欧洲文化入门重要信息点

Introduction (介绍)1、There are many elements constituting European Culture. 2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. The The richness richness richness of of of European European European Culture Culture Culture was was was created created created by by by Greco-Roman Greco-Roman Greco-Roman element element element and and and Judeo-Christian Judeo-Christian element. Divison One Greek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour. 3、Ancient Greece’s epics was created by Homer. 4、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy 三大悲剧大师三大悲剧大师三大悲剧大师 ① Aeschylus Prometheus Bound —→Shelly Prometheus Unbound② Sophocles(之首) Oedipus Oedipus the the the King King King—→ —→ —→ Freud’s Freud’s “the “the Oedipus Oedipus Oedipus complex” complex” complex” ((恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers③ Euripides A ．Trojan W omen B ．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) C ．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人) D ．Realis m can be traced back to the Ancient Greece. To be specific, Euripides. 7、 The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. Aristophanes writes about nature. Swift says of him “As for comic Aristophanes, The dog too witty and too profane is.”8、History (Historical writing) “Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians) This war is called Peleponicion wars. “The greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (Sparta, Athens and Syracuse) 9、① Euclid’s Elements 解析几何解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century. ② Archimedes His His work work work not not not only only only in in in geometry geometry 几何学,but ,but also also also in in in arithmetic arithmetic 算术, , machanics machanics 机械, , and and hydrostatics.流体静力学流体静力学Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.（Archimedes ）10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志) From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire. Greek that of the eastern half. Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language. 11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C. 12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire. 13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic. 14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions(罗马军团罗马军团) 15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which which was known as Pax was known as Pax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国) 16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana 17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民). 18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law. 19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West. 20、Cicero 西赛罗西赛罗 his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction 拉丁语用词拉丁语用词 described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的西赛罗式的an enormous influence(巨大影响) on the development of European prose. 21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德阿尼德22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C. The world’s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式古希腊民主的表现形式24、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式古希腊民主的具体形式25. Many of Plato’s ideas we re later absorbed into Christian thought. How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop? (1)、Three founders 1、Pythagoras ① All things were numbers. ② Scientific mathematics. ③ Theory of proportion.比例的理论比例的理论2、Heracleitue ① Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源火是万物之源② The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus ① the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者第一个原子理论开拓者② materialis materialism.m.唯物主义唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers 1、Socrates ① He hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues. ② The dialectical method was established by Socrates. 2、Plato ①The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato. ②He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic. 3、Aristotle ①The L yceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle. ②Aristotle is a humanist. (2)、Five contending schools 1、The Sophists 诡辩派诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras. ②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”. 2、The Cynics 犬儒派犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes. ②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English. ③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful. 3、The Sceptics 置疑学派置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon. ②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true. 4、The Epicureans 享乐派享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus. ②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment. Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue. Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms. 5、The Stoics 斯多哥派斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno. ②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life. One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. Develop Developed into Stoics’ duty. ed into Stoics’ duty. He was also a materialist. What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1、For For one one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of of nature nature nature and and insisted insisted that that theory theory should should follow fact.This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world 3、Aristotle thought thought happiness happiness was was men’s men’s men’s aim aim aim in in in life life ， but not happiness in in the the vulgar vulgar sense, sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development? There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere.Rediscovery elsewhere.Rediscovery of of of Greek Greek Greek culture culture culture played played played a a a vital vital vital part part part in in in the the the Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance in in in Italy Italy Italy and and and other other European countries. 1、Spirit of innovation 创新精神创新精神The The Greek Greek Greek people people people invented invented invented mathematics mathematics mathematics and and and science science science and and and philosophy; philosophy; philosophy; They They They first first first wrote wrote wrote history history history as as opposed to mere mere annals; annals; They speculated freely freely about about the nature of of the the world world and and the ends of of life, life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy. 2、Supreme Achievement 至高无上的成就至高无上的成就The The Greeks Greeks Greeks achieved achieved achieved supreme supreme supreme achievements achievements achievements in in in nearly nearly nearly all all all fields fields fields of of of human human human endeavour: endeavour: endeavour: Philosophy, Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc. 3、Lasting effect 持续的影响持续的影响①Countless writers writers have have quoted, quoted, borrowed borrowed borrowed from from from and and otherwise used Homer’s Homer’s epics, epics, the tragedies tragedies of of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their ②In the early part of the 19th century, in admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. s modernist masterpiece ③In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’Ulysses. Division TwoThe Bible and Christianity1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. m 2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judaisand Christianity. 3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身) Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan. — the Hebrews. 4、The ancestors of the Jews 5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible. 6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 7、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ. od and Man. 9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between G10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经摩西五经11、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible. 12、Noah’s Ark was record ed in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible. 13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C. B.C., till Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C. 14、The History Books ① The development of system of landed nobles. ② The development of monarchy. 君主专制君主专制两大王国的初步形成③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成④ The settlement in the highlands ⑤ Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon. 15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity. 16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马塞福音书) 17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin V V ulgate in 1382 and was Latin copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff. What difference between Christianity and the other religions? Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions. 1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind. 2、The The other other is is that that God God gave gave his only begotten son, so that that whosoever whosoever whosoever believes believes believes in in in him him him should should not perish, but have everlasting life. (加尔文主义也有这样的观点) What is the great significance of the translations of the bible? 1、It It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English. 2、Miltion’s Miltion’s Paradise Paradise Paradise Lost Lost Lost , , , Bunyan’s Bunyan’s Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Pilgrim’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Progress, Progress, Byron’s Byron’s Byron’s Cain, Cain, Cain, up up up to to to the the the contemporary contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. Division ThreeThe Middle Ages1、 the Middle ages In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire Empire in in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The The middle middle middle ages ages is is so so so called called called because because it it was was was the the the transitional transitional period(过渡时期) ) between between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century. 2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭年灭3、Feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. 4、5、The The Catholic Catholic Catholic Church Church Church made made made Latin the official Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统传统) of the Roman Empire. 6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的) 7、St. St. Jerome, Jerome, Jerome, who who who translated translated into into Latin Latin Latin both both Old Old and and New New Testament Testament Testament from from from the the Hebrew Hebrew and and and Greek Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经拉丁语圣经) 8、Augustine —→ “Confession” and “The City of God” 9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷) 10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades. 11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林) By By 1291 1291 1291 the the the Moslems Moslems Moslems ((穆斯林) ) had had had taken taken taken over over over the the the last last last Christian Christian Christian stronghold. stronghold. stronghold. They They They won won won the the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control. 12、Carolingian Renaissance Carolingian Renaissance Renaissance is is is derived derived derived from from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. Carolus. The The The most most interesting interesting facet facet facet ((一面) ) of of of this this this rather rather rather minor minor minor renaissance renaissance renaissance is is is the the the spectacle spectacle spectacle ((有见解) ) of of of Frankish Frankish Frankish or or Germanic Germanic state state state reaching reaching reaching out out to to assimilate assimilate (吸收) the the riches riches riches of of the the Roman Roman Classical Classical and and and the the Christianized Hebraic culture. 13、National Epics(民族史诗运动民族史诗运动) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages —that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. 14、Chaucer (乔叟乔叟) 的诗歌特点：的诗歌特点： ① power of observation (观察) ② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性) 15、Gothic ① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe. ② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history. ③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式）（罗马式）16、The Canterbury Tales: ① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer. ② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse. ③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English. 17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge ？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. 2、The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence. 3、In the Late Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. 4、It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”. How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages? 1、feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. 2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of s mall farms mall farms or or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen. 3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs. 4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owne rs of the fiefs was call vassals. 5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government. 6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed. What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture? (What is the great significance of the Crusades?) 1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流) 2、During During the the wars wars while while while many many many of of of the the feudal feudal lords lords lords went went went to to fight fight in in in Palestine, Palestine, Palestine, kings kings at at home home home found found opportunities opportunities to to strengthen strengthen themselves. themselves. themselves. Thus Thus Thus among among among other other other things, things, things, Crusades Crusades Crusades helped helped helped to to to break break break down down feudalis m, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制) 3、Besides, Besides, through through through their their their contact contact contact with with with the the the more more more cultured cultured cultured Byzantines Byzantines Byzantines and and and Moslems, Moslems, Moslems, the the the western western Europeans changed many many of of of their their their old old old ideas. ideas. ideas. Their Their Their desire desire desire for for for wealth wealth or or p p ower ower began began to overshadow their religious ideals. 4、The The Crusades Crusades also resulted resulted in in in renewing renewing people’s people’s interest interest in in learning learning learning and and invention. By By the the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字), algebra (代数代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West. 5、As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments. How did literature develop in the middle ages? 1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages —that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin Latin culture culture culture to to to a a a culture culture culture that that that was was was the the the combination combination combination of of of a a a variety variety variety of of of national national national charact charact eristics. eristics. Both Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics. 2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲) ① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature. ② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示) the spirit of Renaissance. ③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作) 3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集) ① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work. ② Most of of the the tales are are written written in in verse verse (诗) ) which which which reflects(reflects(反映) ) Chaucer’s Chaucer’s Chaucer’s innovation innovation (改革) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵) the French and Italian styles. ③ Chaucer Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人短篇写作第一人④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages. Division FourRenaissance and Reformation1、 Renaissance Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival (复兴), specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek Greek and and Roman Roman culture. culture. culture. Renaissance, Renaissance, in in essence essence (从实质上讲), ), was was was a a a historical historical historical period period period in in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts (试图) to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) ) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie bourgeoisie ((资产阶级), ), to to to lift lift lift the the the restrictions restrictions restrictions ((禁忌) in in all all all areas areas areas placed placed placed by by by the the the Roman Roman Roman church church authorities.(权利威信) Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. Renaissance started in Florence and V enice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture (雕塑) and architecture. 最早开始于painting 2、 In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet. 3、 Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因人文主义兴起的重要原因 Humanistic ideas to develop) 4、 At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心) 5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible. 6、Michelangelo ———— David David ———— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) ———— Dying Slave ( Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶) ———— Moses ( Moses (摩西) 7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚) He painted his Madonnas in different postures against different backgrounds. 8、One One of of of the the the famous famous paintings besides the Madonnas is is School School School of of of Athens Athens (雅典学派). ). Plato Plato Plato and and Aristotle engaged in argument. 9、Titian ———— The V The V e nus of Urbino (enus of Urbino (断臂的维纳斯) Man with the Glove (带手套的人) ☆10、John Wyclif —————— translation of the Bible into English for the first time. translation of the Bible into English for the first time. 11、Martin Luther —————— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language. translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language. 12、The reformation get its victory first in England. 13、Reformation The The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio -political (社会政治) movement. movement. It It It began began as Martin Martin Luther Luther Luther posted posted on the door door of of of the the castle church at at the the the University University University of of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、Calvinis m Calvinis m was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。

欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideasAristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I…ll move the World”Others Diogenes （the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus （the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews 定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。

欧洲文化知识点欧洲是一个拥有悠久历史和丰富文化的大陆。

从古希腊罗马文明到中世纪的封建制度，再到文艺复兴和启蒙时代的思想变革，欧洲文化一直在不断演变和发展。

本文将介绍一些关于欧洲文化的重要知识点。

一、古希腊文化古希腊文化对整个欧洲文化产生了深远的影响。

古希腊是欧洲第一个重要的文明中心，其政治制度、哲学思想、文学艺术等方面都对后世产生了巨大影响。

1. 政治制度：古希腊是世界上第一个实行民主制度的国家，雅典民主制度成为后世政治制度的重要范本。

2. 哲学思想：古希腊哲学家们提出了许多重要的思想，如苏格拉底的批判精神、柏拉图的理念论、亚里士多德的逻辑学等，为后世哲学的发展奠定了基础。

3. 文学艺术：古希腊文学以史诗《荷马史诗》和悲剧为代表，塑造了许多经典的文学形象，如奥德修斯和安提戈涅。

古希腊雕塑和建筑也是世界艺术史上的重要组成部分。

二、罗马文化罗马文化是古代欧洲最重要的文化之一，其政治制度、法律体系和建筑艺术对后世产生了深远的影响。

1. 政治制度：罗马共和制和罗马帝国时期的君主制度为后世政治制度提供了重要的参考。

罗马法律体系也对后世法律的发展产生了重要影响。

2. 建筑艺术：罗马建筑工程宏伟壮丽，如斗兽场、巴西利卡和万神殿等，这些建筑成为了后世建筑的典范。

3. 文学艺术：罗马文学以维吾尔的《埃涅阿斯纪》和西塞罗的演讲文集为代表，对后世文学产生了重要影响。

罗马雕塑和壁画也是其文化的重要组成部分。

三、中世纪文化中世纪是欧洲历史上一个重要的时期，封建制度和基督教信仰在这个时期占据主导地位，对欧洲文化产生了深远影响。

1. 封建制度：中世纪欧洲的封建制度是一种农奴制度，贵族统治下的农民没有自由权利。

封建制度的特点是等级森严、权力分散。

2. 基督教文化：中世纪欧洲的文化基本上是基督教文化，教会在政治、社会和文化领域都具有重要影响力。

教会的建筑艺术和宗教画是中世纪文化的重要组成部分。

3. 文学艺术：中世纪文学以骑士文学和宗教文学为主，如《亚瑟王传奇》和《圣经》等。

七年级认识欧洲知识点欧洲是一个历史和文化底蕴深厚的大陆，是世界上最古老、最发达的大陆之一。

今天，我们来了解一下关于欧洲的一些基本知识。

一、欧洲的地理和自然特点欧洲是一个陆地面积仅次于亚洲和非洲的大陆，由44个国家组成，覆盖了面积近10,498,000平方公里的土地。

欧洲西临大西洋，北临北冰洋，东南临地中海，东部接亚洲。

欧洲地形多样，包括高山、丘陵、平原、河流、湖泊和海岸线等。

欧洲的自然资源非常丰富，包括煤、天然气、铁矿石、铜和锌等矿物质资源，同时也有丰富的林木、渔业和农业资源。

二、欧洲的历史和文化欧洲有着悠久的历史，自古时期就是文明的中心之一。

在欧洲历史上，出现了许多重要的帝国和国家，比如古希腊、罗马帝国、法国、德国和英国等。

欧洲的文化遗产也是非常丰富的，包括建筑、绘画、雕塑、文学、音乐和哲学等方面。

欧洲的音乐和文学受到了世界的广泛关注，比如莎士比亚、贝多芬和莫扎特等。

三、欧洲的政治和经济欧洲是一个多国家区域，包括单一市场和欧盟。

欧盟是世界上最大的贸易伙伴之一，与中国和美国等国家都有广泛的贸易关系。

欧洲的经济体系也是非常发达的，主要由国际贸易、制造业、金融和服务业等构成。

欧元是欧洲的货币，目前被19个国家采用。

四、欧洲的语言和宗教欧洲有着多种不同的语言和方言，主要有英语、法语、德语、意大利语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语和俄语等。

欧洲的宗教也非常多样化，包括天主教、东正教、基督教、伊斯兰教、犹太教和佛教等。

五、欧洲的旅游欧洲是世界上最受欢迎的旅游目的地之一，有许多著名的旅游胜地，比如法国的艾菲尔铁塔、意大利的比萨斜塔、西班牙的马德里广场、希腊的雅典卫城等。

欧洲也是世界上最适合自行车旅行的地区之一，拥有众多的自行车道和旅游路线。

六、结语欧洲拥有丰富的历史和文化，有着美丽的自然风光和多样的宗教和文化。

了解欧洲的知识是我们学生必不可少的一部分。

希望这篇文章能让大家更好地认识欧洲，加深对这个充满魅力的地区的认识和了解。

欧洲文化知识点欧洲是一个拥有悠久历史和丰富多样文化的大陆。

本文将介绍一些关于欧洲文化的重要知识点。

一、古希腊文化古希腊文化是欧洲文化的重要组成部分，被认为是西方文明的源头。

古希腊文化在哲学、政治、文学、艺术等领域都有重要贡献。

例如，苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德等哲学家的思想对西方思想史产生了深远影响。

古希腊的剧院艺术、雕塑和建筑也是欧洲文化的瑰宝。

二、文艺复兴运动文艺复兴是欧洲历史上的一个重要时期，主要发生在15世纪至17世纪。

这一时期欧洲艺术、文学和科学都取得了巨大的突破和进步。

文艺复兴运动的核心思想是人文主义，主张人的尊严、自由和个性的发展。

达芬奇、米开朗基罗和莎士比亚等文艺复兴时期的艺术家和作家为欧洲文化贡献了许多杰作。

三、启蒙运动启蒙运动是欧洲18世纪的一场思想和文化运动，旨在推动人类的自由、平等和知识解放。

启蒙运动的代表人物有伏尔泰、卢梭和弗朗西斯·培根等。

这一时期的文化思潮对欧洲的政治、宗教和社会制度产生了巨大影响，也为后来的民主和人权思想打下了基础。

四、宗教改革宗教改革是指16世纪以来在欧洲发生的一系列宗教思潮和变革。

马丁·路德和约翰·加尔文等人的思想引发了对罗马天主教教会的批评和反抗。

宗教改革的结果之一是形成了新教教派，如路德宗和长老宗。

宗教改革对欧洲的宗教信仰和政治格局产生了深远影响。

五、工业革命工业革命是18世纪末至19世纪初在英国兴起的一场重大社会经济变革。

它以机械工业的兴起和工业化生产方式的建立为特征。

工业革命改变了欧洲的经济结构和社会面貌，从传统农业社会转向了工业化社会。

同时，工业革命也对世界历史产生了深远影响，开启了现代工业文明的时代。

六、两次世界大战20世纪是欧洲历史上最为动荡的时期。

两次世界大战的爆发和战争的破坏使欧洲付出了巨大的代价。

这两场战争对于欧洲的政治、经济和文化产生了深远的影响。

战后，欧洲逐渐走上和平与发展的道路，形成了如今的欧洲联盟。

《欧洲文化入门》知识总括Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Unit 11、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor.3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896（当代奥运会）4、Ancient Greek epics were created by Homer.5、They events of Homer‘s own time. （F）（They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey（对其作品产生影响）—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses（描述一天的生活）; in the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles（之首）《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”（恋母情结）—→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》（劳伦斯）③EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”.Perfection----IbsenClimax----Bernard ShawC. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides the human”D. Realism can be traced back to the Ancient Greece.To be specific，Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）Wordsworth）13、History （Historical writing）※“Father of History”—→Herodotus —→war（between Greeks and Persians）This war is called Peloponnesian wars.只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.3、Ancient Greece’s epics was created by Homer.4、The Home r’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy三大悲剧大师①AeschylusPrometheus Bound —→Shelly Prometheus Unbound②SophoclesOedipus the King —→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers③EuripidesA．Trojan WomenB．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)C．Realism can be traced back to the Ancient Greece，to be specific, Euripides.7、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.Aristophanes writes about nature.8、History (Historical writing)“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war (between Greeks and Persians)“t he greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (between Sparta and Athens) 9、①Euclid’s Elements解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.②ArchimedesHis work laid basis for not only geometry几何学,but also arithmetic算术, mechanics机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学“Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”.（Archimedes）10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志)From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, and Greek that of the eastern half.Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire.13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic.14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions(罗马军团)15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known asPax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民).18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.20、Cicero西赛罗his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence on the development of European prose.21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world’s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式25. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers.②Scientific mathematics.③Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus①the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialism.唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers1、Socrates①He hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.(2)、Five contending schools1、The Sophists诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.2、The Cynics犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.3、The Sceptics置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus.②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.5、The Stoics斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.He developed into Stoics’ duty.He was also a materialist.What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim in life，but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere. Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation创新精神The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3、Lasting effect持续的影响①Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. ②In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. ③In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Division Two：The Bible and Christianity1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judaism and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身)Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews.5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.7、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经11、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.12、Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.14、The History Books① The development of system of landed nobles.② The development of monarchy. 君主专制③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成④ The settlement in the highlands⑤ Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马修福音书)17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.What difference between Christianity and the other religions?Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (加尔文主义也有这样的观点)What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2、Miltion’s Paradise Lost , Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden.Division Three：The Middle Ages1、the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it was the transitional period(过渡时期) between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭3、Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”,a grant of land.4、5、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)7、St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)8、Augustine —→ “Confession” and “The City of God”9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.12、Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.13、National Epics(民族史诗运动)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.14、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点：① power of observation (观察)② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性)15、Gothic① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式）16、The Canterbury Tales:① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2、The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3、In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.4、It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?1、feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government.6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流)2、During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制)3、Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4、The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字), algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.5、As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade inwestern Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.How did literature develop in the middle ages?1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示) the spirit of Renaissance.③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集)① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.②Most of the tales are written in verse (诗) which reflects(反映) Chaucer’s innovation (改革) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵) the French and Italian styles.③ Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.Division Four：Renaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The wo rd “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo —— David —— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) —— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶) —— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures against different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian —— The Venus of Urbino (维纳斯)10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、CalvinismCalvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。

Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Divison One Greek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.3、Ancient Greece’s epics was created by Homer.4、The Homer’s epics con sisted of Iliad and Odyssey.5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy三大悲剧大师①AeschylusPrometheus Bound—→Shelly Prometheus Unbound②Sophocles(之首)Oedipus the King—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers③EuripidesA．Trojan WomenB．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)C．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D．Realism can be traced back to the Ancient Greece. To be specific, Euripides.7、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.Aristophanes writes about nature.Swift says of him “As for comic Aristophanes, The dog too witty and too profane is.”8、History (Historical writing)“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ wa r(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars.“The greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (Sparta, Athens and Syracuse)9、① Euclid’s Elements解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.② ArchimedesHis work not only in geometry几何学,but also in arithmetic算术, machanics 机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.（Archimedes）10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志)From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire. Greek that of the eastern half.Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire.13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic.14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions(罗马军团)15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known as Pax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民).18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.20、Cicero西赛罗his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence(巨大影响) on the development of European prose.21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The wor ld’s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式25. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras① All things were numbers.② Scientific mathematics.③ Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue① Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源② The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus① the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者② materialism.唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers1、Socrates① He hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.② The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.(2)、Five contending schools1、The Sophists诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.2、The Cynics犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.3、The Sceptics置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus.②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.5、The Stoics斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.Developed into Stoics’ duty.He was also a materialist.What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact.This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle thought happ iness was men’s aim in life，but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development? There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere.Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italyand other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation创新精神The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3、Lasting effect持续的影响①Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.②In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.③In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Division Two The Bible and Christianity1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judaism and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身)Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews.5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.7、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经11、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.12、Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Ol d Testament, The Bible.13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.14、The History Books① The development of system of landed nobles.② The development of monarchy. 君主专制③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成④ The settlement in the highlands⑤ Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马塞福音书)17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff. What difference between Christianity and the other religions?Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.(加尔文主义也有这样的观点)What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2、Miltion’s Paradise Lost , Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. Division Three The Middle Ages1、the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it was the transitional period(过渡时期) between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭3、Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.4、5、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)7、St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)8、Augustine —→ “Confession” and “The City of God”9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.12、Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.13、National Epics(民族史诗运动)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in a ncient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.14、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点：① power of observation (观察)② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性)15、Gothic①The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式）16、The Canterbury Tales:① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.②Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.③Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2、The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3、In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.4、It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age ofFaith”.How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?1、feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government.6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流)2、During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制)3、Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4、The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字), algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.5、As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.How did literature develop in the middle ages?1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It wasthe starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.②The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示) the spirit of Renaissance.③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集)① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.②Most of the tales are written in verse (诗) which reflects(反映) Chaucer’s innovation (改革) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵) the French and Italian styles.③ Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.Division Four Renaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival (复兴), specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence (从实质上讲), was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts (试图) to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.(权利威信)Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture (雕塑) and architecture. 最早开始于painting2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie.(人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo—— David—— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis )—— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶)—— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures against different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian—— The Venus of Urbino (断臂的维纳斯)Man with the Glove (带手套的人) ☆10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、CalvinismCalvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。

欧洲文化入门考点总结[中文版]《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。

我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。

第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源,所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节.我们先看希腊的发展.希腊文明分为几个时期,她形成于公元前800-500年,经历了古典时代(也就是公元前500到公元前336年)和希腊化时代(也就是公元前336年到公元前31年).希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪.公元前146年,希腊被罗马攻克.希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代.这段历史的重要大事有:1,公元前12世纪,随着特洛伊人的入侵,荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争(《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》).这里要注意的是,荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代.荷马生活在公元前700年.2,公元前6世纪,希腊世界开始有了全面改变,为后来的古典时代打开了通途.其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达.雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会,公元前594年,梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官,他的贡献在于,在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础.雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位,是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用.历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述.3,由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌,因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争.战争最终以雅典的失败而告终.修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中,详尽描写了这一战争.4,伯罗奔尼撒战争后,斯巴达专横跋扈,底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟.公元前371年,马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军,他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊.至此,古典时代结束,希腊化时代即将开始.古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家.哲学家主要以苏格拉底,柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表.苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性.柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权,又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会,并构件了唯心主义的根基.亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序.剧作家有埃斯库罗斯,阿里斯托芬,索福克勒斯.这一时期希腊也造就了像阿基米德和欧几里得这样的数学家,以及像希罗多德和修昔底得这样伟大的历史学家.希腊的艺术和建筑在神庙上得到最高体现.著名的雅典卫城的圣地帕台侬神庙就是卫雅典娜女神建造的.接下来我们从希腊文明走向罗马文明.希腊化时代与罗马时代前期相互交融,最终过渡到罗马时代.罗马时代经历了早期共和国(公元前509-公元前264年),后期共和国(公元前265-公元前27年),早期帝国(公元前27年-公元284年)和后期帝国(284-476年).公元前500年,罗马开始了独立城邦的生涯.经过三次布诺战争,罗马渐渐地满足了它的征服欲.战争中尤里乌斯恺撒声名鹊起.公元前27年,元老院授予屋大维"奥古斯都"和"大元帅"的尊称,罗马早期帝国形成.在此后的两个世纪中,罗马帝国的疆域达到最大范围,其文化处于极盛时期.这段历史时期被成为"罗马和平".但罗马的伟大也就仅至于此.罗马的伟大时代随着公元180年马可奥勒留的去世而告终.公元395年,罗马帝国彻底分裂为东罗马帝国和西罗马帝国.公元476年,西罗马帝国陷落.公元1453年,东罗马帝国被土耳其人占领.说到罗马的文化,它基本源于希腊,但罗马人在思想意识方面也有重大贡献.罗马人对欧洲文化所作的最重要的贡献是它所创立的罗马法律.在政治文化方面,罗马出现了以下比较重要的人物:1. 恺撒他是古代罗马政治家,军事家.他在文学方面也颇有建树.传世之作有《高卢战记》,《内战记》.对于他,我们要记住一句名言:也就是"I came, I saw, I conquered."2.西赛罗他是古罗马政治家,哲学家和最重要的演说家.主要成就在演说词和书信.3. 卢克来修他是罗马共和国末期主要诗人之一,提倡唯物论,无神论和原子论.作品有哲理诗《物性论》.4. 维吉尔他是罗马文学中最重要的作家.代表作品是《阿尼德》.在建筑,艺术方面,罗马人也做出了突出的贡献.如:圆形大剧场和建于公元前27年的罗马万神殿以及女狼雕塑等.以上是对希腊罗马文化的综述,下面我们来一起看两个问答题.1. How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop 希腊哲学是如何发展起来的回答这个问题,我们要掌握 1. 三个哲学奠基人及其理论:毕达哥拉斯,赫拉克里特,德谟克里特.2. 三位思想家及其理论:苏格拉底,柏拉图和亚力士多德.3. 其它思辩流派,如诡辩派,犬儒派等.这样才能完善这个问题.具体的答案我们可在练习册上找到.2. What's the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas (system) 柏拉图和亚力士多德的哲学体系有何区别回答这个问题,首先要阐述柏拉图的哲学体系包含什么,亚力士多德的哲学体系包含什么.然后再进行对比.他们两个最主要的一个区别在于亚力士多德强调理论联系实际,而柏拉图强调万物依赖主观思维.这是必须提到的一点.具体的答案见练习册.以上是对第一章希腊罗马文化的讲解.刚才我们谈到要研究欧洲发展的历史,除了要研究希腊和罗马文化历史这条线索之外,精神宗教形成线索,即犹太教和基督教历史也很重要. 在第二章中我们要看一下基督教和圣经的发展及其内容.第二章基督教和圣经这一章的重点是:犹太教与基督教的关系,基督教的教义核心,旧约的摩西五经,十诫,列王记,罗马帝国衰亡的原因,基督教与罗马帝国政府的关系的发展,基督教教士对维系和发展西方文明的贡献,圣经对西方的影响或贡献.在学习这一章中,大家应努力将2-4章关于基督教的知识连成线,从而理解和记忆欧洲文化的另一个重要源头的发展脉络――犹太教和基督教,彻底认清圣经在欧洲文化中的核心作用. 基督教是在西方最具影响力的宗教.犹太教是世界各地犹太人信仰的宗教.是基督教的前身.这一教派的经典《旧约》记载了犹太人的历史.犹太人以前叫Hebrews希伯莱人,在大约公元前3800前在中东一带沙漠流浪.约在公元前1300前,他们逐渐在伽南地区定居下来,并形成了小王国.基督教与犹太教关系密切.它与犹太教同发源于巴勒斯坦.基督教的核心是耶稣基督,其教义是:一,耶稣基督是上帝的儿子,上帝派他到人间来,跟人类一起受苦受难,最终拯救人类.二,基督是上帝唯一的儿子,任何信仰基督的人最终得到永生.耶稣基督生活在第一个罗马帝国.他教导人们热爱上帝,信仰上帝.由于他获得越来越多的人的爱戴,当时的统治者就收买了他十二个门徒中的犹大,在耶稣与他的弟子去往巴勒斯坦的路上,将他钉死在十字架上.由于耶稣的门徒圣保罗和圣彼得拒绝把罗马皇帝作为上帝来敬奉,而宣称只有真正的上帝才能受到崇拜,所以基督教一开始就被认为是一个具有反叛性的宗教受到包括罗马皇帝尼禄,多米提安在内的皇帝的迫害的宗教.尽管如此,基督教还是越来越受到人们的信奉,并开始从早期穷人信奉的宗教演变为各个阶层的人都能接受的宗教.成为一支显著的社会力量.统治者对它的态度也开始转变.公元305年,戴克里先放弃了摧毁基督教的企图.不久,君士坦丁一世由于相信上帝帮助他赢得战争而在313年发布"米兰赦令"宣布人人都有宗教信仰的自由,从此基督教取得了合法地位.392年,迪奥多西一世宣布基督教为罗马国教,而其它宗教不合法.至此,基督教从一个受压迫的对象转变为统治阶级的统治武器.基督教的主要经典是《圣经》.《圣经》由《新约》和《旧约》两部分构成.在前面已经谈到《旧约》是希伯莱人的文献.《旧约》共39部,写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情,最重要的前五本是《摩西五书》,包括《创世纪》, 《出埃及记》, 《利未记》, 《民数记》, 《申命记》.《新约》成于基督教兴起之后,共27卷,其中前四卷福音书《马太福音》,《马可福音》《路加福音》《约翰福音》内容包括了有关耶稣言行的传说,耶稣使徒的传说.接下来我们看一下《圣经》的翻译:现存的最早的《旧约》希腊版本被成为旧约圣经.传说是应埃及王之请,由72位犹太学者在72日之内译成.现存最早的《圣经》拉丁文全译本是瓦尔盖特译本,是公元383-405年由圣杰罗姆所译,是罗马天主教认为唯一可信的拉丁语译本.其它英文译本及欧洲其它语种译本大都以瓦尔盖特译本为基础.当1500's发明印刷术时,拉丁圣经是第一部被全文印刷的作品. 继拉丁文译本之后,出现了现代语言的译本.第一部英文全文译本是1382年由约翰威克利夫在瓦尔盖特拉丁文译本基础上译成.之后,出现了英国宗教改革家丁道儿的英文译本.他的译本是直接根据希伯莱和希腊原文译成.后来出现的《大圣经》The Great Bible 就部分参照丁道儿的译本.1539年在亨利八世命令所有英国教堂中都必须供奉《大圣经》.但最重要的也是最具影响力的圣经译本是最初发表于1611年的官方版圣经或詹姆斯王圣经. 它的翻译是在詹姆斯国王的命令下由54为圣经学者翻译而成,语言简洁,使用高雅的安各鲁萨克森语言.这一译本被认为是英语语言中最伟大的作品.圣经修订本The Revised Version 出现在1885,1901年出现了标准美语版本圣经修订本.1979年,新版詹姆斯王圣经出版.对圣经的翻译有重大意义,英语圣经和莎士比亚的作品被成为现代英语的两大源头.后世的文学深受圣经的影响.如:Miltion's Paradise Lost (失乐园), Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, Byron's Cain, up to the contemporary (同时期的) Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck's East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.以上是对希腊罗马文化的综述,下面我们来一起看一个问答题.1. How was Christianity spread to Europe and became the official religion基督教是如何传到欧洲并成为统治性宗教？其实这个问题我们在综述总已经谈到.只要搞清基督教发展的历史阶段,每一阶段的社会状况,它为什么会从被迫害变成成为统治阶级的工具,统治阶级又是如何一步步将它从摈弃,迫害变为合法,变为国教的就可以了.这其中的重要人物是戴克里先,君士坦丁一世,迪奥多西一世.下面我们进行第三章,中世纪the Middle Ages.第三章中世纪The Middle Ages本章重点:封建土地制和分封制,天主教会的影响(包括教会组织,教会学术和哲学,教会艺术,教会影响),三种文化的融合,民族文学. 在学习这一章中,很多题目的内容相互交叠,互有异同,请反复研读,只需将骨干内容搞清楚,相似的题目的核心答案往往是一致的. 下面我们一起来看一下中世纪的内容.中世纪开始于476年日耳曼人将西罗马帝国的灭亡.这一年也被认为是欧洲古代奴隶制社会历史的终结.从这时起,直到17世纪中叶英国资产阶级革命爆发,是欧洲历史上的中世纪.中世纪是欧洲封建制度形成,发展和衰亡的历史.欧洲历史的中世纪大致可分为三个时期.公元5-11世纪为初期,是封建社会形成时期;公元12-15是中世纪的中期,也是它的全盛时期;公元16-17世纪是中世纪的末期,是封建社会衰落瓦解和资本主义兴起的时期.中世纪的最初几个世纪是在混战的状况中.在日耳曼人建立的王国中,以六世纪法兰克王国最强大.公元8世纪末和九世纪初,法兰克国王查理曼大帝建立了强大的帝国.查理曼国王在1800年被教皇加冕,授予"罗马皇帝"之称.查理曼大帝应该说是中世纪早期最重要的人物了.从11世纪起,西方随着经济的迅速发展,国家君主国崛起,新的知识水平的出现,扩张主义盛行――首先是地方的十字军东侵,然后是向海外推进,在数世纪内导致全球性霸权.而东罗马帝国经过长久的挣扎之后,注定了1453年的灭亡.中世纪的封建土地所有制feudalism是欧洲各地区的主要的政治制度.封建制度是一种政体,在这一政体中,那些拥有地产的人也拥有政权,因此,封建主和封臣之间的契约代替了国家权利.大多数时间里掌握国家政权的是那些封臣们而不是国王.这些强有力的封建领主(vassals)在把他们的封地分成更小的封地(fiefs),分给他们的追随者们.当时最基本的经济组织是封建庄园(manor),农奴依附在庄园领主的土地上,被迫无偿为他们劳动.公元1054年,基督教教会分裂为罗马天主教(the Roman Catholic Church)和东正教(the Eastern Orthodox).罗马天主教将拉丁语作为正式语言.中世纪时期,几乎所有欧洲人都信奉罗马天主教.因此,中世纪也被成为"信仰时代"(Age of Faith).天主教会有严格的等级之分.教皇(Pope)享有绝对的权威,以下以此为大主教(Archbishop),主教(bishop),牧师(Priest)和天主教会现有成员,教会有严密的组织和纪律.隐修院制度产生于这一时期,并培养了大批的修道士,比如,将圣经全文译成英文的圣杰罗姆以及于公元529年创立本尼狄克法则的圣本尼狄克.基督教思想一个最重要的领袖人物是公元5世纪的奥古斯丁.他对基督教神学思想产生了深远的影响.《忏悔录》和《上帝之城》是他的两部不朽的著作.基督教在欧洲封建社会的政治生活中起着十分重要的作用.原来在罗马帝国时期为奴隶主统治服务的基督教到了中世纪自然地变做封建主统治的重要工具,成为封建制度的精神支柱.基督教世界排斥异己,并且好战成性.其中当属十字军东侵(the Crusades)最为著名.尤其是对圣地巴勒斯坦几次入侵.虽然最后以失败告终,但却促进了东西方文化的交流,为君主政体的形成准备了条件.在学术和科学方面,中世纪的欧洲知识为即将道来的西方新兴世界作一些铺垫.查理曼大帝(Charlemagne)和他的卡罗林复兴(Carolingian Renaissance),阿尔弗莱德大帝(Alfred the Great)和他的学术中心,还有意大利神学家阿奎那(St. Thomas Aquinas)的经验哲学(Scholasticism)和托马斯主义,英国哲学家,科学家培根(Roger Bacon)的实践的重要意义,无一不对文化的保存与发展做出了巨大的贡献.在文学创作方面,出现了长篇的史诗(Epic).日耳曼人的一支盎格鲁萨克逊人的史诗《贝欧伍尔夫》是流传至今的早期英雄史诗最完整的一部.而《罗兰之歌》则是法国史诗中最著名的. 中世纪还产生了两位伟大的诗人――但丁和乔叟.意大利著名诗人但丁的《神曲》是世界文学史上的划时代的作品,表达了即将到来的文艺复兴时期的人文主义思想.英国诗人乔叟被称为英国文学史上第一位短篇小说家和第一位现代诗人,他最著名的作品是坎特伯雷故事集. 中世纪的建筑与艺术主要是罗马式的和哥特式的,他们都是古典艺术的延伸.以上是对中世纪内容的综述,下面我们来解答一道问答题.1. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times (the Catholic Church ) 罗马天主教在中世纪的影响地位如何回答这个问题我们从以下几个方面:1) 罗马天主教从教皇到教士的严格的层级制度和组织.2) 罗马天主教在经济上和政治上的统治地位,宗教裁判所的作用.3) 人们对罗马天主教信仰度,也就是为什么中世纪被叫做"信仰时代".4) 罗马天主教在文化艺术上的影响地位.比如哥特式建筑,罗马式建筑等.5) 十字军东侵所造成的影响.接下来共同学习一下第四章,文艺复兴和宗教改革.这也是欧洲文化入门中相当重要的一个章节.第四章文艺复兴与宗教改革本章重点有:科学背景,意大利文艺复兴的背景,意大利文艺复兴的文学和文艺大师,16世纪宗教改革,宗教改革领袖,英西法德荷诸国的文学人物及作品.这个时期是欧洲封建社会逐渐解体,资本主义生产方式在封建社会母体内蕴育的时期,也是欧洲从中世纪封建社会向资本主义过渡的历史转折时期.从十四世纪开始,欧洲封建社会陆续出现了资本主义关系的萌芽;十五世纪末,随着新航路的开辟和地理大发现,世界市场形成了,这就进一步推动了资本主义的发展.但,这时新兴的资产阶级在政治上还是软弱的,因而他们的反封建的斗争主要表现在思想文化方面.这一时期资产阶级反封建的思想斗争主要采取了两种方式:宗教改革和文艺复兴.文艺复兴是从十四世纪到十七世纪初先在意大利产生,然后在欧洲其它许多国家相继发展起来的一次资产阶级性质的思想文化运动.它是资产阶级借助于古代文化以反对封建制度和宗教势力的一次斗争.这一时期,古希腊,罗马文化重新受到重视,当时新兴资产阶级的思想家们打着"回到希腊去"的旗号,声称要把久被淹没的古典文化"复兴"起来,"文艺复兴"由此而得名.而实际上,资产阶级的目的不是重建奴隶制旧文化,而是要摆脱封建思想的桎梏,建立适应资本主义生产关系的新的意识形态.人文主义是文艺复兴时期资产阶级反封建斗争的思想武器,也是这一时期资产阶级进步文学的中心思想.与天主教会的宗教世界观针锋相对的是,人文主义提出人是宇宙的中心,对"人"的肯定,成了资产阶级思想的核心.宗教改革是资产阶级在宗教外衣下进行的一次反封建斗争.天主教会是中世纪西欧封建制度的精神支柱,一切反动势力的总代表.宗教改革是从教会营垒内部进行的针锋相对的斗争,它始于1517年马丁路德(Martin Luther)在维登堡大学宣布的宗教改革纲领,并迅速遍及欧洲大陆.宗教改革者反对以罗马教皇为首的罗马天主教的绝对权威,主张对宗教教义,仪式和等级制度进行改革,并提出将《圣经》翻译成各国文字,以使平民可以不通过教会而直接与上帝进行交流.宗教改革运动的另一领袖加尔文(John Calvin)宣扬预定论,主张人生来就有原罪,只有极少数人可以成为上帝的选民.因此人们必须不断地辛勤工作,从而获得拯救.宗教改革动摇了中世纪以来罗马天主教的统治,解放了人们的思想.那以后,基督教分裂为旧教(the Roman Catholic)与新教(the Protestant).同时,宗教改革也是一次社会改革运动,它反对罗马天主教对各国政治,经济的干涉.这一主张适应了新兴资产阶级的要求.下面我们来看一下文艺复兴在各国文学艺术上的体现.首先我们来看意大利.作为文艺复兴的发源地,意大利率先在文学艺术上取得了很大成就.这一时期,文学方面的杰出代表卜加丘(Boccaccio)和彼特拉克(Petrarch).卜加丘(Boccaccio)的代表作《十日谈》(Decameron)在欧洲文学史上具有重要意义,他发展了中古短篇故事的传统,为意大利散文奠定了基础.彼特拉克在诗歌方面做出了巨大贡献.他擅长并写下了大量的十四行诗和抒情诗.十四行诗成为欧洲的重要诗体,彼特拉克被称为现代诗歌之父.在艺术方面,文艺复兴早期的意大利艺术家有乔托(Giotto),布鲁内莱斯基(Brunelleschi),多纳泰洛(Donatello)和乔尔乔内(Giorgione)等.乔托(Giotto)是意大利现实主义绘画传统的奠基人,他的名作是《逃往埃及》(Flight into Egypt).布鲁内莱斯基(Brunelleschi)是一位建筑师,他的代表作弗洛伦萨大教堂圆顶.多纳泰洛(Donatello)的雕塑达到了解剖学的精确,代表作有青铜铜像《大卫》(David)《加塔梅拉塔骑马像》(The Gattamelata Equestrian).画家乔尔乔内(Giorgione)的画结构平衡,色彩和谐.他的名作是《睡着的维纳斯女神》(Sleeping Venus)开创了西方绘画中历久不衰的一个题材:裸体躺卧着的女神像.意大利文艺复兴在16世纪达到全盛时期,文艺的中心从弗洛伦萨转移到米兰和罗马.全盛时期产生了四位巨匠,他们是达芬奇(da Vinci)米开朗基罗(Michelangelo)拉斐尔(Raphael)和提香(Titian).达芬奇的传世之作《最后的晚餐》(the Last Supper),《蒙娜丽莎》(Mona Lisa),雕塑家米开朗基罗的大理石造像《大卫》,《即将死去的奴隶》,拉斐尔的圣母画,提香则是最多产的画家,建立了在帆布上涂油彩的传统,被誉为现代画之父.在意大利文艺复兴的影响下,15世纪末,法国人文主义开始研究古希腊文化和哲学,出现了龙沙(Ronsard)拉伯雷(Rabelais),蒙田(Montaigne)等伟大作家.拉伯雷的长篇小说《巨人传》(Gargantua and Pantagruel)以龙沙为代表的七星诗社(Pleiade)为法国的语言发展做出了很大贡献.龙沙诗法国第一个近代抒情诗人,他对19世纪法国浪漫主义有着很大的影响.人文主义作家蒙田以他的《散文集》而闻名于世,他是近代欧洲散文体裁的创始人.西班牙人文主义发展较迟,直到16,17世纪之间,西班牙文学才进入"黄金时代".文艺复兴时期西班牙小说的最高成就是塞万提斯,他的代表作《唐吉珂德》宣告了骑士传奇的终结.《唐吉珂德》是流浪汉小说的典范之作,被誉为欧洲现代小说之父.北部领导荷兰尼德兰人文主义运动的人物是埃拉丝姆斯(Erasmus),他的《愚蠢颂》(The Praise of Folly)是部讽刺作品,揭露僧侣生活的虚伪.这一时期的画家是博鲁盖尔(Bruegel)以风景画著称,名作有《雪中猎人》(The Return of the Hunters).他的乡村风景画对后来的画家米勒(Millet)有很大影响.在德国,马丁路德是宗教改革的领袖,他用德国人民的语言翻译了《圣经》,使平民和农民能引用《圣经》的语言作为斗争的武器,对于德国语言的统一发生过作用,并奠定了德国文学语言的基础.在艺术方面,版画家丢勒(Durer)的木雕和荷尔拜因(Holbein)的肖像成就很高.英国文学是文艺复兴时期欧洲文学的顶峰.早在14世纪,英国就产生了人文主义作家杰弗利乔叟(Geoffery Chaucer),作为承上启下的人物,乔叟我们在中世纪文学中已经谈到.到16世纪后半期到17世纪初,英国在伊丽莎白一世在位时,人文主义文学发展到了繁荣时期.这一时期的文学巨匠不仅在英国文学中占有很重要的地位而且在世界文学中也举足轻重.他们是威廉莎士比亚,托马斯莫尔,弗兰西斯培根,埃德蒙斯宾赛.莫尔是早期人文主义作家,他的主要著作《乌托邦》描绘了一个理想社会.成为后来描写理想社会文学的开端,也是空想社会主义的最初著作之一.16世纪后期,英国文艺复兴运动达到高潮,人文主义文学空前发达.诗歌,小说,戏剧等都得到了很大发展.诗歌以斯宾赛的成就最高.他的代表作是长诗《仙后》.斯宾赛被成为"诗人的诗人".十六世纪文学中成就最大的是戏剧.而其中文学成就最高的是莎士比亚,他也代表了欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就.在他的作品中,资产阶级人文主义思想表述得最为充分,艺术性也最高.他的重要悲剧,戏剧和历史剧有《哈姆雷特》,《麦克白》,《奥赛罗》,《李尔王》,《威尼斯商人》,《第十二夜》,《皆大欢喜》,《罗米欧与朱丽叶》,《安东尼和克里奥帕特拉》,《亨利四世》,《亨利五世》等.他的诗歌成就也很高,这主要表现在他的《十四行诗》中.文艺复兴时期,科技也取得了重大进展.除了地理大发现以外,哥白尼发表了太阳中心说,并著有《天体运行论》,他被成为是西方现代天文学之父.安德勒斯维萨留斯(Andreas Vesalius)著有《论人体的结构》,他是西方现代解剖学的奠基人.此外还有在创办出版社的意大利学者和印刷商奥尔德斯马努蒂尔乌斯(Aldus Manutius),西方政治学之父马基雅维里及其著作《君主论》.总之,文艺复兴是欧洲从中世纪封建社会向近代资本主义转变时期的反封建,反教会神权的一场伟大的思想解放运动.在这一时期,欧洲哲学,文学,艺术,科学等各方面都取得了极大的成就. 以上是对第四章的综述,下面我们来解答一下论述题.。

欧洲文化知识点复习欧洲文化是指欧洲大陆上各个国家和地区的文化特点和传统。

它是世界上最为繁荣和多样化的文化之一，涵盖了广泛的领域，包括艺术、音乐、文学、哲学、宗教、建筑、风俗习惯等等。

在本文中，我们将对欧洲文化的一些重要知识点进行复习。

一、欧洲文化的历史背景欧洲文化的起源可以追溯到古希腊和古罗马时期。

古希腊是西方文明的发源地，它对欧洲文化产生了深远影响。

古希腊的哲学、政治制度、艺术和体育等方面的成就，对后世产生了重要影响。

古罗马帝国则在政治、法律、军事和城市规划等方面有着重要贡献。

中世纪是欧洲文化发展的关键时期。

基督教在欧洲传播开来，成为欧洲的主要宗教。

教会在中世纪拥有巨大的权力，对欧洲文化的塑造起到了重要作用。

此外，中世纪还涌现出许多伟大的文化和学术中心，如巴黎大学、牛津大学等。

文艺复兴是欧洲文化发展的重要阶段。

它标志着对古典文化的重新发现和研究。

文艺复兴时期的艺术家和学者对古希腊和古罗马的文化进行了广泛的研究和借鉴，推动了欧洲文化的再次繁荣。

文艺复兴时期的一些重要人物包括达·芬奇、米开朗基罗、莎士比亚等。

二、欧洲文化的艺术与文学1. 文艺复兴时期的艺术：文艺复兴时期的艺术以人文主义为基础，注重对人体的研究和描绘。

达·芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》和《最后的晚餐》是文艺复兴时期最著名的艺术作品之一。

米开朗基罗的雕塑作品《大卫》和壁画《创世纪》也是文艺复兴时期的代表作品。

2. 巴洛克艺术：巴洛克艺术是17世纪欧洲的一种艺术风格，以宏伟、夸张和复杂的风格特点而闻名。

巴洛克时期的音乐家巴赫和画家伦勃朗都是巴洛克艺术的代表人物。

3. 浪漫主义文学：19世纪的欧洲文学以浪漫主义为主导，强调情感和个人内心体验。

歌德的《浮士德》和雨果的《悲惨世界》是浪漫主义文学的经典作品。

三、欧洲文化的音乐与舞蹈1. 古典音乐：欧洲是古典音乐的发源地。

贝多芬、莫扎特、巴赫等作曲家的音乐作品对世界音乐产生了重要影响。

古典音乐的形式包括交响乐、协奏曲、室内乐等。

欧洲文化入门第一章特洛伊战争：特洛伊战争是以争夺世上海伦（Helen）为起因，以阿伽门农（Agamemnon）及阿喀琉斯（Achilles）为首的希腊军进攻以帕里斯及赫克托尔为首的的十年攻城战。

然而根据《世界通史》的论述，特洛伊地处交通要道，商业发达，经济繁荣，人民生活富裕。

亚细亚各君主结成联军，推举阿伽门农为统帅。

他们对地中海沿岸最富有的地区早就垂涎三尺，一心想占为己有，于是以海伦为借口发动战争，这才是特洛伊战争的真正目的。

民主制城邦：指全民行使权利的城邦，但全民仅指成年男性公民，而且公民权也是从父辈那里世袭而来。

荷马：古希腊盲诗人。

相传记述了公元前12～前11世纪特洛伊战争，以及关于海上冒险故事的古希腊长篇叙事代表作——史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，即是他根据民间流传的短歌综合编写而成。

他生活的年代，当在公元前10～9、8世纪之间。

他的杰作《荷马史诗》，在很长时间里影响了西方的宗教、文化和伦理观。

伊利亚特：相传是由盲诗人荷马所作。

是重要的古希腊文学作品，也是整个西方的经典之一。

《伊利亚特》全诗共15,693行，分为24卷，主要内容是讲述了在阿伽门农的率领下，古希腊南部各城邦联合征战特洛伊的故事。

它通过对特洛伊战争的描写，歌颂英勇善战、维护集体利益、为集体建立功勋的英雄。

奥德赛：又译《奥德修纪》，是古希腊最重要的两部史诗之一《奥德赛》延续了《伊利亚特》的故事情节，相传为盲诗人荷马所作。

这部史诗是西方文学的奠基之作，是除《吉尔伽美什史诗》和《伊利亚特》外现存最古老的西方文学作品。

讲述了奥德修斯在特洛伊战争结束后返回家乡绮色佳岛的故事，书中讲述了奥德修斯在漫长的海上航行中的种种冒险经历，以及最终如何与忠实的妻子泊涅罗泊重新团聚的故事。

荷马史诗：《荷马史诗》相传是由古希腊盲诗人荷马创作的两部长篇史诗——《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的统称，是他根据民间流传的短歌综合编写而成。

《荷马史诗》以扬抑格六音部写成，集古希腊口述文学之大成，是古希腊最伟大的作品，也是西方文学中最伟大的作品。

欧洲文化常识高考知识点欧洲，作为一个世界文明的发源地之一，拥有丰富多彩的文化。

对于学习欧洲文化的人来说，掌握欧洲文化常识也是相当重要的一项任务。

在高考中，关于欧洲文化的知识点也是屡屡出现，下面我们就来了解一下一些常见的欧洲文化知识点。

1. 文艺复兴时期的欧洲艺术文艺复兴是欧洲历史上一个具有重大影响的时期，它不仅是一种思想观念的变革，也是艺术形式的变革。

在文艺复兴时期，欧洲艺术家们创作了大量精美绝伦的作品，其中最具代表性的就是达·芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》和米开朗基罗的《创世纪》。

2. 希腊神话希腊神话是欧洲文化中非常重要的一部分。

在高考中，经常会涉及到希腊神话中的一些英雄人物，比如赫拉克勒斯、俄狄浦斯等。

了解希腊神话不仅可以帮助我们理解欧洲文学作品中的许多隐喻和象征，还能对我们的思维方式产生一定的影响。

3. 欧洲音乐史欧洲有着世界上最发达的音乐文化传统之一。

在欧洲音乐史中，有许多伟大的作曲家和音乐家，比如巴赫、贝多芬、莫扎特等。

了解欧洲音乐史的发展，可以增加我们对音乐的欣赏和理解。

4. 文学经典欧洲文学经典是欧洲文化的瑰宝。

在高考中，常常会出现一些欧洲文学作品的选段或者相关问题。

大家需要熟悉并理解这些文学经典，比如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、居里夫人的《悲惨世界》等。

5. 欧洲人文思想欧洲亦以其深厚的人文思想而著称于世。

例如，启蒙运动、浪漫主义和现实主义等思潮在欧洲文化中起到了重要的作用。

了解这些人文思想的发展过程和理念，可以拓宽我们的思维视野。

6. 欧洲建筑欧洲建筑是世界建筑史上的瑰宝。

从古希腊的神庙、古罗马的竞技场，到中世纪的哥特式教堂，再到现代的现代主义建筑，欧洲建筑风格各异，各具特色。

了解欧洲建筑的特点和发展，可以培养我们的审美能力。

7. 欧洲传统节日欧洲有许多独特而有趣的传统节日，比如圣诞节、复活节等。

这些节日不仅是欧洲人民重要的文化传统，也是欧洲人们与这个世界交流互动的途径。

了解欧洲传统节日的背后的文化内涵，可以增进我们对跨文化交流的理解和认识。

《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon,Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活) In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③ EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

欧洲文化导论知识点总结欧洲文化源远流长，涵盖的范围极广。

它融合了各种各样的文化元素，包括古希腊罗马文明、基督教文化、文艺复兴时期的人文主义思想等。

欧洲文化的丰富多样性使得其成为了一个世界文化中心，对世界其他地区的文化传统和发展起到了深远的影响。

在欧洲文化导论的学习中，我们将探索欧洲文化的方方面面，包括历史、宗教、哲学、文学、艺术等多个领域。

以下是一些欧洲文化导论的知识点总结：1. 古希腊文化古希腊文化是欧洲文明的发源地之一。

古希腊人的思想和艺术成就影响了后世的发展。

古希腊的哲学家，如苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德等，奠定了西方哲学的基础。

古希腊的文学作品，如荷马史诗、悲剧和喜剧等，对后世文学产生了深远的影响。

此外，古希腊的建筑、雕塑、绘画等艺术形式也对后来的艺术产生了重要影响。

2. 古罗马文化古罗马文化是欧洲文明的另一个重要组成部分。

罗马法、公共工程、宗教、政治制度等对欧洲的发展产生了深远的影响。

古罗马的建筑、雕塑、绘画等艺术形式也对后世的艺术产生了重要影响。

古罗马的文学作品和历史著作也被后世的作家和历史学家所推崇。

3. 基督教文化基督教是欧洲文化的重要组成部分。

基督教的价值观和信仰对欧洲的历史、文化和艺术产生了深远的影响。

基督教的教义和圣经故事成为了欧洲文学、绘画、音乐等艺术形式的主题，对欧洲文化的发展产生了深远的影响。

4. 文艺复兴文艺复兴是欧洲文化史上的一个重要时期。

文艺复兴时期的人文主义思想推动了欧洲文化、哲学和艺术的发展。

文艺复兴时期的艺术家、学者和思想家产生了大量具有深远影响的作品。

5. 宗教改革宗教改革是欧洲文化史上的另一个重要时期。

宗教改革对基督教教会和欧洲社会产生了深远的影响，也成为了欧洲文化变革的导火索。

6. 欧洲的殖民扩张欧洲的殖民扩张对世界的历史、政治、经济和文化产生了深远的影响。

欧洲的殖民扩张也是欧洲文化与其他地区文化相互交流的重要渠道。

7. 欧洲的政治和社会制度欧洲的政治和社会制度对欧洲文化的发展产生了重要影响。

高三历史欧洲文化知识点欧洲文化是世界上最为璀璨多样的文化之一，广泛涵盖了艺术、哲学、科学、历史等多个领域。

对于高三历史学生来说，了解欧洲文化的知识点，不仅可以拓宽视野，提升学习兴趣，还能有效提高历史考试的分数。

本文将为你详细介绍高三历史欧洲文化的重要知识点。

1. 文艺复兴时期文艺复兴是欧洲历史上一次重要的文化运动，起源于15世纪的意大利，并逐渐传播至整个欧洲。

文艺复兴时期的文化特点是对古典文化的研究和追求，以及对艺术的重视。

知名画家达·芬奇和拉斐尔等人的杰作便是文艺复兴时期的典型代表。

2. 启蒙运动启蒙运动是欧洲18世纪以来一场寻求自由、理性和改革的思想运动。

该运动呼吁人们用理性思维来对待社会问题，同时强调教育和知识的重要性。

启蒙运动的代表人物有伏尔泰、卢梭以及康德等。

3. 工业革命工业革命是欧洲18世纪末19世纪初发生的一场以机械工业为中心的生产力迅速发展和社会变革的革命。

工业革命不仅彻底改变了欧洲社会的面貌，也对全球产生了深远的影响。

工业革命标志着现代工业文明的兴起，推动了科技、交通、通信等领域的快速发展。

4. 自然主义运动自然主义是19世纪末20世纪初欧洲文学艺术的一个重要流派，它追求真实和客观，试图以科学的方式描绘自然和社会的现象。

自然主义运动对文学、绘画和戏剧产生了深远的影响，知名作家如埃米尔·左拉和托尔斯泰都是自然主义的代表。

5. 第一次世界大战第一次世界大战是20世纪初爆发的一场全球规模的战争，欧洲各国深受其影响。

这场战争导致了众多士兵和平民的伤亡，同时也对欧洲的政治、经济和文化产生了重要影响。

第一次世界大战的爆发标志着旧有的国际秩序的瓦解，对整个欧洲产生了巨大的冲击。

6. 文化多样性欧洲是一个文化多样性极高的大洲，拥有丰富多样的民族、语言和文化。

从北欧的维京文化，到地中海地区的古希腊、古罗马文化，再到东欧的斯拉夫文化，每一个地区都有自己独特的艺术、音乐、建筑等文化表达形式。

欧洲知识点总结初中欧洲是世界上最古老的大陆之一，它拥有丰富的历史和文化。

在这篇文章中，我们将总结欧洲的一些重要知识点，包括地理、历史、文化和政治。

地理知识点欧洲位于北半球西半球，东与亚洲相连，南濒地中海，西濒大西洋。

欧洲的地理环境多种多样，有高山、河流、湖泊和海洋。

欧洲最大的肥沃平原是东欧平原，这里是欧洲的重要农业区。

欧洲最高的山脉是阿尔卑斯山脉，也是欧洲著名的度假胜地。

欧洲有许多重要的河流，如多瑙河、伏尔加河、塞纳河、波罗的海、莱茵河等。

欧洲的气候也多样化，北欧是寒带气候，地中海沿岸是地中海气候，中欧是温带气候。

历史知识点欧洲拥有丰富的历史，从古希腊、罗马时期到中世纪和文艺复兴时期，欧洲各个时期都有重要的历史事件。

古希腊是欧洲文明的摇篮，它在政治、哲学、艺术、体育等方面都有重要的贡献。

古罗马帝国是欧洲最伟大的帝国之一，它面积广阔，文化发达，对欧洲的发展影响深远。

中世纪时期，欧洲经历了黑死病、十字军东征、波斯尼亚战争、宗教改革等重大事件。

文艺复兴时期是欧洲艺术、科学和思想的重要发展时期，这一时期诞生了许多杰出的艺术家和思想家。

文化知识点欧洲有丰富多彩的文化，每个国家都有自己独特的文化传统。

欧洲有许多世界著名的文化遗产，如巴黎的埃菲尔铁塔、罗马的斗兽场、雅典的卫城等。

欧洲拥有许多世界知名的文学作品，如莎士比亚的戏剧、但丁的《神曲》、雨果的《巴黎圣母院》等。

欧洲的音乐也很有名，例如奥地利的莫扎特、德国的贝多芬、俄罗斯的柴可夫斯基等。

欧洲还是世界上著名的美食之一，有意大利的披萨、法国的葡萄酒、西班牙的火腿等。

政治知识点欧洲是世界上国家数量最多的大洲，有50多个独立国家。

欧洲的政治格局复杂，有大国、中小国家，有欧盟成员国、独立国家。

欧洲有世界上最富有的国家，如德国、法国、英国等，也有较为贫穷的国家，如希腊、葡萄牙等。

欧洲也是世界上的主要地缘政治区域之一，东欧国家和俄罗斯、乌克兰的地缘政治局势一直备受关注。

欧洲文化知识总括(总108页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除《欧洲文化入门》知识总括Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements： Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Unit 11、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor.3、Olympus mount， Revived in 1896（当代奥运会）4、Ancient Greek epics were created by Homer.5、They events of Homer‘s own time. （F）（They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 .）6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon， Hector， Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey（对其作品产生影响）—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses（描述一天的生活）; in the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century .11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品 Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles（之首）《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”（恋母情结）—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》（劳伦斯）③ EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”.Perfection----IbsenClimax----Bernard ShawC. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides the human”D. Realism can be traced back to the Ancient Greece.To be specific， Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）Wordsworth）13、History （Historical writing）※“Father of History”—→ Herodotus —→ war（between Greeks and Persians）This war is called Peloponnesian wars.只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

欧洲知识点总结高二欧洲是世界上最古老的文明之一，也是经济和文化发展最为活跃的地区之一。

欧洲有着悠久的历史和丰富多彩的文化，涵盖了许多国家和民族。

在这篇文章中，我们将总结欧洲的一些重要知识点，包括地理、历史、政治、经济和文化等方面的内容。

地理欧洲位于北半球，并被大西洋、地中海、北冰洋和乌拉尔山脉所环绕。

它的地理位置使得它成为了连接亚洲和非洲的重要桥梁，也是世界上最具有多样性的地区之一。

欧洲有许多重要的河流，如多瑙河、伏尔加河、塞纳河、波河和莱茵河等。

欧洲还拥有许多重要的城市，如伦敦、巴黎、柏林、莫斯科、罗马、马德里等。

历史欧洲的历史相当悠久，可以追溯到古希腊和古罗马时代。

这些古代文明对当今欧洲文化的形成产生了深远的影响。

中世纪时期，欧洲发生了许多重要事件，如宗教改革、黑死病、十字军东征和封建制的解体等。

16世纪之后，欧洲开始探索和殖民其他地区，这给欧洲带来了很大的财富和文化影响。

20世纪的两次世界大战对欧洲产生了极其深远的影响，战后欧洲迎来了一段相对和平与繁荣的时期。

政治欧洲由许多不同的国家组成，这些国家拥有各自不同的政治体制和制度。

大部分国家都是民主国家，如法国、德国、英国、意大利、西班牙等。

欧盟是欧洲最重要的政治组织之一，它由28个成员国组成，致力于深化成员国之间的合作与统一。

欧盟的成立对欧洲的政治发展产生了深远的影响，它促进了欧洲国家之间的经济合作和政治一体化。

经济欧洲是世界上最发达的地区之一，拥有强大的经济体系和先进的科技产业。

德国、法国、英国、意大利等国是欧洲最大的经济体，它们在工业、农业、服务业和科技领域获得了巨大的成就。

欧洲还拥有一流的教育体系和健全的社会保障制度，这使得欧洲成为了世界闻名的福利国家。

然而，欧洲目前也面临着许多经济挑战，如经济不平衡、移民问题、就业困难和金融危机等。

文化欧洲是世界上最有活力和多样性的文化地区之一，它拥有许多世界级的文化遗产和名胜古迹。

音乐、文学、绘画、建筑等方面的成就都让人叹为观止。