当前位置：文档之家 › 国际经济学课件 萨尔瓦多 Chp-8

国际经济学课件 萨尔瓦多 Chp-8

  • 格式：pdf
  • 大小：1.57 MB
  • 文档页数：52

下载文档原格式

  / 52

合集下载

国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch

国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch
05
International investment and multinational corporations
International investment environment
Political environment: stability, policies, and regulations that affect foreign investment.
New trade theory departs from the assumption of perfect competition and focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and monopolistic competition.
Classical trade theory posits that specialization in production based on comparative advantage results in increased production and consumption in all countries.
关税是一种税收，由政府对进口商品征收，以增加进口成本并保护国内产业。
关税定义
关税种类
关税作用
包括基本关税、附加关税、反倾销关税和报复性关税等。
通过提高进口商品价格，降低国内市场的竞争压力，保护国内产业和就业。
03
02
01
出口补贴是指政府给予出口企业的财政补贴，以降低出口成本，增加出口量。
出口补贴定义
Balance of trade
The balance of trade is a crucial component of the international balance of payments. It measures the value of a country's exports minus the value of its imports. A positive balance of trade indicates that a country is exporting more goods and services than it is importing, while a negative balance of trade indicates the opposite.

国际经济学绪论 ppt课件

国际经济学绪论 ppt课件

定；国际收支用以测度一国与外部世界交易的总收入和总收支及其平衡；
汇率理论研究两国货币汇率的决定及其变动的原因；国际收支调整研究
在不同汇率和国际货币制度下，一国国际收支失衡的调整过程及其对国
内经济的影响。
自20世纪80年代以来，开放条件下的宏观经济政策协调，逐步成为宏观
国际经济学的重要研究内容。在开放经济条件下，一国宏观经济政策的
总体目标是实现经济的内外部平衡，即长期内着眼于经济增长、充分就
就世界货币制度而言，不同国家之间存在不同的货币金融体系，这就 给国际经济交流带来许多复杂的问题。
总之，国际经济学是从一般经济学中分离出来的一个分支学 科。随着国际经济实践的发展，其理论内容会不断充实和扩大。
ppt课件
8
国际经济学研究的主要内容也可以区分与实物经济（Real Economy） 方面和货币经济（Monetary Economy）方面两个部分。
一方面，国际经济学是国内经济学的进一步引申。一 般经济学主要是以国内经济学的研究为基础的，而国 际经济学则反映了一般经济学原理在国际经济这一特 殊领域的发挥和运用。
另一方面，对开放条件下的国内经济的考察，又必须 考虑到国际经济的影响，开放的国内经济本身就是国 际经济，因此，对国际经济的研究，又构成了一般经 济学体系的一个组成部分。
配。国际贸易的纯理论研究是指在没有政府干预和人为限制、排除
货币因素等一系列假定条件下，对国际贸易的基础、利益、模式等
问题所做的纯粹的理论探讨。其主线是比较利益。
国际贸易政策则考察贸易的限制措施及其影响，新贸易保护主义的
原因和效果等。国际贸易政策的研究是指对政府的贸易政策及各种
市场垄断因素对国际贸易所造成的限制及其经济影响进行的研究。

萨尔瓦多国际经济学英文ch ppt课件

萨尔瓦多国际经济学英文ch ppt课件
Equal to 1 = change in exchange rate leaves balance of payments unchanged.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
before placing new orders. 5. Production lag to change output mix resulting from
price changes.
Salvatore: 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 16-4 The Identification Problem.
Elasticities in the Real World
Junz and Rhomberg (1973) identified five possible lags in quantity responses to price changes in international trade:
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.

(国际经济学课件)Chapter08The-Instruments--of-Trade-policy

(国际经济学课件)Chapter08The-Instruments--of-Trade-policy

(ⅱ) Measuring the Costs and the Benefits
The analytical framework will be based on either of the following:
Large country case---Two large countries trading with each other Small country case---A small country trading with the rest of the world
某国海关对进口男式开司米羊绒衫(每磅价格在18 美元以上 者)征收混合税，每磅征收0.375 美元的从量税，加征从价 税15.5% 。该批货物总量10 万磅，每磅价格28 美元，试计 算该批货物的从量税、从价税及混合税额(计税货币单位均 为美元)。
从量税额为：100000*0.375=37500美元 从价税额为：2800000*15.5%=434000美元 混合税额为：37500+434000=471500美元
2023/11/16 bicycle.
Compound tariffs A compound duty (tariff) is a combination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff.
Specific tariffs PT= t + PW
Ad valorem tariffs
货品名称 整只冻鸡
啤酒 石油原油 幻灯片用未曝光彩色摄影胶卷 未曝光的窄长彩色胶卷 其他未曝光窄长彩色胶卷 未曝光的中宽彩色胶卷 其他未曝光中宽彩色胶卷
最惠国税率 1.6元/千克
3元/升 0
179元/平方米 16元/平方米 145元/平方米 16元/平方米 145元/平方米

萨尔瓦多的《国际经济学基础》ppt(dominick salvatore)

萨尔瓦多的《国际经济学基础》ppt(dominick salvatore)
– A key issue – its not just imports! – Its also not just for consumers! – Services, not just goods!
• Lloyd’s of London
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
An Introduction to International Economics
Chapter 1: Introduction
Dominick Salvatore John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
1-5
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– – – – A key issue – its not just imports! Its also not just for consumers! Services, not just goods! International trade is expanding
1-2
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– A key issue – its not just imports!
• Exports of Boeing Aircraft • Exports of Microsoft Software

萨尔瓦多国际经济学件

萨尔瓦多国际经济学件

In this chapter:
Introduction Import Quotas Other Nontariff Barriers and the New
Protectionism The Political Economy of Protectionism Strategic Trade and Industrial Policies History of U.S. Commercial Policy The Uruguay Round, Outstanding Trade
Problems and the Doha Round
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction
Though tariffs have historically been the most important form of trade restriction, there are many other types of trade barriers.
Import Quotas
Import Quota vs. Equivalent Import Tariff
Import quota limits imports to specified levels with certainty, while the trade effect of an import tariff may be uncertain.
Import tariff:
Higher consumption than quota Higher imports than quota

国际经济学(第三版)课件 (8)[46页]


8–6
QUOTAS
1. Not all countries are members of the WTO
2. New members of the WTO are allowed to maintain their previously existing quotas for a specified period of time
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
8–4
NONTARIFF BARRIERS TO TRADE
Figure 8.1 Frequency of Nontariff Barriers, 1996
18 –
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
8–2
INTRODUCTION
• To provide protection, tariffs must be
prohibitively high
• Even then they do not completely protect a
8–3
NONTARIFF BARRIERS TO TRADE
• In general, tariffs have declined over the years
but have been replaced by other forms of protectionism
• Nontariff barriers to trade (NTBs) are
• The quota is one of the more restrictive forms

国际经济学ppt课件


WHQ
6
上述三种要素增长类型，都会增加产出，这在封闭条件下就意味着国 民整体福利的提高。但在开放条件下却不一定，例如可能存在的“悲 惨增长”，即经济增长了，自己国家的福利水平反而会下降。
二、罗伯津斯基定理
罗伯津斯基定理考察了仅有单一要素供给增长时，一国均衡产出发生 的变化。 （一）前提假设
（1）假设一国经济中仅有劳动和资本两种生产要素，X和Y两个生产部 门，且X是劳动密集型产品，Y是资本密集型产品。 （2）生产技术既定，且要素相对价格给定不变，两种商品相对价格不 变，这意味着两种产品的要素密集度不变。 （3）市场出清，消费结构与生产结构相适应。 （4）资源充分利用，包括新增要素。
生经济增长后国内X产品的相对价格保持不变，仍为P0 ，那么新的生 产均衡点E1（X1，Y1）必定落在E0（X0，Y0）的左上方，即X1＜X0 ，Y1＞Y0。这就意味着，当产品相对价格保持不变时，资本密集型 生产部门（发生技术进步的部门）的均衡产量扩大，而劳动密集型
生产部门（未发生技术进步的部门）的均衡产量缩减。
WHQ
5
2、劳动增长比例小于资本增长比例时产出的非平衡增长 Y
PPC1 PPC2
×
PPC0
注意：当仅有资本供 给增加（k>0），而 劳动供给完全没有增 加（n=0）时，X产品 的产量也会增加，即 生产可能性曲线不会 出现图中PPC2的情况
O
X
当劳动增长比例小于资本增长比例（n<k）时，资本的相对价格就会 下降，两部门都会用更多的资本替代劳动进行生产，从而使X和Y的 资本密集度较前都有所提高（K/L增大）。尽管要素供给增加会导 致两种产品的产量都增加，但是，资本密集型产品Y产量的增加幅 度将大于劳动密集型产品X的增加幅度，所以，生产可能性曲线将 在Y轴方向更大程度地向外扩展。

[经济学]国际经济学 萨尔瓦多 英文PPTchapter

Chapter 9
Nontariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism
Introduction
• Tariffs: historically the most important form of trade restriction • other trade barriers: import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and antidumping actions • the importance of nontariff trade barriers was greatly increased
Introduction
• Section 2: examines the effect of an import quota and compares them to those of an import tariff • Section 3: other nontariff trade barriers: voluntary export restraints and other regulations, trade barriers resulting from international cartel, dumping, and export subsidies
Effects of an Import Quota
• the government auctioned off import licenses to the highest bidder in a competitive market • the revenue effect: $30($1 on each of the 30X of the import quota, JHNM) • the import quota of 30X in every respect to =“implicit” 100% import tariff

萨尔瓦多《国际经济学》中文版·第八版 精华知识点

第1 章绪论1.国际经济学的重要性1.产品的国际化。

2.全球经济一体化。

2.国际贸易与一国的生活水平1.许多小国生活要依赖别的国家2.国际间的依存关系非常密切3.一个国家的经济政策会影响到另外一个国家。

3、国际经济学的主要问题研究国家之间的相互依存性。

是宏观经济学与微观经济学在国家间的运用。

4、国际经济理论和政策的目的经济理论的目的一般在于预测与解释，是具体活动的高度概括。

5、当前的国际问题第2 章比较优势原理1.他认为分工可以提高劳动生产率Z 分工能提高劳动者的熟练程度Z 使每一个人从事专业生产，节省与劳动没有关系的时间Z 有利于发明创造2.贸易可以引起国际分工，国际分工的基础是天然禀赋或后天的有利条件。

如果每一个国家都按照有利的条件进行分工，然后进行交换，将使得资源与劳动力得到极大的利用。

从而提高劳动生产率，增加财富。

3.引言贸易基础贸易所得贸易模式4.、重商主义的贸易观点经济学开始于亚当密斯。

重商主义的观点：尽量使出口大于进口。

国家的财富是金银等稀有金属。

政府应该严格控制经济活动。

贸易是一种零和游戏。

除了1815-1914 年的英国，没有一个西方国家彻底摆脱过重商主义。

5、绝对优势理论他认为分工可以提高劳动生产率Z 分工能提高劳动者的熟练程度Z 使每一个人从事专业生产，节省与劳动没有关系的时间Z 有利于发明创造,贸易可以引起国际分工，国际分工的基础是天然禀赋或后天的有利条件。

如果每一个国家都按照有利的条件进行分工，然后进行交换，将使得资源与劳动力得到极大的利用。

从而提高劳动生产率，增加财富。

3-1 分工后的例（另外P24）3-3 绝对比较优势的适用范围非常一小部分贸易。

主要是发达国家与发展国家。

7.比较优势理论7-3 贸易所得的证明♦4C 小于6W 小于12C。

♦现实生活中的例子。

7-4 例外的情况比例相同的情况。

7-5 考虑货币的比较优势♦绝对劣势还可以进行分工的原因是工资的差异。

（P27）7-6 比较优势与机会成本♦李嘉图的比较优势建立在许多假设的基础上。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

8-22
International Economics
Figure 8-5 Costs and Benefits of a Tariff for large Country
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
8-23
International Economics
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
8-8
International Economics
Figure 8-1 A Tariff in a Small Country
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
8-3：The Theory of Tariff Structure
1. Nominal Rate of Protection --- NRP Nominal Rate of Protection (NRP or NTR 名义关 税率或名义保护率) ---A tariff calculated on the price of a final commodity. NRP = (Pd – Pa) / Pa =C/ Pa Pd: the price of a commodity in domestic market Pa: The price of a commodity in abroad market
8-20
International Economics
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
8-21
International Economics
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University 8-16
International Economics
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
8-17
International Economics
International Economics
Chapter 8: Trade Restrictions: Tar i ff s
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
8-1
International Economics
Chapter Organization
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
8-15
International Economics
Protection Cost, or Deadweight Loss (保护成本 或净损失) ----The total loss of surplus to the country because of the restriction on the trade. Two components: Production loss + Consumption loss Costs and Benefits of a Tariff: (1) Consumer loss (2) Government revenue (3) Producer gain (4) Net loss the country
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
8-18
International Economics
Problem 2
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
8-19
International Economics
8-2：Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff
A small nation imposes a tariff on imports competing with the output of a small domestic industry. Then the tariff will affect neither world prices nor the rest of the economy.
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
8-6
International Economics
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
8-7
International Economics
International Economics
P2: price of final product C2: amount of import duty of final product P1: price of input C1: amount of import duty of input V = P2 – P1 So, ERP = (P2 C2) (P1 C1) (P2 P1)
Question
• How the elasticity of S and D affect Protection Cost, or Deadweight Loss? • What about large country?
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
8-1：Introduction 8-2：Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff 8-3：The Theory of Tariff Structure 8-4：Tariff Analysis in General Equilibrium 8-5：Optimum Tariff
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University 8-24
International Econe of Protection --- ERP The Rate of Effective Protection (ERP or ETR 有 效关税率或有效保护率) ----The tariff calculated on the domestic value added in the production of a commodity. ERP = ( V – V) / V
8-3
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University
International Economics
Tariffs can be classified as:
Specific tariffs（从量税） Taxes that are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of goods imported Ad valorem tariffs（从价税） Taxes that are levied as a fraction of the value of the imported goods A compound duty (tariff) is a combination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff.
8-9
International Economics
Four effects:
Consumption effect ---- The reduction in domestic consumption due to the tariff. (BN 20X) Production effect ---- The expansion of domestic production due to tariff.( CM 10X) Trade effect ---- The decline in imports due to tariff.( BN+CM 30X) Revenue effect ---- The revenue collected by the government from import tariff.( 30 $)
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University 8-2
International Economics
8-1：Introduction
Commercial Policy Instruments Trade Contraction Price
consumer surplus is difference between what consumers would be willing to pay for each unit of the commodity and what they actually pay Producer surplus is the revenue producers receive over and above the minimum amount required to induce them to supply the goods (profit)
8-13
International Economics
Figure 8-3 Producer Surplus
Hongguang Sui School of Economics Shandong University