卢沟桥(英文)

抗日战争英文作文故事英文回答：In the annals of human history, the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) stands as a poignant reminder of the horrors and sacrifices endured during times of great conflict. The conflict between China and Japan had been simmering for decades, fueled by Japan's imperialistic ambitions and China's desire for self-determination. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on July 7, 1937, served as the catalyst for the outbreak of full-scale hostilities.Initially, Japan enjoyed significant military advantages, swiftly capturing major Chinese cities and inflicting heavy casualties. However, the Chinese people, driven by unwavering patriotism and resilience, refused to succumb to foreign domination. Led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, the Chinese army adopted a strategy of attrition, engaging in guerrilla warfare and protracted battles to wear down the Japanese forces.The war had a devastating impact on both nations. Millions of Chinese civilians perished due to massacres, starvation, and disease. Entire cities were reduced to rubble by Japanese bombings. Japan, too, suffered heavy losses, with hundreds of thousands of its soldiers killed or wounded.International condemnation of Japan's aggression mounted during the war. In December 1941, the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan brought the United States into the conflict, and the war became part of the broader Pacific Theater of World War II. With the support of its allies, China fought valiantly, gradually turning the tide against Japan.Finally, on August 15, 1945, Japan announced its unconditional surrender following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The war had ended, but the scars it left on both nations would take years to heal.In the aftermath of the war, China faced the dauntingtask of rebuilding its shattered economy and society. The Japanese government, confronted with the overwhelming evidence of war crimes committed by its forces, issued a formal apology and committed to making reparations to China. However, the legacy of the conflict continues to cast a shadow over relations between the two countries today.中文回答：抗日战争英文作文故事。

北京Beijing天安门广场Tian’an Men Square故宫Former Imperial Palace天坛Temple of Heaven北海公园Beihai Park长城Great Wall颐和园Summer Palace十三陵Thirteen Ming Tombs雍和宫Yonghegong Lamasery北京动物园Beijing Zoo胡同Tour of Hutongs恭王府Prince Gong’s Mansion周口店北京猿人遗址Zhoukoudian-Home of Peking Man圆明园遗址Ruins of Yuanmingyuan卢沟桥Lugou Bridge香山公园Xiangshan Park碧云寺Biyun Temple潭柘寺Tanzhe Temple卧佛寺Wofo Temple戒台寺Jietai Temple法海寺Fahai Temple云居寺Yunju Temple白云寺Baiyun Temple西安Xi’an大雁塔Great Wild Goose Pagoda小雁塔Small Wild Goose Pagoda秦始皇兵马俑博物馆Museum of Emperor Qinshihuang’s Tomb Figures of Soldiers and Horses 秦始皇陵The Tomb of Emperor Qinshihuang黄帝陵The Huangdi Tomb鼓楼The Drum Tower钟楼The Bell Tower西安城墙The Xi’an Circumvallation华清池The Huaqing Pond乾陵The Qian Tomb法门寺The Famen Temple黄河壶口瀑布The Huanghe Hukou Waterfall敦煌Dunhuang莫高窟The Mogao Grottoes西千佛洞Xiqianfodong Caves白马塔The Baima Tower雷音寺Leiyin Temple榆林Yulin Grottoes in Anxi阳关Yangguan Pass玉门关Jade Gate Pass悬泉Xuanquan Remains鸣沙山和月牙泉The Mingsha Mountain and the Crescent Moon Spring新疆Xinjiang天池Tianchi Lake卡纳斯湖Kanas Lake吐鲁番Turpan丝绸之路Silk Road Tour巴音布鲁克草原Bayanbulak Grassland西藏Tibet拉萨Lhasa布达拉宫Potala Palace南京Nanjing中山陵Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum秦淮风光带Qinhuai River Scenic Belt灵谷寺Linggu Temple明城墙Ming Great Wall玄武湖Xuanwu Lake莫愁湖Mochou Lake苏州Suzhou拙政园Zhuozheng or the Humble Administrator's Garden 狮子林Shizilin留园Liuyuan or Lingering Garden沧浪亭Canglangting or the Surging Wave Pavilion网师园Wangshiyuan环秀山庄Huanxiushanzhuang Garden虎丘山the Tiger Hill枫桥Fengqiao Bridge盘门Panmen寒山寺Cold Mountain Temple角直Luzhi Town双桥Shuangqiao Bridges (Double Bridges)杭州Hangzhou断桥Broken Bridge西湖West Lake三潭映月Three Pools Mirroring the Moon岳飞祠Yue Fei Temple六和塔Six Harmonies Pagoda保俶塔Baoshu Pagoda花港观鱼Fish Wonder at Huagang Crook西泠印社Xiling Seal Club黄龙洞Yellow Dragon Cave灵隐寺Lingyin Temple or Temple of Soul's Retreat 飞来峰Carved Stone Statues on Peak Flown From Afar 千岛湖Thousand-Island Lake严子陵钓鱼台Yan Ziling's Fishing Platform天目山Tianmu Mountains富春江Fuchun River桂林Guilin七星岩Seven-star Park漓江Li River骆驼山Camel Hill花桥Flower Bridge九寨沟Nine-village Valley张家界Zhang Jiajie桂林山水Guilin Scenery with Hills and Waters十三陵The Ming Tombs秦始皇陵The Emperor Qin Shihuang's Tomb天安门广场Tian'anmen Square人民英雄纪念碑The Monument to the People's Heroes毛主席纪念堂Chairman Mao Memorial Hall人民大会堂The Great Hall of the People故宫The Forbidden City天坛The Temple of Heaven颐和园The Summer Palace长城The Great Wall北海公园Beihai Park故宫博物院the Palace Museum革命历史博物馆The Museum of Revolutionary History紫金山天文台: Purple and Gold Hills Observation黄果树瀑布Huangguoshu Falls龙门石窟Longmen Cave苏州园林Suzhou Gardens庐山Lushan Mountain天池Heaven Poll大雁塔Big Wild Goose Pagoda华山Huashan Mountain峨眉山Emei Mountain西湖West Lake布达拉宫Potala Palace滇池Dianchi Lake杜甫草堂Du Fu Cottage都江堰Dujiang Dam鼓浪屿Gulangyu Islet岳阳楼Yueyang Tower黄鹤楼Yellow Crane Tower圆明园The Ruins of Yuanmingyuan安徽黄山Mount Huang of Anhui长江三峡the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River 台湾日月潭the Sun and Moon Lake of Taiwan 陕西秦始皇陵兵马俑Terra Cotta Warriors。

天目山 Tianmu Mountains 富春江 Fuchun River七星岩 Seven-star Park 漓江 Li River骆驼山 Camel Hill花桥 Flower Bridge黄帝陵 The Huangdi Tomb 鼓楼 The Drum Tower钟楼 The Bell Tower卢沟桥 Lugou Bridge碧云寺 Biyun Temple潭柘寺 Tanzhe Temple卧佛寺 Wofo Temple戒台寺 Jietai Temple法海寺 Fahai Temple云居寺 Yunju Temple白云寺 Baiyun Temple滇池 Dianchi Lake杜甫草堂 Du Fu Cottage 都江堰 Dujiang Dam鼓浪屿 Gulangyu Islet岳阳楼 Yueyang Tower黄山 Mount Huang庐山 Lushan Mountain天池 Heaven Poll华山 Huashan Mountain峨眉山 Emei Mountain布达拉宫 Potala Palace 灵谷寺 Linggu Temple明城墙 Ming Great Wall玄武湖 Xuanwu Lake 莫愁湖 Mochou Lake阳关 Yangguan Pass玉门关 Jade Gate Pass天池 Tianchi Lake卡纳斯湖 Kanas Lake虎丘山 the Tiger Hill枫桥 Fengqiao Bridge断桥 Broken Bridge西湖 West Lake华清池 The Huaqing Pond乾陵 The Qian Tomb法门寺 The Famen Temple九寨沟 Nine-village Valley故宫 The Forbidden City天坛 The Temple of Heaven颐和园 The Summer Palace长城 The Great Wall故宫博物院 the Palace Museum黄果树瀑布 Huangguoshu Falls龙门石窟 Longmen Cave苏州园林 Suzhou Gardens大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda黄鹤楼 Yellow Crane Tower圆明园 The Ruins of Yuanmingyuan秦始皇陵兵马俑 Terra Cotta Warriors天安门广场Tian’an Men Square故宫 Former Imperial Palace十三陵 Thirteen Ming Tombs雍和宫 Yonghegong Lamasery恭王府Prince Gong’s Mansion圆明园遗址 Ruins of Yuanmingyuan大雁塔 Great Wild Goose Pagoda小雁塔 Small Wild Goose Pagoda秦始皇陵 The Tomb of Emperor Qinshihuang西安城墙The Xi’an Circumvallation黄河壶口瀑布 The Huanghe Hukou Waterfall莫高窟 The Mogao Grottoes西千佛洞 Xiqianfodong Caves白马塔 The Baima Tower雷音寺 Leiyin Temple榆林 Yulin Grottoes in Anxi悬泉 Xuanquan Remains鸣沙山 The Mingsha Mountain月牙泉 the Crescent Moon Spring丝绸之路 Silk Road Tour花港观鱼 Fish Wonder at Huagang Crook巴音布鲁克草原 Bayanbulak Grassland布达拉宫 Potala Palace中山陵 Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum秦淮风光带 Qinhuai River Scenic Belt狮子林 Shizilin留园 Liuyuan or Lingering Garden网师园 Wangshiyuan环秀山庄 Huanxiushanzhuang Garden寒山寺 Cold Mountain Temple双桥 Shuangqiao Bridges (Double Bridges)三潭映月 Three Pools Mirroring the Moon岳飞祠 Yue Fei Temple六和塔 Six Harmonies Pagoda保俶塔 Baoshu Pagoda西泠印社 Xiling Seal Club 黄龙洞 Yellow Dragon Cave灵隐寺Lingyin Temple/Temple of Soul's Retreat飞来峰 Carved Stone Statues on Peak Flown From Afar千岛湖 Thousand-Island Lake严子陵钓鱼台 Yan Ziling's Fishing Platform桂林山水 Guilin Scenery with Hills and Waters人民英雄纪念碑 The Monument to the People's Heroes毛主席纪念堂 Chairman Mao Memorial Hall人民大会堂 The Great Hall of the People革命历史博物馆 The Museum of Revolutionary History紫金山天文台 Purple and Gold Hills Observation长江三峡 the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River台湾日月潭 the Sun and Moon Lake of Taiwan周口店北京猿人遗址 Zhoukoudian-Home of Peking Man秦始皇兵马俑博物馆Museum of Emperor Qinshihuang’s Tomb Figures of Soldiers and Horses 沧浪亭 Canglangting or the Surging Wave Pavilion拙政园 Zhuozheng or the Humble Administrator's Garden。

百科知识（一）Encyclopedic knowledge (a)【四大名绣】苏绣〖苏州〗、湘绣〖湖南〗、蜀绣〖四川〗、广绣〖广东〗Four big embroidery embroidery 】[suzhou], [in hunan], shu embroidery [sichuan], GuangXiu [guangdong]【四大名扇】檀香扇〖江苏〗、火画扇〖广东〗、竹丝扇〖四川〗、绫绢扇〖浙江〗"The four most famous fan" sandalwood fan [jiangsu], fire painting [sichuan] [guangdong], bamboo fan, silk damask fan [zhejiang]【四大名花】牡丹〖山东菏泽〗、水仙〖福建漳州〗、菊花〖浙江杭州〗、山茶〖云南昆明〗Peony's four big famous flowers 】【[shandong heze], narcissus [fujian zhangzhou], [zhejiang hangzhou], camellia, chrysanthemum [yunnan kunming]【十大名茶】西湖龙井〖浙江杭州西湖区〗、碧螺春〖江苏吴县太湖的洞庭山碧螺峰〗、信阳毛尖〖河南信阳车云山〗、君山银针〖湖南岳阳君山〗、六安瓜片〖安徽六安和金寨两县的齐云山〗、黄山毛峰〖安徽歙县黄山〗、祁门红茶〖安徽祁门县〗、都匀毛尖〖贵州都匀县〗、铁观音〖福建安溪县〗、武夷岩茶〖福建崇安县〗West lake longjing top ten famous tea 】【[lake in hangzhou, zhejiang province], "biluochun" [in wuxian, jiangsu taihu lake dongting mountain BiLuo peak], xinyang maojian tea [henan xinyang CheYunShan], [hunan yueyang JunShan] JunShan needles, luan GuaPian [of two counties of anhui luan and Jin Zhai qiyun moutain], huangshan maofeng tea [rapidly in anhui and huangshan mountain], [anhui QiMenXian] qiinen black tea, DouYun maojian tea [DouYun county in guizhou] wuyi rock tea, tieguanyin [fujian anxi], [] of anxian county, fujian chung【扑克人物】"Poker characters"黑桃J：查尔斯一世的侍从，丹麦人霍克拉Spades J: Charles I's retinue, Danish hawk红桃J：查尔斯七世的宫廷随从拉海亚Red peach J: Charles vii's court after the sea梅花J：亚瑟王的著名骑士兰斯洛特PAM: famous arthurian knight Lancelot方块J：查尔斯一世的侍从罗兰Square J: Charles I's retinue Roland黑桃Q：帕拉斯o阿西纳，古希腊神话中智慧与战争女神O o spades Q: pallas, ancient Greek mythology goddess of wisdom and war红桃Q：朱尔斯，德国人，查尔斯一世的妻子Red peach Q: Jules, germans, Charles I's wife梅花Q：英国的兰开斯特王族的约克王后Plum Q: British Lancaster royal queen of york方块Q：是《圣经o旧约》中的约瑟夫的妹妹，莱克尔皇后Square Q: o the old testament of the bible is in Joseph's younger sister, recker queen黑桃K：戴维，公元前10世纪的以色列国王索洛蒙的父亲，擅长弹奏竖琴Spades K: David, the 10th century BC, king Solomon of Israel's father, is good at playing the harp红桃K：查尔斯一世，弗兰克国王沙勒曼The red peach K: Charles I, king of frank Salem梅花K：马其顿国的亚历山大大帝，最早go-vern-ment世界Plum K: Alexander the great of Macedonia, the earliest go Vern - ment of the world方块K：罗马名将和政治家朱亚斯o西泽，罗马统一后成为独裁统治者Square K: Roman name and politicians Zhu Yasi o Caesar, the Roman unification become autocratic rulers【年龄称谓】【title 】age襁褓：未满周岁的婴儿Baby: those under the age of the baby孩提：指2——3岁的儿童As a child: refers to children aged 2-3垂髫：指幼年儿童（又叫“总角”）Early childhood: refers to the young children (also called "accumulated Angle") 豆蔻：指女子十三岁Nutmeg: refers to women's thirteen years old及笄：指女子十五岁JiJi refers to women's fifteen加冠：指男子二十岁（又“弱冠”）Crowns: refers to the men twenty years old (or "coming of age at 20") 而立之年：指三十岁Focus: refers to the age of thirty不惑之年：指四十岁Appears: refers to 40知命之年：指五十岁（又“知天命”、“半百”）Years of things: refers to the age of fifty (" is ", "half")花甲之年：指六十岁Reach refers to 60 years old古稀之年：指七十岁Three score and ten: refers to the age of seventy耄耋之年：指八、九十岁期颐之年：一百岁, there's ninety - year - old age: refers to the eight years: the age of one hundred【科举职官】〖乡试〗：录取者称为"举人"，第一名称为"解元"、〖会试〗：录取者称为"贡生"，第一名称为"会元"、〖殿试〗：录取者称为"进士"，第一名称为"状元"，第二名为"榜眼"，第三名为"探花"【】the imperial official [after having obtained] : students referred to as a "juren", the first nameis "XieYuan", [to] : students called "gongsheng", the first name is "HuiYuan", [position] : students called "jinshi", first name for the "top", the second is called "second", the third is called "no."【四书】《论语》、《中庸》、《大学》、《孟子》"Four books" the analects of Confucius, "the doctrine of the mean", "university", "mencius"【五经】《诗经》、《尚书》、《礼记》、《易经》、《春秋》"Five classics", the book of songs "history", "rites", "I ching", the spring and autumn annals【八股文】破题、承题、起讲、入手、起股、中股、后股、束股【六子全书】《老子》、《庄子》、《列子》、《荀子》、《扬子法言》、《文中子中说》"Teachers" presentation, amplification ChengTi, up speak, starting, shares, stocks, posterior divisions, bunch of stocks [sixth encyclopedia] "Lao zi", "zhuang zi", "liezi", "xunzi", "the Yangtze law says", "the child said"【汉字六书】象形、指事、形声、会意、转注、假借Pictographic Chinese characters Chinese characters 】【, self-explanatory, echoism, knowing, conversion, under the guise of【书法九势】落笔、转笔、藏峰、藏头、护尾、疾势、掠笔、涩势、横鳞竖勒Put pen to paper and pencil, and calligraphy nine potential 】【hide peak, CangTou and shield tail, for potential, pen, acerbity potential, horizontal scale, vertical【竹林七贤】嵇康、刘伶、阮籍、山涛、阮咸、向秀、王戎【饮中八仙】李白、贺知章、李适之、李琎、崔宗之、苏晋、张旭、焦遂Ji kang, bamboo QiXian 】【LiuLing, ruan ji, shan tao, a plucked stringed instrument, to show, Wang Rong "drinks the eight immortals in the" li bai, He Zhizhang, Li Shizhi, lee Jin, Cui Zong,Su Jin, zhang xu, JiaoSui【蜀之八仙】容成公、李耳、董促舒、张道陵、严君平、李八百、范长生、尔朱先生Rc, shu of the eight immortals 】【Li Er, promoting the shu dong, that, YanJunPing, eight hundred, Fan Changsheng, li zhu【扬州八怪】郑板桥、汪士慎、李鱓、黄慎、金农、高翔、李方鹰、罗聘Yangzhou eight eccentrics Zheng Banqiao 】, Wang Shishen, lee 鱓, Huang Shen, Li Fangying, qing-era painting, "and in the open【北宋四大家】黄庭坚、欧阳修、苏轼、王安石"Northern song dynasty four everybody" huang tingjian, ouyang xiu, su shi, wang anshi【唐宋古文八大家】韩愈、柳宗元、欧阳修、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、王安石、曾巩Eight people 】【ancient prose in tang and song dynasty, ouyang xiu, sponsored by han yu and liu zongyuan Su Xun, su shi and su zhe and wang anshi, 曾巩【十三经】《易经》、《诗经》、《尚书》、《礼记》、《仪礼》、《公羊传》、《榖梁传》、《左传》、《孝经》、《论语》、《尔雅》、《孟子》【ShiSanJing 】"I ching", the "book of songs", "history", "rites" and "yili", "ram biography", "grain Liang Chuan", "zuo zhuan," xiao ", "the analects", "er ya", "mencius"【四大民间传说】《牛郎织女》、《孟姜女》、《梁山伯与祝英台》、《白蛇与许仙》【】the four most famous folk tales in "the gigolo knit", "meng jiangnu", "butterfly lovers", the white snake and xu xian【四大文化遗产】《明清档案》、《殷墟甲骨》、《居延汉简》、《敦煌经卷》【】four cultural heritage in the archives of Ming and qing dynasties, the Yin ruins oracle, "bamboo slips", "dunhuang books"【元代四大戏剧】关汉卿《窦娥冤》、王实甫《西厢记》、汤显祖《牡丹亭》、洪升《长生殿》【】four yuan dynasty drama works DouE case, wang shifu "western chamber", tang xianzu, the peony pavilion and hong sheng "palace"【晚清四大谴责小说】李宝嘉《官场现形记》、吴沃尧《二十年目睹之怪现状》、刘鹗《老残游记》、曾朴《孽海花》Four condemnation novels in late qing dynasty Li Baojia 】the officialdom in the sky, and wu WoYao twenty years saw the strange situation, LiuE LaoCan travel notes, Ceng Piao the resources to spend【莎士比亚四大悲剧】《汉姆莱特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》、《奥赛罗》Shakespeare four great tragedies 】【ham Wright, king Lear, Macbeth, "Othello"【五彩】青、黄、赤、白、黑【color 】black, yellow, red, white and black【五音】宫、商、角、徵、羽[sound] palace, shang, horn, characteristics, plume【七宝】金、银、琉璃、珊瑚、砗磲、珍珠、玛瑙Gold, silver, lapis lazuli, qibao 】【coral, tridacna, pearls, agate【九宫】正宫、中吕宫、南吕宫、仙吕宫、黄钟宫、大面调、双调、商调、越调Lu in the palace, palace, south jiugong 】【lu palace, fairy palace, huang gong lu, bedding face, double adjustable, ShangDiao, YueDiao【七大艺术】绘画、音乐、雕塑、戏剧、文学、建筑、电影】【seven art, music, sculpture, painting, drama, literature, architecture, film【四大名瓷窑】河北的瓷州窑、浙江的龙泉窑、江西的景德镇窑、福建的德化窑"Four big famous kilns" Long Quanyao kiln porcelain states of hebei province and zhejiang province, jiangxi's jingdezhen kiln, fujian dehua kiln【四大名旦】梅兰芳、程砚秋、尚小云、荀慧生Mei lanfang, cheng yanqiu, shang xiaoyun, four MingDan 】【, xun【六礼】冠、婚、丧、祭、乡饮酒、相见Crown, marriage, funerals, six ceremony 】【offerings, township drinking, meet each other【六艺】礼、乐、射、御、书、数【LiuYi 】, music, archery, royal, book, number【六义】风、赋、比、兴、雅、颂"Six righteousness" wind, fu, bi, xing, elegant, and praise【八旗】镶黄、正黄、镶白、正白、镶红、正红、镶蓝、正蓝【十恶】谋反、谋大逆、谋叛、谋恶逆、不道、大不敬、不孝、不睦、不义、内乱"Eight banners" set is yellow, yellow, with white, is set with red, white, red, blue, is blue 【10 】evil rebellion, seeks the regicide, conspiracies, seeks the inverse, not word, irreverent, unfilial, discord and injustice, and civil strife【九流】儒家、道家、阴阳家、法家、名家、墨家、纵横家、杂家、农家【】nine flow, Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang family, famous artists, mohism, legalism, sage, and home farm【三山】安徽黄山、江西庐山、浙江雁荡山"Three mountain" huangshan mountain in anhui, jiangxi, zhejiang yandang mountain【五岭】越城岭、都庞岭、萌诸岭、骑田岭、大庾岭YueChengLing, DouPangLing, the five ridges 】【'ZhuLing, ride Tian Ling, big it【五岳】〖中岳〗河南嵩山、〖东岳〗山东泰山、〖西岳〗陕西华山、〖南岳〗湖南衡山、〖北岳〗山西恒山[its] [he] henan songshan, [dongyue] shandong taishan, [the west] shaanxi huashan, [le] hunan hengshan, [beiyue] mount heng in Shanxi Province【五湖】鄱阳湖〖江西〗、洞庭湖〖湖南〗、太湖〖江苏〗、洪泽湖〖江苏〗、巢湖〖安徽〗"Five lakes" [] in jiangxi poyang lake, dongting lake [in hunan], [jiangsu], [jiangsu] hongze lake taihu, chaohu [anhui]【四海】渤海、黄海、东海、南海【all 】the bohai sea, yellow sea, east China sea, the south China sea【四大名桥】广济桥、赵州桥、洛阳桥、卢沟桥"Four big famous bridge" wide and zhaozhou bridge, the bridge's LuoYangQiao, Marco Polo bridge【四大名园】颐和园〖北京〗、避暑山庄〖河北承德〗、拙政园〖江苏苏州〗、留园〖江苏苏州〗【】most famous four gardens [Beijing] the Summer Palace, the summer resort of chengde in hebei province], the humble administrator's garden of suzhou, jiangsu province], the lingering garden [jiangsu suzhou]【四大名刹】灵岩寺〖山东长清〗、国清寺〖浙江天台〗、玉泉寺〖湖北江陵〗、栖霞寺〖江苏南京〗"Four famous" LingYanSi [shandong pingyin], zhi xu claimed [zhejiang tiantai], yuquan temple [hubei jiangling], were [jiangsu nanjing]【四大名楼】岳阳楼〖湖南岳阳〗、黄鹤楼〖湖北武汉〗、滕王阁〖江西南昌〗、大观楼〖云南昆明〗"Four famous towers" yueyang of hunan yueyang], [hubei wuhan] the yellow crane tower, tengwang pavilion [nanchang of jiangxi province], DaGuanLou [yunnan kunming]【四大名亭】醉翁亭〖安徽滁县〗、陶然亭〖北京先农坛〗、爱晚亭〖湖南长沙〗、湖心亭〖杭州西湖〗"Four big famous pavilion" ZuiWengTing [chuhe county in anhui], TaoRanTing XianNongTan [Beijing], love late pavilion [in changsha, hunan province], lake [hangzhou west lake]【四大古镇】景德镇〖江西〗、佛山镇〖广东〗、汉口镇〖湖北〗、朱仙镇〖河南〗"Four big ancient town" jingdezhen of jiangxi] [guangdong], hankou town, foshan town [in hubei], immortals township [henan]【四大碑林】西安碑林〖陕西西安〗、孔庙碑林〖山东曲阜〗、地震碑林〖四川西昌〗、南门碑林〖台湾高雄〗Xi 'an forest of steles four forest of steles 】【[xi 'an in shaanxi province], Confucius temple, the forest of steles [shandong qufu] the forest of steles, earthquake [sichuan xichang], south gate the forest of steles [Taiwan kaohsiung]【四大名塔】嵩岳寺塔〖河南登封嵩岳寺〗、飞虹塔〖山西洪洞广胜寺〗、释迦塔〖山西应县佛宫寺〗、千寻塔〖云南大理崇圣寺〗"Four big famous tower" this temple tower [henan dengfeng this temple], the flying tower [shanxi hongtong guangsheng temple] [Buddha palace temple in shanxi so], Buddha tower, qianhe tower [yunnan Dali footprints temple]【四大石窟】莫高窟〖甘肃敦煌〗、云岗石窟〖山西大同〗、龙门石窟〖河南洛阳〗、麦积山石窟〖甘肃天水〗【】's four big grottoes the mogao grottoes of dunhuang, gansu province], [shanxi datong] yungang grottoes and longmen grottoes of luoyang, henan] [gansu tianshui], maijishan grottoes【四大书院】白鹿洞书院〖江西庐山〗、岳麓书院〖湖南长沙〗、嵩阳书院〖河南嵩山〗、应天书院〖河南商丘〗"Four academy" white deer cave academy [jiangxi lushan], yuelu academy of hunan changsha], song Yang college [henan songshan], should be college [henan shangqiu]【四大佛教名山】浙江普陀山〖观音菩萨〗、山西五台山〖文殊菩萨〗、四川峨眉山〖普贤菩萨〗、安徽九华山〖地藏王菩萨〗【】the four famous buddhist mountains of zhejiang mount putuo [guanyin bodhisattva], wutai mountain in shanxi [manjushri], [samantabhadra bodhisattva] mount emei in sichuan, anhui jiuhua [earth treasure bodhisattva]【四大道教名山】湖北武当山、江西龙虎山、安徽齐云山、四川青城山"The four famous mountains of Taoism" wudang mountain in hubei, jiangxi, qiyun moutain in anhui, sichuan qingcheng mountain, mount longhu【五行】金、木、水、火、土"Five lines of" gold, wood, water, fire and earth【八卦】乾〖天〗、坤〖地〗、震〖雷〗、巽〖风〗、坎〖水〗、离〖火〗、艮〖山〗、兑〖沼〗"Gossip" dried [day], he [to], [mine], xun [wind] and [water] from [the fire], gen [hill], the [bog]【三皇】伏羲、女娲、神农[three] fuxi, nuwa, shennong【五帝】太皞、炎帝、黄帝、少皞、颛顼"Five emperors" too 皞, yan emperor, huangdi, 皞, ZhuanXu less【三教】儒教、道教、佛教"Three religions" Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism【三清】元始天尊〖清微天玉清境〗、灵宝天尊〖禹余天上清境〗、道德天尊〖大赤天太清境〗Beginning sanqing 】【Buddha [micro day jade qing qing condition], spi Buddha [yu yu qingsky condition], moral Buddha [big red day too clear borders]【四御】昊天金阙无上至尊玉皇大帝、中天紫微北极大帝、勾陈上宫天后皇大帝、承天效法土皇地祗Heaven gold que supreme supreme science four royal 】【the jade emperor, zhongtian Chinese arctic emperor, tick on Chen huang emperor palace days, days according to soil emperor DeZhi【八仙】铁拐李、钟离权、张果老、吕洞宾、何仙姑、蓝采和、韩湘子、曹国舅"Eight immortals" turn iron, clock from power, the zhang guolao, li lu dongbin, He Xiangu, blueand, Han Xiangzi, cao guojiu【十八罗汉】布袋罗汉、长眉罗汉、芭蕉罗汉、沉思罗汉、伏虎罗汉、过江罗汉、欢喜罗汉、降龙罗汉、静坐罗汉、举钵罗汉、开心罗汉、看门罗汉、骑象罗汉、探手罗汉、托塔罗汉、挖耳罗汉、笑狮罗汉、坐鹿罗汉Ocean's 18 arhats 】【cloth, ocean's long eyebrow, ocean's banana, ocean's ocean's contemplation, ocean's fighter, river, ocean's joy, JiangLong lohan, ocean's meditation, for ocean's bowl, ocean's happy, ocean's guard and ride like lohan, ocean's agent hand, TuoDa lohan, ocean's ear, laughing lion ocean, by ocean's deer【十八层地狱】[第一层]泥犁地狱、[第二层]刀山地狱、[第三层]沸沙地狱、[第四层]沸屎地狱、[第五层]黑身地狱、[第六层]火车地狱、[第七层]镬汤地狱、[第八层]铁床地狱、[第九层]盖山地狱、[第十层]寒冰地狱、[第十一层]剥皮地狱、[第十二层]畜生地狱、[第十三层]刀兵地狱、[第十四层]铁磨地狱、[第十五层]寒冰地狱、[第十六层]铁册地狱、[第十七层]蛆虫地狱、[第十八层]烊铜地狱Eighteen layers of hell [] [] of the first layer of mud plough hell, hell, the [second] wheels/layer 3 boiling boiling shit hell hell, layer [4], [5] layer black body, layer [6] train hell, hell layer [7] woksoup hell, hell layer [8] iron bed, cover layer [9] mountain, layer [10] ice hell, hell layer [11] skinning, [2] 10 animal hell, hell bill layer [13], [14] layer iron grinding hell, hell layer [15] ice,iron layer [16] of the hell, hell layer [17] maggot, copper layer [18] Yang hell hell【五脏】心、肝、脾、肺、肾[five] heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney【六腑】胃、胆、三焦、膀胱、大肠、小肠"Fu", bravery, the sanjiao (triple energizer), bladder, stomach, small intestine, large intestine【七情】喜、怒、哀、乐、爱、恶、欲"Seven emotions" happiness, anger, sorrow, joy, love, evil, desire【五常】仁、义、礼、智、信[the p5] benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, intelligence and faith【五伦】君臣、父子、兄弟、夫妇、朋友[each] this, father and son, brother, wife, friend【三姑】尼姑、道姑、卦姑Three gu 】【nun, Taoist, hexagrams gu【六婆】牙婆、媒婆、师婆、虔婆、药婆、稳婆Six shiva YaPo 】, matchmaker, shiva, sincere woman, shiva, midwife【九属】玄孙、曾孙、孙、子、身、父、祖父、曾祖父、高祖父[9 genera] great-great-grandson, the son, Samson, the son, and his body high, father, grandfather, great grandfather, grandfather【五谷】稻、黍、稷、麦、豆[corn] rice, millet, millet, wheat, beans【中国八大菜系】四川菜、湖南菜、山东菜、江苏菜、浙江菜、广东菜、福建菜、安徽菜"China's eight regional cuisines" sichuan cuisine, hunan cuisine, shandong cuisine, jiangsu cuisine, zhejiang cuisine, cantonese cuisine, fujian cuisine and anhui cuisine【五毒】石胆、丹砂、雄黄、矾石、慈石[ruling] lithocholic, cinnabar and realgar, alum stone, CiShi【配药七方】大方、小方、缓方、急方、奇方、偶方、复方And easy dispensing seven party 】【, party, party, party, odd, even, compound【中华人民共和国十大元帅】：朱德、彭德怀、贺龙、陈毅、刘伯承、罗荣桓、徐向前、聂荣臻、林彪、叶剑英。

1.元宵节：Lantern Festival2.刺绣：embroidery3.重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival4.清明节：Tomb sweeping day5.剪纸：Paper Cutting6.书法：Calligraphy7.对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets8.象形文字：Pictograms/PictographicCharacters9.人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow10.四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle11.战国：Warring States12.风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen13.铁饭碗：Iron Bowl14.函授部：The Correspondence Department15.集体舞：Group Dance16.黄土高原：Loess Plateau17.红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals18.中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day19.结婚证：Marriage Certificate20.儒家文化：Confucian Culture21.附属学校：Affiliated school22.古装片：Costume Drama23.武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie24.元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup)25.一国两制：One Country, Two Systems26.火锅：Hot Pot27.四人帮：Gang of Four28.《诗经》：The Book of Songs29.素质教育：Essential-qualities-oriented Education30.《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the GrandHistorian31.大跃进：Great Leap Forward (Movement)32.《西游记》：The Journey to the West33.除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the SpringFestival34.针灸：Acupuncture35.唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/The Tang Tri-colored pottery36.中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-characteredSocialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics37.偏旁：radical38.孟子：Mencius39.亭/阁：Pavilion/ Attic 40.大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sizedState-owned Enterprises41.火药：gunpowder42.农历：Lunar Calendar43.印/玺：Seal/Stamp44.物质精神文明建设：The Construction ofMaterial Civilization and Spiritual Civilization45.京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera46.秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera47.太极拳：Tai Chi48.独生子女证：The Certificate of One-child49.天坛：Altar of Heaven in Beijing50.小吃摊：Snack Bar/Snack Stand51.红双喜：Double Happiness52.政治辅导员：Political Counselor/SchoolCounselor53.春卷：Spring Roll(s)54.莲藕：Lotus Root55.追星族：Star Struck56.故宫博物院：The Palace Museum57.相声：Cross-talk/Comic Dialogue58.下岗：Lay off/Laid off59.北京烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck60.高等自学考试：Self-taught Examination ofHigher Education61.烟花爆竹：fireworks and firecracker62.敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves63.电视小品：TV Sketch/TV Skit64.香港澳门同胞：Compatriots from Hong Kongand Macao65.文化大革命：Cultural Revolution66.长江中下游地区：The Mid-low Reaches ofYangtze River67.门当户对：Perfect Match/Exact Match68.《水浒》：Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh69.中外合资企业：Joint Ventures70.文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）："The Four Treasure of theStudy" "Brush, Inkstick, Paper, and Inkstone",适合练习听力的英文歌适合练习听力的英文歌1 沉默之声The Sound Of Silence2 爱的细语There's A Kind Of Hush3 阳光季节Seasons In The Sun4 唱首忧郁的歌Song Sung Blue5 在老橡树上系黄丝带Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree6 雨的旋律Rhythm of The Rain7 七个寂寞的日子Seven Lonely Days8 超级迷你比基尼Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka-Dot Bikini9 波夫Puff10 柠檬树Lemon Tree11 花落何处Where Have All The Flowers Gone?12 顺其自然Let It Be13 昨日重现Yesterday Once More14 甜心Dear Heart15 太年轻Too Young16 低语的松树Whispering Pines17 世界末日The End Of The World18 我的家乡My Hometown19 大江东去The River Of No Return20 田纳西华尔兹Tennessee Waltz21 破晓Morning Has Broken22 恶水上的大桥Bridge Over Troubled Water23 让它是我Let It Be Me24 再见，吾爱Bye Bye, Love25 无法停止爱你I Can't Stop Loving You26 只有你Only You27 世事不可强求Que Sera, Sera28 雨点不断落在我头上Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head29 某处，吾爱Somewhere My Love30 在雨中哭泣Crying In The Rain31 跳舞吧，小女孩Dance On, Little Girl32 爱你在心口难开More Than I Can Say33 玫瑰，玫瑰我爱你Rose, Rose, I Love You34 清晨In The Morning35 往日情怀The Way We Were36 北上阿拉斯加North To Alaska37 老鹰之歌El Condor Pasa38 乡村路带我回家Take Me Home Country Roads39 邮差先生Please Mr. Postman40 黄河镇Yellow River41 放开我Release Me42 最后华尔兹The Last Waltz43 孤枕难眠I Don't Like To Sleep Alone 44 想象Imagine45 不再坠入情网I'll Never Fall In. Love Again46 轻歌销魂Killing Me Softly With His Song47 婚礼The Wedding48 雪鸟Snowbird49 黛咪Tammy50 情感Feelings51 假如If52 小白鸽Paloma Blanca53 今日Today54 无须说爱我You Don't Have To Say You Love Me55 奔放的旋律Unchained Melody56 与我吻别Kiss Me Goodbye57 只有寻梦去All I Have To Do Is Dream58 小白花Edelweiss59 将头*在我肩上Put Your Head On My Shoulder60 黄鸟儿Yellow Bird61 全为了一个女孩的爱All For The Love Of A Girl62 轻声细诉，爱人Speak Softly, Love63 交换舞伴Changing Partners64 我参加你的婚礼I Went To Your Wedding65 给约翰的一封信A Dear John Letter66 月亮河Moon River67 黛安娜Diana68 哦，卡罗Oh! Carol69 试着回忆Try To Remember70 什锦烩饭Jambalaya71 时机不再72 唯有孤寂Only The Lonely73 我明白I Understand74 全心全意爱我Love Me With All Of Your Heart75 深夜陌生人Strangers In The Night76 离家五百里Five Hundred Miles77 昨日Yesterday78 走在雨中Just Walking In The Rain79 阳光在我肩上Sunshine On My Shoulders80 我希望你要我I'd Love You To Want Me81 你欺骗的心Your Cheating Heart82 麻萨诸塞州Massachusetts83 丹尼男孩Danny Boy84 今晚你寂寞吗Are You Lonesome Tonight85 随风飘荡Blowing In The Wind86 敲三下Knock Three Times87 不再No More88 热爱着你Devoted To You89 旧金山San Francisco90 棉花田Cotton Field91 亲爱的Sugar, Sugar92 世界之顶Top Of The World93 你照亮我的生命You Light Up My Life94 玫瑰花园Rose Garden95 如果你爱我If You Love Me96 史东妮Stoney97 我不知如何爱他I Don't Know How To Love Him98 温柔地爱我Love Me Tender【三教】儒教、道教、佛教【九流】儒家、道家、阴阳家、法家、名家、墨家、纵横家、杂家、农家【三皇】伏羲、女娲、神农【五帝】太皞、炎帝、黄帝、少皞、颛顼【三山】安徽黄山、江西庐山、浙江雁荡山【五岳】〖中岳〗河南嵩山、〖东岳〗山东泰山、〖西岳〗陕西华山、〖南岳〗湖南衡山、〖北岳〗山西恒山【五湖】鄱阳湖〖江西〗、洞庭湖〖湖南〗、太湖〖江苏〗、洪泽湖〖江苏〗、巢湖〖安徽〗【四海】渤海、黄海、东海、南海【三清】元始天尊〖清微天玉清境〗、灵宝天尊〖禹余天上清境〗、道德天尊〖大赤天太清境〗【四御】昊天金阙无上至尊玉皇大帝、中天紫微北极大帝、勾陈上宫天后皇大帝、承天效法土皇地祗【四大佛教名山】浙江普陀山〖观音菩萨〗、山西五台山〖文殊菩萨〗、四川峨眉山〖普贤菩萨〗、安徽九华山〖地藏王菩萨〗【四大道教名山】湖北武当山、江西龙虎山、安徽齐云山、四川青城山【五行】金、木、水、火、土【八卦】乾〖天〗、坤〖地〗、震〖雷〗、巽〖风〗、坎〖水〗、离〖火〗、艮〖山〗、兑〖沼〗【十八罗汉】布袋罗汉、长眉罗汉、芭蕉罗汉、沉思罗汉、伏虎罗汉、过江罗汉、欢喜罗汉、降龙罗汉、静坐罗汉、举钵罗汉、开心罗汉、看门罗汉、骑象罗汉、探手罗汉、托塔罗汉、挖耳罗汉、笑狮罗汉、坐鹿罗汉【十八层地狱】[第一层]泥犁地狱、[第二层]刀山地狱、[第三层]沸沙地狱、[第四层]沸屎地狱、[第五层]黑身地狱、[第六层]火车地狱、[第七层]镬汤地狱、[第八层]铁床地狱、[第九层]盖山地狱、[第十层]寒冰地狱、[第十一层]剥皮地狱、[第十二层]畜生地狱、[第十三层]刀兵地狱、[第十四层]铁磨地狱、[第十五层]寒冰地狱、[第十六层]铁册地狱、[第十七层]蛆虫地狱、[第十八层]烊铜地狱【五脏】心、肝、脾、肺、肾【六腑】胃、胆、三焦、膀胱、大肠、小肠【四书】《论语》、《中庸》、《大学》、《孟子》【五经】《诗经》、《尚书》、《礼记》、《易经》、《春秋》【八股文】破题、承题、起讲、入手、起股、中股、后股、束股【六子全书】《老子》、《庄子》、《列子》、《荀子》、《扬子法言》、《文中子中说》【汉字六书】象形、指事、形声、会意、转注、假借【书法九势】落笔、转笔、藏峰、藏头、护尾、疾势、掠笔、涩势、横鳞竖勒【竹林七贤】嵇康、刘伶、阮籍、山涛、阮咸、向秀、王戎【饮中八仙】李白、贺知章、李适之、李琎、崔宗之、苏晋、张旭、焦遂【蜀之八仙】容成公、李耳、董促舒、张道陵、严君平、李八百、范长生、尔朱先生【扬州八怪】郑板桥、汪士慎、李鱓、黄慎、金农、高翔、李方鹰、罗聘【北宋四大家】黄庭坚、欧阳修、苏轼、王安石【唐宋古文八大家】韩愈、柳宗元、欧阳修、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、王安石、曾巩【十三经】《易经》、《诗经》、《尚书》、《礼记》、《仪礼》、《公羊传》、《榖梁传》、《左传》、《孝经》、《论语》、《尔雅》、《孟子》【四大民间传说】《牛郎织女》、《孟姜女》、《梁山伯与祝英台》、《白蛇与许仙》【四大文化遗产】《明清档案》、《殷墟甲骨》、《居延汉简》、《敦煌经卷》【元代四大戏剧】关汉卿《窦娥冤》、王实甫《西厢记》、汤显祖《牡丹亭》、洪升《长生殿》【晚清四大谴责小说】李宝嘉《官场现形记》、吴沃尧《二十年目睹之怪现状》、刘鹗《老残游记》、曾朴《孽海花》【六礼】冠、婚、丧、祭、乡饮酒、相见【六艺】礼、乐、射、御、书、数【六义】风、赋、比、兴、雅、颂【十恶】谋反、谋大逆、谋叛、谋恶逆、不道、大不敬、不孝、不睦、不义、内乱【五彩】青、黄、赤、白、黑【五音】宫、商、角、徵、羽【七宝】金、银、琉璃、珊瑚、砗磲、珍珠、玛瑙【九宫】正宫、中吕宫、南吕宫、仙吕宫、黄钟宫、大面调、双调、商调、越调【七大艺术】绘画、音乐、雕塑、戏剧、文学、建筑、电影【四大名瓷窑】河北的瓷州窑、浙江的龙泉窑、江西的景德镇窑、福建的德化窑【四大名旦】梅兰芳、程砚秋、尚小云、荀慧生【八旗】镶黄、正黄、镶白、正白、镶红、正红、镶蓝、正蓝【八仙】铁拐李、钟离权、张果老、吕洞宾、何仙姑、蓝采和、韩湘子、曹国舅【七情】喜、怒、哀、乐、爱、恶、欲【五常】仁、义、礼、智、信【五伦】君臣、父子、兄弟、夫妇、朋友【三姑】尼姑、道姑、卦姑【六婆】牙婆、媒婆、师婆、虔婆、药婆、稳婆【九属】玄孙、曾孙、孙、子、身、父、祖父、曾祖父、高祖父【五谷】稻、黍、稷、麦、豆【中国八大菜系】四川菜、湖南菜、山东菜、江苏菜、浙江菜、广东菜、福建菜、安徽菜【配药七方】大方、小方、缓方、急方、奇方、偶方、复方【五岭】越城岭、都庞岭、萌诸岭、骑田岭、大庾岭【四大名桥】广济桥、赵州桥、洛阳桥、卢沟桥【四大名园】颐和园〖北京〗、避暑山庄〖河北承德〗、拙政园〖江苏苏州〗、留园〖江苏苏州〗【四大名刹】灵岩寺〖山东长清〗、国清寺〖浙江天台〗、玉泉寺〖湖北江陵〗、栖霞寺〖江苏南京〗【四大名楼】岳阳楼〖湖南岳阳〗、黄鹤楼〖湖北武汉〗、滕王阁〖江西南昌〗、大观楼〖云南昆明〗【四大名亭】醉翁亭〖安徽滁县〗、陶然亭〖北京先农坛〗、爱晚亭〖湖南长沙〗、湖心亭〖杭州西湖〗【四大古镇】景德镇〖江西〗、佛山镇〖广东〗、汉口镇〖湖北〗、朱仙镇〖河南〗【四大碑林】西安碑林〖陕西西安〗、孔庙碑林〖山东曲阜〗、地震碑林〖四川西昌〗、南门碑林〖台湾高雄〗【四大名塔】嵩岳寺塔〖河南登封嵩岳寺〗、飞虹塔〖山西洪洞广胜寺〗、释迦塔〖山西应县佛宫寺〗、千寻塔〖云南大理崇圣寺〗【四大石窟】莫高窟〖甘肃敦煌〗、云岗石窟〖山西大同〗、龙门石窟〖河南洛阳〗、麦积山石窟〖甘肃天水〗【四大书院】白鹿洞书院〖江西庐山〗、岳麓书院〖湖南长沙〗、嵩阳书院〖河南嵩山〗、应天书院〖河南商丘〗【四大名绣】苏绣〖苏州〗、湘绣〖湖南〗、蜀绣〖四川〗、广绣〖广东〗【四大名扇】檀香扇〖江苏〗、火画扇〖广东〗、竹丝扇〖四川〗、绫绢扇〖浙江〗【四大名花】牡丹〖山东菏泽〗、水仙〖福建漳州〗、菊花〖浙江杭州〗、山茶〖云南昆明〗【十大名茶】西湖龙井〖浙江杭州西湖区〗、碧螺春〖江苏吴县太湖的洞庭山碧螺峰〗、信阳毛尖〖河南信阳车云山〗、君山银针〖湖南岳阳君山〗、六安瓜片〖安徽六安和金寨两县的齐云山〗、黄山毛峰〖安徽歙县黄山〗、祁门红茶〖安徽祁门县〗、都匀毛尖〖贵州都匀县〗、铁观音〖福建安溪县〗、武夷岩茶〖福建崇安县〗【十二生肖】〖中国〗子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戌狗、亥猪〖埃及〗牝牛、山羊、狮子、驴、蟹、蛇犬、猫、鳄、红鹤、猿、鹰〖法国〗摩羯、宝瓶、双鱼、白羊、金牛、双子、巨蟹、狮子、室女、天秤、天蝎、人马〖印度〗招杜罗神的鼠、毗羯罗神的牛、宫毗罗神的狮、伐折罗神的兔、迷立罗神的龙、安底罗神的蛇、安弥罗神的马、珊底罗神的羊、因达罗神的猴、波夷罗神的金翅鸟、摩虎罗神的狗、和真达罗神的猪，【年龄称谓】襁褓：未满周岁的婴儿孩提：指2——3岁的儿童垂髫：指幼年儿童（又叫“总角”）豆蔻：指女子十三岁及笄：指女子十五岁加冠：指男子二十岁（又“弱冠”）而立之年：指三十岁不惑之年：指四十岁知命之年：指五十岁（又“知天命”、“半百”）花甲之年：指六十岁古稀之年：指七十岁耄耋之年：指八、九十岁期颐之年：一百岁【古代主要节日】元日：正月初一，一年开始。

第7课，补充材料北京景点和小吃Forbidden City 故宫Tiananmen Square 天安门广场Great Hall of the People 人民大会堂Great Wall 长城Monument to the People's Heroes 人民英雄纪念碑Summer Palace 颐和园Ruins of the Old Summer Palace 圆明园Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian 周口店北京人遗址Ming Dynasty Tombs 明朝十三陵Bell Tower and Drum Tower 鼓楼Lugou Bridge 卢沟桥Prince Gong Mansion 恭王府Beijing Ancient Observatory 北京古观象台Temple of Heaven / Earth / Sun / Moon 天/地/日/月坛Lama Temple 雍和宫Confucius Temple 孔庙Beihai Park 北海Jingshan Park 景山Fragrant Hills 香山Grandview Garden 大观园Beijing Financial Street 金融街纪念堂:the memorial hall中轴线:the midline四合院:quadrangle劳动文化宫:Working People's Cultural Palace中山公园:Zhongshan Park景山公园:Jingshan Park前门:the front door北京小吃的英文名称:驴打滚soybean cake艾窝窝Steamed rice cakes with sweet stuffing)炒肝Stewed Liver糖卷果Chinese yam and date rolls姜丝排叉Fried ginger slices奶油炸糕Fried butter cake豌豆黄Pea cake蜜麻花Ear-shaped twists with sugar豆汁Fermented mung bean juice油茶Chatang / Miancha / Youcha馓子麻花Crisp noodle萨其马Caramel treats焦圈Fried ring 豆馅烧饼Bean paste cake/Subsidence fried beans 糖火烧Sweetened baked wheaten cake。

卢沟桥事变后英国对日政策的转变李世安/陈淑荣【英文标题】The Change of British Policy toward Japan after the July 7 Lu Gouqiao Incident【作者简介】李世安，中国人民大学历史学院历史系教授，博士生导师；陈淑荣，中国人民大学历史学院。

（北京 100872）【内容提要】最新的档案资料和研究成果表明，卢沟桥事变后英国的对日政策，从九一八事变后的绥靖政策，转变为一种自私自利的、被迫的援华抗日政策。

英国明确反对日本侵略中国，但不愿为了中国而与日本开战；英国官方不愿公开援助中国抗战，但允许通过民间方式援助中国；英国希望“和平”解决卢沟桥事变，但英国对日退让的底线是“恢复到卢沟桥事变前的状态”。

英国的这种对日政策虽然仍然是一种妥协，而且还没有完全摆脱绥靖政策的阴影，但已经有了实质上的改变：英国并没有出卖中国来与日本妥协，实现其维护在远东利益的计划。

这也就说明，在太平洋战争爆发前并不存在英美等国勾结共同出卖中国的“远东慕尼黑阴谋”。

The newest archives, materials and findings show that the British were not willing to defend its interests in China by allowing the Japanese occupying China alone after The Lukouchiao Incident. British policy towards Japan at the time was to help China's war resistance against the Japanese aggression, though it was a selfish and reluctant one. It must be pointed out that although the British were not willing to aid China publicly and would not to start a war against Japan for China, the Britishfirmly opposed the Japanese invasion of China. The British hope a peaceful resolution on the incident, but they insisted that the preconditions to achieve the goal was to restore the conditions in China before The Lukouchiao Incident, that means the Japanese army must retreat from the occupied territories in China before the incident. Therefore Britain's policy towards Japan after the incident was not a compromise or appeasement any more.【日期】2008-05-02【关键词】卢沟桥事变/英国/对日政策Lukouchiao incident/British/policy toward Japan传统观点认为，英国政府在卢沟桥事变后的对日政策，是推行绥靖路线[1]。

The fobbiden City is the palace museum; also know as the Purple Forbidden City. It is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in China today. Under Ming Emperor Yongle, construction began in 1406. It took 14years to build the Forbidden City. The first ruler who actually lived here was Ming Emperor Zhudi. For five centuries thereafter, it continued to be the residence of23 successive emperors until 1911 when Qing Emperor Puyi was forced to abdicate the throne. In 1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognized the Forbidden City was a world cultural legacy.It is believed that the Palace Museum, or Zi Jin Cheng (Purple Forbidden City), got its name from astronomy folklore, The ancient astronomers divided the constellations into groups and centered them around the Ziwei Yuan (North Star) . The constellation containing the North Star was called the Constellation of Heavenly God and star itself was called the purple palace. Because the emperor was supposedly the son of the heavenly gods, his central and dominant position would be further highlighted the use of the word purple in the name of his residence. In folklore, the term “an eastern purple cloud is drifting” became a metaphor for auspicious events after a purple cloud was seen drifting eastward immediately before the arrival of an ancient philosopher, LaoZi, to the Hanghu Pass. Here, purple is associated with auspicious developments. The word jin (forbidden) is self-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-limits to ordinary people.The red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic. Red represents happiness, good fortune and wealth. Yellow is the color of the earth on the Loess Plateau, the original home of the Chinese people. Yellow became an imperial color during the Tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture.The Forbidden City is rectangular in shape. It is 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meter wide from east west. It has 9,900 rooms under a total roof area 150,000 square meters. A 52-meter-wide-moat encircles a 9. 9-meter—high wall which encloses the complex. Octagon —shaped turrets rest on the four corners of the wall. There are four entrances into the city: the Meridian Gate to the south, the Shenwu Gate (Gate of Military Prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate (Gate of military Prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate (Western Flowery Gate ) to the west, the Donghua (Eastern Flowery Gate) to the east.Manpower and materials throughout the country were used to build the Forbidden City. A total of 230,000 artisans and one million laborers were employed. Marble was quarried from fangshan Country Mount Pan in Jixian County in Hebei Province. Granite was quarried in Quyang County in Hebei Province. Paving blocks were fired in kilns in Suzhou in southern China. Bricks and scarlet pigmentation used on the palatial walls came from linqing in Shandong Province. Timber was cut, processed and hauled from the northwestern and southern regions.天安门广场Tian’an Men Square故宫Former Imperial Palace天坛Temple of Heaven北海公园Beihai Park长城Great Wall颐和园Summer Palace十三陵Thirteen Ming Tombs雍和宫Yonghegong Lamasery北京动物园Beijing Zoo恭王府Prince Gong’s Mansion周口店北京猿人遗址Zhoukoudian-Home of Peking Man圆明园遗址Ruins of Yuanmingyuan卢沟桥Lugou Bridge香山公园Xiangshan Park碧云寺Biyun Temple潭柘寺Tanzhe Temple卧佛寺Wofo Temple戒台寺Jietai Temple法海寺Fahai Temple云居寺Yunju Temple白云寺Baiyun Temple导游资格考试旅游景点:北京故宫博物院英文导游辞hello, everyone,we are now going to pay a visit to a place of special interest. this scenic spot is located at the center of beijing and is characterized by thousands of palatial architectures and purple walls as well as yellow glazed tile roofs- it is simply a sea of palaces. this is the world – famous wonder – the palace museum.the palace museum has served as the royal residence during the ming and qing dynasties. it was here that a total of 24 monarchs ascended the throne and wielded power for some 500 years. the palace museum, as the most beautiful spot of interest throughout beijing, is unique for its location: to the northwest is beihai(north sea) park, famous for its white pagoda and rippling lake. to the west is the zhongnahai (central and south sea). to the east lies the the wangfujing shopping street. and to the north id jinshan park. standing in the wanchun (everlasting spring) pavilion at the top of jingshan(charcoal hill) park, you overlook the skyline of the palace museum. at the southern end of the palace is tian` anmen (gate of heavenly peace) and the famous square named after it . this is the symbol of the people` s republic of china.a world-famous historical site, the palace museum is on the world heritage list of unesco and is an embodiment of oriental civilization.the palace museum is rectangular in shape, 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meters wide from east to west, covering a space of 720,000 square meters of which 150,000 is building area . it has 9000-strong rooms in it . according to legend there are 9999.5 room-units in all .the whole compound is enclosed by a 10-meter-hign wall and is accessed through four entrances, namely, the meridian gate in the south ,the gate ofmilitary prowess in the north, donghua(eastern flowery ) gate in the north, donghua ( eastern flowery) gate in the east and xihua(western flowery ) gate in the west. on each corner there is a turret consisted of 9 roof beams, 18 pillars and 72 ridge . encircling the compound there is a 3,800-meter-long and 52 meter-wide moat, making the palace museum a self-defensive city-within-a city.the palace museum was made a center of rule during the ming dynasty by zhun di, the fourth son of the founding emperor zhuyuanzhang. the whole complex straddles on an 8-kilometers-long central axis that stretches from yongding (forever stable) gate in the south to gulou (drum tower) in the north. prominence was given to the royal power by putting the “three main front halls” and “three back halls ”on the axis while arrange other subsidiary structure around them .the construction of the palace museum involved manpower and resources across china. for exam ple, the bricks laid in the halls ,known as “gold brick, ” underwent complex, two –dozen processes. as the final touch ,the fired bricks were dipped in chinese wood oil. involving complicated processes and high cost, these brick are called “golden bricks.”the palace museum serves as a living embodiment of good tradition and styles unique to china` s ancient architecture. it reflects to the full the ingenuity and creativity of the chinese working people. a carefully preserved and complete group of royal residences, the palace museum is a prominent historical and tourist site.what we are now approaching is the main entrance to the palace museum-the meridian gate, which is characterized by red walls, yellow glazed –tile roofs and upturned eaves. on top of this walls, yellow glazed-tile roofs and upturned eaves. on top of this magnificent building ,there stand five lofty halls with a main hall in the center. the main hall is roofed by multiple eaves and covers a space of 9 room-units. it is flanked by two wings on each side .the wings are square in shape ,complete with multiple and four edged eaves and pinnacles. all of these structures are connected by a colonnade. because these halls resemble a soaring bird, it was also know as wufenglou (five-phoenix tower) . inside the main hall there is a throne. drums and bells were stored in the wings. whenever the emperor presided over grand ceremonies or observed rites in the hall of upreme harmony, drums, bells and gongs would be struck to mark the occasion.as the legend goes, the meridian gate used to be a place where condemned ranking officials would be executed. this not true. however, flogging was carried out here by the ming emperors ,if a courtier falls afoul of the emperor, he would be stripped of his court dress and flogging with a stick .at one point the punishment became so harsh that a total of 11 people died from fatal wound on a single occasion .on the other hand, this building was also used to observe important occasions like the traditional chinese lantern festival (15th day of the first lunar month). on these occasions, chinese lanterns would be hanged and sumptuous banquets would be given in honour of the whole court of ministers and other ranking officials.upon entering the meridian gate we began our tour of the palace museum. the river foowing in front of us is known as jin shui he (golden water river) and the five marbles bridges spanning it are known as the inner golden water bridges. the on in the middle was used exclusive by the emperor and its banisters were carved with dragon and phoenix designs. the bridges flanking the imperial one were reserved for princes and other royal members. the rest were used by palatines. aside from decoration, the golden water river was also dug as precaution against fire. most of the structures within the palace museum are made of wood. what is more ,according to ancient chinese cosmology, the south is the abode of fire, so this brook was dug on the southern tip of the palace. in this way, the palace museum reflects traditional chinese culture.this building is called the gate of supreme harmony .in the foreground stand two bronze lions. can anybodytell which is male and which is female? the one on the east playing with a ball is male, symbolizing power and universal unity. the other on the west with a cub cuddling underneath its claw is female? the one on the east playing with a ball is male, symbolizing power and universal unity. the other on the west with a cub cuddling underneath its claw is female, representing prosperity the endless succession. a layout of the palace museum is posted by the entrance . from it ,you can see that the palace museum has two main parts: the forecourt and the inner court. the three main halls constitute the mainstay of the forecourt, and it was here that the emperor announced decisions and observed rites. behind the forecourt there is the inner court, consisting of major halls and the imperial garden .it was where the emperor attended state affairs, lived and enjoyed his luxurious life. the exhibition system of the palace museum involves historical court relics and articles of ancient art and culture. the palace museum houses nearly one million articles of rare treasure, or one sixth of the total number in all of china `s museums. there are the three main halls of the palace museum, built on a triple marble terrace . since most of china `s architecture is made of wood, the buildings cannot be too tall. to gain the height of the architecture, ingenious ancient artisans built the hall on a gigantic stone terrace .it is also to this end that not a single plant was grown in the square. on stairways of triple marble terrace there are 18 bronze tripods .the verandah is flanked by bronze tortoises and cranes, which served as symbols of longevity .on the east is a sundial, an ancient timepiece. on the west there is a grain measure suggesting that the emperor was just and equitable.in the front and on each flank ,there is a pair of gilt bronze vats (caldrons ) molded during the reign of emperor qianlong of the qing dynasty .each of these weights 2 tons and is filled with water as a precaution in the event of a fire .the structure in the very middle is the hall of supreme harmony ,also known as the throne hall. it is 64 meters in width and is 38 meters from entrance to rear. with terrace exclusive ,the hall is 26.92 meters in height and is 35.03 meters in all .covering and areaof 2,377 square meters, the hall of supreme harmony is china` s largest exiting wooden structure. the hall is supported by 6 thick ,round pillars carved in a design of coiling dragons. as the holiest place in the hall, the ceiling and colored patterns were made of the finest material available at that time. the throne was placed on a terrace and is flanked by statues of elephants, luduan (a unicorn which could travel 18,000 kilometers a day and understand all languages), cranes and incense barrels .over the throne there is the caisson ,or covered ceiling ,which consists of a coiling dragon playing with a ball in its mouth .this ball is known as xuanyuan mirror ,and was supposedly made by a chinese emperor of remote times to serve as a reminder that thee rulers to follow were his hereditary heirs. the throne is made of nanmu and painted in gold .magnificently built and luxuriously decorated ,this hall did not serve as a place in which the emperor attended to daily affairs. he used his hall for major events such as his birthday, conferral of title of empress or dispatch of generals to war.behind the hall of supreme harmony ,there sits the hall of complete harmony. this structure is square in shape .each side is 24.15 meters. this was the place where the emperor relaxed and greeted his courtiers before proceeding to the hall of supreme harmony to observe rites. this was also the place where the emperor preparedprayers or examined seeds and sowers bef ore he attended ancestral sacrifices or participated in snowing ceremonies. a grand ceremony was also held here once every 10 years for the emperor to genealogize the royal blood. there are two sedan chairs on display in the hall. behind the hall of complete harmony ,you will see the hall of preserving harmony, which was used as a place where imperial examinations were held. the imperial examination was the hignest level of competing for meritorious appointment under the feudal system dating back to the sui dynasty. china` s last imperial examination was held in 1904 during the reign of emperor guangxu of the qing dynasty. to the rear of hall there is a marble ramp carved with cloud and dragon designs, the largest of its kind in the whole country . it is 16.57 meters in length, 3.07 meters in width, 1.7 meters thick andweighs 250 tons. it was quarried in fangshan county in suburban beijing. to bring this giant piece of stone to beijing people poured water onto the road and applied rolling blocks during the process.we are now standing before the square of the hall of heaven purity. it served as a divide separating the forecourt from the inner court .this building is known as the gate of heavenly purity. emperor qianlong held court here. proceeding further north ,you can find three main rear halls ,i.e. the hall of heavenly purity. the hall of union and peace and palace of earthly tranquility. the hall of heavenly purity if flanked on either side by two gates named after the sun and moon .inside the enclosure there are 12 palaces and halls symbolizing constellations. all of the other buildings are centered around the palace of heavenly purity , which was meant to suggest that the monarch` s power was endowed by heaven. the empress and concubines lived in the inner court.the hall of heavenly purity was where the emperor lived and attended to daily affairs. later the emperor moved to live in the palace of mental cultivation. looking up you can see a plaque bearing the chinese inscription “be open and above-board,” a manifesto to court struggle .behind the plaque a strongbox was stored containing a will bearing the name of the would –be royal successor. this approach of secretly selecting the next emperor was adopted by emperor yongzheng of the qing dynasty. two copies of the will were prepared .one was stashed by the emperor in person ,the other was placed inside the strong box behind the plaque. after the death of the emperor, the two copies would be compared and successor would be announced. it was in this way that emperor qianglong and others have ascended the throne.behind the hall of heavenly purity you will see the hall of union and peace , which is indentical to the hall of complete harmony. it was there that the emperor received congratulations and tributes from imperial officials on major calender occasions , a total of 25 imperial seals are stored there. in the hall, you will see a plaque with the handwritten inscription of “we wei,” exhorting taoist doctrines.further northward is the palace of earthly tranquillity, which once served as the living room of the empresses` . the hall was later converted into a sacrificial place .through the windowpanes on the eastern wall you can see the royal bed decorated with dragon and phoenix designs. this hall has also served as the bridal chamber of monarchs.the gate of earthly tranquilliity leads to the imperial garden (known to westerners as qianlong` s garden ),which was used by the emperor ,the empress, and the concubines. a magnificent structure stands in the middle. it is called the qin `s an (imperial peace) hall. it is the only building in the palace museum that was built in taoist style. it served as a shrine to the taoist deity. the garden covers a space of 12,000 square meters ,and is 130 meters from east to the west and some 90 meters from north to the south. there are a dozen halls, verandahs, pavilions and waterside houses in the garden . on each of the fur corner there is a pavilion dedicated to the four seasons which is different in construction style and shape. the garden also features an imperial landscape. with rare trees and exotic rockery, the imperial garden served as a model for china` s imperial parks .in all ,a total of 10-strong building styles were applied.the tall building we are now passing is the gate of military prowess, the back door of thepalace museum. our visit is now drawing to a conclusion but the architectures of the palace are not . on the other side of the road is the 43-meter-hign charcoal hill , providing natural protection for the forbidden city. this was also an embodiment of china` s construction style-putting a pool in the front and a hill in the rear. now let` s climb up to wanchun (everlasting springs ) pavillion where we` ll have a great view of the palace museum. </P< p>故宫.The.Palace.Museum ※What strikes one first in a bird's -eye view of Beijing proper is a vast tract of golden roofs flashing brilliantly in the sun with purple walls occasionally emerging amid them and a stretch of luxuriant tree leaves flanking on each side. That is the former Imperial Palace, popularly known as the Forbidden City, from which twenty-four emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties ruled China for some 500 years--from1420 to 1911. The Ming Emperor Yong Le, who usurped the throne from his nephew and made Beijing the capital, ordered its construction, on which approximately 10,000 artists and a million workmen toiled for 14 years from 1406 to 1420. At present, the Palace is an elaborate museum that presents the largest and most complete ensemble of traditional architecture complex and more than 900,000 pieces of court treasures in all dynasties in China.Located in the center of Beijing, the entire palace area, rectangular in shape and 72 hectares in size, is surrounded by walls ten meters high and a moat 52 meters wide. At each corner of the wall stands a watchtower with a double-eave roof covered with yellow glazed tiles.The main buildings, the six great halls, one following the other, are set facing south along the central north-south axis from the Meridian Gate, the south entrance, to Shenwumen, the great gate piercing in the north wall. On either side of the palace are many comparatively small buildings. Symmetrically in the northeastern section lie the six Eastern Palaces and in the northwestern section the six Western Palaces. The Palace area is divided into two parts: the Outer Court and the Inner Palace. The former consists of the first three main halls, where the emperor received his courtiers and conducted grand ceremonies, while the latter was the living quarters for the imperial residence. At the rear of the Inner Palace is the Imperial Garden where the emperor and his family sought recreation.The main entrance to the Palace is the Meridian Gate(1), which was so named because the emperor considered himself the "Son of the Heaven" and the Palace the center of the universe, hence the north-south axis as the Meridian line going right through the Palace. The gate is crowned with five towers, commonly known as the Five-Phoenix Towers(2), which were installed with drums and bells. When the emperor went to the Temple of Heaven, bells were struck to mark this important occasion. When he went to the Ancestral Temple, it was the drums that were beaten to publicize the event.Beyond the Meridian Gate unfolds a vast courtyard across which the Inner Golden Water River runs from east to west. The river is spanned by five bridges, which were supposed to be symbols of the five virtues preached by Confucius--benevolence, righteousness, rites, intelligence, and fidelity(3).At the north end of the courtyard is a three-tiered white marble terrace, seven meters above the ground,on which, one after another, stand three majestic halls; the Hall of Supreme Harmony(4), the Hall of Complete Harmony(5), and the Hall of Preserving Harmony(6).The Hall of Supreme Harmony, rectangular in shape, 27 meters in height, 2,300 square meters in area, is the grandest and most important hall in the Palace complex. It is also China's largest existing palace of wood structure and an outstanding example of brilliant color combinations. This hall used to be the throne hall for ceremonies which marked great occasions: the Winter Solstice, the Spring Festival, the emperor's birthday and enthronement, and the dispatch of generals to battles, etc. On such occasions there would be an imperial guard of honor standing in front of the Hall that extended all the way to the Meridian gate.On the north face of the hall in the center of four coiled-golden dragon columns is the "Golden Throne", which was carved out of sandalwood. The throne rests on a two-meter-high platform with a screen behind it. In front of it, to the left and right, stand ornamental cranes, incense burners and other ornaments. The dragon columns entwined with golden dragons measure one meter in diameter. The throne itself, the platform and the screen are all carved with dragon designs. High above the throne is a color-painted coffered ceiling which changes in shape from square to octagonal to circular as it ascends layer upon layer. The utmost central vault is carved with the gilded design of a dragon toying with pearls. when the Emperor mounted the throne, gold bells and jade chimes sounded from the gallery, and clouds of incense rose from the bronze cranes and tortoises and tripods outside the hall on the terrace. The aura of majesty created by the imposing architecture and solemn ritual were designed to keep the subjects of the "Son of the Heaven" in awe and reverence.The Hall of Complete Harmony is smaller and square with windows on all sides. Here the emperor rehearsed for ceremonies. It is followed by the Hall of Preserving Harmony in which banquets and imperial examinations were held.Behind the Hall of Preserving Harmony lies a huge marble ramp with intertwining clouds and dragons carved in relief. The slab, about 6.5 meters long, 3 meters wide and 250 tons in weight, is placed between two flights of marble steps along which the emperor's sedan was carried up or down the terrace. It is the largest piece of stone carving in the Imperial Palace. Quarried in the mountains scores of kilometers southwest of Beijing, this gigantic stone was moved to the city by sliding it over a specially paved ice road in winter. To provide enough water to build the ice road, wells were sunk at very 500 meters along the way.The three halls of the Inner Palace are replicas of the three halls in the front, but smaller in size. They are the Palace of Heavenly Purity(7), the Hall of Union(8), and the Palace of Earthly Tranquility(9).The Palace of Heavenly Purity was once the residence of the Ming emperors and the first two of the Qing emperors. Then the Qing Emperor Yong Zheng moved his residence to the Palace of Mental Cultivation and turned it into an audience hall to receive foreign envoys and handled the state affairs. The promotion and demotion of officials were also decided in this hall. After the emperor's death his coffin was placed here for a 49-day period of mourning.The Palace of Union was the empress's throne room and the Hall of Earthly Tranquility, once a privateliving room for the empress, was partitioned. The west chamber served religious purposes and the east one was the bridal chamber where the newly married emperor and empress spent their first two nights after their wedding.The Imperial Garden was laid out during the early Ming dynasty. Hundreds of pines and cypresses offer shade while various flowers give colors to the garden all year round and fill the air with their fragrance. In he center of the garden is the Hall of Imperial Peace, a Daoist temple, with a flat roof slightly sloping down to the four eaves. This type of roof was rare in ancient Chinese architecture. In he northeastern corner of the garden is a rock hill, known as the Hill of the Piled-up Wonders, which is topped with a pavilion. At the foot of the hill are two fountains which jet two columns of water high into the air. It is said that on the ninth night of the ninth month of the lunar calendar, the empress would mound the hill to enjoy the autumn scene. It is also believed that climbing to a high place on that day would keep people safe from contagious diseases.The six Western Palaces were residences for empresses and concubines. They are kept in their original way for show. The six Eastern Palaces were the residences for them too. But now they serve as special museums: the Museum of Bronze, the Museum of Porcelain and the Museum of Arts and Crafts of the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the northeastern-most section of the Inner Palace are the Museum of Traditional Chinese Paintings and the Museum of Jewelry and Treasures where rare pieces of imperial collections are on display.Now the Forbidden City is no longer forbidding, but inviting. A visit to the Palace Museum will enrich the visitors' knowledge of history, economy, politics, arts as well as architecture in ancient China.Notes:1. the Meridian Gate 午门2. the Five-Phoenix Towers 五凤楼3. benevolence, righteousness, rites, intelligence, and fidelity 仁、义、礼、智、信4. the Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿5. the Hall of Complete Harmony 中和殿6. the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿7. the Palace of Heavenly Purity 乾清宫8. the Hall of Union 交泰殿9. the Palace of Earthly Tranquility 坤宁宫西单Xidan王府井Wangfujing中华世纪坛China Millennium Monument故宫the National Palace Museum东直门Dongzhimen鸟巢Nest水立方Cubic meters of water水上公园Water park国家体育馆National Stadium长城The Great Wall故宫The Palace Museum（TheForbidden City）人民大会堂Great Hall of the people颐和园The Summer Palace香山The Fragrant Hill天安门广场Tian An Men Square人民英雄纪念碑Monument to the People's heroes毛主席纪念堂The Memorial Hall of Chairman Mao天坛The Temple of Heaven雍和宫Lama Temple亚运村Asian Games Village圆明园Garden of Gardens民族文化宫The Nationalities Cultural Palace十三陵The Ming Tombs首都体育馆The Capital Gymnasium中国人民历史博物馆Museum of Chinese History and the Chinese Revolution 中国人民歌名军事博物馆Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution 农业展览馆The Agriculture Exhibition Hall中国美术馆The Chinese Art Gallery卢沟桥Marco Polo Bridge(Lugou bridge)中华世纪坛China Millennium Monument紫檀博物馆China red sandalwood museum。

Beijing's Scenic Spot: The Temple of HeavenThe Temple of Heaven was initially built in Yongle year 18 of the Ming Dynasty (in 1420). Situated in the southern part of the city, it covers the total area of 273 hectares. With the additions and rebuild during the Ming, Qing and other Dynasties, this grand set of structures look magnificent and glorious, the dignified environment appears solemn and respectful, it is the place for both Ming and Qing Dynasty's Emperors to worship Heaven and pray for good harvest. The northern part of the Temple is circular while the southern part is square, implies "sky is round and earth is square" to better symbolize heaven and earth. The whole compound is enclosed by two walls, dividing the whole Temple into inner and outer areas, with the main structures enclosed in the inner area. The most important constructions are the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest, the Circular Mound Altar, Imperial Heaven, The Imperial Vault of Heaven, Heaven Kitchen, Long Corridor and so on, as well as the Echo Wall, the Triple-Sound Stone, the Seven-Star Stone and others of historic interest and scenic beauty. The Temple of Heaven is a comprehensive expression of the unique construction techniques from Ming and Qing Dynasties, it is China's most treasured ancient architecture, it is also the world's largest architectural complex for worship heaven. In 1998, it was included in the "list of the world heritages" by the United Nation's Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.Do you know? There are four wonderful sounds in the Temple of Heaven! It's worth your time to study the four wonderful sounds.1. The echo from the Echo Wall - There is a circular wall around The Imperial Vault of Heaven, this is the famous Echo Wall. One person's mere whisper at any point close to the wall can be heard clearly on the other side if you draw your ear close to the wall, it is so clear that it is like talking on the phone. Do you want to know why? This is possible because the wall is round and hermetically constructed with smooth, solid bricks, so the sound wave can transmit to the other side via the extremely smooth inner circle.2. The sound of the Dialogue Stone - If you speak while standing on the 18th stone in front of The Imperial Vault of Heaven, the sound can clearly pass to the northeast corner of the north side hall and the northwest of the west side hall that are both 36 meters away. The sound can be heard just as well on the stone when speaking from the corners of these two side halls, this is what we call the "Sound of the Dialogue Stone".3. Repeating sounds of the Triple-Sound Stone - In front of the steps leading away from the hall is the Triple-Sound Stone. If you stand on the first stone and call out or clap your hands, the sound will echo once; on the second stone, the sound will be heard twice; and on the third stone, the sound will repeat three times. Hence it inherited the name. This is because the distances that the sound wave reflected from the round wall to the stone are different, the number of echo is also different. Take a guess which flagstone is at the center of the Echo Wall's? The third one. The echo actually gets repeated more than 3 times, it's just the sound is too weak to be heard after the 4th echo.4. The hollow of the Heaven's Center Stone - There is a stone plate in the center of the Circular Mound Altar called the Heaven's Center Stone. Shouting aloud standing above, you will hear the reverberation of the echo. This is due to the refraction of the sound.Jacklyn Chen - Webmaster of and a full time mom with two lille kids. Working very hard to make living with multiple web sites.北京的所有旅游景点的英文长城The Great Wall故宫The Palace Museum（TheForbidden City）人民大会堂Great Hall of the people颐和园The Summer Palace香山The Fragrant Hill天安门广场Tian An Men Square人民英雄纪念碑Monument to the People's heroes毛主席纪念堂The Memorial Hall of Chairman Mao天坛The Temple of Heaven雍和宫Lama Temple亚运村Asian Games Village圆明园Garden of Gardens民族文化宫The Nationalities Cultural Palace十三陵The Ming Tombs首都体育馆The Capital Gymnasium中国人民历史博物馆Museum of Chinese History and the Chinese Revolution中国人民歌名军事博物馆Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution农业展览馆The Agriculture Exhibition Hall中国美术馆The Chinese Art Gallery卢沟桥Marco Polo Bridge(Lugou bridge)中华世纪坛China Millennium Monument紫檀博物馆China red sandalwood museum香港旅游景点旳英文.太平山／山顶山顶（The Peak）超动感影院（Peak Explorer Motion Simulator）信不信由你奇趣馆（Ripley's Believe It or Not! Odditorium）山顶广场（Peak Galleria）中环（Central）立法会大楼（Legislative Council Building）皇后像广场（Statue Square）和平纪念碑（Cenotaph）香港礼宾府(Government House)中环都爹利街石阶及煤气（瓦斯）路灯（Duddell Street Steps and Gas Lamps）兰桂坊（Lan Kwai Fong）香港会议展览中心（Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Center）金紫荆广场（Golden Bauhinia Square）香港赛马博物馆（Hong Kong Racing Museum）浅水湾（Repulse Bay）海洋公园（Ocean Park）赤柱（Stanley）赤柱大街、赤柱新街及赤柱市场（Stanley Market）美利楼（Murray House）星光大道（Avenue of Stars）星光大道表扬名单（Honoured Stars of Hong Kong）维港夜景幻彩咏香江（A Symphony of Lights）尖沙咀前九广铁路钟楼（Clock Tower）香港文化中心（Hong Kong Cultural Centre）香港太空馆（Hong Kong Space Museum）香港艺术馆（Hong Kong Museum of Art）九龙清真寺（Kowloon Masjid & Islamic Centre）尖沙咀弥敦道（Nathan Road）海港城（Harbour City）柏丽购物大道（Park Lane Shopper's Boulevard）加连威老道（Granville Road）女人街（Ladies' Street）金鱼街（Goldfish Market）园圃街雀鸟花园（Bird Garden）旺角弥敦道（Nathan Road）花园街（Fa Yuen Street）西洋菜街（Sai Yeung Choi Street）黄大仙祠（Wong Tai Sin Temple）宝莲禅寺（Po Lin Monastery）天坛大佛（Big Buddha）斋堂及茶园（Vegetarian Canteen & Tea Garden）昂坪360缆车(Ngong Ping 360)昂坪市集(Ngong Ping Village)香港迪士尼乐园（Hong Kong Disneyland）青马大桥（Tsing Ma Bridge）青屿干线访客中心及观景台（Lantau Link Visitors Centre）西贡海鲜街（Sai Kung Seafood Street）香港湿地公园Hong Kong Wetland Park。

卢沟桥英文介绍作文怎么写English:Luogu Bridge Introduction。

English:Luogu Bridge, also known as the Marco Polo Bridge, holds significant historical importance in China. Locatedin the southwestern part of Beijing, it spans the Yongding River. This iconic bridge has witnessed several crucial events throughout history.Construction of Luogu Bridge began during the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234), and it was reconstructed in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. The bridge consists of eleven arches, with the middle arch being the largest, symbolizing traditional Chinese architectural design.One of the most notable events associated with LuoguBridge is the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, which marked the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. During this incident, Japanese forces initiated an attack on Chinese troops near the bridge. The conflict escalated into a full-scale invasion of China by Japan, resulting in eight years of brutal warfare.Beyond its historical significance, Luogu Bridge is also renowned for its architectural beauty. The intricate carvings and stone sculptures adorning the bridge exemplify traditional Chinese craftsmanship. Additionally, the surrounding scenery, with willow trees lining the riverbanks, creates a picturesque setting that attracts visitors from around the world.Today, Luogu Bridge stands as a symbol of resilience and endurance, reminding us of the turbulent past while also showcasing the rich cultural heritage of China.中文：卢沟桥，又称马可波罗桥，在中国具有重要的历史意义。

卢沟桥的介绍英文作文Lu Gou Bridge, also known as Marco Polo Bridge, is a famous historical site located in the southwest of Beijing, China. It was originally built in 1189 during the Jin Dynasty and has a rich history of over 800 years.The bridge is best known for the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, which occurred on July 7, 1937, and marked the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The incident led to a full-scale invasion of China by the Japanese army and had a significant impact on the course of World War II in the Asia-Pacific region.Lu Gou Bridge is a stone-arch bridge with a total length of 266.5 meters and 11 arches. The bridge is an excellent example of ancient Chinese architecture and engineering, and it has been well-preserved over the centuries.In addition to its historical significance, Lu GouBridge is also a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from all over the world who come to admire its traditional Chinese design and learn about its role in shaping the country's modern history.Today, Lu Gou Bridge stands as a symbol of resilience and strength, reminding people of the sacrifices made during wartime and the importance of preserving historical landmarks for future generations. It serves as a poignant reminder of the enduring spirit of the Chinese people.。