Key Psychiatric Aspects of HIV AIDS
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治疗艾滋病的医生英语作文As an HIV/AIDS doctor, my primary focus is on providing comprehensive care for individuals living with HIV. This includes regular monitoring of viral load and CD4 count, as well as prescribing and managing antiretroviral therapy.One of the most important aspects of my work is educating patients about the importance of adherence to their medication regimen. I emphasize the significance of taking their medication as prescribed to prevent the development of drug resistance and maintain viral suppression.In addition to medical treatment, I also provide counseling and support for my patients. Many individuals living with HIV face stigma and discrimination, so it's crucial to create a safe and nonjudgmental environment where they can openly discuss their concerns and fears.I work closely with a multidisciplinary team, includingnurses, social workers, and mental health professionals, to ensure that my patients receive holistic care. This may involve addressing mental health issues, substance abuse, or other comorbidities that can impact their overall well-being.In my practice, I also prioritize preventive care and encourage regular testing for sexually transmitted infections and hepatitis. I believe that early detection and treatment of these conditions are essential for maintaining the health of individuals living with HIV.Overall, my goal as an HIV/AIDS doctor is to empower my patients to take control of their health and livefulfilling lives despite their diagnosis. I am committed to staying updated on the latest research and advancements in HIV treatment to provide the best possible care for thosein my care.。
艾滋病患者生存质量简体中文版MOS-HIV 量表应用评价吴安玥1),邓阳2),周贵2),蒋兴3),张建萍4)(1)广州南方医科大学,广东广州510515;2)昆明医科大学公共卫生学院;3)昆明医科大学预防医学;4)公共卫生学院,云南昆明650500)[摘要]对艾滋病患者生存质量量表(简体中文版M OS-HIV )的应用进行评价,评价H IV 感染者在我国的艾滋患者群中使用简体中文版M OS-HIV 分析,发现有较好的信度和效度,可以在我国艾滋病人群中进行推广使用.[关键词]评价;M OS-HIV 量表;应用[中图分类号]R395.6[文献标识码]A [文章编号]1003-4706(2012)07-0144-04Applicat ion of Simplified Chinese Ver sion of MOS-HIV Scale inEvaluat ing Qualit y of Life of HIV/AIDS Pat ient sWU An-yue ,DENG Yang ,ZHOU Gui ,JIANG Xing ,ZHANG Jian-ping(1)Southern Medical University ,Guangzhou Guangdong 510515;2)School of Public Health ,KunmingMedical University ,Kunming Yunnan 650500,China )[Abstract ]By comprehensively analyzing the AIDS patient's quality of life by application of the SimplifiedChinese version of the MOS-HIV Scale ,we found the Simplified Chinese version of the MOS-HIV have high reliability and validity when using it in evaluating the AIDS patient's quality of life .Consequencely ,we can promote the application of Simplified Chinese version of the MOS-HIV scale in AIDS population.[Key words ]Evaluation ;M OS-HIV scale ;ApplicationJournal of Kunming Medical UniversityCN 53-1049/R[基金项目]国家教育部“春晖计划”项目(450700345007009)[作者简介]吴安玥(1989~),女,云南昆明市人,南方医科大学临床专业在读本科生.[通讯作者]张建萍.E-mail:pinglian11@昆明医科大学学报2012,(7):144~1471评价H IV 感染者/AIDS 患者生存质量常用的量表研究概况由于艾滋病其致死性和传播的特殊性,使得HIV 感染者/AIDS 患者不仅饱受身体上的病痛折磨,而且心理上也受到严重的影响.如果不能找到治愈的方法或是能被广泛接受的延长生命的治疗方法,大多数HIV 感染者/AIDS 患者将继续遭受病痛的折磨,且其生存质量也将受到严重的影响[1].这就需要制定一种可靠而有效的生存质量测量工具,这种工具不仅能够评估HIV 感染者/AIDS 患者生理及医学上的需要,还能评价其生活的心理、社会、环境和精神等方面[1,2].目前国际上已发展了很多测量HIV 感染者/AIDS 患者生存质量的量表.最早的HIV1感染者/AIDS 患者生存质量量表起源于成本-效益评价,在资源分配中常用来作为公共卫生指标[3].这些量表的特点就是将发病率和死亡率加入到对生存质量的评价中,为决策者提供依据.生存质量作为一个综合性指标,包含了个体的生理健康、心理状态、独立能力、社会关系、个人信仰和与周围环境的关系[1-4].它不仅可以用来监测疾病本身及治疗手段对患者生理功能各方面的作用,还能评价社会的支持和关爱(如各种针对HIV 感染者/AIDS 患者的关怀支持项目)对患者的社会、环境、心理领域的影响程度.随着艾滋病的防治模式从过去消极的集中管理治疗转向社会参与、社会干预与社会支持,学者们认为,表现患者主观感受的生存质量比传统的客观指标如死亡率、血清CD4细胞水平、体内病毒量等能更全面地评价艾滋病的治疗效果[4].生存质量的评价对于了解HIV感染者/AIDS 患者的生活状况具有重要的意义[1].量表评定法是生命质量测定中所应用得最广泛的一种方法,量表按照适用的对象可分为普适性量表、特异性量表和专用量表.普适性量表可用于所有人群,特异性量表只用于特定人群.特异性量表包括国外研制的M OS-HIV、MQOL-HIV、HAT-QOL、FAHI、HIV-QL31、ATHOS、WHOQOL-HIV、the General Health Self-assessment、HOPES、ISSQOL等,以及我国学者研制的QOL-CPLWHA.所使用的普适性量表主要有SF-36、SF-12、SF-20、EQQOL、WHO-QOL、QWB等[5,6].目前用于评价H IV感染者/AIDS患者生存质量常用的量表有:MOS-HIV(the HIV adap tation of the M edical Outcomes Questionnaire)、AIDS-HAQ(the AIDS Health Assessment Questionnaire)、HAT-QOL(the HIV/AIDS-Targeted Quality of Life instrument)、M QoL-HIV(the M ulti-dimensional Quality of L ife Questionnaire for HIV/AIDS)等[1].其中,大多数量表最初已在单一国家(通常是发达国家进行验证.由于发达国家与发展中国家文化背景及卫生资源存在巨大的差异,这些量表的译本并不一定适合发展中国家的HIV感染者/AIDS患者.为了解决这个问题,世界卫生组织研制了一种适合多文化背景的生存质量评价量表,即WHOQOL-HIV.这种适用于多种文化背景的可靠而有效的测量评价工具对评估AIDS的全球影响将是非常重要的[2].在这些量表中,应用最为广泛的是M OS-HIV量表和WHOQOL-HIV量表.2HIV感染者/AIDS患者生命质量量表测评的应用MOS-HIV是美国医学结局研究组研制的,目前在科研和临床试验中被广泛使用,并受到好评.该量表包括11个领域,共有35个条目.从普适性量表SF-20的6个领域提取了20个条目后加上了5个与AIDS患者的健康状况有特异联系的领域:认知功能(4个条目)、精力/疲惫(4个条目)、对健康问题的担心(5个条目)、生活质量(1个条目)、健康变化(1个条目).该量表包括以下维度:一般感觉、疼痛、机体功能、角色功能、社会功能、精神健康、认知功能、精力/疲惫、对健康问题的担心、生活质量、健康变化[5-7].整个量表的评分从0~100,分数越高,表明该患者的各项功能及情绪状态更好[8].Mast在2003年使用M OS-HIV量表的乌干达版本对该国239名HIV感染母亲的生存质量进行了一次横断面调查[9].将评分后的量表作统计学分析发现,8个条目领域的克郎巴哈系数在0.51~0.84之间波动,其中有5个领域的克郎巴哈系数>0.7,只有认知功能(0.69)、精力/疲惫(0.66)和角色功能(0.51)3个领域的克郎巴哈系数<0.7.因子分析的结果支持量表的初始结构.在关于腹泻与接受高抗逆转录病毒治疗AIDS 患者)生存质量的关系的研究中[10],有腹泻症状的AIDS患者)在M OS-HIV量表中各个方面的得分都显著的低于对照组.这些差异在身体机能和健康感觉方面的8分和社会活动方面的19分之间变动.这些差异表明,没有腹泻症状的AIDS患者的生活质量显著高于有腹泻症状的AIDS患者.WHOQOL-HIV是世界卫生组织的专家在普适性量表WHOQOL-100的基础上研制而成的.该量表从WHOQOL-100的6个领域25个方面提取100个条目,加上HIV感染者/艾滋患者特异的35个条目形成7个领域30个方面,共135个条目[1].由于WHOQOL-HIV是由不同文化背景国家的专家共同研制的,因此适合不同国家的研究者使用.但是它的出现时间不长,具体内容有待进一步完善;而且条目过多,在一定程度上影响了推广.相比而言,MOS-HIV条目数适中,目前正被各国研究者广泛使用,因此它是目前应用较多的HIV/AIDS疾病特异性量表,在1996年被收入美国“Medical Outcome Trust”.并且MOS-HIV量表有较好的信度和效度,现已发展20多种语言版本[11,12],包括香港和台湾的繁体中文版.多数研究者认为,HIV感染者/AIDS患者的生存质量差于正常人群.Damon等[4]2002年用SF-12量表对385名HIV感染患者的生存质量进行了一次横断面调查,发现该人群生理领域总评分和心理领域总评分均显著低于标准对照人群(P<0.05).Mast[9]将乌干达239名HIV感染的母亲(小孩6~35个月大)的生存质量与564名HIV阴性母亲对照比较,除了社会功能、生理功能外,HIV感染的母亲在其他生存质量方面的评分均低于HIV阴性母亲.研究者们还发现与正常人相比,HIV感染者/AIDS患者在心理领域受到的影响最大;而不同疾病阶段的HIV感染者/AIDS患者之吴安玥,等.艾滋病患者生存质量简体中文版(M OS-HIV)量表应用评价145第7期间则是生理功能方面的差别最大.喻达、刘民等[13]于2007年4月开展了翻译、修订简体中文版M OS-HIV量表,并开展评价其信度和效度的研究.以M OS-HIV量表为对象,该量表设有35个条目,涵盖11个领域.各领域得分、生理健康总分(physical health summary scores,PHS)和心理健康总分(mental health summary scores,MHS)通过一定的计分规则计算.应用简体中文版MOS-HIV量表现场测量河南、山西、广西和云南四省(自治区)的758名做抗病毒治疗的艾滋病患者的生活质量状况,根据测评结果评价量表的可行性、效度和信度.效度分析:以量表中35个条目为指标进行因子分析,以主成分法提取10个公因子.结果与量表设计的10个领域基本吻合,其中认知功能条目,健康压力条目、总体健康条目、躯体角色条目、疼痛条目与设计领域分类完全吻合.各组间比较发现,CD4细胞不同分组差异有统计学意义.信度分析显示:在758名患者中,抽取35名患者间隔24~36h后完成第2次M OS-HIV量表测评.35名被调查者两次测量结果相关性分析,生理健康总分和心理健康总分之间Pearson相关系数分别为0.73和0.88,各领域的Pearson相关系数范围为0.46~0.92,相关性均有统计学意义.内部一致性:量表总体Cronbachɑ系数为0.938,各领域的Cronbachɑ系数为0.69~0.87.各领域与其他领域的相关系数均小于本领域的Cronbachɑ系数[7].重测结果显示,量表的10个领域两次测量结果Pearson’s相关系数范围为0.46~0.92,相关性均有统计学意义.表明简体中文版M OS-HIV量表有较好的稳定性[13].适合于我国艾滋病病毒感染人群生活质量评估.杨芬、柳青[14]等对简体中文版M OS-HIV量表信度与效度评价的研究中发现,量表总的Cronbach’sα系数为0.81,8个多条目维度的Cronbach’sα系数介于0.67~0.86之间;各条目与所属维度得分的相关系数差异均有统计学意义,而且基本都>0.5;因子分析发现,无论是提取3个因子还是2个因子,各因子均有一定的解释能力,若提取2个因子,其结构与原始量表(英文版与繁体中文版)的理论框架基本相吻合.结果表明,简体中文版MOS-HIV 易于理解,完成时间短,患者易于接受.从整体上看,M OS-HIV具有较好的信度和效度,值得在国内同类的研究中进行推广[14].在应用MOS-HIV量表评价艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者生活质量现状的研究中,喻达、刘民[13]应用简体中文版M OS-HI量表(Medical Outcomes Study-HIV),是专门针对艾滋病患者的生活质量测量量表[13].根据特定的计分规则计算出生活质量的生理健康总分(physical healthand mental heath sum-mary scores,PHS)、心理健康总分(mental health summary scores,MHS)以及各领域得分[14-16].评估发现[7],简体中文版M OS-HI量表有良好的效度和信度,各领域Cronbach’sα范围为0.69~0.87,有较好的内部一致性.调查结果显示,用简体中文版M OS-HIV量表测量中国部分地区艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者的生活质量得分,生理健康总分为(46.47±9.96)分,心理健康总分为(47.14±11.20)分.统计结果显示,不同年龄组中,23~29岁年龄组生理和心理健康总分最高;静脉吸毒途径感染的患者生理、心理健康总分均高于其他感染途径的患者;血CD4T淋巴细胞计数水平> 300/μL组,其生理、心理健康总分均高于CD4<200/μL组;抗病毒治疗24个月以上的患者,其生理、心理健康总分低于治疗24个月以下的患者.表明中国艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者的生活质量水平较低,年龄、感染途径、血CD4T淋巴细胞计数和抗病毒治疗时间等因素,对生活质量均有一定程度的影响[17].3利用生活质量指标指导临床治疗,也逐渐成为新的发展方向目前在国内,艾滋病生存质量的研究才刚刚起步,相关的研究数据比较缺乏,使用的量表也多是相对成熟的普适量表,还没有研究出适合艾滋患者群的特异测量量表.由于艾滋病的致死性和传播的特殊性,加之来自社会、家庭、经济等各种压力,HIV感染者及AIDS患者普遍存在严重的心理障碍,且发生概率显著高于一般人群[18-20],研究[21,22]发现,在HIV感染早期直至进入AIDS的各个阶段,约50%患者出现各种情绪变化,主要包括适应障碍、焦虑症、惊恐障碍和抑郁症等.Catalan 等[23]在研究中指出HIV携带者和AIDS患者常有自杀念头,其自杀率是非AIDS患者74倍.这已经严重影响患者身体健康和生存质量,对HIV感染者/AIDS患者生存质量的评价研究刻不容缓.随着抗病毒治疗工作的推广,艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者和患者疾病情况得到改善,生存时间延长,如何提高他们生存期间的生活质量,成为人们关注的问题.为及时了解我国部分地区艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗后生活质量的现状,为国家制定相关政策提供依据,同时确定适合中国艾滋病治疗人群生活质量评第33卷146昆明医科大学学报价的量表,为今后相关研究提供基础工具,本次综合性地评价应用已经修订的简体中文版MOS-HIV 量表[13],测量中国部分地区艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者)生存质量的现状,为今后进一步开展相关研究提供依据.根据评价结果,有针对性的采取一些措施,促进HIV感染者/AIDS患者健康,提高生存质量,以减轻社会的负担.生存质量的研究对人类文明有巨大的推动作用,它必将为人类生活水平的提高开创新的辉煌[1].[参考文献][1]曹黎,马静.HIV感染者/AIDS患者生存质量的评价[J].中山大学研究生学刊(自然科学、医学版),2007,28(3):16-19.[2]OCONNELLK,SKEVINGTON S,SAXENA S,et al.Pre-liminary development of the world health organ siation’squality of life HIV instrument(WHOQOL-HIV):analysisof the pilot version[J].Soc Sci M ed,2003,57(7):1259-1275.[3]SKEVINGTON M.Quakty of life in fink g and step to a tds eneyclopedia of stress oxford:Elsevier,317-319.[4]DAWON J.AIDS PATIEUT CARE stds[J].2003,17(4):187-197.[5]宋焰超,孟亚军.HIV感染者生命质量测定量表介绍[J].现代预防医学,2008,35(16):3182-3184.[6]范东,罗阳.HIV感染者和艾滋病患者健康相关生命质量测定量表的研究进展[J].护理研究,2009,23(7):1881-1883.[7]覃碧云,陈曦,阚志明,等.HIV感染者/患者心理状态与需求调查[J].实用预防医学,2006,13(2):291-292.[8]SHAHRIAR J,DELATE T,HAYS R D,et al.Commentary on using the SF-36or M OS-HIV in studies of persons withHIV disease[J].Health Qual Life Outcomes,2003,1(1):25.[9]M AST T C,KIGOZI G.M easuiug quality of life amang 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Aelix有望创造第一个功能性治愈艾滋病的免疫疗法▎药明康德/编辑艾滋病疫苗的开发在近年来已成为一个热门领域,成为多方试图攻克的对象。
总部位于西班牙巴塞罗那的初创公司Aelix Therapeutics也加入到这一行列中来,而他们开发的治疗性疫苗有望成为第一个功能性治愈艾滋病的免疫疗法。
Aelix的创新源自大数据方面的支持。
他们分析了四大洲超过1000名艾滋病患者的数据,发现了一些可在含量很少的情况就能激发有效免疫反应的T细胞作用靶点,包括一系列来自于艾滋病毒的多肽片段。
随后,他们将表达这些多肽链的基因片段连接在一起,通过MVA病毒载体表达,产生出一条包含gag、pol、vif和nef等多个艾滋病毒蛋白片段的多肽链。
该多肽链将可引起高强度的T细胞反应,以清除艾滋病毒,这一效果目前已在动物和人体试验中得到初步证实。
而这就是Aelix公司被称为“HTI免疫原”艾滋病治疗性疫苗的设计思路。
HTI免疫原全称为“HIVACAT T-cell Immunogen”,即HIVACAT T细胞免疫原。
HIVACAT是一个由西班牙加泰罗尼亚地方政府支持,多个学术机构和企业参与的组织,旨在开发出高效的艾滋病疫苗。
而Aelix正是从HIVACAT中分拆出来的公司。
▲Aelix拆分自HIVACAT就在最近,Aelix宣布完成一项1270万美元的A轮融资,用于进行其新型艾滋病治疗性疫苗的临床试验。
此次融资的领投者为Ysios Capital,其他的投资者包括强生和Caixa Capital Risc。
这笔资金将被用于进行HTI免疫原的II期临床试验,预计将与今年第三季度正式开始。
“我们相信,Aelix公司的创新性设计方案将有望给艾滋病治疗带来革命性的转变,它基于特殊的T细胞免疫原,能够引发高强度而广泛的针对艾滋病毒的免疫反应。
艾滋病仍是当今世界最严重的公共健康问题之一,” 来自Ysios Capital的Karen Wagner评价道:“我们被如此出色的科学设计思路和初步实验数据折服,相信这将从根本上改变艾滋病的治疗方式,并最终造福全球数以百万计的患者”。
艾滋病治疗进化史A lot has changed since the first cases of AIDS were reported in 1981.自从1981年首次报道艾滋病病例以来,情形已经发生了很大变化。
Globally, AIDS-related deaths have dropped by more than 55% since 2004, the deadliest year on record.自2004年以来,全球艾滋病相关死亡人数下降了55%以上,2004是有记录以来死亡人数最多的一年。
But, the road to effective treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, was long.但是,有效治疗艾滋病的道路是漫长的。
Maggie Hoffman-Terry, a physician and researcher who's been on the front lines of the epidemic for decades, explains how treatment has evolved, its early drawbacks, and the issue of access to medications.玛吉·霍夫曼-特里是一名医生和研究人员,几十年来一直在艾滋病的前线工作。
以下录音讲介绍艾滋病治疗的相关情况。
This passed Sunday was the World's Aids Day.上周日是世界艾滋病日。
So today I'll look at just how much has changed since the first report of the mysterious epidemic 1981.所以今天我们一起来看看自从1981年首例艾滋病报道以来到底发生了多大的变化。
以下是⽆忧考整理的《医学英语⼝语:艾滋病英语词汇》,希望⼤家喜欢!艾滋病 AIDS 艾滋病毒 HIV 艾滋病毒案例 HIV cases 艾滋病毒带原者 HIV carriers 艾滋病毒和肝炎病毒重叠感染 hepatitis c/co-infection with HIV 艾滋病毒急性感染 primary HIV infection 艾滋病服务组织 AIDS service organization (ASO) 艾滋病感染者 AIDS-infected patient 艾滋病⼯作者 AIDS Worker 艾滋病患者 HIV sufferers 艾滋病教育培训中⼼ AIDS education and training centers (AETC) 艾滋病快速诊断试剂 quick AIDS tests 艾滋病⽂献资料库 AIDS hotline 艾滋病相关癌症 AIDS-related cancers 艾滋病相关症群期 AIDS-related complex (ARC) 艾滋病携带者 HIV patients 艾滋病宣傳員 AIDS activist 艾滋病药物数据库 AIDSDRUGS 艾滋病药物协助计划 AIDS drug assistance program (ADAP) 艾滋病,后天免疫缺乏症候群 HIV disease 艾滋村 AIDS village(s) 艾滋村 HIV/AIDS villages 艾滋消瘦症候群 AIDS wasting syndrome ⽩⾎球 leukocytes ⽩⾎球 white blood cells 伴随药物 concomitant drugs 保守估計 conservative projections 爆炸性的⽔平 explosive level 被动免疫 passive immunity B细胞淋巴瘤 B cell lymphoma 病毒讀數实验 viral load test 病毒学 virology 丙种球蛋⽩ gamma globulin 不安全的集⾎系统 unsafe blood collection system 补药,滋补品 tonic(s) 参加者不知情的研究 blinded study 成⼈艾滋病临床研究协作组 adult AIDS clinical trials group (AACTG) 重新复活的性产业 resurgent sex industry 丑化与歧视 stigma and discrimination 雏妓 underage prostitute 传媒 press/media/mass media 传染/传播 transmission 传染⽅式/ 流⾏⽅式 spread path 传染途径 mechanisms for transmission 传染途径 routes of infection 垂直传播 vertical transmission 耸⼈听闻 sensational/ frightening ⼤相径庭 to stand in stark contrast to ⼤众宣传 public education 蛋⽩分解抑制剂 protease inhibitors 蛋⽩酶 protease 盗汗 night sweats 问题最为严重 has been hit the hardest 地⽅病 endemic 低估数据 an underestimate 地位的象征 status symbol 第⼀阶段⼈体试验 phase I trials 定时炸弹 time bomb 对疫情不予重视 downplay the epidemic 鹅⼝疮 thrush 遏⽌其扩散 to stem the spread of (HIV/AIDS) ⼉科艾滋病临床试验联盟 pediatric AIDS clinical trials group (PACTG) 发⽣频率出现的范围、程度或频率 incidence 贩毒者 traffickers 防治此传染病 to contain the epidemic ⾮何杰⾦淋巴瘤 non-Hodgkin‘s lymphoma (NHL) 肺结核 tuberculosis (TB) 复苏的 resurgent 腹泻 diarrhea 辅助疗法 complementary therapy 副作⽤ side effects 改⾰开放 reform and opening 感染 contract/infect 感染 infection 感染HIV病毒 to carry HIV 肝炎 hepatitis 告诫 to exhort ⾼危险群 high-risk populations ⾼效抗逆转录病毒疗法 highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) 个体户 self-employed entrepreneurs 公共保健 public health care ⾻髓抑制 bone marrow suppression 管不著 beyond the reach of officialdom 官场;官僚作风 officialdom 毫升 milliliter (ml) 合⽤针头 sharing of needles HIV 急性期感染 acute HIV infection HIV 菌种 HIV strains/ strains of HIV HIV阳性 HIV positive 患上/染上 to suffer from/ to be infected with/ to be afflicted with/ contract (the virus/AIDS) 黄疸 jaundice 黄⾦時段 in prime time 婚前性⾏为 premarital sex 机会性感染 opportunistic infections 机能障碍 lesion [遗传]基因 gene 基因组,染⾊体组 genome 结核菌素⽪下测试 tuberculin skin test (TST) 接种 inoculation 接种疫苗 vaccination 静脉内的;静脉注射物 intravenous (IV) 静脉注射 intravenous injection 静脉注射使⽤者是中国艾滋病主要⼈⼝ IV users constitute the largest proportion of HIV cases in China 静脉注射药物 intravenous (IV) drug 精神病 psychiatric disorders 惊险的经济发展 breakneck economic development 巨⼤的危险 titanic peril 卡波⽒⾁瘤 Kaposi‘s sarcoma (KS) 开矿 mine exploration 抗⽣素 antibiotic 抗体 antibody 抗体媒介免疫 antibody-mediated immunity 抗原呈递 antigen presentation 可归咎于 be attributable to 劳动⼒流动 labor mobility 联合国艾滋病计划 U.N. AIDS program, the 联合国艾滋病特别⼤会 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS 淋巴 lymph 淋巴结 lymph nodes 淋病 gonorrhea 临床潜伏期 clinical latency 临床实验 clinical trial 流动⼈⼝ transient population 流⾏病 epidemic 流⾏病学 epidemiology 流⾏病学家 epidemiologist 乱交与婚前性关系 casual and premarital sex 乱交,性乱⾏为 promiscuity 梅毒 syphilis 美国疾病控制预防中⼼ CDC ( US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 免疫反应 immune response 免疫疗法 immunotherapy 免疫缺乏 immunodeficiency 免疫缺陷 immune deficiency 免疫系统 immune system 免疫作⽤ immunization 男⼥婴每年出⽣⾃然⽐率 natural ratio of males to females born each year 男性继承⼈ male heirs 脑膜炎 meningitis 脑炎 encephalitis 逆转录酶病毒 retrovirus 剖腹产 cesarean 疱疹 herpes 疱疹病毒 herpes viruses ⽪条客 pimp ⽪下注射器 syringe 嫖客 john 平⾯⼴告 billboard 普遍的社会问题 pervasive social problem 潜伏期 incubation period 潜伏期 latency 求助于毒品 to turn to drugs 全国或全世界流⾏的(疾病) pandemic 全球艾滋病感染最严重的国家 world"s most heavily HIV- infected nations 全球涵盖范围 global coverage 全⾎球计数 complete blood count (CBC) 染病的亚洲⼈ afflicted Asian HIV sufferers 染上愛滋病毒 infected with HIV ⼈⼝多/稠密的 populous ⼈类免疫缺陷病毒II型 HIV-2 ⼈类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型 HIV-1 ⼈*状瘤病毒 human papilloma virus (HPV) ⽇趋严重 to be on the rise 沙门⽒菌 salmonella 社会经济转变 socioeconomic transformation 社会问题 social ills 社区规划 community planning ⽣殖道尖锐湿疣 genital warts 使恶化 exacerbate 失控 get out of hand 世界艾滋病⽇ World AIDS Day 试验性质的,暂时的 tentative 受感染的⾎液 tainted blood 收⼊差距越來越⼤ growing income disparities 收视率 viewing rate/ rating 输⾎ blood transfusions 输⾎ transfusion 输⾎⼈ blood donors 输⾎中⼼ blood Collection Center 双盲研究 double-blind study ⽔平传播 horizontal transmission 死亡率 fatalities 随机⽐对临床试验 randomized trial 替代医学 alternative medicine T辅助细胞 T4 cell T淋巴细胞 T cells 同性恋性交 homosexual intercourse 推⼴保险套使⽤ promotion of condom use 脱氧核糖核酸 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 晚期 end-stage disease 围产期传播 perinatal transmission 卫⽣官员 health official 问题已经很严重了 problem is already particularly acute 问题只会越来越严重 problem will certainly get much worse before its gets any better ⽆效对照剂 placebo ⽆预防措施之性交 unprotected sex 吸毒者 drug takers 细菌 bacterium 风俗习惯 social mores 現代化的利弊得失 benefits and the costs of modernity 消费者⾄上主义、物质⾄上主义 consumerism 酵母菌感染 yeast infection 新陈代谢 metabolism 性传染病 sexually transmitted disease (STD) 性⼯作者 commercial sex work 性交 sexual intercourse 性能⼒最活跃的年纪 in their most sexually active stages of life ⾎浆 plasma ⾎库 pool ⾎清 serum ⾎清测试 serologic test ⾎头 blood heads ⾎⼩板 platelets ⾎液传染病 blood-borne diseases ⾎液中所含的病毒數量 viral burden ⾎友病(⼈) hemophilia(c) 亚临床感染 subclinical infection 严重 acute/ serious/ enormous 药品核准标⽰外使⽤ off-label use 药物抗性 drug resistance 意见论⽂ position paper 疫苗 vaccine 以母乳喂哺 to breast-feed 异性恋的 heterosexual 异性恋者 heterosexual population ⾐原体 Chlamydia 抑制剂 integrase inhibitors 抑制剂 integrase inhibitors 抑制其蔓延 to contain the epidemic 隐瞒真实⾝份 to mask a person"s identity 影响很⼤ enormous implications 有传染性的 infectious 有毒瘾者 junkie 预防教育 preventive education 与先前官⽅数据完全相反 stands in entire contrast to previous official statistics 孕前咨询 preconception counseling 灾难的边缘 on the brink of disasters 在世界艾滋病⽇ on World AIDS Day 在体内潜伏 hole up in the body 再⽤针头与注射筒 reuse of needles and syringes 赞赏 to praise 诊断 diagnosis 针灸 acupuncture 症候群 syndrome 知情同意 informed consent 中国社会的组成 makeup of Chinese society 中国政界 Chinese officials ⾃⾝免疫作⽤ autoimmunization。
艾滋病词汇中英互译艾滋病传染主要是通过性行为、体液的交流而传播,母婴传播。
接下来为大家整理了艾滋病词汇中英互译,希望对你有帮助哦!艾滋病词汇中英互译一:gonorrhea 淋病growing income disparities 收入差距越來越大has been hit the hardest ~ 的问题最为严重health official 卫生官员heterosexual population 异性恋者hemophilia(c) 血友病(人)hepatitis 肝炎hepatitis c/co-infection with HIV 艾滋病毒和肝炎病毒重叠感染herpes 疱疹herpes viruses 疱疹病毒heterosexual 异性恋的highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) 高效抗逆转录病毒疗法high-risk populations 高危险群HIV 艾滋病毒HIV carriers 艾滋病毒带原者HIV cases 艾滋病毒案例HIV disease 艾滋病,后天免疫缺乏症候群HIV patients 艾滋病携带者HIV positive HIV阳性HIV strains/ strains of HIV HIV 菌种HIV sufferers 艾滋病患者HIV/AIDS villages 愛滋村HIV-1 人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型艾滋病AIDS艾滋病毒HIV艾滋病毒案例HIV cases艾滋病毒带原者HIV carriers艾滋病毒和肝炎病毒重叠感染hepatitis c/co-infection with HIV艾滋病毒急性感染primary HIV infection艾滋病服务组织AIDS service organization (ASO)艾滋病感染者AIDS-infected patient艾滋病工作者AIDS Worker艾滋病患者HIV sufferers艾滋病教育培训中心AIDS education and training centers (AETC)艾滋病快速诊断试剂quick AIDS tests艾滋病文献资料库AIDS hotline艾滋病相关癌症AIDS-related cancers艾滋病相关症群期AIDS-related complex (ARC)艾滋病携带者HIV patients艾滋病宣傳員AIDS activist艾滋病药物数据库AIDSDRUGS艾滋病药物协助计划AIDS drug assistance program (ADAP) 艾滋病,后天免疫缺乏症候群HIV disease艾滋村AIDS village(s)艾滋村HIV/AIDS villages艾滋消瘦症候群AIDS wasting syndrome白血球leukocytes白血球white blood cells伴随药物concomitant drugs保守估計conservative projections爆炸性的水平explosive level被动免疫passive immunityB细胞淋巴瘤B cell lymphoma病毒讀數实验viral load test病毒学virology丙种球蛋白gamma globulin不安全的集血系统unsafe blood collection system补药,滋补品tonic(s)参加者不知情的研究blinded study成人艾滋病临床研究协作组adult AIDS clinical trials group (AACTG)重新复活的性产业resurgent sex industry丑化与歧视stigma and discrimination雏妓underage prostitute传媒press/media/mass media传染/传播transmission传染方式/ 流行方式spread path传染途径mechanisms for transmission传染途径routes of infection垂直传播vertical transmission耸人听闻sensational/ frightening大相径庭to stand in stark contrast to大众宣传public education蛋白分解抑制剂protease inhibitors蛋白酶protease盗汗night sweats~ 的问题最为严重has been hit the hardest地方病endemic低估数据an underestimate地位的象征status symbol第一阶段人体试验phase I trials定时炸弹time bomb对疫情不予重视downplay the epidemic鹅口疮thrush遏止其扩散to stem the spread of (HIV/AIDS)儿科艾滋病临床试验联盟pediatric AIDS clinical trials group (PACTG)发生频率出现的范围、程度或频率incidence贩毒者traffickers防治此传染病to contain the epidemic非何杰金淋巴瘤non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)肺结核tuberculosis (TB)复苏的resurgent腹泻diarrhea辅助疗法complementary therapy副作用side effects改革开放reform and opening感染contract/infect感染infection感染HIV病毒to carry HIV肝炎hepatitis告诫to exhort高危险群high-risk populations高效抗逆转录病毒疗法highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)个体户self-employed entrepreneurs公共保健public health care骨髓抑制bone marrow suppression管不著beyond the reach of officialdom官场; 官僚作风officialdom毫升milliliter (ml)合用针头sharing of needlesHIV 急性期感染acute HIV infectionHIV 菌种HIV strains/ strains of HIVHIV阳性HIV positive患上/染上to suffer from/ to be infected with/ to be afflicted with/ contract (the virus/AIDS)黄疸jaundice黄金時段in prime time婚前性行为premarital sex机会性感染opportunistic infections机能障碍lesion基因gene基因组,染色体组genome结核菌素皮下测试tuberculin skin test (TST)接种inoculation接种疫苗vaccination静脉内的; 静脉注射物intravenous (IV)静脉注射intravenous injection静脉注射使用者是中国艾滋病主要人口IV users constitute the largest proportion of HIV cases in China静脉注射药物intravenous (IV) drug精神病psychiatric disorders惊险的经济发展breakneck economic development巨大的危险titanic peril卡波氏肉瘤Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)开矿mine exploration抗生素antibiotic抗体antibody抗体媒介免疫antibody-mediated immunity抗原呈递antigen presentation可归咎于be attributable to劳动力流动labor mobility联合国艾滋病计划U.N. AIDS program, the联合国艾滋病特别大会United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS淋巴lymph淋巴结lymph nodes淋病gonorrhea临床潜伏期clinical latency临床实验clinical trial流动人口transient population流行病epidemic流行病学epidemiology流行病学家epidemiologist乱交与婚前性关系casual and premarital sex乱交,性乱行为promiscuity**时代Maoist era梅毒syphilis美国疾病控制预防中心CDC ( US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)免疫反应immune response免疫疗法immunotherapy免疫缺乏immunodeficiency免疫缺陷immune deficiency免疫系统immune system免疫作用immunization男女婴每年出生自然比率natural ratio of males to females born each year男性继承人male heirs脑膜炎meningitis脑炎encephalitis逆转录酶病毒retrovirus剖腹产cesarean疱疹herpes疱疹病毒herpes viruses皮条客pimp皮下注射器syringe嫖客john平面广告billboard普遍的社会问题pervasive social problem潜伏期incubation period潜伏期latency求助于毒品to turn to drugs艾滋病词汇中英互译二:全国或全世界流行的(疾病) pandemic全球艾滋病感染最严重的国家world"s most heavilyHIV- infected nations全球涵盖范围global coverage全血球计数complete blood count (CBC)染病的亚洲人afflicted Asian HIV sufferers染上愛滋病毒infected with HIV人口多/稠密的populous人类免疫缺陷病毒II型HIV-2人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型HIV-1人乳头状瘤病毒human papilloma virus (HPV) 日趋严重to be on the rise沙门氏菌salmonella社会经济转变socioeconomic transformation 社会问题social ills社区规划community planning生殖道尖锐湿疣genital warts使恶化exacerbate失控get out of hand世界艾滋病日World AIDS Day试验性质的,暂时的tentative受感染的血液tainted blood收入差距越來越大growing income disparities 收视率viewing rate/ rating输血blood transfusions输血transfusion输血人blood donors输血中心blood Collection Center双盲研究double-blind study水平传播horizontal transmission死亡率fatalities随机比对临床试验randomized trial替代医学alternative medicineT辅助细胞T4 cellT淋巴细胞T cells同性恋性交homosexual intercourse推广保险套使用promotion of condom use脱氧核糖核酸DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)晚期end-stage disease围产期传播perinatal transmission卫生官员health official问题已经很严重了problem is already particularly acute问题只会越来越严重problem will certainly get much worse before its gets any better无效对照剂placebo无预防措施之性交unprotected sex吸毒者drug takers细菌bacterium风俗习惯social mores現代化的利弊得失benefits and the costs of modernity消费者至上主义、物质至上主义consumerism酵母菌感染yeast infection新陈代谢metabolism性传染病sexually transmitted disease (STD)性工作者commercial sex work性交sexual intercourse性能力最活跃的年纪in their most sexually active stages of life血浆plasma血库pool血清serum血清测试serologic test血头blood heads血小板platelets血液传染病blood-borne diseases血液中所含的病毒數量viral burden血友病(人) hemophilia(c)亚临床感染subclinical infection严重acute/ serious/ enormous药品核准标示外使用off-label use药物抗性drug resistance意见论文position paper疫苗vaccine以母乳喂哺to breast-feed异性恋的heterosexual异性恋者heterosexual population衣原体Chlamydia抑制剂integrase inhibitors抑制剂integrase inhibitors抑制其蔓延to contain the epidemic隐瞒真实身份to mask a person"s identity影响很大enormous implications有传染性的infectious有毒瘾者junkie预防教育preventive education与先前官方数据完全相反stands in entire contrast to previous official statistics孕前咨询preconception counseling灾难的边缘on the brink of disasters在世界艾滋病日on World AIDS Day在体内潜伏hole up in the body再用针头与注射筒reuse of needles and syringes赞赏to praise诊断diagnosis针灸acupuncture症候群syndrome知情同意informed consent中国社会的组成makeup of Chinese society中国政界Chinese officials自身免疫作用autoimmunizationacupuncture 针灸acute HIV infection HIV 急性期感染acute/ serious/ enormous 严重adult AIDS clinical trials group (AACTG) 成人艾滋病临床研究协作组afflicted Asian HIV sufferers 染病的亚洲人AIDS 艾滋病AIDS activist 艾滋病宣傳員AIDS drug assistance program (ADAP) 艾滋病药物协助计划AIDS education and training centers (AETC) 艾滋病教育培训中心AIDS service organization (ASO) 艾滋病服务组织AIDS village(s) 愛滋村AIDS wasting syndrome 艾滋消瘦症候群AIDS Worker 艾滋病工作者AIDSDRUGS 艾滋病药物数据库AIDS-infected patient 艾滋病感染者AIDSLINE 艾滋病文献资料库AIDS-related cancers 艾滋病相关癌症AIDS-related complex (ARC) 艾滋病相关症群期alternative medicine 替代医学an underestimate 低估数据antibiotic 抗生素antibody 抗体antibody-mediated immunity 抗体媒介免疫antigen presentation 抗原呈递autoimmunization 自身免疫作用B cell lymphoma B细胞淋巴瘤bacterium 细菌be attributable to 可归咎于benefits and the costs of modernity 現代化的利弊得失beyond reach of officials 管不著billboard 平面广告blinded study 参加者不知情的研究blood Collection Center 输血中心blood donors 输血人blood transfusions 输血blood-borne diseases 血液传染病blood heads 血头bone marrow suppression 骨髓抑制breakneck economic development 惊险的经济发展casual and premarital sex 乱交与婚前性关系CDC ( US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 美国疾病控制预防中心cesarean 剖腹产Chinese aged between 15 and 49 …岁之间的中国人Chinese officials 中国政界Chlamydia 衣原体clinical latency 临床潜伏期clinical trial 临床实验commercial sex work 性工作者community planning 社区规划complementary therapy 辅助疗法complete blood count (CBC) 全血球计数concomitant drugs 伴随药物conservative projections 保守估計consumerism 消费者至上主义、物质至上主义contract/infect 感染diagnosis 诊断diarrhea 腹泻DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 脱氧核糖核酸double-blind study 双盲研究downplay the epidemic 对疫情不予重视drug resistance 药物抗性drug takers 吸毒者encephalitis 脑炎endemic 地方病end-stage disease 晚期enormous implications 影响很大epidemic 流行病epidemiologist 流行病学家epidemiology 流行病学exacerbate 使恶化explosive level 爆炸性的水平fatalities 死亡率gamma globulin 丙种球蛋白gene 基因genital warts 生殖道尖锐湿疣。
专论医学与哲学2019年10月第40卷第20期总第631期医务人员主动提供艾滋病检测的合法性探讨张丽平①尹口②摘要:为了及早发现艾滋病病毒携带者,医务人员在知情不拒绝原则下主动提供对就诊病人进行的艾滋病咨询和检测(provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling,PITC)来扩大检测范围,已经列入我国艾滋病防治行动计划。
PITC在性质上是行政指导行为,从整体来看是授益性行政行为,必须遵循行政合法性原则。
按照知情不拒绝原则实施的PITC,在权限、依据、事实和程序方面基本具备行政合法性,但在实施中也存在一些具体问题。
为扩大检测范围,增强知情不拒绝原则进路下PITC的合法性,应努力消除对就诊者的损益性、完善告知内容和程序、加强信息公开。
关键词:知情不拒绝原则,主动提供艾滋病咨询和检测,行政合法性中图分类号:R・05文献标识码:A文章编号:1002-0772(2019)20-0017-05DOI;10.12014/j.issn.1002-0772.2019.20.04Study on the Legitimacy of Provider i nitiated HIV Testing and Counseling ZHANG Li-ping,YIN Kou.Grandall LawFirm C Hangzhou),Hangzhou310008?ChinaAbstract:In order to identify HIV carriers as early as possible,medical staff have expanded the scope of provider i nitiatedHIV testing and counseling(PITC)under the opt-out principle,which has been included in China's AIDS prevention and control action plan.PITC is an administrative guidance action in nature and a beneficiary administrative action in general? which must comply with administrative legitimacy.Although PITC under opt-out principle has basically legitimacy in termsof authority,basis,facts and procedures,there are still some concrete problems in its implementation・In order to expandthe scope of detection and enhance the legitimacy of PITC under opt-out approach,efforts should be made to eliminate theloss of patients benefits»improve the contents and procedures of informing,and strengthen information disclosure・Key Words:opt-out principle,provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling,administrative legitimacy通过检测发现艾滋病病毒感染者(本文中包括艾滋病病毒携带者和艾滋病病人),对加强艾滋病的防治具有重大意义。
艾滋病的特征英文作文高中英文:AIDS, or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is characterized by a weakening of the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to various opportunistic infections and certain types of cancers.One of the most notable features of AIDS is its long incubation period. After initial infection with HIV, a person may not show any symptoms for many years. This makes it difficult for individuals to know they are infected and seek treatment. For example, my friend didn't realize she had HIV until she developed a persistent cough and fever, which turned out to be symptoms of AIDS.Another characteristic of AIDS is the wide range of symptoms it can present. These can include weight loss,chronic diarrhea, night sweats, and skin rashes, among others. This variety of symptoms can make it challengingfor healthcare providers to diagnose AIDS, especially inits early stages.Furthermore, AIDS is known for its impact on the social and emotional well-being of individuals. The stigma surrounding the disease can lead to discrimination and isolation, making it harder for those affected to seek support and treatment. For instance, my cousin faced rejection from some of her friends after disclosing her diagnosis, which took a toll on her mental health.In addition, AIDS disproportionately affects certain populations, such as men who have sex with men, transgender individuals, and people who inject drugs. This highlights the intersection of health and social disparities in the spread and impact of the disease.Overall, the features of AIDS are complex and multifaceted, encompassing medical, social, and emotional dimensions.中文:艾滋病(AIDS)是一种由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的慢性、潜在危及生命的疾病。
领导讲话稿之艾滋病讲话稿英文回答:Introduction。
Fellow citizens, esteemed guests, and honorable dignitaries,。
Today, we gather here with heavy hearts and a shared sense of urgency to address a global pandemic that continues to cast a dark shadow upon our communities:HIV/AIDS. As we commemorate World AIDS Day, let us use this opportunity to reflect on the progress we have made, acknowledge the challenges that remain, and recommit ourselves to the fight against this devastating disease.HIV/AIDS: A Global Health Crisis。
Over the past four decades, HIV/AIDS has claimed the lives of millions of people worldwide. In 2021 alone, anestimated 650,000 individuals succumbed to AIDS-related illnesses. The burden of this disease disproportionately affects marginalized populations, including women, youth, and people who inject drugs.The Impact of HIV/AIDS。
艾滋病的特征英文作文英文:AIDS, or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is a serious and life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus attacks the body's immune system, making it more difficult for the body to fight off infections and diseases. 。
One of the key characteristics of AIDS is the weakening of the immune system. This can lead to a wide range of symptoms and complications, including frequent infections, weight loss, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. People with AIDS are also at a higher risk of developing certain cancers and opportunistic infections.Another characteristic of AIDS is the stigma and discrimination often associated with the disease. This can make it difficult for people living with HIV/AIDS to access proper medical care and support. It can also lead to socialisolation and mental health issues.In addition, AIDS is known for its impact on the global community. It has affected millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries where access to treatment and prevention resources may be limited. AIDS has also had a significant impact on families and communities, leading to loss and hardship.Overall, AIDS is a complex and challenging condition that requires a comprehensive and compassionate response from individuals, communities, and governments around the world.中文:艾滋病,即获得性免疫缺陷综合症,是一种由人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的严重且危及生命的疾病。
艾滋病词汇中英互译艾滋病传染主要是通过性行为、体液的交流而传播,母婴传播。
接下来小编为大家整理了艾滋病词汇中英互译,希望对你有帮助哦!艾滋病词汇中英互译一:gonorrhea 淋病growing income disparities 收入差距越來越大has been hit the hardest ~ 的问题最为严重health official 卫生官员heterosexual population 异性恋者hemophilia(c) 血友病 (人)hepatitis 肝炎hepatitis c/co-infection with HIV 艾滋病毒和肝炎病毒重叠感染herpes 疱疹herpes viruses 疱疹病毒heterosexual 异性恋的highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) 高效抗逆转录病毒疗法high-risk populations 高危险群HIV 艾滋病毒HIV carriers 艾滋病毒带原者HIV cases 艾滋病毒案例HIV disease 艾滋病,后天免疫缺乏症候群HIV patients 艾滋病携带者HIV positive HIV阳性HIV strains/ strains of HIV HIV 菌种HIV sufferers 艾滋病患者HIV/AIDS villages 愛滋村HIV-1 人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型艾滋病 AIDS艾滋病毒 HIV艾滋病毒案例 HIV cases艾滋病毒带原者 HIV carriers艾滋病毒和肝炎病毒重叠感染 hepatitis c/co-infection with HIV 艾滋病毒急性感染 primary HIV infection艾滋病服务组织 AIDS service organization (ASO)艾滋病感染者 AIDS-infected patient艾滋病工作者 AIDS Worker艾滋病患者 HIV sufferers艾滋病教育培训中心AIDS education and training centers (AETC)艾滋病快速诊断试剂 quick AIDS tests艾滋病文献资料库 AIDS hotline艾滋病相关癌症 AIDS-related cancers艾滋病相关症群期 AIDS-related complex (ARC)艾滋病携带者 HIV patients艾滋病宣傳員 AIDS activist艾滋病药物数据库 AIDSDRUGS艾滋病药物协助计划 AIDS drug assistance program (ADAP)艾滋病,后天免疫缺乏症候群 HIV disease艾滋村 AIDS village(s)艾滋村 HIV/AIDS villages艾滋消瘦症候群 AIDS wasting syndrome白血球 leukocytes白血球 white blood cells伴随药物 concomitant drugs保守估計 conservative projections爆炸性的水平 explosive level被动免疫 passive immunityB细胞淋巴瘤 B cell lymphoma病毒讀數实验 viral load test病毒学 virology丙种球蛋白 gamma globulin不安全的集血系统 unsafe blood collection system补药,滋补品 tonic(s)参加者不知情的研究 blinded study成人艾滋病临床研究协作组adult AIDS clinical trials group (AACTG)重新复活的性产业 resurgent sex industry丑化与歧视 stigma and discrimination雏妓 underage prostitute传媒 press/media/mass media传染/传播 transmission传染方式/ 流行方式 spread path传染途径 mechanisms for transmission传染途径 routes of infection垂直传播 vertical transmission耸人听闻 sensational/ frightening大相径庭 to stand in stark contrast to大众宣传 public education蛋白分解抑制剂 protease inhibitors蛋白酶 protease盗汗 night sweats~ 的问题最为严重 has been hit the hardest地方病 endemic低估数据 an underestimate地位的象征 status symbol第一阶段人体试验 phase I trials定时炸弹 time bomb对疫情不予重视 downplay the epidemic鹅口疮 thrush遏止其扩散 to stem the spread of (HIV/AIDS)儿科艾滋病临床试验联盟pediatric AIDS clinical trials group (PACTG)发生频率出现的范围、程度或频率 incidence贩毒者 traffickers防治此传染病 to contain the epidemic非何杰金淋巴瘤 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)肺结核 tuberculosis (TB)复苏的 resurgent腹泻 diarrhea辅助疗法 complementary therapy副作用 side effects改革开放 reform and opening感染 contract/infect感染 infection感染HIV病毒 to carry HIV肝炎 hepatitis告诫 to exhort高危险群 high-risk populations高效抗逆转录病毒疗法highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)个体户 self-employed entrepreneurs公共保健 public health care骨髓抑制 bone marrow suppression管不著 beyond the reach of officialdom官场; 官僚作风 officialdom毫升 milliliter (ml)合用针头 sharing of needlesHIV 急性期感染 acute HIV infectionHIV 菌种 HIV strains/ strains of HIVHIV阳性 HIV positive患上/染上 to suffer from/ to be infected with/ to be afflicted with/ contract (the virus/AIDS)黄疸 jaundice黄金時段 in prime time婚前性行为 premarital sex机会性感染 opportunistic infections机能障碍 lesion基因 gene基因组,染色体组 genome结核菌素皮下测试 tuberculin skin test (TST)接种 inoculation接种疫苗 vaccination静脉内的; 静脉注射物 intravenous (IV)静脉注射 intravenous injection静脉注射使用者是中国艾滋病主要人口IV users constitute the largest proportion of HIV cases in China静脉注射药物 intravenous (IV) drug精神病 psychiatric disorders惊险的经济发展 breakneck economic development巨大的危险 titanic peril卡波氏肉瘤 Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)开矿 mine exploration抗生素 antibiotic抗体 antibody抗体媒介免疫 antibody-mediated immunity抗原呈递 antigen presentation可归咎于 be attributable to劳动力流动 labor mobility联合国艾滋病计划 U.N. AIDS program, the联合国艾滋病特别大会United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS淋巴 lymph淋巴结 lymph nodes淋病 gonorrhea临床潜伏期 clinical latency临床实验 clinical trial流动人口 transient population流行病 epidemic流行病学 epidemiology流行病学家 epidemiologist乱交与婚前性关系 casual and premarital sex乱交,性乱行为 promiscuity**时代 Maoist era梅毒 syphilis美国疾病控制预防中心 CDC ( US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)免疫反应 immune response免疫疗法 immunotherapy免疫缺乏 immunodeficiency免疫缺陷 immune deficiency免疫系统 immune system免疫作用 immunization男女婴每年出生自然比率natural ratio of males to females born each year男性继承人 male heirs脑膜炎 meningitis脑炎 encephalitis逆转录酶病毒 retrovirus剖腹产 cesarean疱疹 herpes疱疹病毒 herpes viruses皮条客 pimp皮下注射器 syringe嫖客 john平面广告 billboard普遍的社会问题 pervasive social problem潜伏期 incubation period潜伏期 latency求助于毒品 to turn to drugs艾滋病词汇中英互译二:全国或全世界流行的(疾病) pandemic全球艾滋病感染最严重的国家world"s most heavily HIV- infected nations全球涵盖范围 global coverage全血球计数 complete blood count (CBC)染病的亚洲人 afflicted Asian HIV sufferers染上愛滋病毒 infected with HIV人口多/稠密的 populous人类免疫缺陷病毒II型 HIV-2人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型 HIV-1人乳头状瘤病毒 human papilloma virus (HPV)日趋严重 to be on the rise沙门氏菌 salmonella社会经济转变 socioeconomic transformation社会问题 social ills社区规划 community planning生殖道尖锐湿疣 genital warts使恶化 exacerbate失控 get out of hand世界艾滋病日 World AIDS Day试验性质的,暂时的 tentative受感染的血液 tainted blood收入差距越來越大 growing income disparities收视率 viewing rate/ rating输血 blood transfusions输血 transfusion输血人 blood donors输血中心 blood Collection Center双盲研究 double-blind study水平传播 horizontal transmission死亡率 fatalities随机比对临床试验 randomized trial替代医学 alternative medicineT辅助细胞 T4 cellT淋巴细胞 T cells同性恋性交 homosexual intercourse推广保险套使用 promotion of condom use脱氧核糖核酸 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)晚期 end-stage disease围产期传播 perinatal transmission卫生官员 health official问题已经很严重了 problem is already particularly acute问题只会越来越严重problem will certainly get much worse before its gets any better无效对照剂 placebo无预防措施之性交 unprotected sex吸毒者 drug takers细菌 bacterium风俗习惯 social mores現代化的利弊得失 benefits and the costs of modernity消费者至上主义、物质至上主义 consumerism酵母菌感染 yeast infection新陈代谢 metabolism性传染病 sexually transmitted disease (STD)性工作者 commercial sex work性交 sexual intercourse性能力最活跃的年纪 in their most sexually active stages of life 血浆 plasma血库 pool血清 serum血清测试 serologic test血头 blood heads血小板 platelets血液传染病 blood-borne diseases血液中所含的病毒數量 viral burden血友病 (人) hemophilia(c)亚临床感染 subclinical infection严重 acute/ serious/ enormous药品核准标示外使用 off-label use药物抗性 drug resistance意见论文 position paper疫苗 vaccine以母乳喂哺 to breast-feed异性恋的 heterosexual异性恋者 heterosexual population衣原体 Chlamydia抑制剂 integrase inhibitors抑制剂 integrase inhibitors抑制其蔓延 to contain the epidemic隐瞒真实身份 to mask a person"s identity影响很大 enormous implications有传染性的 infectious有毒瘾者 junkie预防教育 preventive education与先前官方数据完全相反 stands in entire contrast to previous official statistics孕前咨询 preconception counseling灾难的边缘 on the brink of disasters在世界艾滋病日 on World AIDS Day在体内潜伏 hole up in the body再用针头与注射筒 reuse of needles and syringes赞赏 to praise诊断 diagnosis针灸 acupuncture症候群 syndrome知情同意 informed consent中国社会的组成 makeup of Chinese society中国政界 Chinese officials自身免疫作用 autoimmunizationacupuncture 针灸acute HIV infection HIV 急性期感染acute/ serious/ enormous 严重adult AIDS clinical trials group (AACTG) 成人艾滋病临床研究协作组afflicted Asian HIV sufferers 染病的亚洲人AIDS 艾滋病AIDS activist 艾滋病宣傳員AIDS drug assistance program (ADAP) 艾滋病药物协助计划AIDS education and training centers (AETC) 艾滋病教育培训中心AIDS service organization (ASO) 艾滋病服务组织AIDS village(s) 愛滋村AIDS wasting syndrome 艾滋消瘦症候群AIDS Worker 艾滋病工作者AIDSDRUGS 艾滋病药物数据库AIDS-infected patient 艾滋病感染者AIDSLINE 艾滋病文献资料库AIDS-related cancers 艾滋病相关癌症AIDS-related complex (ARC) 艾滋病相关症群期alternative medicine 替代医学an underestimate 低估数据antibiotic 抗生素antibody 抗体antibody-mediated immunity 抗体媒介免疫antigen presentation 抗原呈递autoimmunization 自身免疫作用B cell lymphoma B细胞淋巴瘤bacterium 细菌be attributable to 可归咎于benefits and the costs of modernity 現代化的利弊得失beyond reach of officials 管不著billboard 平面广告blinded study 参加者不知情的研究blood Collection Center 输血中心blood donors 输血人blood transfusions 输血blood-borne diseases 血液传染病blood heads 血头bone marrow suppression 骨髓抑制breakneck economic development 惊险的经济发展casual and premarital sex 乱交与婚前性关系CDC ( US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 美国疾病控制预防中心cesarean 剖腹产Chinese aged between 15 and 49 …岁之间的中国人Chinese officials 中国政界Chlamydia 衣原体clinical latency 临床潜伏期clinical trial 临床实验commercial sex work 性工作者community planning 社区规划complementary therapy 辅助疗法complete blood count (CBC) 全血球计数concomitant drugs 伴随药物conservative projections 保守估計consumerism 消费者至上主义、物质至上主义contract/infect 感染diagnosis 诊断diarrhea 腹泻DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 脱氧核糖核酸double-blind study 双盲研究downplay the epidemic 对疫情不予重视drug resistance 药物抗性drug takers 吸毒者encephalitis 脑炎endemic 地方病end-stage disease 晚期enormous implications 影响很大epidemic 流行病epidemiologist 流行病学家epidemiology 流行病学exacerbate 使恶化explosive level 爆炸性的水平fatalities 死亡率gamma globulin 丙种球蛋白gene 基因genital warts 生殖道尖锐湿疣。
Title:A Conversation About HIV/AIDSPerson A:Hey,have you heard about the recent HIV/AIDS awareness campaign in our community?Person B:Yes,I did.Its quite important,especially considering the stigma that still surrounds the disease.What do you think about it?Person A:I agree.The campaign is a great initiative to educate people and reduce the stigma.Its crucial to understand that HIV/AIDS is a medical condition that can be managed with proper treatment.Person B:Absolutely.I think its also important to know how HIV is transmitted.Its not as easily spread as some people think.Its primarily through unprotected sex,sharing needles,or from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.Person A:Thats true.And its essential to know that HIV is not transmitted through casual contact,like hugging or sharing utensils.This is a common misconception that contributes to the stigma.Person B:Right,and its also important to talk about the progress weve made in treatment. Antiretroviral therapy ART has significantly improved the quality of life for people living with HIV.It can suppress the virus to undetectable levels,which means its not transmissible to others.Person A:Yes,and its not just about treatment.Prevention is ing condoms consistently and correctly,getting tested regularly,and practicing safe sex are all part of the prevention strategy.Person B:I also heard about the importance of early detection.The sooner someone is diagnosed and starts treatment,the better their chances of living a healthy life.Its also crucial for preventing the spread of the virus.Person A:Absolutely.And lets not forget about the emotional and psychological support thats needed.Living with HIV can be challenging,and having a strong support system can make a huge difference.Person B:Definitely.Its important to foster a community where people feel comfortablesharing their experiences and seeking help without fear of judgment or discrimination.Person A:I think the campaign is doing a great job of promoting that kind of community. Its not just about the medical aspect its about creating an environment where everyone feels safe and supported.Person B:I couldnt agree more.Its heartening to see such initiatives taking place.We should all do our part in spreading awareness and supporting those affected byHIV/AIDS.Person A:Definitely.Lets continue to educate ourselves and others,and work towards a future where HIV/AIDS is no longer a barrier to living a full and healthy life.This conversation highlights the importance of awareness,education,and support in addressing HIV/AIDS.It emphasizes the need for accurate information about transmission,prevention,treatment,and the importance of reducing stigma.。