研究生英语课文翻译第十单元

Unit 1Ghosts for Tea' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope.'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935.'Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent.Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach,and a few yachts,with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below,a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist.' Have you heard about the terrible tragedy that occurred there in that lighthouse?' he asked in a hushed whisper.'I imagine there may be plenty of legends attached to such a dramatic-looking place' , I suggested.'It's no legend' , declared the old man. 'My father knew the two men involved.lt all took place fifty years ago to-day. Let me tell you.His voice seemed to grow deeper and more dramatic.'For a whole week that lighthouse had been isolated by storms' , he began, 'with terrifying seas surging and crashing over the rocks. People on shore were anxious about the two men working there. They'd been on the best of terms until two or three weeks before, when they had quarrelled over cards in the village inn. Martin had accused Blake of cheating. Blake had vowed to avenge the insult to his honour. But thanks to the wise advice of a man they both respected, they apologised to each other, and soon seemed to have got over their disagreement. But some slight resentment and bitterness remained. and it was feared that the strain of continued isolation and rough weather might affect their nerves, though, needless to say, their friends had no idea how serious the consequences would be.'Fifty years ago to-night,no light appeared in the tower, and only at two o'clock in the morning did the beam suddenly start to flash out its warning again.'The next morning the light was still visible. The storm had almost blown itself out, so a relief boat set out to investigate. A grim discovery awaited the crew . The men's living-room was in a horrifying state. The table was over-turned: a pack of playing cards was scattered everywhere: bloodstains splashed the floor. The relief men climbed the winding stair to the lantern room and there discoveredMartin's body, crouched beside the burning lamp. He had been stabbed and was dead. Two days later, Blake's body was washed up. scratched, bruised, and terribly injured.' Only then could we really start guessing what had happened. This great tragedy could only have been due to a renewal of their quarrel. Bored and depressed as a result of their isolation, Martin and Blake must have started to play cards. Again suspecting cheating, Martin had accused his former friend of dishonesty; a fight had broken out and Blake had seized his knife. In a fit of madness he had attacked his companion, who had fallen mortally wounded. Then, appalled by what he had done, the loneliness, the battering of wind and waves, Blake had rushed to the parapet and flung himself on to the rocks below, where the sea had claimed him.'But Martin was still alive. Hours later, after darkness had fallen, he had recovered consciousness. He remembered his job of lighting the lamp; suffering intense pain, the poor wretch crawled slowly up the winding staircase, dragging himself from step to step till he got to the lantern. At his last ' gasp he managed to light this before finally collapsing.'For years afterwards it was said that the lighthouse was haunted, and, owing to these stories, they didn't have any applicants for the job of lighthouse-keeper from among the superstitious local inhabitants. And now they say that on every anniversary of that day, especially when the sea is rough, you can stand in the living-room, hear the cards failing and the sound of angry cries, see the flash of a blade,and then glimpse a figure rushing to the parapet. And then you hear the slow dragging of a body from step to step towards the room above.'The old man paused and I turned to go.'By the way' , he added, 'have you any free time this afternoon? If so, why don't you have teain the lighthouse? We are putting on a special boat trip to-day. We're charging a pound. And my brother, who bought the old lighthouse when they built the new one just on the point, can serve very good teas there - included in the price of the boat trip - a bargain, considering the problem of obtaining the food. And if you are at all sensitive to the supernatural, you're likely to have an unusual, perhaps an uncanny experience there.I eyed him appreciatively. 'You're wasting your talents' , I said. 'You should have been a fiction writer. ''You don't believe it? exclaimed the old man indignantly.'I'd find it a job,' I answered. ' My father, Henry Cox, started as keeper of that lighthouse fifty- two years ago, and he and Jim Dowley, now retired on a pension, were in charge for ten years. Come and see my dad one day with that tale; he'd enjoy it' .But the old man had already turned his attention to a more likely client.Google翻译：“10便士比湾景”。

Unit 10为何要争权夺利科学正在解释男人们永无休止地争强好胜的生物学根源乔弗雷·考利[1] 成吉思汗不是一个为性别角色而烦恼的人,他放纵性欲、追逐权力, 而且毫不讳言。

"人之快乐莫过于征服敌人,令其俯首称臣 ", 这位皇帝曾经叫嚣到,"夺其马匹,掠其财物。

"13 世纪早期,成吉思汗征服了当时已知世界的三分之二,建立了一个西起东欧、东至朝鲜的蒙古帝国。

他还可能创下了生物学家所称的生殖成功的最高历史纪录, 在他死后33年写成的一份材料认为,其子孙后代达20,000 人。

今天, 研究人员认为,8%生活在原蒙古帝国的人可能拥有这位伟人的基因。

[2] 自成吉思汗以来,男人们的行为举止已经有了显著的改进, 一夫多妻制在几百年前已不再流行,即使是暴君现在也否认掠夺和压迫是理想的手段。

然而在内心,我们和800年前没什么不同,也就是说, 我们是权位的追逐者。

我们可能会谈论平等与友爱, 我们可能会努力消除阶级差别。

然而,我们却在继续构筑等级制度,并在其中争权夺利。

我们是否可以摒弃这一趋势? 或许不能。

因为科学家们发现争权夺利并不仅仅是一种习惯或文化传统,它是雄性心理的固有特征——一种根植于神经系统并且由荷尔蒙和脑化学物质控制的生物驱动力。

这种渴望统治的驱动力扭曲我们的感知、玷污我们的友谊、左右我们的情绪和影响我们的健康,但这种动力并不总是给我们带来负面效应。

等级制度不仅产生争斗和不公,也能创造和谐。

即使我们无法消除等级制度,但毫无疑问,我们可以使它们变得更加有益。

[3] 男性并不是唯一追逐权位的人,但在生命的每个阶段,我们对此都比女性更加执著。

研究表明,与女孩相比,男孩十三个月时更任性,蹒跚学步时更具攻击性,几乎在所有年龄段都更好胜。

女生通常做集体游戏,而男生从六岁便开始建立等级关系,并通过暴力游戏加以维持。

青少年时期,我们比女孩更爱吹嘘、威吓他人、与别人争抢。

Unit 9 动物的情感劳拉·坦利非常的开心，浪漫的爱情，悲痛的哀悼，科学家说宠物和野生动物也有感情。

1一头在阿根廷海岸附近的水域中游动的露脊鲸，在众多热烈追求她的求偶中只选出一名幸运儿。

“完婚之后，两头露脊鲸并排在水中徜徉，它们用鳍肢相互抚摸，最后又一起在水中滚动，看上去就像在相互拥抱。

然后，两头露脊鲸开始游向远方，鳍肢相互触摸，慢慢并排游动，一会潜入水中，一会又浮出水面，它们动作完美和谐，直至最终在视线中消失。

2在坦桑尼亚，致力于研究黑猩猩行为的灵长类动物学家记录了一个黑猩猩群落中享年50岁的“女族长”弗洛死后发生的一些事情。

弗洛的儿子弗林特第二天一整天都坐在母亲的尸体旁边，有时还会抓住她的手发出几声呜咽。

在此后的几个星期里，弗林特的情绪越来越低落，它离群索居并且不再进食，尽管他的兄弟姐妹设法想让他回到群体中来。

终于，在弗洛死后的第三个星期，原本年轻健康的黑猩猩弗林特也死了。

3悲伤过度的黑猩猩？坠入情网的海洋巨兽？由于深爱迪斯尼卡通片中感性多情的动物性形象的影响，很多人会说这两个真实的故事更加证实了他们认为动物有人类般强烈感情的看法。

从他们的角度来看，全国六千一百万拥有宠物的人完全不需要提供什么证据来证实宠物狗和宠物猫会生气、郁闷、得意洋洋——甚至会嫉妒或困窘。

最近在动物行为学和神经生物学之类的边缘学科的研究证实了这种普遍看法。

其他的证据只是些轶事趣闻，特别是一些有关宠物的事，例如狗会在失去心爱的同伴后变得沮丧，甚至死去。

但是轶闻趣事——或用科学的术语称之为案例研究——现在已经获得了研究动物行为的研究人员的重视。

正如科罗拉多大学的生物学家马克·贝科夫所说：“大量的轶事趣闻就是数据。

”4但是，许多科学家仍然对动物也有情感的观点持有异议。

研究人员之所以会表示怀疑，部分原因是他们出于职业习惯讨厌拟人论，因为他们认为这是一种将人类的特性强加在非人类生物身上的毫无科学根据的主观倾向。

Unite 3 Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?Abigail Trafford1. Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword.2. Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’s capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated, but for many patients, there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred.3. Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function. With the permission of his family, doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed.4. In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitals and nursing homes across the country --- over whether survival or quality of life is the paramount goal of medicine.5. “It gets down to what medicine is all about, ” says Daniel Callahan, director of the Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. “Is it really to save a life? Or is the larger goal the welfare of the patient?”6. Doctors, patients, relatives, and often the courts are being forced to make hard choices in medicine. Most often it is at the two extremes of life that these difficultyethical questions arise --- at the beginning for the very sick newborn and at the end for the dying patient.7. The dilemma posed by modern medical technology has created the growing new discipline or bioethics. Many of the country’s 127 medical s chools now offer courses in medical ethics, a field virtually ignored only a decade ago. Many hospitals have chaplains, philosophers, psychiatrists, and social workers on the staff to help patients make crucial decisions, and one in twenty institutions has a special ethics committee to resolve difficult cases.Death and Dying8. Of all the patients in intensive-care units who are at risk of dying, some 20 percent present difficult ethical choices --- whether to keep trying to save the life or to pull back and let the patient die. In many units, decisions regarding life-sustaining care are made about three times a week.9. Even the definition of death has been changed. Now that the heart-lung machine can take over the functions of breathing and pumping blood, death no longer always comes with the patient’s “last gasp” or when the heart stops beating. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed brain-death statutes that identify death as when the whole brain ceases to function.10. More than a do zen states recognize “living wills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolong life by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illness becomes hopeless. A survey of California doctors showed that 20 to 30 percent were following instructions of such wills. Meanwhile, the hospicemovement, which its emphasis on providing comfort --- not cure --- to the dying patient, has gained momentum in many areas.11. Despite progress in society’s understanding of death and dying, t heory issues remain. Example: A woman, 87, afflicted by the nervous-system disorder of Parkinson’s disease, has a massive stroke and is found unconscious by her family. Their choices are to put her in a nursing home until she dies or to send her to a medical center for diagnosis and possible treatment. The family opts for a teaching hospital in New York city. Tests show the woman’s stroke resulted from a blood clot that is curable with surgery. After the operation, she says to her family: “Why did you bring me back to this agony?” Her health continues to worsen, and two years later she dies.12. On the other hand, doctors say prognosis is often uncertain and that patients, just because they are old and disabled, should not be denied life-saving therapy. Ethicists also fear that under the guise of medical decision not to treat certain patients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptance of euthanasia.13. For some people, the agony of watching high-technology dying is too great. Earlier this year, Woodrow Wilson Collums, a retired dairyman from Poteet, Texas, was put on probation for the mercy killing of his older brother Jim, who lay hopeless in his bed at a nursing home, a victim of severe senility resul ting from Alzheimer’s disease. After the killing, the victim’s widow said: “I think God, Jim’s out of his misery. I hate to think it had to be done the way it was done, but I understand it. ”Crisis in Newborn Care14. At the other end of the life span, technology has so revolutionized newborn carethat it is no longer clear when human life is viable outside the womb. Newborn care has got huge progress, so it is absolutely clear that human being can survive independently outside the womb. Twenty-five years ago, infants weighting less than three and one-half pounds rarely survived. The current survival rate is 70 percent, and doctors are “salvaging” some babies that weigh only one and one-half pounds. Tremendous progress has been made in treating birth deformities such as spina bifida. Just ten years ago, only 5 percent of infants with transposition of the great arteries --- the congenital heart defect most commonly found in newborns --- survived. Today, 50 percent live.15. Yet, for many infants who owe their lives to new medical advances, survival has come at a price. A significant number emerge with permanent physical and mental handicaps.16. “The question of treatment and nontreatment of seriously ill newborns is not a single one,”says Thomas Murray of the Hastings Center. “But I feel strongly that retardation or the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good grounds for allowing an infant to die.”17. For many parents, however, the experience of having a sick newborn becomes a lingering nightmare. Two years ago, an Atlanta mother gave birth to a baby suffering from Down’s Syndrome, a form of mental retardation; the child also had blocked intestines. The doctors rejected the parents’ plea not to operate, and today the child, severely retarded, still suffers intestinal problems.18. “Every time Melanie has a bowel movement, she cries,” explains her mother.“She’s not able to take care of herself, and we won’t live forever. I wanted to save her from sorrow, pain, and suffering. I don’t understand the emphasis on life at all costs, and I’m very angry at the doctors and the hospital. Who will take care of Melanie after we’re gone? Where will you doctors be then?”Changing Standards19. The choices posed by modern technology have profoundly changed the practice of medicine. Until now, most doctors have been activists, trained to use all the tools in their medical arsenals to treat disease. The current trend is toward nontreatment as doctors grapple with questions not just of who should get care but when to take therapy away.20. Always in the background is the threat of legal action. In August, two California doctors were charged with murdering a comatose patient by allegedly disconnecting the respirator and cutting off food and water. In 1981, a Massachusetts nurse was charged with murdering a cancer patient with massive doses of morphine but was subsequently acquitted.21. Between lawsuits, government regulations, and patients’ rights, many doctors feel they are under siege. Modern technology actually has limited their ability to make choices. More recently, these actions are resolved by committees.Public Policy22. In recent years, the debate on medical ethics has moved to the level of national policy. “It’s just beginning to hit us that we don’t have unlimited resources,” says Washington Hospital Center’s Dr. Lynch. “You can’t talk about ethics without talkingethics without talking about money.”23. Since 1972. Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to a taxpayer-supported, kidney dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapy to all patients with kidney failure. To a number of police analysts, the program has grown out of control --- to a $1.4billion operation supporting 61,000 patients. The majority are over 50, and about a quarter have other illness, such as cancer or heart disease, conditions that could exclude them from dialysis in other countries.24. Some hospitals are pulling back from certain lifesaving treatment. Massachusetts General Hospital, for example, has decided not perform heart transplants on the ground that the high costs of providing such surgery help too few patients. Burn units --- through extremely effective --- also provide very expensive therapy for very few patients.25. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the moral dilemma will continue to grow for doctors and patients alike, making the choice of to treat the basic question in modern medicine.1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。

Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。

对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。

特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。

In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。

Unit1在美国人们庆祝母亲节与父亲节，然而父母亲所受到的礼物却是不尽相同的，这篇文章研究这个问题的原因。

我们必须正视这么一个事实，丝绸领带伤害了感情。

（人们在表达感情是受到某种约束）尽管上个周末父亲节使这个五月充满了150万张纪念卡和多得使线路堵塞的长途电话，但是父亲们都明白，父亲节也是收到对方付费电话和收到引以为傲最新款领带最多的一天。

虽然老爸们不介意父亲节母亲节的差异，但是这却反映了父母亲在子女成长中的所扮演的各自不同角色。

Scott Coltrane说道，父亲节半正式的礼物说明了我们对父亲情感的矛盾的文化。

Wellford,s,c感情丰富，但是他承认在父亲节上他很难将他的感情完全地表达出来。

随着年龄的增长，他对父亲越来越有距离感，看他更像个英雄。

作为成年人他说，我对他的情感越来越深，但是我仍然会送他幽默卡和一些实用的礼物。

随着时间的改变，对父亲的态度也随之发生改变。

例如，Mr.Bridges他自己就一个已经需要照顾三个孩子的父亲。

Mr.Bridges说道：“我整年里每天都是父亲节”他并不介意这个周末他得到什么。

他经常将信藏在他孩子的背包里，告诉他们他已他们为骄傲。

最近，他的小儿子将写着“我爱你，老爸”的课堂作业藏在了他的公文包里，以作为得到赞许的回应。

Mr.Bridges说:“那比买卡片好多了”。

象Mr.Bridges这样的男人，在孩子生活中起如此积极作用，在万神殿里，父亲节的地位应该得到提升。

Ralph LaRossa《现代父权》的作者，细致地将父权文化与父权行为进行了比较。

但是，也有人说，美国人庆祝父权已经与今天的老爸们并驾齐驱了。

Frederic Brunel说：“性别角色与性别行为是随着时间的改变而改变的”。

这里有许多可能已经正在发生的标志。

例如，沃尔玛商品的特点，很少因老爸对尿片的糊涂而改变，而更多的是直面情感。

Bella Sant减肥浴场，推出了一种无微不至的项目包括修指甲和美容；以及提供令人安神的喷泉疗养和欧洲香皂。

研究生英语综合教程下unit10_原文+翻译Unit 10Almost all of us have heard about General Motors trying to sell their Nova model in Latin America and finding out that “no va” in Spanish literally means “it doesn’t go”. And of course, there was the famous first try of Coca Cola in China,when the translation of the soft drink’s name read “bite the wax tadpole”.1我们几乎都听说过这样一个销售案例:美国通用汽车公司试图在拉丁美洲销售他们的Nova车型，结果发现在西班牙语中，“no va”的字面意思是“它走不了”。

当然，同样有名的还有另外一个案例:可口可乐第一次登陆中国市场时，这种软饮料的名字被译成“蛾蚌啃蜡”。

But cultural awareness in marketing is a lot more than careful translation. There are subtleties and nuances to every culture, and there are just plain tablls. Although most people wouldn’t be able to list the rules of their own culture, they certainly know when those rules are violated. Our own culture tendd to be “invisible” to us, while differences we run into when abroad strike as strange, funny or extrotic. So how much more difficult it to discern the unwritten rules of another country?2但是市场营销中的文化意识却远远不只是小心谨慎的翻译而已。

世界第一富豪：先知巴菲特沃伦·巴菲特摄影：塞思·韦内格/美联社沃伦·巴菲特和比尔·盖茨算得上是世界上最亲密的对手了。

作为这个星球上最富有的两个人，他们不但时常一起在网上打桥牌，还合作捐献巨额资产。

不过，最近沃伦·巴菲特取代了他的朋友比尔·盖茨，成为世界首富。

这位居住在內布拉斯加州的投资家被尊称为奥马哈的先知（Sage of Omaha)。

去年，通过一系列精明的投资，他的个人财富猛增了100亿达到620亿美元。

这些投资包括成功判断巴西货币的走势以及投资中国石油获利。

中国石油因为与苏丹政府的牵连而备受批评。

在财富杂志年度世界亿万富翁排行榜中，巴菲特的投资所得把他推上了首位，从而结束了盖茨保持13年的记录。

今年盖茨的资产为580亿美金,下滑到第三位，排在了身价600亿美元的墨西哥电信业大亨卡洛斯·斯利姆之后。

作为英国最富有的居民，拉克希米·米塔尔位列第四。

他是居住在英国的49位亿万富翁之一。

而被议论更多的，则是米塔尔因为不是英国公民而享有的优厚税收待遇。

虽然被冠以世界首富的美名，向来以节俭著称的巴菲特却多半不会举行任何奢华的庆祝活动。

不久前，他和长期的伴侣结为夫妻。

巴菲特只在自己拥有的珠宝公司买了个减价的戒指，带着新娘去海鲜连锁店Bonefish Grill 的一家分店吃了顿饭。

"我一点也不觉得成了首富会让他有什么不同。

"巴菲特传记的作者罗伯特·迈尔斯这样说，"他不会为此一觉酣然或胃口大开。

这对他来说没什么意义。

"巴菲特喜欢樱桃味的可口可乐、汉堡包以及家庭风味的巧克力棒。

作为一个民主党人，他批评布什政府给超级富豪减税的政策，并称自己想多付些税。

尽管进行了一系列巨额的慈善捐助，巴菲特的个人财富却仍在增长。

这位77岁的老人在2006年允诺，将向盖茨基金会捐献310亿美金以解决全球范围内的医疗卫生问题。

Unit 10 Student Motivation To Learn.学生学习动机Motivation is an internal state or condition (sometimes described as a need, desire, or want ) that serves to activate or energize behavior and give it direction . Student motivation has to do with students’ des ire to participate in the learning process. What factors influence the development of students’ motivation? How can motivation to learn be fostered? The article gives the explanations.动机是一种激励或者刺激人们行为并指引行为方向的内部状态或状况（有时也是一种需要，渴望，或者意愿）。

学生的学习动机必须和他们参与学习过程的意愿联系在一起。

哪些因素会影响学生学习动机的养成呢？怎样才能培养学习动机呢？这篇文章给出了详细的说明。

Infants and young children appear to be propelled by curiosity, driven by an intense need to explore, interact with, and make sense of their environment. As one author puts it, "Rarely does one hear parents complain that their pre-schooler is 'unmotivated' " (James Raffini 1993).不管是婴儿还是小孩，他们看起来都会受好奇心的推动，受探索自然，融入并探索自然的强烈需要的驱使。

Unit SevenON HUMAN NATURE Frank and Lydia Hammer我对人类的了解越多，对他们的期望就越低。

和以前相比，我现在常常以较宽松的标准把一个人叫做好人。

——塞缪尔·约翰逊博士论人性弗兰克，莉迪亚·汉默尔1 Human nature is the basis of character, the temperament and disposition; it is that indestructible matrix upon which the character is built, and whose shape it must take and keep throughout life. This we call a person's nature.1人性是性格、气质和性情的基础，性格正是基于这种牢不可破的基质之上的，它必须以这种基质的形式存在，并将它保留终生，这种基质，我们称之为一个人的本性。

2 The basic nature of human beings does not and cannot change. It is only the surface that is capable of alteration, improvement and refinement; we can alter only people's customs, manners, dress and habits. A study of history reveals that the people who walked thisearth in antiquity were moved by the same fundamental forces, were swayed by the same passions, and had the same aspirations as the men and women of today. The pursuit of happiness still engrosses mankind the world over.2人类的本性不会也不能改变，只有一些表面特征才会变化、改善和进一步提升；我们可以改变人们的风格、举止、衣着和习惯。

Lesson 11.For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric,Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语造成了坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。

在这些岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。

然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。

所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。

英语对现存的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。

2.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallelto racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly “white”English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。

1 大学课堂：还有人在听吗？Toward the middle of the semester,Fowkes fell ill and missed a class. When he returned, the professor nodded vaguely and,to Fowkes’s astonishment,began to deliver not the next lecture in the sequence but the one after. Had he,in fact,lectured to an empty hall in the absence of his solitary student? Fowkes thought it perfectly possible.在学期中间，Fowkes因病缺了一次课。

他回到课堂的时候，教授毫无表情地向他点了点头。

接着令Fowkes大吃一惊的是，教授并没有按照顺序讲下一课，而是讲了后面一课。

难道他真的在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空教室讲了一课？Fowkes认为这太有可能了。

Today American colleges and universities (originally modeled on German ones) are under strong attack from many quarters. Teachers,it is charged,are not doing a good job of teaching,and students are not doing a good job of learning. American businesses and industries suffer from unenterprising,uncreative executives educated not to think for themselves but to mouth outdated truisms the rest of the world has long discarded. College graduates lack both basic skills and general culture. Studies are conducted and reports are issued on the status of higher education,but any changes that result either are largely cosmetic or make a bad situation worse.今天美国的大学（原本是以德国的大学为模型的）受到了各方面的严厉指责。

第十单元语言习得Text A习得艺术的本能史蒂芬•平克当你在阅读这些文字时，便已经置身于自然界的一大奇观之中，因为你我都同属于这个拥有非凡能力的物种：我们能够精确无误地在彼此的大脑中塑造事件。

在这里，我并不是在谈论心灵感应，精神控制或者边缘科学所沉迷的事件；甚至根据它的信仰者所描述的，如果与每个人身上都拥有的无可争议的那些能力相比，它像是一把钝器。

我所谈论的就是，语言。

只是通过动动嘴巴和发出声音，我们就能够让他人的脑海中涌现清晰表达的各种新想法。

因为这种能力是与生俱来的，所以人们常常会忘记它是多么的神奇。

近年来人们对语言能力的研究在人类对语言的理解，它在人类世界中的角色，以及人类对人性的看法这三方面都产生了革命性的影响。

很多受过教育的人都知道语言是人类最重要的文化产物，是人类可以运用符号的典型例证，也是人类在生理上不可逆转地区别于其他动物的前所未有的大事件。

这些人也知道语言总是与思想相伴，使用不同的语言能够使说话者从不同角度来解读现实。

他们还知道孩子们从他们的榜样和看护者那里学习说话。

学校里曾经教授复杂的语法规则，但是由于教育水平以及大众文化水准的不断下降，普通人构造语法句子的能力已经出现了可怕的下滑。

他们还知道英语这种语言充满了滑稽以及不符合逻辑的现象，就像是开车开在绿化带，停车停在行驶道，在朗诵会上演奏，在演奏会上朗诵一般可笑。

英语的拼写更是把这种不可理喻上升到了更高的高度——萧伯纳曾经抱怨说鱼类—fish[fɪʃ]这个单词完全可以拼写成ghoti（gh是来自tough的[f]，o来自women的[ɪ]，ti来自nation的[ʃ]），他认为这也是讲得通的——而正是这种语言制度的惰性阻碍了英语采用“一种拼写配一种发音”的更加合理的系统。

而我要说服你们的是，以上这些他们所知道的常识都是错的！这种错误都可以归结为一个原因，那就是，语言并非文化的产物。

并不是像我们所学的那样，要去学习如何用语言表述时间，或者表述联邦政府是如何运作的。

American Values at the Crossroads[1] Faced with the rapid change and the fear and uncertainty that go with it, individuals (citizens) as well as (and) nation sometimes seek to return to the ways of the past as a solution. In the early 1980s the idea of returning to the ways of the past had a strong appeal to (attraction) many Americans who increasingly viewed their past as being better than their future. It has been observed that until the 1970s Americans generally believed that the present was a better time for their country than the past and that the future would better than the present; by 1978, however, public opinion polls showed that many Americans had come to believe that just the opposite was true: the past had been better for the country than the present, and the present was better than the future would be.[2] The popular (present) appeal (desire) of returning to the ways (styles) of the past as a solution (solve->solution) to the problems of the 1980s was demonstrated (shown) when Ronald Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980. Time magazine chose President Reagan as its "man of the year' and said of (commented) him: "intellectually, emotionally, Reagan lives in the past."[3] One of President Reagan's basic beliefs is that the United States should return as much as possible to its pre-1930 ways. In those times business institutions (organization) were strong and government institutions were weak. Reagan believed that American values of individual freedom and competition are strengthened by business and weakened by government. Therefore, his programs (goal/ objectives) as President have been designed to greatly strengthen business and reduce the size and power of the national government. By moving in this way toward the practices of the past, President Reagan believed that the standard of living of Americans would begin to improve once more (again) in the 1980s as it had done throughout most of the nation's history.[4] A number of leaders in politics, education, and the professions take a different approach (method) than does President Reagan. They believe that the nation must adopt (use/ make use of) new values to go along with (together with) the old values and that it must be prepared to make some changes in the old values when (it is) necessary.[5] What new values should be adopted? This is a very difficult question to answer. However, it became clear in the 1970s that there was no longer an abundance of cheap energy and that shortages of other essential (basic/most important) resources such as water were becoming more serious. These facts suggested (show) to many Americans that a greater value (should) be placed on the conservation of national resources, that is (namely/ i.e.), that Americans should save more of these resources by learning to use less and waste less.[6] Conservation has never been a strong American value. Because of the vast resources and space of North America, Americans came to believe that abundance was endless (unlimited). In such an environment, there seemed to be little need for conservation of resources. After World War II Americans believed that their modern technology could work (create) wonders and provide a never-ending increase in their standard of living. It is not surprising, therefore, that in the United States before the 1980s, conservation had little importance (when it is) compared with such other values as freedom, equality of opportunity, hard work, and the accumulation of material wealth.[7] There is some evidence that the experience of greater shortages of energy during the 1970s caused Americans to place more emphasis on conservation. For example, a poll (survey) taken at the end of the decade showed that 66% of Americans agreed with the statement: "I'm not unhappy about the possibility of shortages because I know it will encourage (urge) me to use everything efficiently and not wastefully."[8] Some people, however, believe that poll results like these reveal only part of the truth. Although Americans may agree with statements supporting the value of conservation, most of them are not yet applying these beliefs in their day-to-day (daily) actions (life).[9] Belief in conservation, therefore, is still weak (when it is) compared with other American beliefs. It can become stronger only as (when) Americans see the need for it more and more clearly. Conservation may well be (become) a new value which needs to be added to the old basic values in order to help the United States deal with its future problems.[10] A second belief which has never been strong among the American people is the belief that the value of cooperation on a national scale to achieve some important national (goal) objectives. The American idea of the national good (n./ benefit/ interest) has never been based on national cooperation but rather on the freedom of the individual. Americans, therefore, tend to think of the national good in terms of maintaining (keeping) those conditions that provide the greatest freedom for the individual. They believe that a nation of free individuals will be naturally strong and prosperous. Planned efforts at national cooperation, therefore, are not needed. More important, planned efforts at national cooperation would mean increasing the powers of the national government, which would endanger the freedom of the individual.[11] The American value of competition also hinders the development of a spirit of national cooperation. Even though competitive activity is supposed to (=should) be conducted (directed/ done) according to fair rules (fair play), it does not encourage a spirit of cooperation. Rather (instead/ On the contrary), it sometimes encourages a spirit of mutual suspicion (suspect) of the motives (purpose/ desire) of the others. A certain degree of trust in the motives of others is necessary for the success of efforts in national cooperation.[12] In time of war Americans have temporarily put aside their dislike of planned national cooperation. They have been willing to cooperate and make personal sacrifices under the direction (=leadership) of the national government to bring the war to satisfactory conclusion (=end). In peacetime, however, planned national cooperation is strongly resisted as a threat to individual freedom.[13] The almost (nearly) unique American historical experience gives us a deeper understanding of this attitude. Almost every nation in the world has had, or still has, the experience of being ruled by kings, emperors, dictators, or a hereditary class of aristocrats. Such rulers are not elected by the free votes of the people and they have the power to say what the national good is and to force their people to cooperate if they cannot persuade them to do so. Out of (among) these experiences there have developed traditions and habits of cooperation, sometimes for good purposes and sometimes for evil (bad/ wrong) purposes.[14] Americans have never had the experience of being forced to cooperate on a national scale by nonelected rulers. For a time, they were the colonists of Great Britain and were legally (bind) bound to obey rulers in England whom they did not elect, but the British government allowed the colonists a great deal of freedom and self-government by the standards of the day. Still (Furthermore) the American colonists were not long (soon) in demanding (requiring) more freedom and self-government, and finally declaring their independence in 1776. From the time of their independence, Americans have freely elected their rulers. The experience of being compelled to cooperate by unelected national leaders is completely foreign (strange) to their experience. They are fearful (=fear) that any scheme (plan) of national cooperation in peacetime will weaken or destroy their freedoms.[15] Americans have always viewed (considered/ regarded) cooperation as important in small groups such as the family, the neighborhood, or the church. But on the large national scale where government becomes involved, it is seen (considered/ regarded) as coercive and destructive rather than voluntary and constructive. American tend to associate the greatness of their nation far more with such values as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, hard work, and competition than with national cooperation.[16] Yet the demands (=needs) of the 1980s may compel (force) Americans to place (emphasize)a greater value on national cooperation. It may well be that some of the problems facing them, such as scarcity of resources and the dangers of air and water pollution, cannot be solved without a greaterdegree of national cooperation.[17] If Americans choose (=decide) to give more emphasis to national cooperation, they will probably be very cautious about it. In order to protect their freedoms, they will move slowly in a step-by-step, problem-by-problem fashion (way), rather than accept a sweeping new plan involving dramatic change. Because of their tradition of self-government, they will probably insist on (persist in doing sth.) a good deal of public discussion before any step toward national cooperation is taken.[18] Some observers believe that this slow, cautious approach may be too weak and too timid to meet the challenges of the future. Americans, however, believe that sudden revolutionary changes made in the name of (in the honor) the national good usually result in (lead to) dictatorships in which freedom is lost and problems remain unsolved.[19] In the 1980s Americans may have arrived at a critical point in their nation's history, where major dangers must be faced and major choices must be made. On the one hand, they will wish to avoid the risk of making too many changes in the basic values which have inspired (encouraged) them in the past. On the other hand, they must avoid what may be the greater risk of refusing to change their values at all even though conditions are changing rapidly all around them. The events of the past two decades have brought the American people and their basic values to a crossroads in their history. The last two decades of the twentieth century will determine where they will go from there. (1, 530 words) ABOUT THE AUTHOREdward N. Kearny is an instructor from Western Kentucky University and one of the authors of the book The American Way: An Introduction to American Culture, from which this essay is taken. EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following Moments.1. The ways of the past had a strong appeal to many Americans because _____.A. Americans were fearful of the rapid changes around themB. Americans were uncertain about the future of their nationC. their past experiences can serve as a solution to their current problemsD. they believed their past had been better for the country than the present2. Time magazine those President Reagan as its 'man of the year" because _____.A. he was elected President of the United States in 1980B. intellectually and emotionally he lived in the pastC. he strongly supported individual freedom and competitionD. he promised to improve the standard of living of Americans3. By "take a different approach" in Paragraph 4, the author means " _____.A. refuse to follow President Regan's policiesB. believe Americans should abandon their traditional valuesC. believe that traditional values should be further preservedD. advocate new national values to go along with the old ones4. More emphasis was placed on conservation among Americans because of _____.A. the abundance of cheap energyB. the shortage of essential resourcesC. their difficulty in adopting new valuesD. their willful waste of energy in the past5. Conservation had never been a strong American value before the 1980s becauseA. Americans used to believe in the abundance of their vast resourcesB. Americans believed in the magical power of their modern technologyC. they attached more importance to other national valuesD. all of the above6. By "the poll results reveal only part of the truth', the author means _____.A. Americans pretend to agree with the statements but actually they don'tB. few Americans support the value of conservationC. Americans have not told the truth when they claim support for conservationD. Americans have not put into practice what they have believed in7. It is stated in the passage that Americans believe important national objectives should he based on _____.A. cooperation on a national scaleB. freedom of the individualC. planned efforts at national cooperationD. the powers of the national government8. According to the author, the American value of competition _____.A. works against the spirit of national cooperationB. defies any so-called fair rules of the societyC. encourages a spirit of mutual trust of the motives of the othersD. poses a threat to individual freedom9. 'The experience of being compelled to cooperate by unelected national leaders is completely foreign to their experience." Here "foreign" means _____.A. internationalB. unfamiliarC. unexpectedD. diplomatic10. The author suggests that _____.A. Americans tend to give more emphasis to national cooperationB. Americans are cautious about national cooperationC. bigger steps have been taken toward national cooperationD. dramatic measures have been taken to meet the challenges of the futureB. Complete the outline of this selection.1. Introduction (Paragraphs l--3): People seek to return to the ways of the past as a solution to the problems at present.Ronald Reagan's beliefs: US should return to the past when business institutions were strong and government institutions were weak.2. Body (Paragraphs 4-18): Americans should adopt new values.(1) Conservation:The conservation of national resources should be valued due to the shortage of essential resources.(2) Cooperation on a nation scale:The spirit of freedom of the individual and the spirit of competition hinders the spirit of cooperation. Yet, national cooperation is needed in order to meet the challenges of the future and the change may be slow.3. Conclusion: (last paragraph):Americans don’t like drastic change in their basic values, but they should not refuse to change. II. VocabularyA. Complete each the following sentences with the appropriate forms of the words given.1. He hoped to strengthen (strength) the position of the sciences in the leading universities.2. We took an abundant (abundance) supply of food with us when we went hiking in the mountains.3. Conservation (conserve) is the protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important structures and buildings, especially from the damaging effect of human activity.4. And if you're emotionally connected to it, you also get intellectually (intellect) connected to it; you want to learn more about it.5. Relief (rescue/ relieve) workers are concerned over (=worried about) the shortage (short) of food and shelter in the refugee camps. (shelter sb. from sth./ seek refuge)6. It is proposed (=suggested) at this conference that the law should impose penalties on companies that use energy wastefully (waste). [suggest sb. (doing) sth./ that sb do sth.]= [sb. (should) do sth.]7. It is hard (difficult) to believe that in this prosperous (prosper) country, hunger could be a serious problem.9. This disease is hereditary (heredity), so chances are (possibly/ likely) that her daughter may suffer from it too.10. The president relied on (=depend on) the coercive (coerce) powers of the military and the police to enforce law and order.B. Choose the best ward or expression from the list given for each blank. use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.bound to compel dictator constructive suspiciongo along with appeal accumulation endanger mutual1. The main appeal (attraction) these bonds hold for (is meaningful) individual investors is the safety and peace of mind they offer (give). (sth. appeals to sb.)2. He argues that Americans have been too compliant (=obedient), too willing (ready) to go along with politicians who would reduce their liberties (=freedom), not expand them. (statute of liberty)3. Despite (=in spite of) these improvements the scientists say that the Baltic Sea continues to be "imperiled (endangered) by the long-term accumulation of toxic (poisonous) chemicals".4. Toxic (poisonous) waste could endanger lives and poison fish.5. The East and the West can work together for their mutual benefit and progress.6. The authorities will be legally bound (bind) to arrest any suspects.7. In the United States cyclists are compelled to wear a helmet for the sake of safety. circle->cycle-bicycle8. Following the fall of the military dictator in March, the country has had a civilian (<->military) government.9. After their meeting, both men described the talks as frank, friendly and constructive(<->destructive; positive<->negative).10. He was arrested on suspicion of drunk driving. (suspect)III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the right word or phrase from the list given below for each of. the blanks. Change the form necessary.over time value adequate both extremelyas well as inexhaustible sustainable deposit group intotake sth. seriouslyThe activities of conservation were taken seriously in the 1970s when the United States faced with the problem of energy shortage. The conservationists called for (=needed)_1 sustainable use and protection of natural resources including plants, animals, mineral deposits, soils, clean water, clean air, and fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Natural resources are _2 grouped (classified/ categorized) into two categories, renewable and nonrenewable. A renewable resource is one that may be replaced _3 over time (in the long run) by natural processes, such as fish populations or natural vegetation, or is _4 inexhaustible, such as solar (lunar) energy. The goal of renewable resource conservation is to ensure that such resources are not consumed faster than they are replaced. Nonrenewable resources are those in limited supply that cannot be replaced or can be replaced only over _5 extremely long periods of time. Nonrenewable resources include fossil fuels and mineral _6 deposit, such as iron ore and gold ore. Conservation activities for nonrenewable(=emphasize) maintaining (keeping) an _7 adequate (enough) supply of these resources well into the future.Natural resources are conserved for their biological, economic, and recreational values, _8 as well as (and) their natural beauty and importance to local cultures. For example, tropical rain forests are protected for their important role in 9 both global ecology and the economic livelihood of the local culture, a coral reef (珊瑚礁) may be protected for its recreational 10 value for divers and a scenic river may be protected for its natural beauty.a resourceful personscene (n.)->scenery (n.)->scenic (a.)IV. TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. The popular appeal of returning to the ways of the past as a solution to the problems of the 1980s was demonstrated when Ronald Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980. Time magazine chose President Reagan as its "man of the year' and said of him: "intellectually, emotionally, Reagan lives in the past."民众普遍希望昔日美好生活能够重现，以寻求解决80年代遇到的种种问题。

研究生英语翻译unit10~151、SAS has just been chosen by Fortune magazine as one of the best companies to work for in the US. Like the other 99 companies singled out, SAS is not content to reward employees with a mere pay cheque.美国赛仕软件研究所刚刚在《财富》杂志上入选全美最适合工作的公司之一。

正如其他九十九家当选的公司一样，该公司不满足于只用薪酬犒赏员工的方式，而是致力于使员工生活地更为舒心。

2、Reinforcing the belief that the difference are culture, he said, when Asians raised in North America were studied, they were intermediate between native Asians and European-Americans, and sometimes closer to Americans in the way the viewed scenes.加强了差异在于文化这个信念，他说，在调查了北美长大的亚洲人后，（发现）那些亚洲人介于土生土长的亚洲人和欧美人之间，有时候他们观察世界的方式更接近美国人。

3、Asians live in a more socially complicated world than we do. They have to pay more attention to others than we do. We are individualists. We can be bulls in a china shop, they can’t afford to be.亚洲人生活的世界社会关系比我们要复杂。

动力是一种潜在的情形和状态（有是被描述为一种需要，渴望或者需求），这种状态使人们的行为活动起来并给予其能量。

学生的动力与他们参与学习过程的欲望有关。

是什么因素影响学生动力的发展呢？学习的动力是如何培养起来的？本文将给出解释。

不管是婴儿还是小孩，他们看起来都会受好奇心的推动，由一种强烈的探索欲望驱使，感受他们周围的环境并与它相互作用。

正如一个作家指出“极少听到父母抱怨他们的小孩在学前是不积极的”。

不幸的是，随着孩子的成长，他们学习的热情急剧地降低了。

学习常常成为一件苦差事而并非乐事。

有超过1/4的大量学生辍学。

而更多的是身在曹营心在汉，他们根本不能全身心地投入学习。

了解学生对于学习发展的态度和信念，以及是什么使学习由于自身的原因而变得容易，这将有助于教育工作者降低学生学习的冷漠态度。

什么是学生的动力？学生学习的动力通常与学生参与学习过程的欲望有关。

但也与他们参与或不参与学习活动的原因和目标有关。

即使学生们同样可能受鼓励去完成一个任务，但是他们的动力是不同的。

一个具有内在动力的学生，他参与活动是为了活动本身，为了活动本身提供的乐趣，为了能从中学到什么，或是为了活动所引发的优越感。

而处于一个处于外在动力的学生，“他往往是为了得到某种奖赏，或是避免一些外在惩罚。

”诸如成绩、难题和老师的认可。

学习动力这个词的意义稍有差别。

有位作家做了这样的定义，学习动力就是学术活动对于学习者产生的意义、价值和利益，不管学生是否发自内心的兴趣。

而另外的则认为，学习动力有如下特点：长期的过程、需要注重学习质量和付出精力到学习过程中。

学生学习动力发展的影响因素有哪些？Jere Brophy在1987年提出，学习动力是一种能力，它能够“通过一般经验来获得，但大部分直接通过那些对孩子来说重要的其它人（特别是他们的父母和老师）为孩子作出的榜样，和孩子进行预期交流，以及通过对孩子的指导教育或者是社会化教育来刺激获得”。

孩子的家庭环境形成了他们在学习中发展起来的最初态度。