2014年高考真题——历史(上海卷)Word版含答案

上海市2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一模拟考试历史试题有答案（考试时间：120分钟；总分：150分）一、选择题（本大题共35小题，第1-30题每小题2分，第31-35题每小题3分，共75分）1．“若他（自由民）毁坏一贵族的眼睛，他应将自己的眼睛弄瞎……若他毁坏另一平民的眼睛……应赔偿一米纳白银……若他毁坏另一自由民的奴隶的眼睛……应折价赔偿。

‛以上材料译自A．古代埃及的象形文字 B．古代两河流域的楔形文字C．古代印度的《罗摩衍那》 D．殷墟出土的甲骨文2．伯利克里时代，雅典实施民主政治，但真正享有民主权利的只有A．城邦贵族和平民 B．城邦成年公民C．城邦男性公民 D．城邦成年男性公民3．“汉承秦制”，汉初承得走样的是A．皇帝制度 B．中央官制 C．郡县制度 D．监察制度4．“诏不得以北语言于朝廷。

若有违者，免居所官”。

从语意判断，该史料出自A．《魏书》 B．《汉书》C．《隋书》 D．《旧唐书》5．“莫道英雄起禁营，从前社稷赖屠城。

浮梁巧取江南郡，杯酒轻收肘腋兵。

”诗中的“英雄”是A．秦始皇 B．汉武帝 C．唐太宗D．宋太祖6. “讲到中国的地方行政，只能说是汉代好，唐代比较还好，宋代就太差了。

”钱穆先生评判三代地方行政好坏的核心着眼点是A．行政效率 B．监督力度 C．忠诚程度 D．勘乱能力7. 元朝实行行省制度，从职能上看，元朝的中书省大致相当于A．唐朝的尚书省 B．宋朝的枢密院C．明代的内阁 D．清代的军机处8. 以下疆域轮廓示意图中，明朝疆域图是A B C D9. 《元史•卷202》载：“元起朔方，固已崇尚释教（佛教），及得西域，世祖以地广而险远，……思有以因其俗而柔其人，乃郡县土番之地，设官分职，而领之于帝师。

”这里 “官” 的管辖权属于A ．宣政院B ．腹里C ．理藩院D ．驻藏大臣10. 明人张瀚在《松窗梦语》中说：“且缘入贡为名，则中国之体愈尊，而四夷之情愈顺。

即厚往薄，所费不足当互市之万一。

高考选修真题分类汇总一、历史上重大改革回眸1.（上海历史卷，16）“1895年，适逢甲午惨败，日本逼签条约，在北京应试的康有为等人联络各省官员上书光绪帝，要求拒签条约，变法图强，史称公车上书。

”文中错误的表述是A.领导人 B .时间C .参加者 D .地点答案：C康有为发动“公车上书”联络的是各省的“会试举人”。

2.（上海历史卷，17）明治维新时期，西服流行的同时，和服被当作最华丽的礼服保留下来；酒吧多起来了，茶室依然是人们的精神净地；西洋歌剧开始唱响，能剧和歌舞伎也在走向兴盛。

这反映了当时的日本A.用西方文明提升国民的知识水平 B •引进西方文化以巩固统治C.本土文化与西方文化的多元共存 D •西方文明占据主导地位答案：C传统服饰“和服”与西服、酒吧与茶室、西洋歌剧与传统歌舞伎都能见到，说明当时的日本是本土文化与西方文化并存。

3.（江苏历史卷，25A）【历史上重大改革回眸】（10分）北宋年间，面对严峻的民族矛盾和阶级矛盾，以王安石为首的有识之士在范仲淹“精贡举”的基础上，为实现富国强后的目的，就如何选拔、培养国家急需人才，展开了激烈的急论。

阅读下列材料：材料一（范仲淹）国家专以词赋取士，……求有才有识者，十无一二。

况天下危困乏人如此，固当教以经济之业，取以经济之才，庶可救其不逮。

――［南宋］李焘《续资治通鉴长编》卷一百四十三材料二（苏轼）自唐至今，以诗赋为名臣不可胜数，何负于天下，而必欲废之?（王安石）今人材乏少, 且其学术不一，……朝廷欲有所为，异论纵然，莫肯承听，此盖朝廷不能一道德故也。

故一道德，则修学校，欲修学校，则贡举法不可不举。

……今以少壮时正当讲求天下正理，乃闭门学作诗赋，及其入官，世事皆所不习，此乃科法败坏人才。

（司马光）神宗罢赋、诗及诸科，专用经、义、论、策、此乃复先王令典，百世不易之法。

但安石以一家私学，欲盖掩先儒，令天下学官讲解。

及科场各式，同己者取，异己者黜。

-- ［元］马端临《文献通考》卷三^一一请回答：（1）据材料并结合所学知识，范仲淹、苏轼、王安石、司马光对科举考试内容分别提出了怎样的主张？（4分）（2）结合所学知识，材料二中司马光所学“以一家私学“欲盖掩先儒”指的是什么？它产生了什么样的影响？（4分）（3）据材料二并结合所学知识，王安石兴学校、变科举的主要目的是什么？（2分）【答案】（1）范仲淹：主张考经邦济国之术；苏轼：主张考诗赋；王安石：主张考经义（时务策）；司马光：主张考经义，论、策。

2014年高考模拟试卷历史卷温馨提示：本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（12题）和第Ⅱ卷（2题）两部分。

本试卷满分100分，答题时间50分钟。

考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效一、选择题：12.【原创】 1925年，王国维提出“二重证据法”——“吾辈生于今日，幸于纸上之材料外，更得地下之新材料。

由此种材料，我辈固得据以补正纸上之材料，亦得证明古书之某部分全为实录，即百家不雅训之言亦不无表示一面之事实。

”下列符合王国维二重证据法的是（）A. 胡适用十几年时间搜集了四十多种《水经注》的版本，抄写了一百多篇长篇文章和一些考证文字，用了千百个证据，推翻了“几成定谳”的所谓戴震抄袭赵一清《水经注》校本的冤案。

B. 梁思永主持进行后冈遗址发掘工作。

从地层学上确定仰韶文化、龙山文化和商殷文化的相对年代，使中国史前时期考古研究的水平大大地提高—步。

C. 随着殷墟甲骨的大量出土，通过甲骨卜辞这样的不同来源的资料证明了《史记·殷本纪》关于商代帝王世系的记载是基本可信的D顾颉刚通过对各种古籍和流传于当时口头的有关材料研究孟姜女故事,对这个故事的产生、传播及变异状况进行系统的考证,作出尽可能科学的阐释。

（出题意图：史学理论的考查以及历史概念的理解正成为高考历史的新动向，如11年上海卷第1题考查的是我国古代史学体裁属于史学理论中的历史编纂学；11年海南卷第25题考查史学理论中史学的价值与功能范畴；11年辽宁卷第35题考查史学理论的方法论等等。

本题以史学理论作为出发点，考查学生历史学习中对于史学研究方法的理解。

）13.【原创】中国人很早就对“王”有了敬畏和崇高的认识,在殷商甲骨文中，曾多次出现“王”字。

董仲舒曰：“古之造文者，三画而连其中谓之王。

三者天地人也。

而参通者，王也”。

从“王”字甲骨文的书写在政治上有怎样的含义（）①先秦的最高统治者尚未实现权力的高度集中。

②早期国家已经出现政治强权③宗族关系成为基本的政治关系④神权与王权相结合A. ①④B. ②④C. ②③D. ③④（出题意图：古代中国政治制度是近年高考的重点之一，其中中国早期的政治制度是学生学习的难点，对这一内容的学习如果依据教材进行浅层次的知识“整理”，学生只停留在记忆阶段，谈不上“理解”与“应用”。

C单元近代中国反侵略、求民主的潮流C1鸦片战争、甲午中日战争及八国联军侵华6．C1[2014·重庆卷] 从1876年中英协商《烟台条约》的具体条款开始，英国就要求重庆立即对外通商，力图打开中国西部腹地的市场。

中方谈判首脑李鸿章转弯抹角地回应：“轮船未抵重庆以前，英国商民不得在彼居住，开设行栈。

”李鸿章此话的主要意图是() A．利用英国开通川江航运B．变相地接受英国商民到重庆居住通商C．借助英国开发西部市场D．以轮船通航为条件拖延重庆对外通商6．D本题以《烟台条约》为切入点，旨在考查学生提取材料信息和运用知识的能力。

从题干李鸿章转弯抹角回应的信息可知，李鸿章以轮船未通航重庆为由拒绝英国要重庆立即对外通商的要求，A项“利用”、B项“接受”、C项“借助”的表述与此信息不符。

根据以上分析，答案为D项。

7．C1 C3 C4[2014·天津卷] 《南京条约》是中国近代被迫签订的第一个不平等条约；巴黎和会上，中国代表团拒绝在和约上签字；1943年1月，中国分别与美英两国签署新约，取消美、英在华治外法权及《辛丑条约》所给予它们的一切权利。

从这些变化可以看出() A．中国近代主权丧失B．中国逐步成为世界强国C．中国外交逐渐自强D．中国摆脱帝国主义压迫7．C[解析] 本题以中国近代外交为切入点，旨在考查学生概括归纳知识的能力。

在近代中国没有成为世界强国，也没有摆脱帝国主义压迫。

从题干中“第一个不平等条约”到“拒绝在和约上签字”再到“取消美、英在华治外法权及《辛丑条约》所给予它们的一切权利”可以看出，中国的外交逐渐走向自强。

故C项正确。

18．C1[2014·山东卷] “合议既成，举国争言洋务：请开铁路者有之，请练洋操者有之，请设陆军学堂、水师学堂者亦有之。

其兴利之治，则或言银行，或言邮政，或请设商局，或请设商务大臣……”“合议既成”是指签订了()A．《南京条约》B．《天津条约》C．《北京条约》D．《马关条约》18．D[解析] 本题以《马关条约》的影响为切入点，旨在考查学生解读信息和运用知识的能力。

2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（大纲卷）文科综合地理第I卷：共35小题，每小题4分，共140分。

在每题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。

美国M公司在我国投资建设某电子产品生产厂，零部件依靠进口，产品全部销往美国，产品的价格构成如图1所示。

据此完成1～3题。

1.M公司的电子产品生产厂可以在全球选址，主要是因为A.产品和零部件的运输成本相对较低B.产品技术要求高，需要多国合作C.异国生产可以提高产品的附加值D.能降低原材料成本，扩大国际市场2.M公司将电子产品生产厂由美国转移至中国，主要原因是中国A.市场广阔B.劳动力价格低C.交通运输方便D.原材料丰富3.我国进一步发展电子信息产业，下列措施最有利的是A.扩大电子信息产品生产环节的国际引进B.提高电子信息产品生产环节的利益比重C.加大电子信息产品高附加值环节的投入D.限制电子信息产品生产环节的国际引进图2中K岛于1983年火山爆发，植被消失殆尽学科-网。

1987年，该岛上已有64种植物生长旺盛。

据研究，百年之内该岛上的天然植被就可以恢复。

据此完成4～6题。

4.K岛天然植被类型属于A.热带雨林B.热带草原C.亚热带常绿硬叶林D.亚热带常绿阔叶林5.与相同植被类型的大陆地区相比，K岛植被恢复迅速的独特条件是A.海拔高B.种源丰富C.火山灰深厚D.光照充足6.K岛处于A.印度洋板块与太平洋板块界线的东侧B. 印度洋板块与太平洋板块界线的西侧C.亚欧板块与印度洋板块界线的北侧D.亚欧板块与印度洋板块界线的南侧当中国南极中山站（约690S）处于极夜时，甲、乙两地分别于当地时间5时40分和6时20分同时看到日出。

据此完成7～8题。

7. 甲地位于乙地的A.东北方向B.西北方向C.东南方向D.西南方向8.这段时间可能出现的地理现象是A.暴风雪席卷欧洲北部B.澳大利亚东南部容易发森林火灾C.好望角附近炎热干燥D.墨西哥湾热带气旋活动频繁图3中甲地所在的国家，农业以畜牧业为主，财政收入主要来源于货物过境和港口服务业。

2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标I）文科综合（历史）第Ⅰ卷本卷共35小题。

每小题4分，共140分。

在每个小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。

24．中国古代，“天”被尊为最高神。

秦汉以后，以“天子”自居的皇帝举行祭天大典，表明自己“承天”而“子民”，官员、百姓则祭拜自己的祖先。

这反映了秦汉以后A．君主专制缘于宗教权威B．政治统治借助于人伦秩序C．皇权至上促成祖先崇拜D．祭天活动强化了宗法制度25．唐高祖李渊自认为是老子后裔，规定老子地位在孔子之上，佛教位居第三：武则天时明令佛教位在道教之上：后来唐武帝“灭佛”。

这反映出唐代A．皇帝的好恶决定宗教兴亡B．道教的社会影响最大C．懦学的政治地位最为稳固D．佛教的社会基础薄弱26．人性是先秦以来一直讨论的问题。

基于对人性的新认识，宋明理学家主张“存天理，灭人欲”，他们认为人性学科网A．本质是善B．本质为恶C．非善非恶D．本善习远27．据记载，清初实施海禁前，“市井贸易，国有外国货物，民间行使多以外国银钱，因而各省流行，所在皆有”。

这一记载表明当时A．中国在对外贸易中处于优势地位B．外来货币干扰了中国资本市场C．自然经济受到了进口货物的冲击D．民间贸易发展冲击清廷的统治28．据研究，1853年，印度人均消费英国棉纱、棉布9.09便士，而中国是094便士。

这反映出当时中国A．经济受到鸦片战争的破坏B．实行保护本国经济的政策C．经济的发展水平低于印度 D．传统的小农经济根深蒂固29. 1898年，梁启超等联合百余举人上书，请废八股取士之制。

参加会试的近万名举人，“闻启超等此举，嫉之如不共戴天之仇，遍播谣言，几被殴击”。

这一事件的发生表明A．废八股断送读书人政治前途B．改制缺乏广泛的社会基础C．知识分子在政治上极为保守D．新旧学之间矛盾不可调和30．20世纪20年代，上海成为中国电影的制作中心，当时在上海放映的各种影片中，外国片与国产片比例约为2:1;而在北京和天津，这一比例高达5:1甚至6:1。

2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ(课标历史)24．[2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ] 周代分封制下，各封国贵族按“周礼”行事，学说统一的“雅言”，促进了各地文化的整合。

周代的“雅言”最早应起源于现在的() A．河南B．河北C．陕西D．山东24．C[解析] 本题以周代的“雅言”为切入点，旨在考查学生分析材料和综合分析问题的能力。

材料强调在周礼之下“雅言”的统一，解答角度是最早的起源地。

周礼下“雅言”的起源地是在周王直接控制的地区，故答案为C项；孔子只是最早整理春秋之前的诗歌，编定了《诗经》，他是《诗经》中“雅”的最早整理者，故排除D项。

25．O[2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ] 秦朝法律规定，私拿养子财物以偷盗罪论处，私拿亲子财物无罪；西晋时规定，私拿养子财物同样无罪。

这一变化表明，西晋时() A．养子亲子权利相同B．血缘亲情逐渐淡化C．宗族利益受到保护D．儒家伦理得到强化25．D[解析] 本题以古代法律案例为切入点，旨在考查学生综合分析问题的能力。

材料表明西晋把养子与亲子放在了同等重要的位置，说明养子在家庭中地位的提高，是对养子的认可，故答案为D项；A项材料无法体现；B项本身错误；C项的宗族利益材料中没有体现，材料论述的只是家庭关系的内容。

26．[2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ] 北宋中期，“蜀民以铁钱重，私为券，谓之交子，以便贸易，富民十六户主之。

其后，富者资稍衰，不能偿所负，争讼数起”。

这表明交子() A．具有民间交易凭证功能B．产生于民间的商业纠纷C．提高了富商的社会地位D．促进了经济重心的南移26．A[解析] 本题以北宋的交子为切入点，旨在考查学生提取材料有效信息和运用知识分析问题的能力。

材料表明交子是私人为方便贸易而设立，由富户主持，后来因设立者资产减少，交子在交易中不能兑换货币，引发纠纷。

这一史料能够说明交子是民间交易的凭证，故答案为A项；交子产生是商品经济发展的结果，故B项错误；C项材料无法体现；交子的出现与促进经济重心的南移没有直接关系，故D项错误。

2014年全国统一高考历史试卷（全国卷）一、选择题（共12小题，每小题3分，满分36分）1．（3分）汉初，官方禁止商人“衣丝乘车”，但后来一些商人“假二千石（官员级别）舆服导从作倡乐，奢侈日甚”。

这反映出（）A．朝廷的抑商政策发生了重大转变B．休养生息造成消费观念的改变C．官员与商人的社会地位渐趋一致D．原有规制受到商业发展的挑战2．（3分）东晋南朝诗人的作品在唐代成为模仿的对象。

下列唐代诗人中，与东晋陶渊明诗歌风格相近的是（）A．陈子昂B．岑参C．王维D．李白3．（3分）明成祖朱棣设立内阁，后来内阁首辅“俨然汉唐宰辅”。

明代内阁与唐代宰相的相同之处是（）A．均能独立处理政务B．均辅助皇帝处理政务C．都拥有官吏任免权D．都直接管理地方政务4．（3分）芜湖是明代中后期著名的浆染业中心，当时松江的白布也要送到芜湖浆染，故有“织造尚松江，浆染尚芜湖”之说。

这一历史现象反映出（）A．商品生产呈现区域化分工B．区域间有着不同的市场需求C．手工业技术水平日趋平衡D．抑商政策阻碍区域经济发展5．（3分）晚清一著名人士提出，“机器厂可兴作业，小轮舟可便通达，今各省皆为厉禁……徒使洋货流行”。

建议“宜纵民为之，并加保护。

”这种主张被正式推行是在（）A．19世纪70年代B．19世纪80年代C．19世纪90年代D．20世纪20年代6．（3分）明清时期，纂修族谱以尊崇人伦成为一种普遍的社会现象，名门望族、寒门小姓都以修谱为大事。

这一现象反映出（）A．宗族观念受到人口流动的冲击B．宗族成为社会等级的表现形式C．理学成为维系宗族的思想基础D．先秦时期的宗法制度得以重建7．（3分）下表是国民政府中央农业试验所的一组全国性抽样调查数据该表反映了当时农村（）A．土地所有制度的变革B．生产结构的调整C．农业耕作方式的变化D．土地兼并的趋势8．（3分）1958年一则新闻报道称，某县一农业社创造了平均亩（0.067公顷）产36956斤（18478千克）的惊人纪录。

绝密★启用前2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（重庆卷）文科综合历史部分试题一、选择题（本大题共12小题，每小题4分，共48分）在每小题给出的四个备选项中，只有一项是最符合题目要求的。

1．中国古代的一部作品，以神游天地、上下求索的幻想境界表达了作者对理想的执着追求，大量运用“美人芳草”的比兴手法和瑰丽的语言，闪耀着南方楚文化的奇丽色彩。

该作品是A．《诗经》 B．《老子》 C．《庄子》 D．《离骚》【答案】D考点：古代文学。

从材料“神游天地、上下求索”很容易想到屈原的名句“路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索”，从材料“大量运用“美人芳草”的比兴手法和瑰丽的语言”可以想到《离骚》的特点，是浪漫主义风格的开端。

故选D。

2．汉武帝时张骞出使西域，远至今中亚阿姆河流域，受到渴望与汉通使往来的大宛等国的欢迎。

其间，汉设置河西四郡，打通了与西域的直接交通。

张骞在出使过程中所获得的信息对打开丝绸之路和建立中国与西方的联系起到了关键作用。

据此可知，张骞出使西域的功绩是A．开辟了沟通中西的丝绸之路 B．建立了汉朝与西方的联系C．确立了汉朝对西域的管辖权 D．开启了中国与中亚的交往【答案】D考点：张骞通西域的影响。

汉武帝时期派遣张骞出使西域，打通了中西方文化和经济的交流的通道，“对打开丝绸之路和建立中国与西方的联系起到了关键作用。

”，故选D。

3．战国秦汉时期，北方一直是全国的经济重心，但是到了魏晋南北朝时期，中原经济区独占鳌头的局面不复存在了，原本落后的江南经济区获得了显著发展，使长期以来的南北经济发展不平衡性与悬殊性缩小了。

这说明魏晋南北朝时期A．江南经济发展水平迅速超过北方 B．江南经济开发的新格局初步形成C．中原经济区的优势地位不复存在 D．全国的经济重心已经转移到南方【答案】B考点：经济重心的南移。

A项错误，江南地区在汉代以后得到开发，但是发展水平还是落后于北方；B项正确，根据材料可知，在魏晋时期，北方经济独占鳌头的局面已经不复存在，江南开发已经成为定局。

2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ(课标历史)24．[2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ] 中国古代，“天”被尊为最高神。

秦汉以后，以“天子”自居的皇帝举行祭天大典，表明自己“承天”而“子民”，官员、百姓则祭拜自己的祖先。

这反映了秦汉以后()A．君主专制缘于宗教权威B．政治统治借助于人伦秩序C．皇权至上促成祖先崇拜D．祭天活动强化了宗法制度24. B[解析] 本题以古代帝王祭天为切入点，考查学生准确解读材料并提取有效信息的能力。

祭天与宗教无关，故排除A项；材料内容体现“天”是最高的神，皇帝祭天表明自己是“天”的“子民”，官员和民众效仿此做法而祭拜自己的祖先，故答案为B项；材料没有体现皇权至上与祖先崇拜的关系，排除C项；材料中祭天活动是政治统治的一个方式，排除D项。

25．[2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ] 唐高祖李渊自认为是老子后裔，规定老子地位在孔子之上，佛教位居第三；武则天时明令佛教位在道教之上；后来唐武宗又大规模地“灭佛”。

这反映出唐代()A．皇帝的好恶决定宗教兴亡B．道教的社会影响最大C．儒学的政治地位最为稳固D．佛教的社会基础薄弱25．C[解析] 本题以唐朝统治者对道教、佛教和儒学的认识为切入点，考查学生准确解读材料与运用所学知识解答问题的能力。

材料显示唐高祖因认为自己是老子后裔，规定道教第一、儒学第二、佛教第三；武则天为打击李氏势力，令佛教地位高于道教；后来唐武宗大规模“灭佛”是削夺寺院劳动力与财富。

在此过程中，只有儒学的地位没有重大变动，最为稳固。

故答案为C项。

26．[2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ] 人性是先秦以来一直讨论的问题。

基于对人性的新认识，宋明理学家主张“存天理，灭人欲”，他们认为人性()A．本质是善B．本质为恶C．非善非恶D．本善习远26．D[解析] 本题以人性论为切入点，考查理学思想的内涵，考查学生运用所学知识解读材料并说明历史现象的能力。

宋明理学家继承并坚持孟子的性善论思想，还将人性高扬为宇宙的本体——天道(天理)，认为人性与天理直接联系，人性不仅仅只是人之为人的根本，而且也是宇宙间万事万物存在和运行的根本法则。

2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试题第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof.C. A performance.D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Gel her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed.C. Shocked.D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She isn’t planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor’s speech.C. It made the mayor’s view clearer.D. It earned the mayor’s speech accurately. Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken onlyonce. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70 B. 20 C. 25. D. 7512. A. The houses there can't be B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. he cabins and facilitiesD. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing B. A special communityC. A splendid mountainD. A successful businesswomanQuestions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages.B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. whose who were unmarried15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cantC. How unmarried people surviveD. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections:In Section C,you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local caféas a waiter. I believe that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shopVillagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending mac hine. Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far (37)______ (appropriate) In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)______ force village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)______these villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket. Since you really__42__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat,sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__49__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behavior and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does MotherNature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can theylie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying,but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behavedishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps themsurvive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them,and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want to hit the gymmore regularly this year. How doyou make that happen? Considerputting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there's a cue, something that tellsyour brain to operate automatically.Then there's a routine. And finally, areward, which helps your brainlearn to desire the behavior. It'swhat you can use to create-orbreak-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, then pick.a reward-say, a piece of chocolatewhen you get home from the gym.That way, the cue and the rewardbecome interconnected. Finally,when you see the shoes, your brainwill start longing for the reward,which will make it easier to workout day after day. The best part? Ina couple of weeks, you won't needthe chocolate at all. Your brain willcome to see the workout itself asthe reward. Which is the wholepoint, right?70. Which of the following best fitsin the box with a “?” in THEHABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or anEnglish newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control adark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon V aldez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not someseparate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。

2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（北京卷）文科综合历史部分试题12．读图8，根据所学判断，在地区④产生的代表性著作是图8A．《春秋》B．《孟子》C．《荀子》D．《离骚》【答案】D【解析】考查维新变法运动。

战国时期楚国的屈原利用江汉一带流行的民歌形式，创造出一种新的诗歌体裁，后人称之为“楚辞”，又称“骚体”，《离骚》是其著名的代表作。

而楚国的位置正处于图中④的位置。

故应选D。

13．公元97年，东汉的班超曾派人出使欧洲强国“大秦”。

东汉和“大秦”都创造了辉煌的文化。

属于它们的文化成就分别是A．活字印刷术、万有引力定律B．《九章算术》、罗马法C．蔡伦改进的造纸术、日心说D．《春秋繁露》、《理想国》【答案】B【解析】考查古代以来的东西方科技成就。

依据所学可知，活字印刷术是北宋时期的成就，日心说、万有引力定律是近代西欧的成就，《九章算术》、蔡伦改进的造纸术是东汉时期的成就，罗马法是古代罗马即大秦的成就，《春秋繁露》是西汉时期的成就，《理想国》是古希腊柏拉图的著作。

故B项符合题意，故应选B。

14．唐末五代，中央集权大为削弱。

为扭转这一局面，宋初采取的重要措施之一是A．文官任知州B．设三司使C．设枢密院D．施行将兵法【答案】A图9【解析】考查中国古代的政治制度。

唐末五代以来，藩镇割据，混战不休，中央集权大为削弱。

960年，赵匡胤黄袍加身，建立了北宋。

为加强中央集权，宋太祖采取了一系列措施，如杯酒释兵权、派文官到各地作知州、设通判、收财权归中央。

三司使、枢密院是加强君主专制的措施；施行将兵法是王安石变法的内容。

故应选A 。

15．在历史学科的研究性学习中经常出现的错误是，使用单一或不充分的论据得出普遍性的结论。

下列选项中没有这类错误的是A ．《授时历》的颁行比现行公历早300年，所以中国古代科技水平领先世界B ．《西游记》是明代的一部优秀小说，所以明代文学蓬勃发展C ．唐代369位宰相中有83%来自北方，所以唐代宰相的来源存在地域差异D ．南宋扬州的城市人口占扬州总人口的81．83%，所以南宋的城市化水平很高【答案】C【解析】考查历史研究方法。

上海市松江区2013—2014学年第一学期期末质量监控试卷高三历史（满分150分，完卷时间120分钟）2014.1考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上；做在试卷上一律不得分。

2．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名。

3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

一、选择题（共75分）以下每小题2分，共60分，每题只有一个正确选项。

1．图中的法老,手上有两根权杖，一根管辖生者，一根管辖死者。

据此推测，反映的主要理念是A．众权于一身B．来世信仰C．死者为尊D．天人感应2．史学家陈寅恪在王国维的挽词称赞他：“考释殷书开盛业”。

“盛业”是指A．通过考古证实炎黄传说B．通过甲骨文考实商史C．通过甲骨文考实夏史D．提出“存而不补”方法3．从右边地图的信息中可以判断是中国古代的A．大秦王朝B．西汉初年C．东汉政权D．南宋政权4．“守旧而又维新，复古而又开明，这样一种二重性的立场，使得儒家学说能够一手伸向过去，一手伸向未来，在正在消逝的贵族分封制社会和方兴的大一统社会之间架起了桥梁。

”完成这个架桥任务的是A．孔子B．孟子C．董仲舒D．朱熹5．“从公元25年到公元140年之间，汉代的人口从5900万减少到4800万。

”导致这一变化的主要因素是A．农民起义导致人口减少B．豪强势力，隐匿人口C．北方少数民族大量内迁D．军阀割据，战乱不断6．中国服饰在不同历史时期特征各异，如战国的“清新”、唐的“丰满华丽”、宋的“理性美”，这些特征折射出的历史现象分别是A．百家争鸣、民主政治、新思潮萌发B．罢黜百家、政治腐朽、理学盛行C．百家争鸣、经世致用、国家富强D．百家争鸣、国家富强、理学盛行7．“居天地之中者日中国，居天地之偏者日四夷。

四夷外也，中国内也。

”此话反映了中国士大夫A．注重经典考证B．推崇理学独尊C．以自我为中心D．重视国家主权8．1901年，梁启超在《中国史叙论》中把中国历史区分为“中国之中国”、“亚洲之中国”、“世界之中国”三个阶段。

单元中国特色社会主义建设的道路经济建设的发展和曲折9．[2014·重庆卷] 1989年，邓小平会见来访的苏共领导人时，充分肯定了苏联对中国的帮助，认为“苏联帮助我们搞了一个工业基础”。

这里的“工业基础”初步建立于新中国的()A．国民经济恢复时期B．“一五”计划时期C．“大跃进”时期D．国民经济调整时期9．B[解析] 本题以邓小平的观点为切入点，旨在考查学生解读信息和调动知识的能力。

1953—1957年的第一个五年计划时期，在苏联的帮助下建立了钢铁、汽车制造、飞机制造等工业部门，开始改变我国工业的落后面貌，为工业化奠定了基础。

所以正确答案为B 项。

9．[2014·天津卷] 1952年我国高校进行院系调整，如调整后的天津大学下设土木建筑、电信、机械等7个工科系、20个专业和13个专修科，从综合型大学转变为多科性工业大学。

这种调整主要是为了()A．促进国民经济的恢复B．培养经济建设专门人才C．提升国民的科技素养D．推动天津经济建设发展9．B[解析] 本题以1952年我国高校进行院系调整为切入点，旨在考查学生解读信息和透过现象分析原因的能力。

结合所学知识可知，1952年我国国民经济得到了恢复，即将开始大规模的经济建设，许多高校进行院系调整，特别是多科性工业大学的出现主要是为了培养经济建设的专门人才。

故B项正确。

17．[2014·安徽卷] 一位农民在日记中写道：“由于单家独户的经营经不起天灾人祸的袭击，有的贫农家底薄，缺资金，仍不能大翻身，困难不少，出现了个别卖地卖牲口、出卖劳动力的现象。

政府号召组织起来，在搭工帮工的基础上成立互助组。

我是青年团员，还是乡上的人民代表，我能落后吗？”其描述反映的是()A．农业合作化B．“三年经济困难”时期C．人民公社化D．家庭联产承包责任制17．A本题以农民日记为切入点，旨在考查学生对材料的理解和分析能力。

依据材料中“单家独户的经营经不起天灾人祸的袭击”“搭工帮工的基础上成立互助组”等信息可得出材料主要阐述的是三大改造中对农业的社会主义改造，即农业合作化，故选A。

上海历史试卷一、选择题（共75分）以下每小题2分，共60分。

每题只有一个正确选项。

1.“凡父母双方均为公民者有公民权，公民十八岁时在他们村社的名薄中登记。

”这一规定最有可能出现在A.古代埃及B. 古代印度C. 古代希腊D. 古代中国【答案】C考察古代雅典的民主政治。

依据所学可知，古代埃及、古代印度、古代中国都是奴隶主君主专制的国家，统治者与被统治者是君与臣的关系，无所谓的公民一说。

雅典是奴隶制民主国家，实行的是奴隶制民主，依法治国，公民是一个法律概念。

故题干材料所描述的现象符合古代希腊的情况，雅典是古希腊典型的奴隶制民主制国家，故应选C。

2.下图所示为某一宗教的发源地和传播路线，这一宗教是A. 犹太教B. 佛教C. 基督教D. 伊斯兰教【答案】B考察世界三大宗教的传播。

依据所学可知，佛教产生于公元前6世纪的古代印度。

其向外传播主要有两个方向：相北，经中亚地区在东汉初年传入中国，以后又从中国传到朝鲜、日本和越南等国；向南，传入斯里兰卡、泰国、缅甸等国和我国境内傣族地区。

犹太教产生于公元前1000年左右的巴勒斯坦地区；基督教于公元1世纪也产生于这一地区；伊斯兰教产生于7世纪的阿拉伯半岛的麦加。

故B项符合题意，故应选B。

3.炎帝是我国传说中的英雄，又称神农氏。

据传他使用“焚林而田”的耕作方法，还发明耒、耜等生产工具。

这些传说A.折射出中国农耕文明源远流长B.可以作为中国原始农耕的直接证据B.是一种没有史料价值的想象 D.证明了炎帝的真实存在【答案】A考察历史研究中史料的运用。

历史研究中史料的运用非常重要，一般而言，考古发现的遗物、遗迹可信度最高，其次是历代所著的史书，第三是文学著作、历史传说等，有一定的史料价值，可以作为旁证，但不能作为证据单独应用。

故应选A。

4.右图反映的情景式A.柏拉图在雅典学园讲课B.中世纪大学教师在授课C.主教与教士讨论教会事务D.民间艺人吟诵《荷马史诗》【答案】D考察古希腊的文化。

Q单元古今中国的科学技术与文化Q1古代中国的发明和发现、辉煌灿烂的文学5．Q1[2014·重庆卷] 明朝宋应星《天工开物》记载：“其废纸洗去朱墨、污秽，浸烂入槽再造，全省从前煮浸之力，依然成纸，耗亦不多。

江南竹贱之国，不以为然，北方即寸条片角在地，随手拾起再造，名曰还魂纸。

”由此可知，还魂纸()①生产遍布全国各地②降低了生产成本③制造工艺更加复杂④扩大了原料来源A．①②B．①③C．②④D．③④5．C[解析] 本题以明朝宋应星《天工开物》记载的内容为切入点，旨在考查学生解读信息和调动知识的能力。

①与题干“江南……不以为然”的信息不符；②与题干“全省从前煮浸之力……耗亦不多”的信息相符；③与题干“全省从前煮浸之力”的信息不符；④与题干还魂纸是废纸的再利用的信息相符。

故选C项。

1．Q1[2014·重庆卷] 中国古代的一部作品，以神游天地、上下求索的幻想境界表达了作者对理想的执着追求，大量运用“美人芳草”的比兴手法和瑰丽的语言，闪耀着南方楚文化的奇丽色彩。

该作品是()A．《诗经》B．《老子》C．《庄子》D．《离骚》1．D[解析] 本题以中国古代文学作品为切入点，旨在考查学生提取材料信息和运用知识的能力。

《诗经》分为风、雅、颂三部分，主要反映北方人民的生产生活和思想感情，与题干“幻想境界”“南方”等信息不符，故排除A项；《老子》具有深沉的情感、丰富的想象和抽象的哲理，含有朴素的辩证法思想，与题干“比兴手法”“瑰丽的语言”等信息不符，故排除B项；《庄子》宣传天道与自然无为，具有消极避世的思想，与题干“对理想的执着追求”等信息不符，故排除C项；《离骚》是屈原的政治抒情诗，具有浓郁的楚国地方特色和神话色彩，反映了他的政治理想。

根据以上分析，答案为D项。

12．O1 Q1[2014·北京卷] 读下图，根据所学判断，在地区④产生的代表性著作是()A．《春秋》B．《孟子》C．《荀子》D．《离骚》12．D[解析] 本题以中国战国时期的一幅地图为切入点，旨在考查学生联系所学知识解读材料信息的能力。

上海2014年高考历史试题一、选择题（共75分）以下每小题2分，共60分。

每题只有一个正确选项。

1.“凡父母双方均为公民者有公民权，公民十八岁时在他们村社的名薄中登记。

”这一规定最有可能出现在 [2分]A古代埃及B古代印度C古代希腊D古代中国2.下图所示为某一宗教的发源地和传播路线，这一宗教是[2分]A犹太教B佛教C基督教D伊斯兰教3.炎帝是我国传说中的英雄，又称神农氏。

据传他使用“焚林而田”的耕作方法，还发明耒、耜等生产工具。

这些传说 [2分]折射出中国农耕文明源远流长B可以作为中国原始农耕的直接证据C是一种没有史料价值的想象D证明了炎帝的真实存在4.右图反映的情景式[2分] A柏拉图在雅典学园讲课B中世纪大学教师在授课C主教与教士讨论教会事务D民间艺人吟诵《荷马史诗》5.儒学成为官学是由哪位思想家的主张直接促成的？ [2分]A孔子B孟子C董仲舒D朱熹唐朝贵族的体育活动广泛多样，马球运动尤为盛行。

下列与此现象有关的史实是 [2分]A丝绸之路的繁盛使洗浴的风物传入中国B海上丝绸之路带来了国家财富的增长C朝贡贸易加强了与南洋诸国的交流D民间海外贸易因海禁政策取消再度活跃7.古代有一位汉族士大夫教他十七岁的儿子学习鲜卑语、弹琵琶。

儿子通晓这些技能之后，以此侍奉达官贵人，深得他们宠爱。

这一情形最有可能发生在、 [2分]A秦朝B西汉C唐朝D北齐8.王安石认为国家积贫积弱的根本在于生产少，生产少儿民不富，民不富则国不强。

为根本上解决问题他颁布了 [2分]A募兵法和保甲法B青苗法和农田水利C将兵法和均衡法D方田均税法和科举新法9.将粘土上刻成一个个单字，烧硬后用于排版印刷。

印完一版，单字可以卸下以备再用。

此项技术最早记载于 [2分]A《史通》B《农政全书》C《农书》D《梦溪笔谈》10.元代加强了对疆域的有效管理，其中管辖琉球的机构是 [2分]A江浙行省B宣政院C中书省D澎湖巡检司11.为了完成下列“中外文化交流”时间轴，在“？”出应填上[2分]A日本派出遣唐使B严复所译《天演论》发表C火药传入阿拉伯地区D利玛窦和徐光启合译《几何原本》12.“恻隐之心，仁之端也；羞恶之心，义之端也；辞让之心，礼之端也；是非之心，智之端也。