中国海洋大学2021年硕士研究生入学考试试题中国海洋大学2021年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：416 科目名称：普通动物学和生态学第一部分：动物学一、填空题（每空0.5分，共15分）1、水螅的外胚层主要包括皮肌细胞、腺细胞、、、和间细胞。
2、环毛蚓的神经系统包括由1对愈合成的脑、、和腹神经索，为典型的神经。
3、中国对虾（或日本沼虾）有20个体节，对附肢。
其中第5对为。
4、海参发育过程中要经历、和五触手幼虫，变态成幼参。
5、鸟类仅具有体动脉弓，而哺乳类则仅具有体动脉弓。
6、原生动物的三种运动胞器分别是、、。
7、现存两栖类的体型大体可分为、和。
其排泄器官以为最重要。
8、文昌鱼的咽部为收集食物和呼吸场所，几乎占据身体的，咽腔内的结构与尾索动物相似，包括、、围咽沟等。
9、巴西龟属纲目的动物，石鳖属门纲的动物。
10、Phylum为分类阶元中的。
Suborder为分类阶元中的。
按照惯例，亚科、科和总科等名称都有标准的字尾，如字尾-oidea表示。
二、选择题（单选或多选）（每小题2分，共12分）下列动物（A.中国鲎，B.黑猩猩，C.大腹圆蛛，D.鸸鹋，E.皱纹盘鲍，F.中国林蛙，G.扬子鳄，H.晶囊轮虫，I.海盘车J.柱头虫，K.柄海鞘，L.欧洲鳗鲡）中：1、其中中胚层形成为体腔囊法的有哪些？； 2、呼吸器官为书鳃或书肺的有哪些？； 3、大脑背壁主要为古脑皮的有哪些？； 4、恒温动物有哪些？； 5、脊椎动物中肾脏主要为后肾的有哪些？； 6、后生动物有哪些？。
三、名词解释（每小题2分，共18分） 1、逆转 2、外骨骼 3、合胞体 4、上颞孔类 5、双重调节 6、适应辐射 7、古维尔氏管 8、同律分节 9、妊娠四、问答题（第1小题8分，第2、3小题各7分，共22分） 1、两侧对称和中胚层出现有哪些意义？ 2、鱼类比圆口类进步的主要特征有哪些？ 3、胎生和哺乳有哪些重要生物学意义？五、论述题（8分）论述无脊椎动物循环系统的演化过程。
2003年中国海洋大学海洋生命学院研究生复试笔试真题分子生物学试题一、名词解释（每题2分，共30分）1、C值矛盾2、反义RNA3、顺反子4、锌指结构5、开放阅读框6、GU-AG规则7、增强子8、Ribozyme9、Western blotting10、Z-DNA11、BAC12、Proteome13、RNA editing14、Transposon15、c-onc二、简答题（每题5分，共40分）1、在体内，rRNA和tRNA都具有代谢的稳定性，而mRNA的寿命却很短，原因何在？2、简述DNA作为遗传物质的优点3、DNA连接酶对于DNA的复制是很重要的，但RNA的合成一般却不需要连接酶，解释这个现象的原因。
4、内含子的功能有哪一些?5、SOS修复的机制。
6、真核生物基因组的结构特征。
7、人们常说基因组研究要绘制四张图谱，请问是哪四张图谱？并对其进行简要说明。
8、衰减作用如何调控大肠杆菌色氨酸操纵子的表达？三、论述题（4题任选3题，共30分）1、同源重组的分子基础与机制。
2、请比较原核与真核生物转录的分子基础和过程3、若已知E.coli的一个有200个氨基酸的活性多肽的氨基酸序列，有几种办法可以得到该蛋白的编码顺序 简述步骤，并评价各方法的优劣。
4、试证明一个基因中只有一条DNA链作为模板被转录。
一、名词解释1.C值矛盾：生物体的单倍体基因组所含DNA总量称为C值。
每种生物各有其特定的C值，不同物种的c值之间有很大差别。
C值矛盾(C value paradox)是指真核生物中DNA含量的反常现象.主要表现为: 1. C值不随生物的进化程度和复杂性而增加, 2.亲缘关系密切的生物C值相差甚大，3. 高等真核生物具有比用于遗传高得多的C 值。
2.反义RNA：反义RNA是指与mRNA互补的RNA分子, 也包括与其它RNA互补的RNA分子。
由于核糖体不能翻译双链的RNA，所以反义RNA与mRNA特异性的互补结合, 即抑制了该mRNA的翻译。
中国海洋大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案中国海洋大学（回忆+原题）翻译硕士英语一、30道选择题，每个1分，前20题左右如果你是六级的水平，那么四个选项里有三个单词你是不熟悉的，这是单词关。
后10题左右都是常用语，比如___the count of three A.atB.onC.ofD.by。
二、阅读理解，共四篇，满分40分。
前两篇是ABCD，后两篇是Q&A，每篇文章都是5个小题，每小题2分。
第一篇，是讲心理历史学与普通历史学。
第二篇，是讲某个地方的旅游业发展。
第三篇，讲labor market problem的。
第四篇，讲interview的。
三、英语写作，400字。
nowadays，college and university students are required to work on什么groupproject，all the students get the same score,问你agree不agree，然后举例证明观点。
意思就是大学生实施分组制学习，组里所有同学分数都一样，好还是不好。
30分。
英语翻译基础一、英译汉：DNA FTP FAO GPS SCO GATT WSPA WIPO CAFTA UNHRC;Agent ad litem……二、汉译英：论语佛教收视率京剧脸谱温室效应电脑动画保税港区法人实体领土完整博鳌亚洲论坛空气污染指数和平共处五项原则黑社会性质的组织三、英译汉：<As China Rolls Ahead,Fear Follows>For nearly two years,China’s turbocharged economy has raced ahead with the aid of a huge government stimulus program and aggressive lending by state-run banks.But a growing number of economists now worry that China—the world’s fastest growing economy and a pillar of strength during the global financial crisis—could be stalled next year by soaring inflation,mounting government debt and asset bubbles.Two credit ratings agencies,Moody’s and Fitch Ratings,say China is still poised for growth,yet they have also recently warned about hidden risks in its banking system.Fitch even hinted at the possibility of another wave of nonperforming loans tied to the property market.In the late1990s and early this decade,the Chinese government was forced to bail out and recapitalize these same state-run banks because a soaring number of bad loans had left them nearly insolvent.Those banks are much stronger now,after a series of record public stock offerings in recent years that have raised billions of dollars from global investors.But last week,an analyst at the Royal Bank of Scotland advised clients to hedge against the risk that a flood of cash into China,coupled with soaring inflation, could result in a“day of reckoning.”A sharp slowdown in China,which is growing at an annual rate of about10percent, would be a serious blow to the global economy since China’s voracious demand for natural resources is helping to prop up growth in Asia and South America,even as the United States and the European Union struggle.And because China is a major holder of United States Treasury debt and a major destination for American investment in recent years,any slowdown would also hurt American companies.Aware of the risks,Beijing has moved recently to tame its domestic growth and rein in soaring food and housing prices by raising interest rates,tightening regulations on property sales and restricting lending.At the end of the Central Economic Work Conference,a high-level annual economic policy meeting that concluded on Sunday,Beijing promised to combat inflation andstabilize the economy.Those pledges came just days after the central bank ordered banks to set aside larger capital reserves in a bid to slow lending,the sixth time it has done so this year.And the government reported on Saturday that the consumer price index had climbed5.1percent in November,the sharpest rise in nearly three years.Analysts say more tightening measures are expected in the coming months but that the challenges are mounting.“There are so many moving pieces,”said Qu Hongbin,the chief China economist for HSBC in Hong Kong.“It wouldn’t be honest to say things aren’t complicated.”Optimists say China has been adept at steering the right economic course over the last decade,ramping up growth when needed and tamping it down when things get too hot.But this time,Beijing is not just struggling with inflation,it is also trying to restructure its economy away from dependence on exports and toward domestic consumption in the hopes of creating more balanced and sustainable growth,analysts say.China is also facing mounting international pressure to let its currency,the renminbi,rise in value.Some trading partners insist China is keeping its currency artificially low to give Chinese exporters a competitive advantage.Beijing contends that raising the value of its currency would hurt coastal factories that operate on thin profit margins,forcing them to lay off millions of workers. The most immediate challenge appears to be inflation,which some analysts say may be even more serious than the new figures suggest.Housing prices have skyrocketed. And prices for milk,vegetables and other foods have soared this year.“The money supply is too large,”said Andy Xie,an economist based in Shanghai who formerly worked at Morgan Stanley.“They increased the money supply to stimulate the economy.Now land prices have jumped20times in some places,100times in others. Inflation is broad-based.Go into a k is more expensive in Chinathan it is in the U.S.”In Shanghai,where the average monthly wage is about$350,a gallon of milk now costs about$5.50.Wages have also risen sharply this year in coastal provinces amid reports of labor shortages and worker demands for higher pay.Many analysts expect more wage increases next year.That may be good for workers,analysts say,but it will also change the dynamics of the Chinese economy and its export sector while contributing to higher inflation. Beijing is now under pressure to mop up excess liquidity after state banks went on a lending binge during the stimulus program that got under way in early2009.Analysts say a large portion of that lending was diverted to speculate in the property market. In addition to restricting lending at the big state banks,Beijing recently moved to close hundreds of underground banks and attempted to restrain local governments from borrowing to build huge infrastructure projects,some of which may be wasteful, according to analysts.Some economists say the real solution is for Beijing to privatize more industries and let the market play a bigger role.After the financial crisis hit,the state assumed more control over the economy.Now,state banks and big state-owned companies are reluctant to surrender control over industries where they have monopoly power,analysts say.“Inflation is not the most serious problem,”says Xu Xiaonian,a professor of economics at the China Europe International Business School in Shanghai.“The most fundamental problem we have to resolve is structural.We need more opening up and reform policies.Look at the state monopolies in education,health care,telecom and entertainment.We need to break those up.We need to create more jobs and make the economy more innovative.”Zhiwu Chen,a professor of finance at Yale,agrees.“The state economy and the local governments will be where the future problemsoccur,”Professor Chen said in an e-mail response to questions on Sunday.“They will be the sources of real troubles for the banks and the financial system.”Though no economist is forecasting the end to China’s decades-long bull run,many have turned more cautious.And Fitch Ratings recently released a study it conducted with the forecasting consultancy Oxford Economics that examined the effect a slowdown in China would have on the rest of the world.Fitch expects China’s economy to grow at an annual rate of8.6percent next year, down from about9.7percent this year.But the report,which was released a few weeks ago,said that if growth slowed to5percent,the economies of many other Asian nations would suffer seriously.Steel,energy and manufacturing industries around the world would also be hard hit,it said.Fitch analysts are careful not to forecast a sharp slowdown in China.But if one comes,they say,it is“most likely to stem from a combination of property crash and banking crisis.”（才思教育注：本文摘自The New York Times《纽约时报》）【才思教育·参考答案解析】差不多两年以来，动力十足的中国经济凭借一项庞大的政府刺激计划和国有银行激进的放贷举措，延续着高速增长的态势。
UNIT31. He is very ____ and well-qualified, so he should reach the top of hisprofession.A. ambitiousB. urgentC. proudD. jealous2. China has been following the foreign policy to develop relations withother countries on the ____ of the five principles of peacefulco-existence.A. groundB. foundationC. basisD. bases3. The town planning commission said that their financial outlook for thenext year was optimistic. T hey expect increased tax ____.A. fundsB. incomeC. paymentD. revenues4. The toy maker produces a ____ copy of the space station, exact in everydetail.A. minimalB. minimumC. miniatureD. minor5. Do you have any ____ about what living beings on other planets wouldbe like?A. idealB. comprehensionC. notionD. intelligence6. The clothes a person wears may express his ____ or social position.A. curiosityB. statusC. determinationD. significance7. The Prime Minister frequently wandered from his text to ____ on a point that had obviously caught his audience’s interest.A. elaborateB. interruptC. stressD. explain8. The foreigner tried to make himself understood ____ body language.A. in terms ofB. with regard toC. in relation toD. by means of9. Today, housework has been made much easier by electrical ____.A. facilitiesB. apparatusC. equipmentD. appliances10. The kitchen was small and ____ so that the disabled could reach everything without difficulty.A. conventionalB. compactC. compatibleD. concise11. The pressure to ____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it alsoputs them under a constant emotional strain.A. competeB. conductC. complimentD. compact12. The costume party, ____ by many famous companies of the city, provedto be a successful activity organized by the Student Union.A. generatedB. sponsoredC. proclaimedD. originated13. This book is expected to ____ the best-seller lists.A. promoteB. prevailC. dominateD. exemplify14. The old man ____ from town to town with nowhere to go and nothing todo.A. flowsB. floatsC. fluctuatesD. flees15. As an industry, biotechnology stands to ____ electronics in dollarvolume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020.A. competeB. contestC. rivalD. strive16. The patient has been ____ of the safety of the operation.A. assuredB. guaranteedC. entrustedD. confirmed17. Many of the earliest ____ into the United States established largeplantations.A. emigrantsB. emmigrantsC. immigrantsD. migrants18. In that poor country, survival is still the leading industry; all else is____.A. luxuryB. accommodationC. entertainmentD. refreshment19. His stories ____ new worlds of the imagination.A. worked upB. stirred upC. opened upD. signed up20. Their views lie outside the ____ of current medical opinion.A. mainstayB. trackC. coreD. mainstream21. If the physical, psychological and environmental demands on workers____ their capabilities, hazards arise.A. precedeB. succeedC. proceedD. exceed22. Every member of society has to make a ____ to struggle for the freedomof the country.A. pledgeB. warrantyC. resolveD. guarantee23. Being granted a yearly bonus can be ____ to getting a raise in pay.A. comparativeB. contrastiveC. comparableD. constructive24. A scientist must be ____ in making experiments.A. rightB. preciseC. appropriateD. approximate25. The sofa can be ____ into a bed when you need to accommodate guests.A. transferredB. transmittedC. transformedD. converted26. Moore____ $100,000 to the orchestra at the fund-raising dinner.A. beatB. institutedC. pledgedD. evaporated27. The painter’s_____ for painting the whole house was $1,000.A. evaluationB. estimateC. assessmentD. judgment28. Florida was a key state in his ______ for re-election.A. advertisementB. campaignC. mass mediaD. intonation29. I spent the day on the beach, lying under a beach _____, reading.A. proctorB. notionC. umbrellaD. scene30. That staff member’s performance is so good that I have decided to givehim some _____ suits as prizes, which would come in handy for a salesman.A. brand nameB. HalloweenC. humidityD. invisibility31. Nowadays, some Chinese people hesitate in consuming the goods______in China; for example, a lot of mothers buy only imported formula for their babies.A. immigratedB. manufacturedC. detectedD. discovered32. When it comes to buying gifts for Western friends, I recommend puresilks embroidered with _______patterns.A. elaborateB. explicitC. eccentricD. undesired33. C hina has experienced a ______ growth in the cellular phone users in thepast decade.A. friendlyB. manufacturingC. phenomenalD. institutional34. By the time he started dating, his mother had saved a ____ amount of money.A. modestB. shabbyC. dozenD. billion35. Electric cars are being ___ as safe for the environment, i.e.,environment-friendly.A. patternedB. marketedC. floatedD. earned36. An entrepreneur would know that many products that had great salespotential still failed owing to poor ____.A. marketingB. expendingC. succeedingD. inspiring37. We should feel guilty about buying pirated products because piratedstuff _____ companies that produce the real thing.A. manufacturesB. promotesC. undercutsD. underlies38. To this day, Tide remains a Proctor & Gamble ______ product; this isalso true in China.A. realB. backboneC. fakeD. pirate39. The British Queen is the _______ of German president.A. counterpartB. opponentC. rivalD. equivalent40. The students were advised that prospective employers would ______ onill-grooming and casual clothing.A. modelB. frownC. phenomenonD. imagine41. She seemed the perfect match for P rince Charles — young and pretty with a_____ reputation.A. instrumentalB. marketingC. spotlessD. valueless42.The Democratic found themselves ____ by the Republic on the issue of lawand order.A. outflankedB. reactivatedC. marketedD. installed43. The big supermarkets all have their loyalty schemes, hoping theircustomers can remain _____ when they shop.A. stagnantB. indifferentC. ambitiousD. loyal44. The company has recently built a cruise ship______ extensive spa facilities.A. expendingB. featuringC. dominatingD. recruiting45. Personally, I believe Chunlei Project is an education ______that willbenefit future generations, since mothers’ roles are crucial to children’s education.A. initiativeB. expenseC. budgetD. campaign46. When he found the host team beaten, the football fan threw the beerbottle at his TV set, ______ it into pieces.A. shockingB. convertingC. smashingD. lumbering47. As a man of_____talent, Steve Jobs is admired by young people allover the world.A. exclusiveB. extravagantC. upstandingD. exceptional48. Despite the efforts to “cool down” the real estate market, themunicipal governments still get some ______figures for the same period of time last year.A. comparableB. mysteriousC. slimD. expensive49. Unfortunately, the company that had been _____to build the models wentbankrupt last month due to cash flow problem.A. concentratedB. contractedC. saturatedD. condensed50. T he program is ______ at improving the health of women of all ages.A. targetedB. gazedC. anticipatedD. deforested。
