycara 1996; Dent et al. 1992). Such agents also canbe customized to reflect the preferences and constraintof their users. Other examples include air-trafficcontrol (Kinny et al 1992; Cammarata, McArthur, andSteeb 1983) and multiagent bargaining for buying andselling goods on the internetFourth is to provide solutions that efficiently useinformation sources that are spatially distributed.Examples of such domains include sensor networks(Corkill and Lesser 1983), seismic monitoring (Masonand Johnson 1989), and information gathering fromthe internet (Sycara et al. 1996).Fifth is to provide solutions in situations whereexpertise is distributed. Examples of such problemsinclude concurrent engineering (Lewis and Sycara1993), health care, and manufacturing.Sixth is to enhance performance along thedimensions of (1) computational efficiency becauseconcurrency of computation is exploited (as long ascommunication is kept minimal, for example, bytransmitting high-level information and results ratherthan low-level data); (2) reliability, that is, gracefulrecovery of component failures, because agents withredundant capabilities or appropriate interagentcoordination are found dynamically (for example,taking up responsibilities of agents that fail); (3)extensibility because the number and the capabilities ofagents working on a problem can be altered; (4)robustness, the system’s ability to tolerate uncertaintybecause suitable information is exchanged amongagents; (5) maintainability because a system composedof multiple components-agents is easier to maintainbecause of Its modularity; (6) responsiveness becausemodularity can handle anomalies locally, notpropagate them to the whole system; (7) flexibilitybecause agents with different abilities can adaptivelyorganize to solve the current problem; and(8) reuse because functionally specific agents can bereused in different agent teams to solve differentproblems.MASs are now a research reality and are rapidlyhaving a critical presence in many human-computerenvironments. My purpose in this article is not toprovide a detailed review of the field; I leave this taskto others (see, for example, Huhns and Singh [1997],O’Hare and Jennings [19961, Wooldridge andJennings [1995], Chaib-draa et al. [19921, and BondandAI MAGAZINEGasser [1988] for surveys). Rather than present an in-depth analysis and critique of the field, I instead briefly discuss some key topic and indicate how they are interrelated. Where appropriate, references to more detailed treatments are provided.Multiagent SystemIssues and ChallengesAlthough MASs provide many potential advantages, they also present many difficult challenges. Here, I present problems inherent in the design and implementation of MASs. The list of challenges includes problems first posed in Bond and Gasser (1988), but I have added some:First, how do we formulate, describe, decompose, and allocate problems and synthesize results among a group of intelligent agents?Second, how do we enable agents to communicate and interact? What communication languages and protocols do we use? How can heterogeneous agents interoperate? What and when can they communicate? How can we find useful agents in an open environment?Third, how do we ensure that agents act coherently in making decisions or taking action, accommodating the non-local effects of local decisions and avoiding harmful interactions? How do we ensure the MAS does not become resource bounded? How do we avoid unstable system behavior?Fourth, how do we enable individual agents to represent and reason about the actions, plans, and knowledge of other agents to coordinate with them; how do we reason about the state of their coordinated process (for example, initiation and completion)? Fifth, how do we recognize and reconcile disparate viewpoints and conflicting intentions among a collection of agents trying to coordinate their actions?Sixth, how do we engineer and constrain practical DAI systems? How do we design technology platforms and development methodologies for MASs?Solutions to these problems are intertwined (Gasser 1991). For example, different modeling schemes of an individual agent can constrain the range of effective coordination regimes; different procedures for communication and interaction have implications for behavioral coherence. Different problem and task decompositions can yield different interactions. It is arguable whether one can find a unique most important dimension along which a treatment of MASs can cogently be organized. Here, I attempt to use the dimension of effective overall problem-solving coherence of an MAS as the organizing theme.Ensuring that an MAS exhibits coherent collectivebehavior while it avoids unpredictable or harmfulbehavior (for example, chaos, oscillation) is indeed amajor challenge: By its very nature, an MAS lacksglobal perspective, global control, or global data.Coherence is a global (or regional) property of theMAS that could be measured by the efficiency, qualityand consistency of a global solution (system behavior)as well as the ability of the system to degradegracefully in the presence of local failures. Severalmethods for increasing coherence have been studied.These methods, along with issues of single-agentstructuring in an MAS, cover the topic I want tosurvey here.Individual Agent ReasoningSophisticated individual agent reasoning can increaseMAS coherence because each individual agent canreason about nonlocal effects of local actions, formexpectations of the behavior of others, or explain andpossibly repair conflicts and harmful interactions.Numerous works in AI research try to formalize alogical axiomatization for rational agents (seeWooldridge and Jennings (19951) for a survey). Thisaxiomatization is accomplished by formalizing amodel for agent behavior in terms of beliefs, desires,goals, and so on- These works are known as belief-desire-intention (BDI) systems (see Rao and Georgeff[1991] and Shoham (19931). An agent that has a BDI-type architecture has also been called deliberative.In my own work on the RETSINA multiagentinfrastructure, agents coordinate to gather informationin the context of user problem-solving tasks. EachRETSINA agent is a BDI-type agent that integratesplanning, scheduling, execution, informationgathering, and coordination with other agents (Decker,Pannu, et al. 1997; Sycara et at. 1996). Each agent hasa sophisticated reasoning architecture that consists ofdifferent modules that operate asynchronously.The planning module takes as input a set of goals andproduces a plan that satisfies the goals. The agentplanning process is based on a hierarchical tasknetwork (HTN) planning formalism. It takes as inputthe agents current set of goals, the current set of taskstructures, and a library of task-reduction schemas. Atask-reduction schema presents a way of carrying out atask by specifying a set of subtasks-actions anddescribing the information-flow relationships betweenthem. (See Williamson, Decker, and Sycara [19961]).The communication and coordination module acceptsand interprets messagesSophisticatedindividualagentreasoning canincrease MAScoherencebecause eachindividualagent canreason aboutnonlocal effectsof localactions,formexpectations ofthe behavior ofothers, orexplain andpossiblyrepair conflictsand harmfulinteractions.from other agents in KQML. Messages can contain requests for services. These requests become goals of the recipient agent. The scheduling module schedules each of the plan steps. The agent scheduling process takes as input, in general, the agents current set of plan instances and, in particular, the set of all executable actions and decides which action, if any, is to be executed next This action is then identified as a fixed intention until it is actually carried out (by the execution component). Agent-reactivity considerations are handled by the execution-monitoring process. Execution monitoring takes as input the agents next intended action and prepares, monitors, and completes its execution. The execution monitor prepares an action for execution by setting up a context (including the results of previous actions) for the action. It monitors the action by optionally providing the associated computation-limited resources--for example, the action might be allowed only a certain amount of time, and if the action does not complete before the time is up, the computation is interrupted, and the action is marked as having failed. Failed actions are handled by the exception-handling process. The agent has a domain-independent library of plan fragments (task structures) that are indexed by goals as well as a domain-specific library of plan fragments that can be retrieved and incrementally instantiated according to the current input parameters.Reactive agents have also been developed. Reactive agents have their roots in Brooks’s (1991) criticism of deliberative agents and his assertions that (1) intelligence is the product of the interaction of an agent and its environment and (2) intelligent behavior emerges from the interaction of various simpler behaviors organized in a layered way through a master-slave relationship of inhibition (subsumption archi-tecture). A different reactive architecture is based on considering the behavior of an agent as the result of competing entities trying to get control over the actions of the agent This idea has its root in the society of the mind (Minsky 1986) and has been employed in different ways by Maes (1990), Travers (1988), and Drogul and Ferber (Ferber 1996; Drogul and Ferber 1992). An agent is defined as a set of conflicting tasks where only one can be active simultaneously. A task is a high-level behavioral sequence as opposed to the low-level actions performed directly by actuators. A reinforcement mechanism is used as a basic learning tool to allow the agents to learn to be more efficient in tasks that are often used. This architecture has been used in the MANTA system to simulate the behavior of ants (Ferber 1996).Reactive agents do not have representations of their environment and act using a stimulus response type of behavior they respond to the present state of the environment in which they are situated. They do not take history into account or plan for the future. Through simple interactions with other agents, complex global behavior can emerge. This characteristic is a strength of the approach because theagents do not need to revise their world model as itchanges. Thus, robustness and fault tolerance are twoof the main properties of reactive systems. A group ofagents can complete a task even if one of them fails.However, purely reactive systems suffer from twomain limitations:First, because purely reactive agents make decisionsbased on local information, they cannot take intoconsideration non-local information or predict theeffect of their decisions on global behavior Suchmyopic behavior could lead to unpredictable andunstable system behavior (Thomas and Sycara 1998;Huberman and Hogg 1988). In reactive systems, therelationship between individual behaviors, environ-ment, and overall behavior is not understandable,which necessarily makes it hard to engineer agents tofulfill specific tasks: One must use a laborious processof experimentation, trial, and error to engineer an agentor an MAS. Despite these disadvantages, reactive sys-tems have advantages of speed (the sophisticatedreasoning of deliberative agents can slow them; hence,they are useful in rapidly changing environments).In fact, for most problems, neither a purely deliberativenor a purely reactive architecture is appropriate, buthybrid architectures can combine aspects of both.Typically, these architectures are realized as a numberof software layers, each dealing with a different levelof abstraction. Most architectures find three layerssufficient. Thus, at the lowest level in the hierarchy,there is typically a reactive layer, which makesdecisions about what to do based on raw sensor inputThe middle layer typically abstracts away from rawsensor input and deals with a knowledge-level view ofthe agents environment, typically making use ofsymbolic representations. The uppermost level of thearchitecture tends to deal with the social aspects of theenvironment. Coordination with other agents istypically represented in the uppermost layer .The waythat the layers interact with one another to produce theglobal behavior of the agent differs from architectureto architecture (Bonasso et at. 1996; Ferguson 1995,1992; Muller and Pischel 1994).The area of agent architectures, particularly layeredarchitectures, continues to be an areaReactive agentsdo not haverepresentationsof theirenvironmentand act using astimulus-response typeof behavior;they respond tothe presentstate of theenvironment inwhich they aresituated.Articlesof considerable research effort within the multiagent field. For example, there is ongoing work to investigate the appropriateness of var-ious architectures for different environment types. It turns out to be hard to evaluate one agent architecture against another, especially within the context of an MAS.OrganizationsAn organization provides a framework for agent interactions through the definition of roles, behavior expectations, and authority relations. Organizations are, in general, conceptualized in terms of their structure, that is, the pattern of information and control relations that exist among agents and the distribution of problem -solving capabilities among them. In cooperative problem solving, for example (Corkill and Lesser 1983), a structure gives each agent a high level view of how the group solves problems. The structure should also indicate the connec-tivity information to the agents so they can distribute subproblems to competent agents.In open-world environments, agents in the system are not statically predefined but can dynamically enter and exit an organization, which necessitates mechanisms for agent locat-ing. This task is challenging, especially in envi-ronments that include large numbers of agents and that have information sources, communi-cation links, and/or agents that might be appearing and disappearing. Researchers have identified different kinds of middle agent (Decker, Sycara, and Williamson 1997) that help agents find others. When an agent is instantiated, it advertises its capabilities to a middle agent An agent that is looking to find another that possesses a particular capability (for example, can supply particular information or achieve a problem-solving goal) can query a middle agent In the RETSINA infrastructure, there could be multiple middle agents, not only in type but also in number For example, protocols have been developed for distributed matchmaking (Jha et at. 1998). Another perspective in DAI defines organiza-tion less in terms of structure and more interms of current organization theory. Forexample, Gasser (1986) views an organizationas a "particular set of settled and unsettledquestions about beliefs and actions throughwhich agents view other agents." In this view,an organization is defined as a set of agentswith mutual commitments, global commit-ments, and mutual beliefs (Bond and Gasser1988). An organization consists of a group ofagents, a set of activities performed by theagents, a set of connections among agents, anda set of goals or evaluation criteria by whichthe combined activities of the agents are eval-uated. The organizational structure imposesconstraints on the ways the agentscommunicate and coordinate. Examples oforganizations that have been explored in theMAS literature include the following:Hierarchy: The authority for decision-making and control is concentrated in a singleproblem solver (or specialized group) at eachlevel in the hierarchy. Interaction is throughvertical communication from superior to sub-ordinate agent, and vice versa. Superior agentsexercise control over resources and decision-making.Community of experts: This organization isflat, where each problem solver is a specialistin some particular area. The agents interact byrules of order and behavior (Lewis and Sycara1993; Lander, Lesser, and Connell 1991).Agents coordinate though mutual adjustmentof their solutions so that overall coherence canbe achieved.Market: Control is distributed to the agentsthat compete for tasks or resources throughbidding and contractual mechanisms. Agentsinteract through one variable, price, which isused to value services (Mullen and Wellman1996; Davis and Smith 1983; Sandholm 1993).Agents coordinate through mutual adjustmentof prices.Scientific community: This is a model ofhow a pluralistic community could operate(Kornfeld and Hewitt 1981). Solutions toproblems are locally constructed, then they arecommunicated to other problem solvers thatcan test, challenge, and refine the solution(Lesser 1991).In open, dynamic environments, the issueof organizational adaptivity is crucial.Organizations that can adapt to changingcircumstances by altering the pattern ofinteractions among the different constituentagents have the potential to achieve coherencein changing and open environments. RETSINAexhibits organizational adaptivity throughcooperation mediated by middle agents.RETSINA agents find their collaboratorsdynamically based on the requirements of thetask and on which agents are part of thesociety at any given time, thus adaptivelyforming teams on demand (Decker,Williamson, and Sycara 1996a).Organizations are, in general,conceptualized in terms oftheir structure, that is, thepattern of informationand control relationsthat exist among agents andthe distribution of problem-solving capabilities amongthem.Task AllocationTask allocation is the problem of assigningresponsibility and problem-solving resourcesto an agent. Minimizing task interdependen-cies has two general benefits regarding coher-ence: First, it improves problem-solving effi-ciency by decreasing communication overheadSUMMER 1998among the problem-solving agents. Second, it improves the chances for solution consistency by minimizing potential conflicts. In the second case, it also improves efficiency because resolving conflicts can be a time-consuming process.The issue of task allocation was one of the earliest problems to be worked on in DAI research. On the one extreme, the designer can make all the task assignments in advance, thus creating a nonadaptive problem-solving organization. This approach is limiting and inflexible for environments with a high degree of dynamism, openness, and uncertainty. However, one can do task allocation dynamically and flexibly. The issue of flexible allocation of tasks to multiple agents received attention early on (Davis and Smith 1983). Davis and Smith’s work resulted in the well-known CONTRACT NET PROTOCOL (CNP). In this protocol, agents can dynamically take two roles: (1) manager or (2) contractor. Given a task to perform, an agent first deter-mines whether it can break it into sub-tasks that can be performed concurrently. It utilizes the protocol to announce the tasks that could be transferred and requests bids from agents that could perform any of these tasks. An agent that receives a task-announcement message replies with a bid for the task, indicating how well it thinks it can perform the task. The contractor collects the bids and awards the task to the best bidder. The CNP allows nodes to broadcast bid requests to all others. The CNP was sub-sequently used to control factory floor operations (Parunak 1987). AIthough CNP was considered by Smith and Davis and many DAI researchers to be a negotiation principle, it is a coordination method for task allocation, CNP enables dynamic task allocation, allows agents to bid for multiple tasks at a time, and provides natural load balancing (busy agents need not bid). Its limitations are that It does not detect or resolve conflicts, the manager does not inform nodes whose bids have been refused, agents cannot refuse bids, there is no preemption in task execution (time-critical tasks might not be attended to), and it is communication intensive. Extensionsto CNP have been made by Sandholm and Lesser (1995), where decommitmentpenalties were introduced, and by Sycara(1997), where the theory of financial optionpricing has been used to achieve flexiblecontracting schemes in uncertainenvironment.Multiagent PlanningAgents can improve coherence by planningtheir actions. Planning for a single agent is aprocess of constructing a sequence of actionsconsidering only goals, capabilities, andenvironmental constraints. However, plan-ning in an MAS environment also considersthe constraints that the other agents’ activitiesplace on an agent’s choice of actions, theconstraints that an agent’s commitments toothers place on its own choice of actions,and the unpredictable evolution of the worldcaused by other unmodeled agents.Most early work in DAI has dealt withgroups of agents pursuing common goals(for example, Lesser [1991); Lesser, Durfee,and Corkill [1989]; Durfee [19881; Conry,Meyer and Lesser [19881; Cammaarata,McArthur, and Steeb [19831). Agentinteractions are guided by cooperationstrategies meant to improve their collectiveperformance. Most work on multiagentplanning assumes an individual sophisticatedagent architecture that enables them to dorather complex reasoning. Early work ondistributed planning took the approach ofcomplete planning before action. To producea coherent plan, the agents must be able torecognize subgoal interactions and avoidthem or resolve them. Early work byGeorgeff (Rao and Georgeff 1991) includeda static agent to recognize and resolve suchinteractions. The agents sent this agent theirplan; the agent examined them for criticalregions where, for example, contention forresources could cause them to fail. The agentthen inserted synchronization messages (akinto operating system semaphores) so that oneagent would wait till the resource wasreleased by another agent In the work byCammarata on air-traffic control (Steeb et al.1988; Cammarata, McArthur, and Steeb1983), the synchronizing agent wasdynamically assigned according to differentcriteria, and it could alter its p1w to removethe interaction (avoid collision). Anotherapproach to resolving subprobleminterdependencies that result from anincomplete set of data for each agent thatcould allow it to solve a subproblem terncompletely is theFUNCTIONALLY ACCURATE MODEL (FA/C)(Lesser 1991). In the PA/C model, agents donot need to have all the necessary informationlocally to solve their subproblems but insteadinteract through the asynchronous, coroutineexchange of partial results. With the FA/Cmodel, a series of sophisticated distributedcontrol schemes for agent coordination weredeveloped, such as the use of static metalevelinformation specified by an organizationalstructure and the use of dynamic metalevelinformation developed in partial globalplanning (PGP) (Durfee 1987).POP is a flexible approach to coordinationthat does not assume any particulardistribution of subproblems, expertise, orother resources but, instead, lets nodescoordinate in response to current situations(Durfee 1987)- Agent interactions take theform of communicating plans and goals at anappropriate level of abstraction. Thesecommunications enable a receiving agent toform expectations about the future behaviorof a sending agent, thus improving agentpredictability and network coherence (Durfee1988). Because agents are cooperative, therecipient agent uses the information in theplan to adjust its own local planning appro-priately, so that the common planning goals(and planning effectiveness criteria) are metBesides their common POPs, agents alsohave some common knowledge about howand when to use POPs. Decker and Lesser(1995) addressed some of the limitations ofthe POP by creating a generic POP-basedframework called TAEMS to handle issues ofreal time (for example, scheduling todeadlines) and metacontrol (for example, toobviate the need to do detailed planning at allpossible node interactions). TAUV45 has beenused as a framework for evaluation ofcoordination algorithms.Another direction of research incooperative multiagent planning has。

Distributorship经销Distributorship agreement经销协议Exclusive sales / exclusive distributorship独家经销/包销Exclusive distributor独家经销商Right of exclusive sales独家经营权Agency代理Agent代理商Principal委托人Sole / exclusive agency独家代理Exclusive agency agreement独家代理协议Invitation to tender招标Submission of tender投标Bidding documents招标文件Opening of tender开标Auction拍卖Consignment寄售Consignor寄售人Consignee代销商Counter trade对等贸易A barter易货贸易B counterpurchase 互购parallel/reciprocal trade平行贸易/对购C buy-back 回购/ compensation trade补偿贸易D offset抵销Letter of intent意向书MOU: Memorandum of Understanding谅解备忘录Processing trade加工贸易Processing with imported materials进料加工Processing with customer’s materials来料加工Futures trade期货交易Futures market期货市场Commodity exchange商品交易所Clearing house清算所Close price成交价Hedging套期保值Selling hedging卖期保值Buying hedging买期保值FDI: Foreign Direct Investment外国直接投资Fix-capital input固定资本投入Horizontal expansion横向发展International capital movement国际资本流动Anticipated return预期回报Economy of scale规模经济Diseconomy of scale规模不经济Business stages:A inquiry询盘B offer发盘C counter offer还盘D acceptance接受Selling offer售货发盘Buying offer购货发盘/递盘Invoke撤回The performance of export contract出口合同的履行Trade-off权衡Collaboration协作Parent company母公司Subsidiary子公司Licensor许可方Licensee被许可方Corporate family公司群Proprietary assets专利资产Operational form经营形式Line/scope of business经营范围Royalty许可使用费Master franchise特约总经销Cross-licensing相互特约经销Franchisee特约经销接受方Franchisor特约经销授权方Vertically integrated company纵向一体化公司Intangible property无形资产Licensing agreement许可协议Sales representative销售代表End user直接用户Overseas agent海外代理Credit investigation资信调查Potential pitfall潜在危险Global concentration面向世界Freight forwarder货运代理Sales record销售记录Piggyback export挂靠才出口Direct selling直销Production capacity生产能力Entry mode切入方式Export revenue出口收入Promotional campaign促销活动Essence of export出口本质Commission agent佣金代理商Export-import strategy进出口策略Commercial invoice商业发票B/L: Bill of Lading提单Consular invoice领事发票Certificate of origin原产地证书Export packing list出口装箱单Settlement of the payment 货款结算Payment currency支付货币Depreciate / Appreciate贬/升值Evaluation currency估价货币Convertible currency可转化货币Hard / Soft currency硬币/软币Operative Instruments:有效票据A. Bill of Exchange; Bill / Draft汇票B. Promissory note本票C. Check支票Banker’s draft银行汇票Commercial draft商业汇票Clean draft光票汇票Documentary draft跟单汇票Sight / Demand draft即期汇票Time / Usance draft远期汇票Commercial acceptance draft商业承兑汇票Banker’s acceptance draft银行承兑汇票Processes to handle a draft:A. to draw出票B. to present提示C. to accept承兑D. to pay支付Drawer出票人Drawee受票人Parties当事人Tenor期限Days of grace宽限期Prior party前手Subsequent party后手Dishonour拒付Recourse追索Face value票面价值Debtor债权人Bona fide holder善意持有人Notary public公证人General promissory note一般本票Banker’s promissory note or cashier’s order银行本票Depositor储户Falsely claim冒领Initial / Counter signature初/复签Crossed check划线支票Payment Methods:A. remittance汇付B. collection托收C letter of credit信用证Favourable exchange顺汇Adverse exchange逆汇Bank / Commercial credit银行/商业信用Remittance:A. T / T : telegraphic transfer电汇B. M / T: mail transfer信汇C. D / D: ( remittance by banker’s ) demand draft 票汇Remitter汇款人Remitting bank汇出行Receiving / Paying bank汇入行/解付行Type of remittance汇款方式Remittance fee汇费Cable confirmation电汇证实书Debit advice 付讫借记通知Payment order支付通知书C.W.O.: cash with order随订单付现O / A trade: open account trade赊帐贸易C.O.D.: Cash on delivery交货后付款Payment in advance预付货款Remittance against documents凭单付汇Draw a bill of exchange on向…开汇票Financial documents金融单据Commercial documents商业单据Documentary collection跟单托收Clean collection光票托收Payment balance货款尾数/余额Remitting bank托收银行Collecting bank代收行Presenting bank提示行Documentary Collection:跟单托收A. D / P: documents against payment付款交单B. D / A: documents against acceptance丞兑交单D / P at sight即期付款交单D / P after sight远期付款交单T/R: trust receipt信托收据Factoring保理（国际保付代理业务）Applicant / Opener开证申请人/开证人Opening / Issuing bank开证行Advising / Notifying bank通知行Beneficiary受益人Negotiating bank议付行Paying bank付款行Confirming bank保兑行Paying bank agent代付行Reimbursing bank偿付行Clearing bank信用证清算银行Transferring bank转让行L/G: banker’s letter of gurantee银行保函/银行保证书Varieties of L/C:A. documentary L/C跟单信用证B. clean L/C光票信用证C. revocable L/C可撤销信用证D. irrevocable L/C不可撤销信用证E. confirmed L/C保兑信用证F. unconfirmed L/C非保兑信用证G. sight payment L/C即期付款信用证H. deferred payment L/C延期付款信用证I. acceptance L/C承兑信用证K. negotiation L/C议付信用证L. sight L/C即期信用证M. time/usance L/C远期信用证N. transferable L/C可转让信用证O. untransferable L/C不可转让信用证Q. revolving L/C循环信用证R. reciprocal L/C对开信用证S. back-to-back L/C对背信用证T. anticipatory L/C (Red clause L/C)预支信用证/红条款信用证U. local L/C本地信用证V.standby L/C备用信用证Insurer保险人Insured投保人Insurance policy保险单Subject matter insured保险标的Insured amount保险金额Premium保险费Basic principles of insurance:A. insurable interest保险利益B. utmost good faith最大诚信C. principle of indemnity补偿原则D. proximate cause近因原则Risks:A. perils of the sea海上风险B. extraneous risks外来风险Losses损失:A. Total Loss全部损失/全损B Partial Loss部分损失General average contribution共同海损分摊Expenses:A sue and labour expenses施救费用B salvage charges救助费用PICC: People’s Insurance Company of China中国人民保险公司C.I.C.: China Insurance Clause中国保险条款I.C.C.: Institute Cargo Clause协会货物条款Basic Risks Coverage:A F.P.A: Free From Particular Average平安险B W.P.A.: With Particular Average水渍险C A.R.: All Risks一切险W/W clause: Warehouse to Warehouse Clause仓至仓条款General Additional Risks:A. clash and breakage碰损、破碎险B. taint of odour串味险C. fresh water and / or rain damage淡水雨淋险D. theft, pilferage and non-delivery: T.P.N.D.偷窃、提货不着险E. shortage短量险F. leakage渗漏险G. intermixture and contamination混杂、玷污险H. hook damage钩损险I. sweat and heating受潮收热险K. rust锈损险L. breakage of packing包装破裂险Special Additional Risks:A. war risk战争险B. strike risk罢工险C. aflatoxin黄曲霉素险D. failure to deliver交货不到险E. on deck risk舱面险F. import duty risk进口关税险G. rejection拒收险H fire risk extension clause (F.R.E.C.)—for storage of cargo at destination of Hong Kong including Kowloon or Macao.货物出口到香港（包括九龙）或澳门存仓火险责任扩展条款Insurance Documents;A. insurance policy保险单/大保单B. insurance certificate保险凭证C. combined certificate联合凭证D. open policy预约保单E. endorsement批单SRCC: strike, riots and civil commotions罢工、暴动、民变险I.O.P.: irrespective of percentage不论损失程度Claim settlement理赔Insurable value保险价值Franchise免赔率Insurance: To be covered by the Seller for 110% of the total invoice value against All Risks, as per and subject to the relevant ocean marine cargo clauses of the People’s Insurance Company of China, dated January1, 1981.保险由卖方按发票金额的110%投保一切险，以中国人民保险公司1981年1月1日有关海洋运输货物保险条款为准。

跟外国人谈生意你一定要懂得重点词组！今天我们就来学习一下关于和外国人做生意时，哪一些词汇是你一定要懂的。

毕竟现在的世界发展速度这么快，我们又经常和外国人打交道，这些单词如果你不会的话，很容易会理解错别人的意思哦。

不受顾客欢迎 be out of favor with the customers(订单)任务繁重 heavy commitments外汇汇率 rate of foreign exchange无与伦比 be superior beyond comparison办个工厂 to run a factory有关的 covering银行手续费和保证金 bank charges as well as deposit备货 to get the goods ready订舱 book the shipping space装运 to effect shipment放心 rest assured诸如此类 and what not质押资金 tie up one’s capital签发信用证 to issue an L/C开信用证 to open an L/C出示单据议付presentation of shipping documents and negotiation一定、务必 without fail展期20天 to extend for 20 days凭样交货 shipment per sample允许分批装运和转船partial shipment and transshipment allowed信用证少开了5000美元 the credit is short-established to the amount of $ 5000买得起 afford to buy装船延期 to postpone the shipmen t尽力 to exert oneself及时交货 timely delivery着手发运货物 set about making delivery在有效期内 be within validity撤盘 to withdraw the offer金融状况 financial status装船通知 shipping advice装船须知 shipping instruction超过船舷 pass over the rail一劳永逸地告诉你 to tell you once and for all 活到老学到老 one lives to learn租船 to charter a ship承担费用 to bear charges履行责任 to discharge/fulfill responsibilities 装运港 loading port关税 custom duty合同号 contract number外行 layman或者说 or rather货物吊上船 the goods on the hook拍卖这一库存 to sell off the stock海关手续 custom formalities亏本 lose out按严格程序 be in strict rotation提前装运 to advance shipment确保准时装运 to ensure punctual shipment 交易量 volume of trade(工人)上三班 work three shifts在手的过期未交货订单 back orders打退堂鼓 to back out忙季 busy season旺季 high season萧条季节 slack season销售季节 shopping season上市、旺季 be in season下市、淡季 be out of season木箱 wooden case纸盒 cardboard box关税配额 custom quota海关放行 custom clearance海关官员 custom officer安排装船 arrange shipment加速装船 expedite shipment延期装船 extend shipment提前装船 advance shipment延迟装船 postpone shipment期货 future舱位订满 the shipping space has been booked up直达轮 direct steamer增加货物被盗或损坏的风险add to the risks of pilferage and damage修改信用证 to amend L/C整批装运 ship the whole lot at one time提出建议 to put forth a proposal急需这批货 be in urgent need of the goods在途中 be in transit信用证条款与合同条款严格一致 the stipulations in the L/C are in strict conformity with that of the contract目的港 port of destination聚乙烯包装物 polythene wrapper橱窗展览 window show立足市场 find a footing in the market赶时髦 to keep up with fashion式样新奇、时尚 novel and fashionable design颜色鲜亮 bright color迎合顾客口味to meet customers’ taste按照 as per携带轻便 light to handle保证安全 to ensure safety为……而感谢 be obliged for分公司 branch office小圆桶 keg麻袋 gunny bag袋sack听(容器)tin铁皮圆桶 drum茶叶箱 chest捆 bundle琵琶桶 barrel包装费用 packing charges装箱单 packing list包装指示 packing instructions出口包装 export packing内包装 inner packing外包装 outer packing中性包装 neutral packing适合海运的包装seaworthy packing/packing suitable for sea voyage远洋运输 ocean transportation瓦楞硬纸板箱 three-layer cardboard boxes抢眼又抢钱 catch the eyes as well as the purse平安险 From Particular Average水渍险 With Particular Average一切险 All Risks额外保险 extra premium偷窃、提货不着险risk of Theft, Pilferage and Non-Delivery (TPND)破碎险 risk of Breakage油渍险 risk of Oil渗漏险 risk of Leakage玷污险 risk of Contamination罢工暴动、民变险 risk of Strike, Riot and Civil Commotion淡水、雨淋险 risk of Fresh Water Damage提出索赔 to lodge a claim由某人付款for one’s account商赞处Commercial Counselor’s Office按发票金额 at the invoice value检验报告 a survey report独家代理 sole agency短交 short delivery猪鬃 bristle有广泛的业务联系have a wide connection with/be closely connected with/ do considerable business with/ have close contact with/ be in close contact with销售代理人 sales agent/selling agent采购代理人 purchasing agent/buying agent独家代理人 exclusive agent/sole agent佣金代理人 commission agent广告代理人 advertising agent代理协议 agency agreement年成交量 annual turnover不遗余力 spare no effort生意兴隆 a prosperous business在这一方面 in this connection红豆 Red Bean销售条款 sales terms销售合同 sales contract销售额 sales turnover销售代表 sales representative市场活跃 market active市场呆滞market dull市价下跌 market declining行市坚挺 market firm行市疲软 market easy市况平稳 market stable市况坚挺 market strong市况不明 market uncertain市场疲软 market weak控制市场 to control the market稳定物价 to stabilize the price加倍努力 double your efforts看透心事read one’s mind国内需求会急剧上涨 the domestic demand will go up sharply 定个时间 fix the time纺织品 textile电器产品 electricity products化工产品 chemicals达成协议 come to terms with增添和删除 addition and deletion市场下跌(熊市) with the market being bear会议纪要 meeting minutes附件 accessory中国国际贸易促进委员会 CCPIT仲裁委员会 Arbitration Commission求助于仲裁 resort to arbitration享有很高声誉 enjoy a high prestige仲裁裁决 arbitral award完好无损 sound and intact中国商检局 China Commodity of Inspection符合出口标准 be up to the standard of export优质干蘑菇 well-dried mushrooms of fine quality向…...要求赔偿to approach …. For compensation当场 on the spot证明 certify/verify/testify在途中 during transit/en route/on the way提出索赔to lodge/make/raise/issue/file/register/put in/ bring up a claim短重 short weight就货进行索赔 claim on goods就损坏索赔 claim for damage就数量索赔 claim for amount向某人索赔 claim with/against somebody接受索赔 to accept a claim受理索赔 to entertain a claim同意索赔 to admit a claim驳回索赔 to dismiss a claim拒绝索赔 to reject/decline/turn down a claim解决索赔 to settle a claim放弃索赔 to waive a claim撤回索赔 to withdraw a claim提单清洁的 Bill of Lading is clean剪样 cutting权威部门authorized department合同中写明的 specified in the contract接受索赔 to entertain a claim不可挽回的损失 get retrievably lost检验费 inspection fee理赔方面公平合理 be prompt and equitable in settling claims 澄清问题 get the matter cleared up货物发霉不能食用the contents are moldy and unfit for consumption密封 airtight塑料薄膜口袋 plastic bag迅速发货 immediate/rush dispatch of the goods董事会 board of directors为……铺平道路 pave the way for友善的洽谈 amiable negotiation留下深刻鲜明的印象leave a deep and vivid impression on somebody主持会议 to preside over a meeting扩音器 public address system再见，一路顺风(法)Bon Voyage检票 check in与国际接轨 bring in line with the international practice登舱 go on board世界贸易组织 World Trade Organization (WTO)。

accelerate trade payment(ATP) 加速贸易付款acceptance 承兑，接受acceptance letter of credit(acceptance L/C) 承兑信用证accepting bank 承兑行acceptor承兑人acknowledgement of insurance declaration 投保声明的回执actual delivery 实际交货actual quality 实际品质actual tare 实际皮重actual total loss 实际全损Ad.val (拉丁语)从价advanced bill of lading (advanced B/L) 预借提单advanced payment 预付货款advising bank 通知行afltoxin risk 黄曲霉素险agency 代理agent 代理商agreement 协议书agreement of consignment 寄售协议Air Express 急件传送air transportation all risks 航空运输一切险air transportation cargo war risks 航空运输货物战争险air transportation risks 航空运输险air waybill 航空货运单aligned document system 套合一致的单证all risks 一切险all risks for shipment of frozen products 冷藏货物运输一切险alteration charge 变更卸货港附加费American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC)美国纺织化学师与印染师协会标准American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM)美国材料试验协会的标准announcement of tender 发布招标公告anticipatory letter of credit (anticipatory L/C)预支信用证ante-dated bill of lading (ante-dated B/L) 倒签提单antirust packaging 防锈包装applicant 开证申请人application for credit 开证申请书arbitration 仲裁arbitration agreement 提交仲裁协议arbitration application 仲裁申请arbitration clause 仲裁条款arbitration procedure 仲裁程序arrival contract 到达合同artificial harbor 人工港assembling with customer’s parts 来件装配assignment of proceed 款项让渡或款项过渡Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 美国公职分析化学师协会标准assortment list 花色搭配单at buyer’s option 由买方决定at seller’s option 由卖方决定auction 拍卖auctioneer 拍卖人authority to purchase(A/P) 委托购买证automatic revolving letter of credit(automatic revolving L/C)自动循环信用证available by negotiation 议付兑现available by payment 付款兑现average price 平均价average tare 平均皮重avoidance of delay 防止延迟Bback to back letter of credit (back to back L/C) 对背信用证bale packing 捆包装bank credit card 信用卡bank guarantee 银行保证函banker’s acceptance bill 银行承兑汇票banker’s acceptance letter of credit (banker’s acceptance L/C) 银行承兑信用证banker’s bill 银行汇票banker’s cheque 银行支票banking charges 银行费用barter trade 易货贸易base port 基本港beneficiary 受益人benefit of insurance 保险利益berth terms 船方负担装卸费bid 递盘bid bond 投标保证金，投标押金bidding documents 编制招标文件bill for collection(B/C) 托收汇票bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading (B/L) 海运提单bill of lading weight 提单货量blank endorsement 空白背书bona fide holder 善意持有人book 订购booking note 托运单both to blame collision clause (B.B.clause) 船船互撞条款breach of condition 违反要件breach of contract 违反合同breach of innominate terms 违反无名条款breach of intermediate terms 违反中间性条款breach of warranty 违反担保或违反随附条件brief cable 简电本British standard(BS) 英国（工业）标准bulk cargo 散装货物bunker adjustment factor(BAF) 燃油附加费business negotiation 交易磋商buyback 回购b uyer’s sample 买方样buyer’s usance credit 买方远期信用证buying hedging 买期保值buying offer 购货发盘Ccable address (C/A) 电挂cable confirmation 电报证实书cable credit 电开信用证call of tender 招标Canadian Standards Association (C.S.A) 加拿大标准协会canceling date 解约日cargo in bulk 散装货物cargo manifest 货物舱单cargo plan 积载图又名船图cargo receipt 承运货物收据carriage and insurance paid to (…named place of destination)(CIP) 运费、保险费付至（…指定的地）carriage paid to (…named place of destination)(CPT) 运费付至（…指定目的地）carton 纸箱cash against documents 凭单付款cash discount 现金折扣cash in advance(C.I.A) 预付现款cash in order(C.I.O) 订货时付款cash on delivery (C.O.D) 交货付款cash with order (C.W.O) 附订单付现certificate for dispatch of documents 寄单证明certificate for dispatch of shipment samples 寄样证明certificate in regard to handlooms textile handcrafts and traditional textile products of the cottage i ndustry 手工制纺织品产地证certificate of age of vessel 船龄证明书certificate of classification 船舶船级证明certificate of compliance 明白证明书certificate of date of sailing 开船证明书certificate of delivery 交货证明书certificate of departure from port 离港证明书certificate of load line 船舶载重线证明certificate of vessel’s nationality 船舶国籍证明certificate of origin 产地证明书certificate of textile products 纺织品产地证certificate of ownership 所有权证书certificate of weight 重量证书certified cheque 保付支票certified invoice 证实发票或签证发票CFR ex ship’s hold CFR 舱底交货CFR ex tackle CFR 吊钩下交货CFR landed CFR 卸到岸上CFR liner terms CFR 班轮条件CFS to CFS （集装箱运输）站到站CFS to CY （集装箱运输）站到厂CFS to door （集装箱运输）站到门China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (C.C.P.I.T) 中国国际贸易促进委员会China Council for the Promotion of International Trade Certificate of Origin (CCPIT certificate of origin) 中国国际贸易促进委员会产地证China Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau (CIQ) 中国出入境检验检疫局China National Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation (SINOTRANS) 中国外贸运输公司China Ocean Shipping Agency (COSA) 中国外轮代理公司China Ocean Shipping Company (COSCO) 中国远洋运输公司CIF ex ship’s hold CIF 舱底交货CIF ex tackle CIF 吊钩下交货CIF landed CIF 卸到岸上CIF Liner terms CIF 班轮条件claim 素赔clash and breakage risks 碰损、破碎险Class Rate Freight Tariff 等级运价表classification of commodities 货物分级表clean bill 光票clean bill of lading (clean B/L) 清洁提单clean letter of Credit (clean L/C) 光票信用证clean report of findings 清洁报告书closed bids 密封递价closed policy 总括保险单collecting bank 代收行collection 托收collection advice 托收委托书colour sample 色彩样品combined bill of lading (combined B/L) 并提单combined certificate 联合凭证combined certificate of value and origin 估价和原产地联合证明书combined documents 联合单据combined offer 复合发盘combined transport bill of lading (CTB/L) 联合运输提单commercial acceptance bill 商业承兑汇票commercial bill 商业汇票commercial documents 商业单据commercial invoice 商业发票commercial paper letter of credit (commercial paper L/C) 商业票据信用证commercial technology transfer 商业性技术转让commission 佣金commission agency 佣金代理commission agent 佣金代理商commodity exchange 商品交易所Commodity Futures Trading Commission 商品期货交易委员会commodity inspection 商品检验commodity inspection corporation (C.I.C) 商检公司common license 普通许可communicate to all address 分送电compensation agreement 补偿协定compensation system 补偿制compensation trade 补偿贸易complete knock down (C.K.D) 全拆卸complete set bill of lading (complete set B/L) 全套提单Comprehensive Import Supervision Scheme (C.I.S.S) 全面进口监督计划computed tare 约定皮重conciliation 调解concurrent terms 对流条件conditional sale lease 销售租赁conditioned weight 公量confirm 保兑confirmation 确认书confirmed letter of credit (confirmed L/C) 保兑信用证confirming bank 保兑行confirming sample 确认样consecutive days 连续日consideration对价consignee 收货人，代销商consignment 寄售consignment bill for highway transportation 公路货物运输托运单consignor 寄售人constructive delivery 推定全损constructive total loss 推定全损consular invoice 领事发票consular visa 领事签证consulting engineers 咨询工程公司consulting service顾问咨询container bill of lading (container B/L) 集装箱提单container freight station (C.F.S) 集装箱货运站container load 集装箱装载container load plan (C.L.P) 装箱单container number (container no.) 集装箱号container yard (CY) 集装箱堆场contingency insurance ,covers seller’s interest only 卖方利益险contract 合同contract for the international sale of goods 国际货物销售合同Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award 《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》cover note 暂保单co-production 合作生产copy of bill of lading (copy B/L) 副本提单correspondent bank 代理行cost and freight (…named port of destination)(CFR) 成本加运费（…指定目的港）cost, insurance and freight…（named port of destination）(CIF) 成本加运保费（…指定目的港）couriers receipts 快邮收据counter offer 还盘，还价counter purchase 互购counter sample 对等样品counter trade 对等贸易counter card 信用卡counter to expire abroad 国外到期信用证crew list 船舶船员名单cross license 交叉许可cross offer 交叉发盘crossed cheque 划线支票currency adjustment factor (CAF) 币值附加费customary packing 习惯包装customary tare 习惯皮重cutting sample 剪样CY to CFS （集装箱运输）场至站CY to CY （集装箱运输）场至场CY to door （集装箱运输）场至门DDalsey ,Hilbolom , Lind ,Courier’s Service DHL 信使专递dampproof packing 防潮包装date of issue 出票日期date of draft 出票日期dead freight 空舱费dead weight 总载重量dead-weight cargo 重货dead-weight tonnage 载重量吨位debit note(D/N) 借款帐单declaration of country of origin 原产地声明书deductible 绝对免赔率deferred payment 延期付款deferred payment letter of credit (deferred payment L/C) 迟期付款信用证delivered at frontier(…named place )(DAF) 边境交货（…指定地点）delivered duty paid(…named place of destination)(DDP) 完税后交货（…指定目的港）delivered duty unpaid(…named place of destination)(DDU) 未完税交货（…指定目的地）delivered ex quay (…named port of destination)(D.E.Q) 目的港码头交货（…指定目的地）delivered ex ship (…named port of destination)(D.E.S) 目的港船上交货（…指定目的港）delivery 交货delivery order (D/O) 提货单demand draft (D/D) 汇票demise charter 光船租船demurrage money 延期费，滞期费deposit receipt (D/R) 押金收据description of goods 货物说明desk to desk express service 桌到桌快递服务dispatch money 速谴费destination of discharge 目的地detail airmail 详见航邮件detailed invoice 详细发票detailed packing list 详细装箱单Diners Club international 大菜卡direct additional 直航附加费direct barter 直接易货direct bill of lading(direct B/L) 直运提单direct price 直接价discount 贴现discrepancy and clam clause 异议与索赔条款dishonor 拒付行为Disinfect ion Inspection Certificate 消毒检验证书displacement tonnage 排水量吨位disponent owner 船东dock receipt (D/R) 码头收据；场站收据documentary bill 跟单汇票documentary letter of credit (documentary L/C) 跟单信用证documentary against acceptance(D/A) 承兑交单documentary against payment(D/P) 付款交单documentary against payment with trust receipt (D/P.T/R) 付款交单凭信托收据借单domestic credit 国内信用证door to CFS （集装箱运输）门到站door to CY （集装箱运输）门到场door to door （集装箱运输）门到门D/P at …days after sight 远期付款交单D/P at sight 即期付款交单draft 汇票drawee 受票人，付款人drawee bank 付款行drawer 出票人，收款人duplicate sample 复样dutch auction 减价拍卖duty paid value 完税价格EEDI message 电子信息Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 电子数据通信Electronic Data Processing(EDP) 电子数据处理enclosure 附件endorsement 批单，背书engineering contracting 工程承包enquiry 询盘equipment lease 设备租赁errors and omissions excepted (E.&O.E) 有错当查，错误或遗漏不在此限establishing bank 开证行estimated time of arrival(E.T.A) 预定到达时间estimated time of departure(E.T.D) 预定开航时间；预定离港时间ex works (…named place)(EXW) 工厂交货（…指定地点）except as otherwise noted (E.A.O.N) 除非另有记载exclusive agency 独家代理exclusive agency agreement 独家代理协议exclusive agent 独家代理商exclusive distributor 包销商exclusive License 独占许可exclusive sale 包销exclusive sale agreement 包销协议expected time of finishing discharging (E.T.F.D) 预计卸完时间expected time of finishing loading(E.T.F.L) 预计装完时间export declaration(E/D) 出口申报书export freight manifest 出口载货运费清单或运费舱单export licence 出口许可证export licence textile products 纺织品出口许可证export manifest 出口载货清单exporter 出口人extraneous risks 外来风险Ffailure to deliver risk 交货不到险fair average quality (F.A.Q) 良好平均品质false bill of lading (false B/L) 伪造提单finance lease 融资租赁financial documents 资金单据fire risk extension clause-for storage of cargo at destination HongKong ,including Kowloon, or M acao(F.R.E.C) 货物出口到香港(包括九龙)或澳门寸仓火险责任扩展条款first beneficiary 第一收益人fixed price 固定价fixed scale rogalty 固定提成率flexible container 柔性集装袋FOB liner term FOB班轮条件FOB stowed(FOBS) FOB包括理舱FOB stowed and trimmed(F.O B.S.T) FOB包括平舱和理舱FOB trimmed(FOBT) FOB包括平舱FOB under tackle FOB钓钩下交货FOB vessel(---named port of shipment)指定运港船上交货Food and Drug Administration(FDA) 美国食品及药品管理局for reference only 仅供参考force majeure 不可抗力force majeure clause 不可抗力条款fortuitous accidents 意外事故forward price 期货价格forward cargo receipt(FCR) 运输代理人的承运货物收据forwarding agents 发货代理或货运代理foul bill of lading(foul B/l) 不清单提单franchise 相对免赔率free all average(F-A-A) 不计一切海损free alongside ship(---named port of shipment)(FAS) 船边交货(---指定装运港)free carrier(---named place)(FCA) 货交承运人(---指定地点)free from particular average (F-P-A) 平安险free in(F-I) 船方官卸不管装free in and out(F-I-O) 船房不管装和卸free in and out, stowed and trimmed(F-I-O-S-T) 船方不管装卸,理舱和平舱free on board(---named port of shipment) 装运港船上交货(---指定装运港)free out 船方管装不管卸free perimeter 自由边境区free port 自由港free trade zone 自由贸易区freight agent 货运代理人freight bill 运费帐单freight manifest 运费舱单freight prepaid 运费已付freight to collect 运费到付freight ton 运费吨fresh water and /or rain damage(F-W-R-D) 淡水雨淋险fresh water road line 淡水载重线frustration of contract 合同落空full cable 全电本full container load(F-C-L) 整箱货full packed 全部包装full payout 完全付清fill set bill of lading(full set B/L) 全套提单full set of clean on board bill of lading made out toorder and endorsed in blank 全套清洁已装船作成凭指示和空白背书的提单fundamental breach 根本违反合同future contract 期货合同futures market 期货市场future transaction 期货交易Ggeneral additional 一般附加险General Administration of Civil Aviation China(AAC) 中国民航总局general agency 总代理general agent 总代理人general average(G-A) 共同海损general average contribution 共同海损分摊general conditions of delivery of goods 交货共同条件general terms and conditions 一般交易条件generalized system of preference certificate of origin Form A(G-S-P Form A) 普惠制产地证格式Geneva uniform law on cheque 日内瓦统一支票法规Good merchantable quality(G-M-Q) 上好可销品质goods quality 商品品质grade of goods 商品等级grane back 技术反馈green clause credit 绿条款信用证gross bills of lading weight 毛提单货量gross for net 以毛作净gross registered tonnage(G-R-T) 注册总吨gross terms 船方担负装卸费grounded 搁浅groundage bill of lading 成组提单guarantee letter of credit(guarantee L/C) 担保信用证,保证信用证guarantor 保证人gunny bags 麻袋HHamburg Rules 海牙规则Hard ware硬件heavy lift additional超重附加费heavy weather恶劣气候hedging 套期保植hire purchase租购式租赁hook damage 钩损险house air way bill 分运单house bill of lading 运输代理行提单IImmediate shipment 立即装运import declaration 进口申请书import duty risk 进口关税险importer 进口人indent 订单indicative marks 指示性标志industrial activity 实用性industrial property 工业产权initial payment 初付费,入门费initial price 初步价格injured party 受害方inland depot 内陆货运站inland extended cover 内陆附加险inland waterway bill of landing 内陆提单inspection and claim clause检验与索赔条款Inspection Certificate of Health 健康检验证书Inspection Certificate of Origin 产地检验证书Inspection Certificate of Quality 品质检验证书Inspection Certificate of Quantity 数量检验证书Inspection Certificate of Value 价值检验证书Inspection Certificate of Weight 重量检验证书Inspection Certificate on Cargo Weight and Measurement 货物衡量证书Inspection Certificate on damaged Cargo 验残检验证书Inspection Certificate on Tank /Hold 验舱证书Inspection of goods 货物检验Institute Cargo clauses(ICC) 协会货物险条款Institute Cargo clauses A(ICC(A)) 协会货物(A)险条款Institute Cargo clauses B(ICC(B)) 协会货物(B)险条款Institute Cargo clauses C(ICC(C)) 协会货物(C)险条款Institute strikes clauses-Cargo 协会罢工险条款(货物)Institute War clauses-Cargo 协会战争险条款(货物)Insurable interest 保险利益;可保权益Insurance certificate 保险凭证Insured amount 保险金额Insurer 承保人;保险人Intellectual property 知识产权Interim measures of protection 保全措施又称临时保护措施International Chamber of Commerce(ICC) 国际商会International code of conduct on the technology transfer 国际技术转让行动守则International competitive bidding 国际竞争性招标International combined transport国际多式联运International express mail service(EMS) 国际特快专递International multimodal transport 国际多式联运International railway through transport 国际铁路货物联运International rules for the interpretation of trade terms(INCOTERMS) 国际贸易术语解释通则International standard organization 国际标准化组织International trading certificate(ITC) 国际贸易证书Intrinsic quality 商品内在素质Inventive activity 创造性Invitation to make offer 邀请发盘Invitation to tender 招标Irrespective of percentage(I-O-P) 不论损失程度Irrespective letter of credit(irrevocable L/C) 不可撤消信用证Issue 出票Issuing bank 开证行Insurance policy 保险单Insurance value 保险价值JJapanese Industrial Standard(JIS) 日本工业标准Jettison and/or washing over board 抛掷,海水冲击险KKite mark 风筝标志Knocked-down in carloads 拆散成整车皮装货物Knocked-down shipment (货物)分运Know how 专有技术LLand bridge transport 大陆桥运输Landed terms 起货条件Landing account 卸货报告Landing quality ,weight as final 以到岸品质,重量为准Landing weight 卸货重量,到岸重量Last pay certificate 最后付款证明书Late acceptance 逾期接受Law and practice 法律惯例Lay time 装卸时间Lay days date 受载时间Leakage risk 渗漏险Lease trade 租赁贸易Licensor’s share on licensee’s profit(LSLP) 利润分成原则Legal net weight 法定净重Legal weight 法定重量Less than container load(LCL) 拼箱货Lessee 承担人Lessor 出租人Letter of credit(L/C) 信用证Letter of guarantee(L/G) 银行保证函Letter telegramme 书信电报Leverage lease 杠杆租赁Licensing 许可证贸易Licensing agreement 许可证协议Lien 扣押权Light displacement 空船排水量或清排水量Liner 班轮Liner shipping 班轮运输Liner terms 班轮条件,船方负担装卸费Liner’ s freight tariff 班轮运价表Liquidated damages 预定损害赔偿Litigation 诉讼Load line 船舶载重线Loaded displacement 满载排水量或重排水量或总排水量Loading list 装货清单Local freight agent 当地运输代理商Local vanning 当地装箱Log book 航行日志London Metal Exchange 伦敦五金交易所London Stock Exchange 伦敦证券交易所Long form bill of lading(long from B/L) 全式提单Long length additional 超长附加费Loss and/or damage caused by breakage of packing 包装破裂险Lot tolerance rate 批内允许破损率Lot tolerance defective 批内允许次品费Lowest price limit 最低售价Lump sum payment 一次总算MMail confirmation to follow 随寄证实书Mail credit 信开信用证Mail transfer(M/T) 信汇Main mark 主要标志Major causes 重大意外事故Malicious damage clauses 恶意损害险条款Manufacture’s certificate of origin 生产商原产地证明书Manufacture’s invoice 厂商发票Marine bill of lading 海运提单Marine insurance policy 水运保险单Marker capacity 标定容量Master airway bill民航运单Master Card 万事达卡Master document 总单证Master receipt 大副收据Material breach 重大违约Mate’s receipt 大副收据Measurement and weight mark 体重和重量标志Measurement cargo 轻货Measurement list 尺码单Measurement ton(M/T) 尺码吨Memorandum 备忘录Method of dispatching documents 寄单方法’Method of reimbursement 所汇方法Mildew proof packaging 防霉包装Mini land bridge(M-L-B) 小路桥Minimum bill of lading(minimum B/L) 起码提单Minimum freight 起码运费Minimum premium 最低保险费Minimum rate 起码费率Minimum weight 最低重量Minor breach 轻微违法Mixed agreement 混合协议Mixed policy 混合保险单Mode of shipment运输方式Money of account 计价货币Money of payment 支付货币More or less clause 溢短装条款Multimode transport documents(MTO) 多式联运单据Multimode transport operator(MTO) 多式联运经营人Multiple country declaration 多国家产地声明书NName of commodity 品名National harbors 天然港Natural calamity 自然灾害Negotiable calamity 流通证券Negotiated bidding 谈判招标Negotiating bank 议付行Negotiation 议付0Negotiation letter of credit 议付通行证Net bills of lading weight 净提单货量Net dead weight 净载重量Net net weight 净净重Net registered tonnage(NRT) 注册净吨Net weight 净重Neutral invoice 中性发票Neutral packing 中性包装New York Commodity Exchange 纽约商品交易所No commercial value(N-C-V) 无商业价值No mark(N/M) 无唛头No orders(N/O) 无指示,无定单,不指定人Non-acceptance(N/A) 拒绝承兑,拒绝接受Non-automatic revolving letter of credit Non-base port 非自动循环信用证Non-commercial technology transfer 非基本港Non-cumulative revolving letter of credit 非商业性技术转让Non-payout 非累计循环信用证Non-vessel operating carrier(NV OC) 不完全付清Non-vessel operating common carrier(NVOC C) 无船承运人Non-vessel owning common carrier(NVOCC)无船承运人Notice of abandonment 委付通知Notice of readiness 备装通知Notify party 被通知人Notifying bank 通知行Novelty 新颖性Nuded cargo 裸装货物OOcean bill of lading (ocean B/L) 海运提单Ocean marine insurance frozen products 海洋运输冷藏货物保险Ocean marine insurance wood oil bulk 海洋运输散装桐油保险Ocean waybill 海上货运单或海运单Off set 抵消贸易Offer 发盘Offer without engagement 不受约束的发盘Omnibus bill of lading(omnibus B/L) 并提单On board bill of lading(on B/L)已装车提单On deck risk 舱面险Once on demurrage a一旦滞期,始终滞期leeway’s on demurrage Open account transaction 赊帐交易Open bidding 公开招标Open by airmail 信开Open by telecommunication 电开Open policy 预约保单Open negotiation letter of credit 公开议付信用证Opener 开证人,开证申请人Opening bank 开证行Opening of tender 开标Operating lease 经营租赁Operative instrument 有效文本Optional charges 选港费Optional fees 选择卸货港附加费Optional port 选择港Order 定货,定单Order bill of lading (order B/L) 指示提单Original mark 原产地标志Outturn sample 船样Overland common points(O-C-P) 内陆地区Overland transportation all risks 陆运一切险Overland transportation cargo war risks-by train 路上运输货物战争险Overland transportation frozen products 路上运输冷藏货运险Overland transportation risks 陆运险PPack slip 装箱单Packaging销售包装Package number mark 件号标志Package list 装箱单Packed cargo 包装货物Packing 运输包装Packing documents 包装单据Packing loan 打包放款Packing specification 包装证明Packing summary 包装提要Paper bags 纸袋Paperless documentationParcel post all risks 邮包一切险Parcel post risk 邮包险Parcel post war risks 邮包战争险Part packed 局部包装Partial loss 部分损失Partial shipment 分批装运Particular average 单独海损Patent 专利Pattern sample 款式样品Pay by installment 分期付款Payee 受款人Payer 付款人Paying bank 付款行Payment 付款Payment in advance 预付条款Penalty clause 罚金条款Performance bond 履约保证金Performance guaranty 履约保证函Performance letter of credit 履约信用证Perils of the sea 海上风险Physical delivery 实际交货Place of departure 启运地Place of issue 出票地点Place of payment 付款地点Place of receipt 收货地Port of call 挂靠港Port congestion surcharge 港口拥挤附加费Port of destination 目的港Port of discharge 卸货港Port of loading 装货港Port of shipment 装运港Port of transshipment 转运港Port surcharge 港口附加费Port to port 港到港Postal money order 邮政汇票Presentation for acceptance 承兑提示Presentation for payment 付款提示Presenting bank 提示行Price adjustment clause 价格修正条款Price terms 价格条件,价格术语Principal 委托人Processing with customer’s materials 来料加工Product buyback 产品返销Product sharing 产品分成Performa invoice 形式发票Progress 先进性Progression payment 分期付款Promissory note 本票Prompt shipment 即期装运Protest 拒付证书Provisional price 暂作价Public certificate 公务证书Purchase order 购货定单Purchase confirmation 购货确认书Purchase contract 购货合同QQuality sample 品质样品Quality latitude 品质机动幅度Quality of goods 商品品质Quality to be about equal to the sample 品质与样品大致相同Quality tolerance 品质公差Quote 报价RReal tare 实际皮重Receipt for the goods 货物收据Receipt invoice 收妥发票Received for shipment bill of lading 备运提单Reciprocal letter of credit 对开信用证Red clause letter of credit 红条款信用证Reference sample 参考样品Registered tonnage 注册吨Regular shipping liner 班轮Reimbursing agent 偿付代理人Reimbursing bank 偿付行Reissuing bank 转开行Rejection risk 拒收险Related product 相关样品Remittance 汇付Remittance against documents 凭单付汇Remitting bank 托收行Repayment guarantee 还款保证函Representative sample 代表性样品Restricted negotiation letter of credit 限制议付信用证Restrictive endorsement 限制背书Resultant product 直接产品Return sample 回样Return voyage charter 来回航程次Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 一九四一年美国对外贸易定义修正本Revocable letter of credit 可撤销信用证Revoke 撤销Revolving around time letter of credit 按时间循环信用证Revolving around value letter of credit 按金额循环信用证Revolving letter of credit 循环信用证Right of exclusive sale 独家经销权利Right of recourse 追索权Right of subrogation 代位追偿权,代位权Risk for shipment of frozen products 冷藏险Risk of intermixture and contamination 混杂,沾污险Risk of odour 串味险Risk of shortage 短量险Risks clause 风险条款Risks covered 承保范围Risks of strikes,riots and civil commotion(SRCC) 罢工,暴动,民变险Rules for Pre-arbitral Referee Procedures 仲裁前公断程序规则Ruling price 现行价Running days 连续日Running working days 连续工作日Rust-inhibiting packaging 防锈包装Rusting risk 锈损险SSafty-mark 安全标志Sailing date 开航日期,船期Sale and lease back 回租Sale by brand name or trade mark 凭牌名或商标销售Sale by buyer’s sample 凭买方样品销售Sale by description 凭文字说明销售Sale by grade 凭等级销售Sale by illustration 凭说明书销售Sale by sample 凭样销售Sale by seller’s sample 凭卖方样品销售Sale by specification 凭规格销售Sale by standard 凭标准销售Sales confirmation 销售确认书Sales contract 销售合同Salvage charge 救助费用Sanitary Inspection Certificate 卫生检验证书Scheduled airline 班机运输Sea protest 海事报告Sea water damage 海水损失险Sea waybill 海运单或海上货运单Seal number(seal no..) 封号Sealed bid 密封发盘,密封递价Sealed sample 封样Seaworthy packing 适合海运包装Second beneficiary 第二受益人Secondary credit 从属信用证或对背信用证Selected bidding 选择性招标Seller’s sample 卖方样Seller’s usual packing 卖方惯用包装Selling hedging 卖期保值Selling offer 售货发盘Semi knock down(S.K.D) 半拆卸Semi-automatic revolving credit 半自动循环信用证Separate bill of lading 分提单Settlement of exchange 结汇Shipment 装运Shipment as soon as possible 尽快装运Shipment certificate 装船证明Shipment certificate textile products 纺织品装船证明Shipment contract 装运合同Shipment request 装货申请Shipped bill of lading 已装船提单Shipper 托运人Shipping advice 装船通知Shipping agent 船务代理Shipping mark 运输标志,Shipping note装货通知单Shipping order(S/O) 装货单Shipping package 运输包装Shipping quality,weight or quantity as final 以离岸品质,重量或数量为准Shipping sample 装船样品Ship’s classification 船级Shockproof packing 防震包装Short delivery 短交,短交获Short from bill of lading(short from B/L) 略式提单Show how 技术示范Sight 见票Sight draft 即期汇票Sight letter of credit 即期信用证Sight payment letter of credit 即期付款信用证Signature of the drawer 出票人签字Similar credit 套证Single country declaration 单一国家声明Simple license 普通许可Single rate freight tariff 单相费率运价表Single voyage charter 单程航次Sliding price 滑动价Soft ware 软件Sole agency 独家代理Sole agent 独家代理商Sole license 排他许可Special additional risk 特别附加险Special drawing rights (SDRs) 特别提款权Special endorsement 特别背书Special order 特别定单Special policy 逐笔保险单Specification list 规格明细单Specification of goods 商品规格Speed post receipt 快递收据Standby letter of credit 备用信用证Stowage factor 积载系数Stowage plan 积载图,船图Straight bill of lading 记名提单Straight lease 直接租赁Strand 触礁Strikes risk 罢工险Subject matter insured 保险标的物Sub-license 分许可Submission of arbitration agreement 提交仲裁协议Submission of tender 投标Subsidiary credit 从属信用证或对背信用证Sue and labour expense 施救费用Summer load line 夏季载重险Survey report 检验报告Sweat and heating risks 受潮受热险Switch bill of lading 交货提单Switcher 转手商Symbolic delivery 象征性交货TTechnical and clause committee 技术与条款委员会Technical servicing and assistance 技术服务与协助Technology continuing assistance 技术继续援助Technology transfer agreement 技术转让协议Technology transfer transaction 技术转让Telegraphic transfer (T/T) 电汇Tender guarantee 投标保证书Terminal devanning (集装箱)区内拆箱The British System 英制The doctrine of strict compliance 严格符合的原则The metric system 米制The People’s Insurance Company of China (PICC) 中国人民保险公司The U,S, Export Quotations and abbreviations 美国出口报价及其缩写条例The U.S. System 美制Theft ,pilferage and non-delivery 偷窃,提货不着险Theoretical weight 理论重量Through bill of lading (through B/L) 联运提单Time charter 定期租船Time draft 远期汇票Time letter of credit (time L/C) 远期信用证Time policy 定期保险单To draw 出票To order 凭指定To order of 凭某某指定To order of (** )Bank 凭某某银行指定To order of shipper 凭托运人指定Tonnage certificate 船舶吨位证书Total amount 总值Total loss 全部损失Total quality control 全面质量控制Trade and payment agreement 贸易和支付规定Trade discount 贸易折扣Trade mark 商标Trade terms 贸易条件,贸易术语Transferable letter of credit 可转让信用证Transfering bank 转证行Transshipment bill of lading 转船提单Transshipment risk 转运费Transshipment surcharge 转船附加费Transshipment to be allowed 允许转船Transit Siberian land bridge container service traffic (TSCS) 西伯利亚大陆桥集装箱运输Transit storage 转运仓库Transmitting bank 转递行Transport document 运输单据Traveler’s cheque 旅行支票Traveler’s letter of credit 旅行信用证Trip charter 定程租船Tropical fresh water load line 热带地区淡水载重线Tropical load line 热带地区载重线True lease 正式租赁Trust receipt (T/R) 信托收据T/T reimbursement 电报索赔条款Turn key project 交钥匙项目Twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) 20英尺(集装箱)等量单位Two-stage bidding 两段招标Type sample 标准样品UUnclean bill of lading 不清洁提单Unconditional guarantee 无条件函。

《世纪商务英语——综合教程IV》（第三版）教案Unit 1 Import and ExportRelated InformationProcedures for Import and ExportAs import from one country means export of that country, take the procedures of export transaction as an example to illustrate the general procedures for import and export:1. Market researchThe most difficult part of exporting is taking the first step. Any exporter who wants to sell his products in a foreign country or countries must first conduct a lot of market research. Market research is a process of conducting research into a specific market for a particular product. Export market research, in particular, is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products can be supplied. The exporter needs to know which foreign companies are likely to use his products or might be interested in marketing and distributing the products in their country. He must think whether there is a potential for making a profit.2. Business negotiationIf a foreign company is interested in buying the exporter’s products, negotiation should be organized. Business negotiation plays a very important role in the conclusion and implementation of a sales contract. It has a great bearing on the economic interests of the parties concerned. No matter what way the negotiations are held, in general, they consist of the following links: enquiry, offer, counter offer, acceptance and conclusion of sales contract, among which offer and acceptance are two indispensable links for reaching an agreement and concluding a contract.3. Conclusion of sales contractAs soon as an offer is accepted, a written sales contract or sales confirmation is usually required to be signed between the buyer and the seller to confirm the sales and stipulate their rights and obligations respectively. A sales contract or sales confirmation contains some general terms and conditions as well as the specific terms that vary with the commodity. But such terms as the names of the seller and the buyer, the description of the goods, quality and specification, quantity, packing, unit price, amount, payment, date of delivery, shipping, insurance, inspection, claim and arbitration are indispensable. The sales contract or salesconfirmation is normally made out in two originals, one for the buyer and the other for his seller.4. Implementation of contractUnder CIF contract with terms of payment by L/C, the implementation of export contract usually goes through the steps of goods preparation, inspection application, reminding of L/C, examination and modification of L/C, chartering and booking shipping space, shipment, insurance, documents preparation for bank negotiation and the settlement of claims, etc.①Preparing goods for shipmentAfter a contract is made, it is the main task for the exporter to prepare the goods for shipment and check them against the terms stipulated in the contract. The quality, specification, quantity, marking and the packing should be in line with the contract or the L/C, the date for the preparation should agree with the shipping schedule.②Inspection applicationIf required by the stipulations of the states or contract, the exporter should obtain a certificate of inspection from the institutions concerned where the goods are inspected. Usually, the commodity will be released only after the issuance of the inspection certificate by the inspection organization.③Reminding, examining and modifying L/CIn international trade, a banker’s letter of credit is commonly used for the payment of purchase price. In the course of the performance of contract, one of the necessary steps for the seller is to urge the buyer to establish an L/C. According to the contract, the buyer should establish the L/C on time, but sometimes he may delay for various reasons. For the safe collection of payment, the seller has to urge the buyer to expedite the opening of the L/C. Upon receipt of a letter of credit, the seller must examine it very carefully to make sure that all terms and conditions are stipulated in accordance with the contract. If any discrepancies exist, the seller should contact the buyer immediately for necessary amendments so as to guarantee the smooth execution of the contract.④Chartering and booking shipping spaceAfter receiving the relevant L/C, the exporter should contact the ship’s agents or the shipping company for the chartering and the booking of shipping space and prepare for the shipment in accordance with the importer’s shipping instruction. Chartering is required for goods of large quantity which needs full shipload; and for goods in small quantities, space booking would be enough.⑤Customs formalitiesBefore the goods are loaded, certain procedures in customs formalities have to be completed. As required, completed forms giving particulars of the goods exported together with the copy of the sales contract, invoice, packing list, weight memo, commodity inspection certificate and other relevant documents, have to be lodged with the customs.After the goods are on board, the shipping company or the ship’s agent will issue a bill of lading which is a receipt evidencing the loading of the goods on board the ship.⑥Find a customs brokerTo different countries, import customs clearance procedures may differ. In some countries, the customs service does not require an importer to have a license or permit and an individual may make his own customs clearance of goods imported for personal use or business. You’d better, however, have a licensed customs broker (or a freight forward er) act as the clearing agent for you unless you’re very familiar with the import customs clearance formalities in your country.Therefore, the first tip is to find a licensed customs broker who can work with you on a long term basis. They are especially valuable to you when your business is not located in the destination air/sea port which is usually the port of entry —if you’re unable to be there to prepare and file your entry, the customs broker may act as your agent, pick up and deliver the shipment to your door.⑦InsuranceThe export trade is subject to many risks. For example, ships may sink or consignments may be damaged in transit, exchange rates may alter, buyers default or government suddenly impose an embargo, etc. It is customary to insure goods sold for export against the perils of the journey. The cover paid for will vary according to the type of goods and the circumstances. If the exporter has bought insurance for the goods, he will be reimbursed for the losses.⑧Documents preparation for bank negotiationAfter the shipment, all kinds of documents required by the L/C shall be prepared by the exporter and the importer and presented, within the validity of the L/C to the bank for negotiation. As to the shipping documents, they include the commercial invoice, bill of lading, insurance policy, packing list, weight memo, certificate of inspection, and, in some cases, consular invoice, certificate of origin, etc. Documents should be correct, complete, concise and clean. Only after the documents are checked to be fully in conformity with the L/C, the opening bank makes the payment. Payment shall be disregarded by the bank for any discrepancies in the documents.⑨Settlement of disputesIn international trade, it’s not uncommon for imports to be de layed, or to find that when goods arrive the shipment is incomplete or contains damaged goods. It may be the supplier’s responsibility, the importer’s fault, or caused by shipping or customs delays. In any case, it’s worth agreeing in advance how deliveries will be inspected and how problems will be handled. In most cases, returning incorrect shipments and waiting for a new delivery is too expensive and time consuming.Lead-in1. Listening1. F2. T3. T4. TTape Script:International Trade is One of the Hot Industries of the New Millennium International trade is one of the hot industries of the new millennium. But it’s not new. Think Marco Polo. Think the great caravans of the biblical age with their cargoes of silk and spice. Think even further back to prehistoric man trading shells and salt with distant tribes. Trade exists because one group or country has a supply of some commodity or merchandise that is in demand by another. And as the world becomes more and more technologically advanced, as we shift in subtle and not so subtle ways toward one world modes of thought, international trade becomes more and more rewarding both in terms of profit and personal satisfaction.2. Spot Dictationplicated2. conclude a transaction.3. in the course of4.undergoes four stages5.implementing the contract6.illustrateText ALanguage Study1. merchandise①n. commercial goods; commodities 商品，货物◆There is much discount merchandise on holidays.◆Merchandise first should be the products of labour.②vt. to engage in the commercial purchase and sale of (goods or services); trade 做生意，交易◆He is merchandising auto parts.merchandise broker 商品经纪人merchandise budget 商品预算merchandise export 商品出口merchandise cost 商品成本2. brokern.an agent who, acting on behalf of a principal, buys or sells goods, securities, etc, in return for a commission (股票债券等的)经纪人,(买卖的)中间人,代理人◆He set up in business as an insurance broker.brokerage n. 经纪业，佣金，回扣，经纪费broker agent 经纪人兼代理人broker insurance 保险代理人3. prospectivea. looking towards the future 将来的，未来的；盼望中的；预期的；有希望的◆The foreign investor withdrew funds without getting his prospective benefits.◆She demonstrates an article to a prospective buyer.prospective buyer 可能的买主prospective damage 预计的损失prospective market 未来的市场prospective return 预期收益prospective benefits 预期利益4. outlayn. an expenditure of money, effort, etc 费用，花费；支出◆The weekly outlay on day-to-day operation in the company was enormous.◆This will involve high expenses and nonrecoverable outlays.outlay accounts 支出账户outlay cost 支出成本outlay for loan payment 偿还债务支出outlay of liquidation 清理支出5. attorneyn. a person appointed to act for another in business or legal matters (业务或法律事务上的)代理人◆The attorney’s summation was telling.◆He has been appointed as the attorney of the company to sign the contract with itspartner.attorney at law 律师attorney fee 律师公费attorney general 首席检察官power of attorney 委托权; 委任书6. substantiala. large in amount or number 很多的，大量的◆The man incurred substantial losses during the stock market crash.◆The existence of substantial invisible income suggests that the income distributionsystem should be standardized.substantial cost differentials 巨大成本差额substantial increase 大幅度增长substantial labour surplus market 劳动力大量剩余市场7. identifyvt. recognize sb/sth and be able to say who or what they are 确认、证明某人（某事物）；鉴别出◆The man refused to identify himself as the person who should have been in full chargeof the accident.identification n.识别，证实，核对dentification card 身份证dentification dimensions 船舶文件规定的尺度identify oneself with 支持，参与8. make a commitment (to sb/sth) 作出承诺◆I’d like to make sure if it is acceptable to the factory before making a commitment toyou.9. relieve...of... 免除某人的职务；解除某人的(负担等)；减轻某人的(痛苦等)◆The company relieved Mr. Brown of his post as manager.◆The workers are relieving of burdens from the ship.Translation of the Text商品进出口对大多数国家来说，进出口是国际收入和支出的主要来源。

永康市职业技术学校2010—2011学年第一学期《外贸单证实务》期末试卷班级：学号：姓名：总分：一、名词解释（20分）1．汇票2．信用证3. 出口货物报关单4．商业发票5．海运提单二、中英文术语、短语互译（20分）（1）汇票（2）Sight Draft（3）债权人（4）小写金额（5）Debtor （6）背书（7）即期付款交单（8）Amount in Words（9）Payer （10）特殊条款（11）Commercial Invoice （12）单价（13）Trade Discount （14）签名（15）Mode of Transport （16）佣金（17）P.O. （18）出票人（19）Customs Invoice （20）原产国三、根据所给出的信用证和相关资料，按题意完成各小题（60分）信用证一：L/C 样本FM: HABIB BANK LTD., DUBAITO: BANK OF CHINA, NANJING BRANCHForm of Doc. Credit *40 A: IRREVOCABLEDoc. Credit Number *20: LC-2008-1098Date of Issue 31C: 081010Expiry *31 D: Date 081230 Place CHINAApplicant *50 : AL-HADON TRADING COMPANYP. O. BOX NO. 1198, DUBAIU A EBeneficiary *59: NANJING GARMENTS IMP. AND EXP. CO., LTD.NO. 301 ZHEN AN TONG ROADNANJING CHINAAmount *32B: Currency USD Amount 40,750.00Pos. / Neg. Tol. (%) 39A: 5/5Available with /by *41D: ANY BANKBY NEGOTIATIONDraft at ······42C: DRAFTS AT 60 DAYS AFTER SIGHTFOR FULL INVOICE V ALUEDrawee 42A:* HABIB BANK LTD., DUBAI*TRADING SERVICES, POX 1106,*DUBAI U A EPartial Shipments 43P: ALLOWEDTransshipment 43T: ALLOWEDPort of loading 44E: NANJING CHINAPort of discharge 44F: DUBAI U A ELatest Date of Ship. 44C: 081215Descript. of Goods 45A:MEN’S UNDERWEAR 2 PCS SET CFR DUBAIART NO. 3124A, U. PRICE USD52.50/DOZ, 300DOZART NO. 3125A, U. PRICE USD50.00/DOZ, 500DOZALL OTHER DETAILS AS PER PROFORMA INVOICE NO.HT-2578 OF M/S. HALLSON TRADING P. O. BOX 2512 DUBAIU A EDocuments required 46A:+SIGNED COMMERCIAL INVOICE IN TRIPLICATE+PACKING AND ASSORTMENT LIST IN TRIPLICATESTA TING THAT THE GOODS OF SIZE S, M, L, XL AREPACKED INTO 4 DOZ PER ONE EXPORT CARTON, EACHSIZE EACH DOZEN+MANUALL Y SIGNED CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN INTRIPLICATE SHOWING B/L NOTIFY PARTY AS CONSIGNEEAND INDICA TING THE NAME OF THE MANUFACTURER+FULL SET OF CLEAN ON BOARD BILLS OF LADING MADEOUT TO ORDER OF SHIPPER AND BLANK ENDORSED ANDMARKED FREIGHT PREPAID, NOTIFY M/S HALLSONTRADING, P. O. BOX NO. 2512 DUBAI U A E AND ALSOSHOWING THE NAME, ADDRESS, TEL. NO. OR FAX NO. OFTHE CARRYING VESSEL’S AGENT AT PORT OF DISCHARGE+A SEPARATE CERTIFICATE FROM THE SHIPPING CO. ORITS AGENT CERTIFYING THAT THE CARRYING VESSEL ISALLOWED BY ARAB AUTHORITIES TO CALL AT ARABIANPORTS AND IS NOT SCHEDULED TO CALL AT ANY ISRAELIPORTS DURING ITS TRIP TO ARABIAN COUNTRIES+SHIPPING ADVICE MUST BE SENT TO THE DUBAIINSURANCE COMPANY ON FAX NO. 82354322 SHOWINGTHE SHIPPING DETAILS+ONE SET OF NON-NEGOTIABLE SHIPPING DOCUMENTSAND SHIPMENT SAMPLES SHOULD BE SENT DIRECTL Y TOTHE OPENERS AND A CERTIFICATE AND RELATIVE POSTRECEIPT FOR THIS EFFECT IS REQUIREDAdditional Conditions 47A:1．INSURANCE TO BE EFFECTED BY BUYER2．REIMBURSEMENT UNDER THIS CREDIT IS SUBJECT TOUNIFORM RULES FOR BANK TO BANK REIMBURSEMENTUNDER DOCUMENTARY ICC PUBLICATION NO. 5253．WE SHALL ARRANGE REMITTANCE OF THE PROCEEDSTO YOU ON RECEIPT OF DOCUMENTS COMPL YING WITHTHE TERMS OF THIS L/C CONFIRMING THAT THE DRAFTAMOUNT HAS BEEN ENDORSED ON THIS LETTER OFCREDIT.4．AMOUNT AND QUANTITY 5 PCT MORE OR LESS AREALLOWED.5．ALL DOCUMENTS MUST SHOW OUR L/C NUMBER.6．THIS L/C IS UNRESTRICTED FOR NEGOTIATION. Details of Charges 71B: ALL BANKING CHARGES OUTSIDE DUBAI ARE FOR A/C OFBENEFICIARYPresentation Period 48: DOCUMENTS TO BE PRESENTED WITHIN 15 DAYS AFTERTHE DATE OF SHIPMENT，BUT WITHIN THE V ALIDITY OFTHE CREDIT相关资料：发票号码：2008-1500 发票日期：2008年11月30日提单号码：HSKK50088 提单日期：2008年12月10日船名：CMA CROWN V. 987 集装箱：1×20’ LCL CFS/CFS集装箱号：TRIU287756 封号：80709原产地证号：08NJ98699 商品编号：6302.2900包装：4DOZ/CTN，体积：58×40×25CMS，净重：20.00KGS/CTN 毛重：22.00KGS/CTN合同号：NG08-2578 预约保单号：08-236147议付银行：中国银行南京分行(BANK OF CHINA, NANJING BRANCH)生产厂家：南京佳美服装厂(NANJING JUSTMADE GARMENTS FACTORY)唛头：HALLSONHT-2578DUBAINO. 1-2001．问答题：请分别写出本信用证的开证银行、开证申请人、受益人、通知银行及本信用证的启运港、目的港名称，并分别写出信用证的开证日、交单期、最后装船日和有效期与到期地点：2．填写汇票：BILL OF EXCHANGE凭信用证第号Drawn under (1)L/C No. (2)日期Dated (3) 支取Payable with interest @ % per annum 按年息付款号码汇票金额南京年月日No.2008-1500 Exchange for(4) Nanjing(5)见票日后（本汇票之副本未付）付交At (6) sight of this FIRST of Exchange ( Second of exchange金额being unpaid) Pay to the order of (7)The sum(8)款已收讫Value received此致To:(9)(10)3．把下面的发票补充完整：南京服装进出口有限公司NANJING GARMENTS IMP. AND EXP. CO., LTD.NO. 301 ZHEN AN TONG ROAD NANJING CHINA商业发票COMMERCIAL INVOICETo: (1)Invoice No.: 2008-1500Invoice Date: 30 NOV., 2008L/C No.: (2)LC Date: (3)Transport detailsFrom: NANJING CHINA To: DUBAI U A E BY VESSELSAY U. S. DOLLARS FORTY THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY ONLYTOTAL PACKED IN 200CARTONS.GROSS WEIGHT: 4400.00KGS.(10)张红（章）4．把下面的装箱单补充完整：南京服装进出口有限公司NANJING GARMENTS IMP. AND EXP. CO., LTD.NO. 301 ZHEN AN TONG ROAD NANJING CHINA装箱搭配单PACKING AND ASSORTMENT LISTTo: Invoice No.: (1)AL-HADON TRADING COMPANY Invoice Date: 30 NOV., 2008P. O. BOX NO. 1198, DUBAI L/C No.: (2)U A ETransport detailsFrom: (3) To: (4) BY VESSELWE HEREBY STATE THAT THE GOODS OF SIZE S, M, L, XL ARE PACKED INTO 4 DOZ PER ONE EXPORT CARTON, EACH SIZES EACH DOZEN.SAY TWO HUNDRED CARTONS ONLY.张红（章）5．把下面的装船通知补充完整：南京服装进出口有限公司NANJING GARMENTS IMP. AND EXP. CO., LTD.NO. 301 ZHEN AN TONG ROAD NANJING CHINA装船通知SHIPPING ADVICEL/C No.LC-2008-1098Date:(1)To: (2)To whom it may concern:We hereby state that the goods under the Open Policy No. 08-236147 have been shipped. The shipping details are as follow:Description of goods: (3)Number of package: (4)Quantity: 800DOZGoods value: (5)Container & Seal No. (6)Port of loading: (7)Port of discharge: (8)Bill of Lading No: (9)Vessel Name & V oy: (10)张红（章）。

NO TRICKS 每个字母所代表的八个单词——need, options, time, relationships,investment, credibility, knowledge, skills.商务谈判术语制作精巧skillful manufacture/工艺精良sophisticated technology最新工艺latest technology加工精细finely processed造型新颖modern design/造型优美beautiful design设计合理professional design/ 设计精巧deft design造型富丽华贵luxuriant in design/结构合理rational construction款式新颖attractive design /款式齐全various styles/式样优雅elegant shape/花色入时fashionable patterns/任君选择for your selection五彩缤纷colorful/色彩艳丽beautiful in colors/色泽光润color brilliancy/色泽素雅delicate colors/瑰丽多彩pretty and colorful洁白透明pure white and translucence/洁白纯正pure whiteness品质优良excellent quality(high quality)质量上乘superior quality/质量稳定stable quality/质量可靠reliable quality 品种繁多wide varieties/规格齐全plete in specifications保质保量quality and quantity assured/性能可靠dependable performance操作简便easy and simple to handle/使用方便easy to use经久耐用durable in use/以质优而闻名well-known for its fine quality数量之首The king of quantity/质量最佳The queen of quality信誉可靠reliable reputation/闻名世界world-wide renowm久负盛名to have a long standing reputation誉满中外to enjoy high reputation at home and abroad历史悠久to have a long history畅销全球selling well all over the world深受欢迎to win warm praise from customers协定agreement/议定书protocol贸易协定trade agreement/ 贸易与支付协定trade and payment agreement 政府间贸易协定inter-governmental trade agreement /民间贸易协定non-governmental trade agreement双边协定bilateral agreement/ 多边协定multilateral agreement/支付协定payment agreement口头协定verbal agreement/书面协定written agreement/君子协定gentlemen’s agreement销售合同sales contract/格式合同model contract意向协议书agreement of intent/意向书letter of intent空白格式blank form授权书power of attorney换文exchange of letter备忘录memorandum合同条款contract terms/免责条款escape clause原文original text/译文version/措辞wording正本original/副本copy/附录attachment/附件appendix会签to counter-sign违反合同breach of contract/ 修改合同amendment of contract撤销合同cancellation of contract/合同的续订renewal of contract合同的解释interpretation of contact合同到期expiration of contract起草合同to draft a contract/ 做出合同to work out a contract谈妥合同to fix up a contract/签订合同to sign a contract缔结合同to conclude a contract/草签合同to initial a contract废除合同to annul a contrac/执行合同to perform a contract严格遵守合同条款to keep strictly to the terms of the contract一式二份in duplicate/一式三份in triplicate/一式四份in quadruplicate 1、出口方面的词汇出口信贷export credit出口津贴export subsidy商品倾销dumping外汇倾销exchange dumping优惠关税special preferences保税仓库bonded warehouse贸易顺差favorable balance of trade贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制import quotas自由贸易区free trade zone对外贸易值value of foreign trade国际贸易值value of international trade普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences-GSP最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment-MFNT2、价格条件价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价price码头费wharfage总值total value卸货费landing charges金额amount关税customs duty净价net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including mission港口税port dues回佣return mission .装运港port of shipment折扣discount, allowance卸货港port of discharge批发价wholesale price目的港port of destination零售价retail price进口许口证import licence现货价格spot price出口许口证export licence期货价格forward price现行价格（时价）current price prevailing price国际市场价格world (International)Market price离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&.F-cost and freight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost,insurance and freight3、交货条件交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment租船charter (the chartered ship)交货时间time of delivery定程租船voyage charter装运期限time of shipment定期租船time charter托运人（一般指出口商）shipper, consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space油轮tanker报关clearance of goods陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill正本提单original B\\\\L选择港（任意港）optional port选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或optional charges for Buyers’ acc ount一月份装船shipment during January 或January shipment一月底装船shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st.一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb.或Jan./Feb. shipment在......(时间)分两批装船shipment during....in two lots在......(时间)平均分两批装船shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运in three equal monthly shipments立即装运immediate shipments即期装运prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C 允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable4、交易磋商、合同签订订单indent订货；订购book. booking电复cable reply实盘firm offer递盘bid. bidding递实盘bid firm还盘counter offer发盘（发价）offer发实盘offer firm询盘（询价）inquiry.enquiry5、交易磋商、合同签订订单indent订货；订购book. booking电复cable reply实盘firm offer递盘bid. bidding递实盘bid firm还盘counter offer发盘（发价）offer发实盘offer firm询盘（询价）inquiry.enquiry6、交易磋商、合同签订指示性价格price indication速复reply immediately参考价reference price习惯做法usual practice交易磋商business negotiation不受约束without engagement业务洽谈business discussion限**复subject to reply **限* *复到subject to reply reaching here **有效期限time of validity有效至**: valid till **购货合同purchase contract销售合同sales contract购货确认书purchase confirmation销售确认书sales confirmation一般交易条件general terms and conditions以未售出为准subject to prior sale需经卖方确认subject to seller’s confirm ation需经我方最后确认subject to our final confirmation7、贸易方式INT (拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitation of tender投标submission of tender一般代理人agent总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement累计佣金accumulative mission补偿贸易pensation trade （或抵偿贸易）pensating/pensatory trade （又叫：往返贸易）counter trade来料加工processing on giving materials来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/专营权exclusive right独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement独家代理sole agency. sole agent. exclusive agency.exclusive agent8、品质条件品质quality 原样original sample规格specifications 复样duplicate sample说明description 对等样品countersample标准standard type 参考样品reference sample商品目录catalogue 封样sealed sample货号article No. 花色（搭配）assortment样品sample 5% 增减5% plus or minus代表性样品representative sample大路货（良好平均品质）fair average quality9、商检仲裁索赔claim 争议disputes罚金条款penalty 仲裁arbitration不可抗力force Majeure 仲裁庭arbitral tribunal产地证明书certificate of origin品质检验证书inspection certificate of quanlity重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity)**商品检验局**modity inspection bureau (*.C.I.B)品质、重量检验证书inspection certificate10、数量条件个数number 净重net weight容积capacity 毛作净gross for net体积volume 皮重tare毛重gross weight溢短装条款more or less clause11、外汇外汇foreign exchange 法定贬值devaluation外币foreign currency 法定升值revaluation汇率rate of exchange 浮动汇率floating rate国际收支balance of payments 硬通货hard currency直接标价direct quotation 软通货soft currency间接标价indirect quotation 金平价gold standard买入汇率buying rate 通货膨胀inflation卖出汇率selling rate 固定汇率fixed rate金本位制度gold standard 黄金输送点gold points铸币平价mint par 纸币制度paper money system国际货币基金international monetary fund黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchange reserve汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation 谈判开始1. I’d like to get the ball rolling by talking about prices.2. I’d be happy to answer any questions you may have.3. I’m a little worried about the prices you’re asking.4. You think we should be asking for more?5.That’s not exactly what I had in mind.6. What I’d like is a 25% discount.7. That seems to be a little high.8. It’s hard to see how you can place such large orders.9. That will slash your costs.10. I don’t know how we can make a profit then.11. How could you turn over so many?12.We’d need a guarantee of future business.13.We want 5000 pieces over a six-month period.14.What if we place orders for twelve months?15. I think we can discuss this future.出席国际商务会议常用英语口语1、Getting the Chairperson’s Attention 引起会议主席的注意(Mister/Madam) chairman.May I have a word?If I may, I think...Excuse me for interrupting.May I e in here?2、Giving Opinions 表达意见I’m positive that...I (really) feel that...In my opinion...The way I see things...If you ask me,... I tend to think that...Asking for Opinions 询问意见Are you positive that...Do you (really) think that...(name of participant) can we get your input?How do you feel about...?3、menting 做出评论That’s interesting .I never thought about it that way before.Good point!I get your point.I see what you mean. 4、Agreeing 表示同意I totally agree with you.Exactly!That’s (exactly) the way I feel.I have to agree with (name of participant).5、Disagreeing 表示异议Unfortunately, I see it differently.Up to a point I agree with you, but...(I’m afraid) I can’t agree6、Advising and Suggesting 提出建议Let’s...We should...Why don’t yo u....How/What about...I suggest/remend that...7、Clarifying 澄清Let me spell out...Have I made that clear?Do you see what I’m getting at?Let me put this another way...I’d just like to repeat that...8、Requesting Information 请求信息Please, could you...I’d like you to...Would you mind...I wonder if you could...1、Would anyone like something to drink before we begin? 在我们正式开始前，大家喝点什么吧？2、We are ready. 我们准备好了。

专利名称：Negotiation system发明人：Simon G Thompson,Lyndon C Lee,RobertoAvalos Salas申请号：US10560615申请日：20040723公开号：US20060143108A1公开日：20060629专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：Negotiations for internet-based auctions or other bidding processes use a plurality of computer-based agent means An originating agent first defines the rules of the session by retrieving from a store a previously-generated definition of theinteractions required in a negotiation, and the purpose of each interaction, and a program for running a process that meets this definition. Having generated the rules under which the negotiations will be undertaken, the originating agent transmits these details to the repository (step ) where they can be accessed by other users These users follow the rules and the matrix of the session, and each generates a new matrix which is evaluated by the initiator which then generates a selection from alternative matrices offered by the respondents This process continues through a sequence of one or more negotiation phases with natural or artificial terminating conditions, when either a predetermined pattern of messages has been executed (or some other condition of the negotiation rule is achieved) or when an agreement has been made. The negotiation process is defined in terms of a predetermined plurality of phases during which particular parts of the negotiation are completed, responses to requests in an earlier phase in the process constrain the responses generated in subsequent phases, and the respondents can constrain their responses to one phase according to the known rules of the phases still to come.申请人：Simon G Thompson,Lyndon C Lee,Roberto Avalos Salas地址：Ipswich GB,Ipswich GB,Tulanchigo MX国籍：GB,GB,MX更多信息请下载全文后查看。

船舶制造项目仓储管理MAS系统韩端锋;周青骅;李敬花;杨博歆【摘要】There have been numerous unsolved problems on warehouse management in large scale shipyards, such as inconsistent materials' through-put and unmatched logistics. This paper introduces so-called multi-agent system's ( MASs) negotiation mechanism to model the warehouse clusters and warehouse management system. Considering the warehouse activities and problem model, the prototype of a warehouse MAS and its function mapping, as well as the negotiation mechanism and algorithm, were designed. Finally, a warehouse cluster management system, which was compatible with the B/S structure, was established. The operational results of the system verified the feasibility of the MAS application in the shipbuilding related projects' warehouse management, and the effectiveness of the ne-gotiation algorithm was proven, which lays a foundation for further intelligent warehouse management.%大型船舶制造企业存在多仓储点物流协调不佳、厂内配送能力相互制约等问题,本文引入多智能体系统中的协商机制构建仓储管理系统.根据仓储活动流程和问题模型,进行了仓储多智能体系统的原型设计和功能模块映射,确定了各智能体的内部结构和通信模型,并设计了仓储点协商机制和算法,最终开发实现了兼容B/S架构的仓储群管理多智能体系统原型.系统运行表明,使用agent代理仓储点协商,能够进行有效的船企物流自动调度管理,验证了多智能体技术在船舶制造项目仓储管理上的可行性,为船企智能化管理提供了思路.【期刊名称】《哈尔滨工程大学学报》【年(卷),期】2017(038)005【总页数】7页(P661-667)【关键词】船舶制造项目;物流管理;仓储管理;分布式仓储;仓储问题模型;任务协商;多智能体;管理系统【作者】韩端锋;周青骅;李敬花;杨博歆【作者单位】哈尔滨工程大学船舶工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150001;哈尔滨工程大学船舶工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150001;哈尔滨工程大学船舶工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150001;哈尔滨工程大学船舶工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150001【正文语种】中文【中图分类】U673.2船舶制造具有小批量、大结构、严格按照订单等生产的特点，需要较大容量的仓储系统以满足对项目生产过程中的物资冗余度要求[1]。

multi-agent consensus理解Multi-agent consensus refers to the process of a group of autonomous agents working together to reach an agreement or a common decision. It involves the exchange of information, coordination, and cooperation among agents to achieve a desired outcome.In multi-agent consensus, each agent has its own objective and knowledge about the environment. They make decisions based on their local information and interact with other agents to achieve a consensus. The goal is to reach an agreement that is acceptable to all agents, even if their individual preferences may differ.There are various algorithms and protocols that can be used for multi-agent consensus. One commonly used algorithm is the consensus algorithm, which aims to minimize the difference between the agents' states or decisions. This means that the agents adjust their states or decisions based on the information received from other agents until a consensus is reached.The process of multi-agent consensus can be challenging due to the complex nature of interactions and the potential for conflicting objectives. Agents may have different priorities, constraints, or preferences, which can lead to disagreements. In such cases, negotiation and bargaining techniques can be employed to find a compromise or a middle ground.Multi-agent consensus has applications in various domains, including robotics, distributed control systems, and social networks. In robotics, for example, multiple robots may need to cooperate to perform tasks like exploration or mapping. Consensus algorithms help the robots to coordinate their actions and make collective decisions.In distributed control systems, multi-agent consensus enables efficient and reliable operation of large-scale systems with multiple interconnected components. It ensures that all components are synchronized and working towards a common goal. This is particularly important in critical infrastructures like smart grids or transportation networks.In social networks, multi-agent consensus can facilitate decision-making processes among a group of individuals with different preferences or opinions. By reaching a consensus, a group can make a collective decision that reflects the majority opinion or the best outcome for everyone involved.In conclusion, multi-agent consensus is a process where autonomous agents work together to reach an agreement or a common decision. It involves exchanging information, coordinating actions, and finding compromises to achieve a consensus. This concept has applications in various domains and can help in solving complex problems that require the cooperation of multiple agents.。

外贸英语词汇英汉全对照1出口信贷 export credit出口津贴 export subsidy商品倾销 dumping外汇倾销 exchange dumping优惠关税 special preferences保税仓库 bonded warehouse贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制 import quotas自由贸易区 free trade zone对外贸易值 value of foreign trade国际贸易值 value of international trade普遍优惠制 generalized system of preferences-GSP 最惠国待遇 most-favored nation treatment-MFNT价格术语 trade term (price term)运费 freight单价 price码头费 wharfage总值 total value卸货费landing charges金额 amount关税customs duty净价 net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税port dues回佣return commission装运港port of shipment折扣discount, allowance卸货港port of discharge批发价 wholesale price目的港port of destination2零售价 retail price进口许口证import licence现货价格spot price出口许口证export licence期货价格forward price现行价格（时价）current price prevailing price国际市场价格 world (International)Market price离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board成本加运费价（离岸加运费价） C&F-cost and freight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost,insurance and freight--------------------交货条件----------------------交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment租船charter (the chartered ship)交货时间 time of delivery定程租船voyage charter装运期限time of shipment定期租船time charter托运人（一般指出口商）shipper, consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space油轮tanker报关clearance of goods陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill正本提单original B/L选择港（任意港）optional port选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担 optional charges to be borne by the Buyers或 optional charges for Buyers’ account3一月份装船 shipment during January 或 January shipment一月底装船 shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st.一/二月份装船 shipment during Jan./Feb.或 Jan./Feb. shipment在......(时间)分两批装船 shipment during....in two lots在......(时间)平均分两批装船 shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运 in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运 in three equal monthly shipments立即装运 immediate shipments即期装运 prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运 shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C允许分批装船 partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------订单 indent订货；订购 book; booking电复 cable reply实盘 firm offer递盘 bid; bidding递实盘 bid firm还盘 counter offer发盘（发价） offer发实盘 offer firm询盘（询价） inquiry;enquiry---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------指示性价格 price indication速复 reply immediately参考价 reference price4习惯做法 usual practice交易磋商 business negotiation不受约束 without engagement业务洽谈 business discussion限**复 subject to reply **限* *复到 subject to reply reaching here **有效期限 time of validity有效至**: valid till **购货合同 purchase contract销售合同 sales contract购货确认书 purchase confirmation销售确认书 sales confirmation一般交易条件 general terms and conditions以未售出为准 subject to prior sale需经卖方确认 subject to seller’s confirmation需经我方最后确认 subject to our final confirmation------------------贸易方式------------------------INT (拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitation of tender投标submission of tender一般代理人agent总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement累计佣金accumulative commission补偿贸易compensation trade （或抵偿贸易）compensating/compensatory trade （又叫：往返贸易） counter trade来料加工processing on giving materials来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/专营权exclusive right独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement独家代理 sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency; exclusive agent5-------------------品质条件-----------------------品质 quality 原样 original sample规格 specifications 复样 duplicate sample说明 description 对等样品 countersample标准 standard type 参考样品 reference sample商品目录 catalogue 封样 sealed sample宣传小册 pamphlet 公差 tolerance货号 article No. 花色（搭配） assortment样品 sample 5% 增减 5% plus or minus代表性样品 representative sample大路货（良好平均品质）fair average quality--------------------商检仲裁-----------------------索赔 claim 争议disputes罚金条款 penalty 仲裁arbitration不可抗力 force majeure 仲裁庭arbitral tribunal产地证明书certificate of origin品质检验证书 inspection certificate of quanlity重量检验证书 inspection certificate of weight (quantity)**商品检验局 **commodity inspection bureau (*.C.I.B)品质、重量检验证书 inspection certificate---------------------数量条件-----------------------个数 number 净重 net weight容积 capacity 毛作净 gross for net体积 volume 皮重 tare毛重 gross weight溢短装条款 more or less clause-----------------------外汇-------------------------外汇 foreign exchange 法定贬值 devaluation外币 foreign currency 法定升值 revaluation汇率 rate of exchange 浮动汇率floating rate国际收支 balance of payments 硬通货 hard currency6直接标价 direct quotation 软通货 soft currency间接标价 indirect quotation 金平价gold standard买入汇率 buying rate 通货膨胀 inflation卖出汇率 selling rate 固定汇率 fixed rate金本位制度 gold standard 黄金输送点 gold points铸币平价 mint par 纸币制度 paper money system国际货币基金 international monetary fund黄金外汇储备 gold and foreign exchange reserve汇率波动的官定上下限 official upper and lower limits of fluctuation第一期:General Terms1. establishing business relation-建立业务关系2. inquiry-询盘3. offer-报盘4. counter offer-还盘5. quantity-数量6. packing-包装7. time of shipment-装运期8. price-价格9. discount-折扣10. terms of payment-支付条款11. insurance-保险12. commodity inspection-商品检验13. acceptance-接受14. signing a contract-签订合同15. claim-索赔16. agency-代理17. commission-佣金18. exclusive sales-包销19. joint venture-合资企业20. compensation trade-补偿贸易21. processing and assembling trade-加工装配贸易22. the terms of international trade-国际贸易术语第二期:Establishing business relation 建立业务关系1. recommendation 推荐、介绍2. inform 通知3. enter into business relations 建立业务关系4. catalogue 目录5. for your reference 供您参考6. specific inquiry 具体询价7. promptly 立即8. representative 代表9. chamber of commerce 商会10. specialize in 专营11. on the bases of equality and mutual benefit 在平等互利的基础上12. pamphlet 小册子13. a range of 一套14. make offers 报价15. import and export corporation 进出口公司16. silk 丝绸17. cotton piece goods 棉布18. blouse 女衬衫19. be of the latest style 最新式样20. financial position 财务状况21. trade reputation 贸易声誉22. on display 展出23. woolen knitwear 毛织品24. garment 服装25. meet with great favor 受欢迎26. credit standing 信用地位27. state-operated 国营的28. currency, Chinese currency, British currency 货币，中国货币，英国货币29. investment 投资30. a long-term investment 长期投资31. a profitable investment 有利可得的投资32. a safe and sure investment 安全可靠的投资33. a heavy investment 巨额投资34. investment intent 投资意向35. investment partner 投资伙伴36. direct investment 直接投资37. investment environment 投资环境38. investor 投资者39. enterprise 企业40. joint venture enterprise 合资企业41. cooperative enterprise 合作企业42. exclusively foreign-owned enterprise 外商独资企业43. state-owned enterprise 国营企业44. collectively-owned enterprise 集体企业45. individually owned enterprise 个体企业第三期: inquiry 询盘1. general inquiry 一般询盘2. specific inquiry 具体询盘3. dealer 商人4. quotation 报价5. sales department 销售部6. purchase 购买7. enquiry 询价8. quote 开价9. sample 样品10. a long-term contractt 长期合同11. discount 折扣12. grant 批准13. to make an inquiry for sth 对某物询价14. to keep the inquiry on file 把询价记录在卷15. to inquiry for sth 对某物询价16. to inquiry about sth 询问某事17. process 加工18. guarantee, guarantor 保证, 保证人19. delivery 交货20. port of delivery 交货港21. time of delivery 交货期22. prompt delivery 即期交货23. to effect delivery 办理交货24. to make delivery 办理交货25. to postpone delivery 推迟交货26. to deliver sth to sb 把某物交付给某人27. shipment 装船28. to make shipment 装船29. to receive shipment 接货30. partial shipment 分批装船31. prompt shipment 即期装运32. time of shipment 装运期33. offer 报盘报价34. a firm offer 实盘35. a counter offer 还盘36. to accept an offer 接受报盘37. to extend an offer 延长报盘38. to renew an offer 更新报盘39. to withdraw an offer 撤消报盘40. the validity of an offer 报盘有效期41. to make an offer 报价42. to offer firm 报实盘43. to offer subject to final confirmation 报盘以最后确认为准44. specialize in 专门经营第四期:Counter offer 还盘1. counter offer 还盘2. enjoy great popularity 享有盛誉3. ready seller; quick seller; quick-selling product 畅销品4. conclude business with sb. 与某人达成交易5. close business, close a deal , close a transaction, close a bargain 达成交易6. trade terms 贸易条件7. trade agreement 贸易协定8. trade fair 交易会9. trade mark 商标10. foreign trade对外贸易11 trade in sth 经营某物12. trade with sb.与某人交易13. favourable price 优惠价格14. favourable terms 优惠条件15. quotation 行情16. discount quotation 贴现行情17. exchange rate quotation外汇行情18. commission 佣金19. a commission of....%; ....% commission.百分之几佣金20. your ..% commission你的百分之几佣金21. The above price includes your commission of 2%.上述价格包括你方2%佣金.22. general practice 惯例23. accept an order 接受订单24. cancel an order 撤消订单25. confirm an order 确认订单26. execute an order 履行订单27. a back order 尚未执行的订单28. a fresh order 新订单29. a repeat order 续订订单第五期:Quantity 数量1. weight 重量2. metric ton 公吨3. long ton 长吨4. short ton 短吨5. kilogram, kilo, kg 公斤6. pound, lb 磅7. ounce, oz 盎司8. number 个数9. piece 件10. pair 双11 dozen 打12. ream 令13. set 套14. length 长度15. area 面积16. volume 体积17. cubic meter 立方米18. capacity 容积19. litre 升20. gallon 加仑21. bushel 蒲式耳22. metric system 公制23. british system 英制24. U.S.System 美制25. gross weight 毛重26. net weight 净重27. shipping weight 装运重量28. landed weight 卸货重量29. theoretical weight 理论重量第六期: Packing 包装1. packaging 包装方法2. blister packing 起泡包装3. neutral packing 中性包装4. skin packing 吸塑包装5. hanging packing 挂式包装6. catch sb's eye 引某人注目7. mark 唛头8. unlabelled packing 无牌的包装9. in bulk 散装10. in loose packing 散装11 nude packing 裸装12. bulk pack 整批包装13. consumer pack 零售包装14. large packing 大包装15. inner packing, external packing, end packing 小包装16. shrunk packaging, 压缩包装17. foam-spary packaging 喷泡沫包装18. gift-wrap 礼品包装19. bag, sack 袋20. jute bag 麻袋21. polythelene bag, plastic bag 塑料袋22. polythelene net 尼龙绳网袋23. zippered bag 拉链袋24. case, chest 箱25. box 盒26. wooden case 木箱27. carton 纸箱28. container 集装箱29. rate 板条箱30. fibre board case 纤维板箱第七期: Packing(二) 包装1. packet 小包2. bale 包3. bundle 捆4. tin , can 罐头5. basket 篮，篓，筐6. bamboo basket 竹篓7. bottle 瓶8. wooden keg 小木桶9. hogshead 大桶10. iron drum 铁桶11 cylinder 铁桶12. barrel 琵琶桶13. drum 圆桶14. waterproof paper 防水纸15. cellophone 玻璃纸16. kraftpaper 牛皮纸17. canvas 帆布18. fibreboard 纤维板19. nylon strap 尼龙腰子20. plastic strap 塑料腰子21. adhesive tape 胶带22. stuffing material 填料23. nylon plastic 尼龙丝24. fermented plastic 泡沫塑料25. paper scrap 纸屑26. saw dust 木屑27. tar paper 沥青纸28. wax paper 蜡纸29. slushing compound 润滑油30. tarpaulin 油布、防水帆布第八期:Shipment 装运1. backlog 积压而未交付的订货2. terms of shipment 装运条件3. prepare goods 备货4. load 装货5. unload 卸货6. board 木板，板，船舷7. on board 在船（或车、飞机）上8. steamer 轮船9. space of a steamer舱位10. shipping department 运输部门11 liner 班轮，班机12. book up （票、车位、舱位等）订完13. tranship 转运14. transhipment 转载15. Force Majeure 人力不可抗力16. European Main Ports --EMPs 欧洲主要口岸17. vessel 船；飞船；飞机18. the first available vessel 第一艘可订到的船19. call at 停泊20. duly 按期地，按时的第九期: Price 价格1. Price terms 价格条件2. bargain 讨价还价3. currency 货币4. on the low side 价格偏低5. market price 市场价6. current price 现行价7. floor price 底价8. make a bargain with sb 与某人成交9. drive a hard bargain over sth. 为某事拼命讨价还价10. a bargain sale 廉价出售11. rock-bottom price 最低价12. F.O.B 船上交货13. C.I.F. 成本加保险费，运费价14. CFR 成本加运费价询价：inquiry报价：quotation装箱单：packing list商业发票:Commercial invoice形式发票：proforma invoice销售合同：Sale Contract付款方式：payment term交货时间：delivery time数量：Quantity单价：Unit price金额：Amount折扣：discount保险：Insurance产品目录：catalog价格表：price list1. establishing business relation-建立业务关系2. inquiry-询盘3. offer-报盘4. counter offer-还盘5. quantity-数量6. packing-包装7. time of shipment-装运期8. price-价格9. discount-折扣10. terms of payment-支付条款11. insurance-保险12. commodity inspection-商品检验13. acceptance-接受14. signing a contract-签订合同15. claim-索赔16. agency-代理17. commission-佣金18. exclusive sales-包销19. joint venture-合资企业20. compensation trade-补偿贸易21. processing and assembling trade-加工装配贸易22. the terms of international trade-国际贸易术语(1) C&F(cost&freight)成本加运费价(2) T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇(3) D/P(document against payment)付款交单(4) D/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单(5) C.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证(6) G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制(7) CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱(8) PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等(9) DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元(10) DOZ/DZ(dozen)一打(11) PKG(package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等(12) WT(weight)重量(13) G.W.(gross weight)毛重(14) N.W.(net weight)净重(15) C/D (customs declaration)报关单(16) EA(each)每个，各(17) W (with)具有(18) W/O(without)没有(19) FAC(facsimile)传真(20) IMP(import)进口(21) EXP（export)出口(22) MAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的(23) MIN (minimum)最小的，最低限度(24) M 或MED (medium)中等，中级的(25) M/V（merchant vessel)商船(26) S.S(steamship)船运(27) MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨(28) DOC (document)文件、单据(29) INT（international)国际的(30) P/L (packing list)装箱单、明细表(31) INV (invoice)发票(32) PCT (percent)百分比(33) REF （reference)参考、查价(34) EMS （express mail special)特快传递(35) STL.(style)式样、款式、类型(36) T或LTX或TX(telex)电传(37) RMB（renminbi)人民币(38) S/M （shipping marks)装船标记(39) PR或PRC(price) 价格(40) PUR (purchase)购买、购货(41) S/C（sales contract)销售确认书(42) L/C （letter of credit)信用证(43) B/L （bill of lading)提单(44) FOB （free on board)离岸价(45) CIF （cost,insurance&freight)成本、保险加运费价主要贸易术语/主要船务术语(1) FCA (Free Carrier) 货交承运人(2) FAS (Free Alongside Ship) 装运港船边交货(3) FOB (Free on Board) 装运港船上交货(4) CFR (Cost and Freight) 成本加运费(5) CIF (Cost,Insurance and Freight) 成本、保险费加运费(6) CPT (Carriage Paid To) 运费付至目的地(7) CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To) 运费、保险费付至目的地(8) DAF (Delivered At Frontier) 边境交货(9) DES (Delivered Ex Ship) 目的港船上交货(10) DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay) 目的港码头交货(11) DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid) 未完税交货(12) DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) 完税后交货主要船务术语简写：(1) ORC (Origen Recevie Charges) 本地收货费用（广东省收取）(2) THC (Terminal Handling Charges) 码头操作费（香港收取）(3) BAF (Bunker Adjustment Factor) 燃油附加费(4) CAF (Currency Adjustment Factor) 货币贬值附加费(5) YAS (Yard Surcharges)码头附加费(6) EPS (Equipment Position Surcharges) 设备位置附加费(7) DDC (Destination Delivery Charges) 目的港交货费(8) PSS (Peak Season Sucharges) 旺季附加费(9) PCS (Port Congestion Surcharge) 港口拥挤附加费(10) DOC (DOcument charges) 文件费(11) O/F (Ocean Freight) 海运费(12) B/L (Bill of Lading) 海运提单(13) MB/L(Master Bill of Lading) 船东单（或OCEAN BILL OF LADING）(14) MTD (Multimodal Transport Document) 多式联运单据(15) L/C (Letter of Credit) 信用证(16) C/O (Certificate of Origin) 产地证(17) S/C (Sales Confirmation)销售确认书（Sales Contract）销售合同(18) S/O (Shipping Order)装货指示书(19) W/T (Weight Ton)重量吨（即货物收费以重量计费）(20) M/T (Measurement Ton)尺码吨（即货物收费以尺码计费）(21) W/M(Weight or Measurement ton)即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费(22) CY (Container Yard) 集装箱（货柜）堆场(23) FCL (Full Container Load) 整箱货(24) LCL (Less than Container Load) 拼箱货（散货）(25) CFS (Container Freight Station) 集装箱货运站(26) TEU (Twenty-feet Equivalent Units) 20英尺换算单位（用来计算货柜量的多少）(27) A/W (All Water)全水路（主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式）(28) MLB(Mini Land Bridge)小陆桥（主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式）(29) NVOCC(Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier) 无船承运人。

保护主义(protectionism) 国内市场(domestic market)干涉(interference) 直接投资(direct investment)限制(restriction) 首先提出(first voiced by...)支配(dominate) 重商主义((mercantilism)消费(consume) 货币输出(outflow of currency)货币(currency) 证券投资(portfolio investment)禁止性关税(prohibitive tariff) 增值税(value added tax)调节性关税(regulatory tariff) 从价税(ad valorem tariff)保护性关税(protective tariff) 完税价(dutiable price)报复性关税(retaliatory tariff) 零售价(retail price)反补贴关税(countervailing tariff) 批发价(whole sale price)惩罚性征税(punitive tax) 许可证(license)特别提款权(Special Drawing Right) 隐性的(clandestine)财政关税(revenue tariff) 非关税壁垒(non-tariff barriers)政府采购(government procurement) 协调(coordination)幼稚产业(infant industry) 海关估价(customs valuation)外汇留成(foreign currency retention) 免税(tariff exemption)优惠条件(preferential condition) 监督(monitor)出口信贷(export credit) 证书(certificate)直接交货(direct consignment) 普惠制(Generalized System of Preference)关税同盟(tariff union) 施惠国(preference-giving country)经济同盟(economic union) 受惠国(preference-receiving country)共同市场(common market) 缔约国(signatory nation)原产地原则(principle of the place of origin) 关税区(tariff region)自由贸易区(free trade zone) 区域经济一体化(regional economic integration)国际金融市场(international financial market)国家商检局及其下属单位(National Commercial Inspection Bureau and its subordinates) 质量第一(quality first) 质量信得过产品(quality reliable products)顾客至上(customer first) 质量检查制度(quality inspection system)质量指标(quality indicator) 质量考究(superior quality)货样一致(correspond with samples/samples identical to the goods)货样不符(not the same as the sample/discrepancy between the sample and the goods)无形资产(intangible assets) 名牌产品(famous-brand products)质地坚韧(strong and pliable texture) 使用手册(booklet/manual)毛重(gross weight) 价格波动(price fluctuation)净重(net weight) 约定皮重(computed tare)公量(conditioned weight) 单位重量(unit weight)含水量(moisture content) 习惯皮重(customary tare)净净重(net net weight) 理论重量(theoretical weight)实际皮重(real tare) 溢短装条款(more or less clause)平均皮重(average tare) 法定重量(legal weight)跟单信用证统一惯例(UCP for documentary credit)玻璃器皿(glass container) 液体物品(fluid material)鲜活商品(fresh or live goods) 空气流通(air circulation)包装物料(packing material) 体积过大(oversized)分量过重(overweighed) 明文规定(stipulate explicitly that…)消费品味(consumer taste) 礼品式包装(gift packing)美化商品(prettify products) 便携式包装(portable packing)民族习俗(national customs) 透明式包装(transparent packing)创意设计(creative design) 悬挂式包装(suspensible packing)出口商品检验(export goods inspection) 责任(liability)FOB班轮条件(FOB liner terms) 清关(customs clearance)FOB吊钩下交货(FOB under tackle) 平舱(trimming)理舱(stowage) 多式联运(multi-modal transportation)船舷(ship's rail) 内陆水运(inland waterway)卸货费(unloading charges) 投保(effect insurance)CFR 吊钩交货(CFR ex tackle) CFR 舱底交货(CFR ex ship's hold)单据交易(documentary transactions) 班轮(liner)CFR班轮条件(CFR liner terms) 象征性交货(symbolic delivery)油轮(oil tanker) 定程租船(voyage charter)载驳船(lighter aboard ship) 定期租船(time charter)滚装船(roll on/roll off ship) 光船租船(demise charter)船期表(sailing schedule) 租船合同(charter party)重量吨(weight ton) 从价计征(charged by ad valorem)尺码吨(measurement ton) 燃油附加费(bunker adjustment factor)滞期费(demurrage) 班轮运价表(liner's freight tariff) 速遣费(dispatch money) 理舱和平舱(stowing and trimming) 货币贬值附加费(currency adjustment factor) 转船附加费(transshipment surcharge) 港口拥挤附加费(port congestion surcharge) 装卸(loading and unloading) 盗窃(pilferage)平板集装箱(flat rack container) 包裹(parcel)冷冻集装箱(reefer) 结汇(settle the payment)钢网集装箱(steel container) 空运单(air waybill)干货集装箱(dry cargo container) 有助于(facilitate)动物集装箱(livestock container) 拼箱货(less than container load)集装箱站(container yard) 装箱单(container load plan)折叠式集装箱(collapsible container) 整箱货(full container load)集装箱货运站(container freight station) 场站收据(dock receipt)集装箱联运收据(combined transport receipt)空运单(air waybill)直运提单(direct B/L)备运提单(received for shipment B/L) 转运提单(transshipment B/L)可流通的(negotiable) 运费到付(freight to collect)空白背书(blank endorsement) 正本(original)略式提单(short form B/L) 收货人(consignee)联运提单(through B/L) 托运人(shipper/consignor)成组提单(groupage B/L) 全式提单(long form B/L)指示提单(order B/L) 已装船提单(on board B/L)清洁提单(clean B/L) 联合运输提单(combined transport B/L)记名背书(special endorsement) 多式联运单据(multi-modal transport documents)投保人(insured) 共同海损(general average)投保金额(insured amount) 求救费用(salvage charges)外来风险(extraneous risks) 保险单(insurance policy)推定全损(constructive total loss) 海上风险(perils of the sea)施救费用(sue and labor charges) 意外事故(fortuitous accidents)承保人(insurer) 单独海损(particular average)保险费(premium) 估损费用(loss evaluation charges)陆运险overland transportation insurance陆地运输冷藏货物险overland transportation frozen products insurance陆运一切险overland transportation all risks陆运货物战争险overland transportation cargo war risks邮包险parcel post insurance 航空运输战争险air transportation cargo war risks 航空运输险air transportation risk 航空运输一切险air transportation all risks邮包一切险parcel post all risks 邮包战争险parcel post war risks装船通知shipment notice 货损货差证明cargo damage or loss report索赔清单statement of claim 检验报告survey report海事报告sea protest 装箱单packing list理货人员stevedore 重量单weight memo当事人(the party concerned) 前手(the prior endorser)出票人(drawer) 后手(the subsequent party)受票人(drawee) 期限(period of validity)持有人(bearer) 作废(stand void)三天宽限(three days of grace) 汇款(remittance)银行汇票(banker's bill) 承兑(acceptance)商业汇票(commercial bill) 期满(upon maturity)流通票据(negotiable documents) 光票(clean bill)跟单汇票(documentary bill) 追索(recourse)即期汇票(sight bill) 见单(sight)远期汇票(time bill) 转让(transference)票面价值(face value) 杂费(sundry charges)拒绝证书(protest) 拒付(dishonor)银行承兑汇票(banker's acceptance bill) 公证人(notary public)商业承兑汇票(commercial acceptance bill) 债权人(creditor)托收统一惯例(uniform rules for collections)贴现行(discount house)善意持有人(bona fide holder) 储户(depositor)银行本票(banker's promissory note) 兑付(honor)商业本票(commercial promissory note) 复签(counter signature)划线支票(crossed check) 冒领(falsely claim)旅行支票(traveler's check) 初签(initial signature)保兑支票(certified check) 结算(settlement)分期付款(installment) 汇付(remittance)顺汇(favorable exchange) 电汇(T/T)受益人(beneficiary) 信汇(M/T)逆汇(adverse exchange) 票汇(D/D)汇款人(remitter) 指定(designate)汇入行(paying bank) 委托(authorize)汇出行(remitting bank) 主动(take the initiative)代理行(correspondent bank) 光票托收(clean collection)托收行(remitting bank) 承兑交单(D/A)委托人(principal) 跟单托收(documentary collection)代收行(collecting bank) 付款交单(D/P)付款人(payer) 货款余额(balance of the payment)提示行(notifying bank) 预付款(payment in advance)委托书(letter of authorization) 托收申请(collection application)需要时代理(representative in case of need) 即期付款交单(D/P at sight)远期付款交单(D/P at...days after sight) 通知行(advising bank)改证(amendment of L/C) 付款行(paying bank)发货(make the delivery) 开证行(issuing bank)信用(credit) 议付行(negotiating bank)索赔(claim back by recourse) 保兑行(confirming bank)保证金(margin) 担保品(securities)简电本(brief cable) 全电本(full cable)修改通知书(amendment notice) 有效文本(operative instrument)开证申请人(applicant of L/C) 伪造单证(counterfeited documents)信用证偏差(discrepancy of L/C) 提货验证(take the goods and check the document) 信用证受益人(beneficiary of L/C)银行信用(bank credit)重复与超额议付(repeated and excessive negotiation)不可撤销信用证(irrevocable L/C) 跟单信用证(documentary L/C)银行承兑信用证(bankers acceptance L/C) 保兑信用证(confirmed L/C)迟期付款信用证(deferred payment L/C) 付款信用证(payment L/C)商业承兑信用证(trader's acceptance L/C) 即期信用证(sight L/C)可转让信用证(transferable L/C) 远期信用证(usance L/C)电报索偿条款(T/T reimbursement clause)承兑信用证(acceptance L/C)红条款信用证(red clause L/C) 预支信用证(anticipatory L/C)假远期信用证(usance L/C payable at sight) 议付信用证(negotiation L/C)背对背信用证(back to back L/C) 光票信用证(clean L/C)银行保证函(letter of guarantee issued by bank) 跟单托收(documentary collection) 投标保证函(tender guarantee) 分期付款(progress payments)招标人(tender inviter) 信用额度(credit limit)投标人(bidder)赔偿(make recompense) 预付款(advanced payment)违约(infringement) 备用信用证(standby L/C)代理(agent) 同行拆放利率(IBOR)余额(balance) 还盘(counter-offer)受盘人(offeree) 询盘(inquiry) 发盘人(offeror) 发盘(offer)可撤销的(revocable) 仲裁(arbitration) 虚盘(free offer)预期利润(anticipated profit) 失效(invalid) 撤回(withdraw)文化差异(cultural difference) 商品交易会(commodity fair)一般交易条件(general terms and conditions)。