第四章自测试题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. The differences between a compound and a free phrase lie inA. grammatical featuresB. phonetic featuresC. semantic featuresD. all the above2. Means of English word formation excludeA. repetition and alliterationB. clipping, acronymy and blendingC. conversion and back formationD. affixation and compounding3. The word "water" in "The peasant watered the trees." belongs to the conversion betweenA. adjective and noun B .verb and noun C. adjective and verb D. noun and verb4. In English words produced through affixation constitute of all the new words.A.10% to 20%B.20% to 30%C.30% to 40%D.40% to 50%5. The chief function of suffixation is toA. change the word-classB. change the meaning of the stemC. change the semantic function of the stemD. all the above6. The most productive conversion takes place betweenA. nouns and adjectivesB. nouns and verbsC. verbs and adjectivesD. none of the above7. The chief function of predication is to changeA. the part of speech of the stemB. the meaning of the stemC. the grammatical function of the stemD. the collocation of the stem8. The overwhelming majority of blends areA. adjectivesB. adverbialsC. verbsD. nouns9. The "de-" in "defrost" is a/an. prefix.A. reversativeB. orientationC. negativeD. pejorative10. Words formed by acronymy can be divided into acronyms and initialisms depending onA. the pronunciation of the words B .the spelling wayC. the grammatical functionD. none of the above11. Verb compounds are not as common as noun compounds and adjective compounds .Thelimited number of verbs are created either through orA. blending, clippingB. conversion, blendingC. backformation, clippingD. conversion, backformation12. Conversion is generally considered to be a process whereby an item is adapted orconverted to a new class without the addition of an affix.A. inflectionalB. derivationalC. negativeD. reversative13. The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change ofA. stressB. functionC. pronunciationD. spelling14. The prefix in pseudo-friend is aA. prefix of degree or sizeB. negative prefixC. pejorative prefixD. reversative prefix15. Affixation is the formation of words by adding word-forming or affixes to stems.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. boundD. locative16. Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. Theymust be used together withA. definite articlesB. adjectivesC. single formsD. plural forms17. In compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.A. noun-adjectiveB. adjective-nounC. verb-adjectiveD. adjective-verb18. In compounds, the word stress usually occurs onwhereas in noun phrases ______--- is generally stressed if there is only one stress.A. the first element, the second elementB. the second element, the first elementC. the first element, the first elementD. the second element, the second element19. The most productive word formation isA. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blending20. The three most productive means of word formation areA. affixation, compounding and shorteningB. conversion, compounding and shorteningC. affixation, compounding and conversionD. affixation, compounding and back formation21. "telex" is a portmanteau word created throughA. head + tailB. head + head C .head + word D. word + tail22. "lip-read" belongs toA. adjective compoundB. verb compoundC. noun compoundD. none of the above23. are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines.A. Words from back formationB. AcronymsC. BlendsD. Clipped words24. "law-abiding" is a/anA. adjective compoundB. noun compoundC. verb compoundD. none of the above25. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or moreA. bound rootsB. derivational morphemesC. stemsD. inflectional morphemes26. We shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into groups.A. sevenB. eightC. nineD. eleven27. Most compounds consist of only stems.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five28. Back formation is the method of creating words by removing theA. prefixesB. supposed prefixesC. suffixesD. supposed suffixes29. is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names ofsocial and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.A. InitialismB. AcronymC. AcronymyD. Analogy30. Back formation is considered to be the opposite process ofA. prefixationB. compoundingC. clippingD. suffixation31. "dorm" is a/anA. converted wordB. word produced through back formationC. clipped wordD. blend32. are words pronounced letter by letter, and are words pronounced as a normal word.A. Initialisms, archaismsB. Acronyms, initialismsC. Initialisms, acronymsD. Blends, initialisms33. "loafer" is and "loaf" is _______--.A. a word produced through suffixation, a free morphemeB. a free morpheme, a word produced through back formationC. a blend, a free morphemeD. a blend, a word produced through back formation34. "pub", "zoo", "penn" and "pop" are all produced throughA. front clippingB. front and back clippingC. phrase clipping D .back clipping35. Compounds can be writtenA. solidB. hyphenatedC. openD. all the above36. "-er" is a suffix ofA. denominal nounsB. deverbal nounsC. de-adjective nounsD. both A and B37. "-ly" is aA. deverbal adjective suffixB. adverb suffixC. denominal adjective suffixD. both B and C38. Words produced through affixation, compounding and conversion constitute ofthe total number of new words respectively.A.30% to 40%; 28% to 30%; 26%B.40% to 50%; 30% to 40%; 28%C.20% to 30%; 15%; 10%D.50% to 60%; 15%; 5%39. Shortening includes andA. back formation, blendingB. clipping, blendingC. Acronymy, clippingD. initialisms, acronyms40. "dis-" is a/an prefix.A. pejorativeB. reversativeC. negativeD. both B and CII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1. In English, suffixes are either or derivational morphemes.2. According to the which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into twosubclasses: prefixation andsuffixation.3. We can classify prefixes on a basis into nine groups.4. The primary function of is to change the grammatical function of stems.5. The derived forms from "-er" when "-er" is fixed at the end of a verb are called nouns.6. On a basis suffixes can be grouped into noun suffixes verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc.7. Words formed through composition are called8. The most productive compounds are and adjectives.9. Conversion is also called shift.10. Conversion is to change a word class without the addition of an affix and thus known as11. Compounds can be written solid, and open.12. When converted "white", "native" and "republican" have all the characteristics of nouns, sothey areconverted nouns.13. In back formation, the removed suffixes are not true suffixes but parts of the words.14. Back formation usually involves the following types of words: abstract nouns, human nouns,compound nouns and15. "TV", "c/o" and "GHQ" are all because they are pronounced letter by letter.16. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely and some of them have not gained public acceptance.17. "sandwich", "diesel", "cherub" and "protean" are all words from names.18. In the sentence, "Life is full of ups and downs.", "ups" and "downs" are both converted nouns from19. Words like "hand-out", stand-by , lay-by , teach-in and "shut-down" are all convertedfrom verbs.20. In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain changes in terms of pronunciation orspelling ordistribution.21 .The most common changes in some converted words in terms of pronunciation or spelling orstress distribution are:voiceless to voiced consonant, to end stress.22. It deserves noting that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the lexicalitem involved but with itthe different range of that it originally carried.23. Both "flu" and "fridge" are results of clipping.24. In modem times, people tend to be in writing and speech to keep up with thetempo of new life style. Tosave time one is likely to clip words that are frequently used.25."medicare", "Eurasia", "autocamp" and "telequiz" are all blends produced through + word.26. On a semantic basis, the prefixes such as "de-" and "dis-"are prefixes.27. Blending is the formation of a new word by combining of two words or a wordplus a part of another word.28. On a semantic basis the prefix "un-" can be both a prefix and a reversative prefix.29. "nylon", "orlon", "dacron" and "rayon" were originally and now used to denotethe four types of fabric.30. If the conversion involves the change of a noun into a verb, the stress of the word with twosyllables fall on thesyllable when the word is used as a verb.III. Match the morphemes or words in Column A with those in Column B according to(1)types of word formation;(2)types of prefixes; (3)types of suffixes; (4)types of blendingand (5)types of clipping.A B1. scope A. compounding2. slurb B. verb suffix3. mass-production C. back clipping4. D Notice D. initialism5. laze E. partial conversion6. lunarnaut F. front and back clipping7. -dom G. front clipping8. fore-H. prefix of orientation and attitude9. arch-I. head + tail blending10. -ent J. back-formation11. a given K. head + word blending12. - (i) fy L. denominal noun suffix13. sitcom M. word + tail blending14. stereo N locative prefix15. p.c. O. prefix of degree or size16. fridge P. acronym17. auto camp Q. full conversion18. the rich R. head + head blending19. pro-S. deverbal adjective suffix20. -able T. deverbal noun suffixIV. Study the following morphemes or words and identify (1)types of word formation;(2)types of prefixes; (3)types of suffixes;(4)types of blending and (5)types of clipping.1. uni-( )2. -let ( )3. taxi ( )4. UNESCO ( )5. record ( )6. NHK ( )7. copter ( )8. fore-( )9. -ish ( )10. red tape ( )11. black(n. ) ( )12. perm ( )13. tourmobile ( )14. tele-( )15. -wise ( )16. contra-( )17. flu ( )18. chunnel ( )19. ultra-( )20. FORTRAN ( )V. Define the following terms.1. Derivation2. prefixation3. suffixation4. compounds5. functional shift6. partial conversion7. full conversion 8. conversion 9. compounding 10. blending 11. pormanteau words12. clipping 13. acronymy 14. acronym 15. intialism 16. back-formation VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given.1. What is affixation? How do we usually classify it?2. What is conversion? What are its characteristics?3. What is blending? What are the four major groups of blending?4. What are the words from proper names?5. How do compounds differ from free phrases?6. How is back-formation classified? What are the characteristics of back-formation?7. What is the difference between initialisms and acronyms?8. What are the three major classes of compounds?9. What are the characteristics of suffixes and how are they classified?10.How are prefixes classified on a semantic basis?11 .What are the characteristics of prefixes?12.What is the difference between partial conversion and full conversion?13. How is the conversion to nouns classified? What are its characteristics?14. How is the conversion to verbs classified? What are its characteristics?VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write you’re answers in the space given below. 1. Study the following two converted words. If you find anything wrong, please explain thereasons and correct them. use(verb) /ju:s/'extract (verb)2. Study the following words and decide the type (s) of word formation. Explain the differences ofthe words in wordformation. WTO G-man GRE NATO ISBN TOEFL3. Decide the types of the two converted nouns. If you find anything wrong, please explain thereasons and correct them. the necessarya wounded4. After he returned home, he watered the flowers.In the above sentence, which word is a converted one? Decide the type of conversion and explain the effect of theconversion.5. Find the blends in the following sentences and decide the types of blending. What are theadvantages of the blending?The botel is wonderful. We can find some sets of hi-fi there.6. Point out the types of word formation of the three given words and analyze the morphemes ofthe first two antislaveryBASIC motel参考答案I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete thestatement.1.D2.A3.D4.C5.A6.B7.B8.D9.A 10.A 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.A 17.B 18.A 19.A 20.C 21. B 22. B 23.C 24.A 25.C 26. C 27.A 28.D 29. C 30. D 31.C 32.C 33.B 34.C 35.D 36.D 37.D 38.A 39.C 40.DII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1. inflectional2. positions3. semantic4. suffixes5. deverbal6. grammatical7. compounds 8. nouns 9. functional 10. zero-derivation 11. hyphenated12. fully13. inseparable 14. adjectives 15. initialisms 16. informal 17. proper18. adverbs19. phrasal 20. stress 21. initial 22. meaning 23. front and back 24. economical25. head 26. refractive 27. parts 28. negative 29. trade names 30. secondIII. Match the morphemes or words in Column A with those in Column B according to(1)types of word formation;2)types of prefixes; (3)types of Scuffles; (4)types of blendingand (5)types of clipping.1.G2. I3.A4.P5.J6.M7.L8.N9.0 10.T11.Q 12.B 13.R 14.C 15.D 16.F 17.K 18.E 19.H20.SIV. Study the following morphemes or words and identify (1)types of word formation;(2)types of prefixes; (3)types of suffixes; (4)types of blending and (5)types of clipping.1. number prefix2. noun suffix3. back clipping4. acronymy (答acronym 给半分)5. back formation6. acronymy (答initialism给半分)7. front clipping8. prefix of time and order 9. adjective suffix pounding(答compound 给半分)11. conversion 12. phrase clipping 13. word + tail blending 14. locativeprefix15. adverb suffix 16. prefix of orientation and attitude 17. front and back clipping18. head + tail blending 19. prefix of degree or size 20. head + head blending V. Define the following terms.1. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created it~ this way are derived film old terms.2. Prefixation is the fommnon of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.3. Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.4. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.5. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as function shift.6. If the nouns converted from adjectives must be used together with definite articles but do not possess other qualities a noun does, the conversion from an adjective to a noun is partial conversion.7. If a noun converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns, the conversion is full conversion.8. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting/changing words of one class to another class9. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.10. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.11. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a partof another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or portmanteau words.12. The way of making a longer word or a phrase short by cutting a part off the original and usingwhat remains instead is called clipping.13. Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of socialand political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.14. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.15. If words produced through Acronymy are pronounced letter by letter, they are initialisms.16. Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given.1. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by ding word-forming or derivationalaffixes to steins. Thisprocess is also known as derivation. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into twosubclasses: prefixation and suffixation.2. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This is a method of turningwords of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech. These words are only in a grammatical sense. Since the words do mot change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Words produced by conversion are primarilynouns, adjectives, and verbs. The most productive is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.3. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. As far asthe structure is concerned, blends fall into four major groups: head + tail, head + head, head + word, word + tail.4. Words that come from proper nouns include names of people, names of places, names of books and trade names.5. Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects :(1) Phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereasin noun phrases thesecond element is generally stressed if there is only one stress.(2) Semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity.(3) Grammatical features. A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence. 6. Back-formation usually involves the following types of words: abstract nouns; human nouns; compound nouns and others; adjectives. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs .There are only a few that can be used as nouns or as both nouns and verbs .Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gained public acceptance.7. Acronymy is tile process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizationsor special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.8. There are three major classes of compounds:(1) Noun compounds : (1)n + n;(2)n + v;(3)v + n;(4)a+ n;(5)n +v-ing;(6)v-ing + n;(7)n+ v + er: (8)adv + v;(9)v + adv; (10)v-ing + adv; (11)adv + ring.(2) Adjective compounds: (1)n + v-ing; (2)a + v-ing; (3)) n + a; (4))a+ a; (5)n+v-ed; (6)a(adv)+v-ed; (7)n(a)+n-ed;(8)num+n-ed: (9)hum + n-ed; (10)adv + v-ing; (11)v-ed + adv;(3)Verb compounds.9. The primary function of the suffixes being to change the gram martial function of the stem.Therefore, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes, verb suffices, adjective suffixes.(1) Noun suffixes include : -eer, -er, -ess,-ette,-let, -age ,-dom ,-ery, -hood, -ing, -ism, -ship,-ant, -ee. -ent, -ity, -ness, -ese, -an, -ist.(2) Adjective suffixes include:-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,-ic, ical ,-able,-ive.(3) Adverb suffixes : -ly, -ward, -wise.(4) Verb suffixes :-ate,-en,-fy,-ize.10. On a semantic basis prefixes are classified into nine groups:(1) Negative prefixes: a-, dis-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, im-, un-,ab-;(2) Refractive prefixes: de-, dis-, un-;(3) Pejorative prefixes: mal-,mis-, pseudo-;(4) Prefixes of degree or size: arch-,sur-, extra-, hyper-, mac-ro-, micro-, mini-, out-, over-,sub-, super-, ultra-, under-;(5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude: anti-, contra-,counter-,pro-;(6) Locative prefixes : extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele-, for-,trans-;(7) Prefixes of time and order: ex-,post-,pre-,re-;(8) Number prefixes : bi-, multi-, semi-, tri-, uni-, mono- ;(9) Miscellaneous prefixes: auto-,neo-,pan-,vice-.11. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. Themajority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class changing nature. Their chief function is to change meanings of the stems.12. If the nouns converted from adjectives must be used together with definite articles but do notpossess other qualities of a noun does, the conversion is partial conversion. If the nouns converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns, the conversion is full conversion.13. There are three kinds of conversion to nouns:(1) Verb to noun. Almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns, which aresemantically related to the originalverbs in various ways. Many simple nouns converted from verbs can be used with have,take, make, give, etc. toform phrases to replace the verb or denote a brief action.(2) Adjective to noun. Unlike verbs, not all adjectives which are converted can achieve a fullnoun status. Some arecompletely converted, hence partial conversion. A noun fully converted from an adjectivehas all the characteristicsof nouns.(3) Miscellaneous conversion. This covers nouns converted from conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions, etc.14. There are three kinds of conversion to verbs.(1) Noun to verb. Verbs converted from nouns are semantically related to the original nouns ina variety of ways.(2) Adjective to verb. Conversion of adjectives into verbs is not as productive as that of nouns.The verbs thus convertedare semantically simple. They can be used either transitively to mean 'to make adjective' orintransitively 'to becomeadjective'. Most verbs converted from adjectives have both transitive and intransitivefunctions.(3) Miscellaneous conversion. In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain changes inpronunciation orspelling or stress distribution.VII .Analyze and comment on the following. Write you’re answers in the space given below.1. (1) In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain changes in pronunciation or spelling or stress distribution.(2) The most common changes are:①V oiceless to voiced consonantWhen a noun is converted to a verb, the voiceless consonant ate end of the noun will be a voiced consonant. Therefore, "use" as is not pronounced/ju : s/, but pronounced/ju : z/.②initial to end stressThis stress shift occurs usually in two syllable words. When used inbound, the stress falls on the first syllable whereas as a verb, the is moves onto the second syllable. As a verb, the word "extract" has its stress not on the first syllable, but on the second syllable: extract.2. (1) They are all words created through Acronymy.(2) WTO, GRE and ISBN are initialisms as they are pronounced letter by letter.(3) G-man, NATO and TOEFL are acronyms as they are pronounced as ordinary words.3. (1) There are two kinds of conversion from adjective to noun: full conversion and partial conversion.。
