语言学——精选推荐

语⾔学

http://www.doczj.com/doc/c610147533.html nguage: it is, namely, a human speech; the ability to communicate by this

means; a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expressionor communication of thoughts and feelings; the written representation of such a system.

2.Linguistics: it is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as

the scientific study of language.

http://www.doczj.com/doc/c610147533.html petence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a

language.

http://www.doczj.com/doc/c610147533.html ngue: the language system shared by a “speech community.”

5.Phonetics:the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and

perceived. It can be divided into three main areas of study ---- articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics andperceptual/auditory phonetics.

6.Consonant: a major category of sound segments, produced by a closure in the

vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.

7.Vowel: a major category of sound segments, produced without obstruction of

the vocal tract so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose.

8.Phoneme: a unit of explicit sound contrast. If two sounds in a language make a

contrast between two different words, they are said to be different phonemes.

9.broad transcription:

10.Syllable:an important unit in the study of suprasegmentals. A syllable must

have a nucleus or peak, which is often the task of a vowel or possibly that of a syllabic consonant, and often involves anoptional set of consonants before and/or after the nucleus.

11.Root: refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed

without loss of identity. That is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. Apparently, allwords contain a root morpheme. And roots can be further classified into free root morpheme and bound root morpheme.

12.Stress:the degree of force used in producing a syllable. When a syllable is

produced with more force and is therefore more “prominent”, it is a “stressed”

syllable in contrast to a less prominent, “unstressed” syllable.

13.Blending: is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are

blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only joining the initialparts of the two words.

http://www.doczj.com/doc/c610147533.html pound: refers to the words that consist of more than one lexical

morpheme or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form, such as classroom, mailbox, fingerprint, sunburn.In terms of the word class of compounds, there are Noun compounds (e.g. daybreak), Verb compounds (e.g.

brainwash), Adjective compounds(e.g. dutyfree) and Preposition compounds(e.g. throughout). Meanwhile compounds can be further divided into endocentric

compound and exocentric compound in terms of its structural organization. The head of a nominal or adjectival endocentriccompound is derived from a Verb, and it is usually the case that the first member is a participant of the process verb.Consider the following two examples: self-control and virus-sensitive. The exocentric adjectives come from V+N and V+A.

15.Semantics: the subject concerning the study of meaning is called semantics.

16.Meaning: it is communicated through the use of language.

17.Synonymy:it is the technical name for one of the sense relation between

linguistic units, namely the sameness relation.

18.Constituent: it is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic

unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Constituents can be joined together with other constituents to form larger units.

19.IC analysis:to dismantle a grammatical construction in this way is called IC

analysis.

20.Construal: it is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in

alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc.

21.Morphology: it is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies

the minimal units if meaning-morphemes and word-formation processed.

22.Morpheme: it is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship

between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drasticallyaltering the meaning. And morphemes cannot be further analyzed.

Answer the following questions as comprehensive as possible. Give examples if necessary.

1.What are the design features of language and list the frequently discussed four features.