Grid-Based Data Management in Distributed Simulation

Learn more from Oracle University at Oracle Database 12c : RAC and Grid Infra Deployment WorkshopStudent GuideD87007GC10Edition 1.0 | December 2016 | D89032Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Disclaimer This document contains proprietary information and is protected by copyright and other intellectual property laws. You may copy and print this document solely for your own use in an Oracle training course. The document may not be modified or altered in any way. Except where your use constitutes "fair use" under copyright law, you may not use, share, download, upload, copy, print, display, perform, reproduce, publish, license, post, transmit, or distribute this document in whole or in part without the express authorization of Oracle. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. 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Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.AuthorsPeter FusekJim WomackTechnical Contributors and ReviewersAllan GravesAndrey GusevAnil NairBranislav ValnyDominique JeunotDonna KeeslingDouglas WilliamsHarald van BreederodeHarendra MishraHarish NandyalaJanet SternJean-Francois VerrierJerry LeeJim WilliamsJoel GoodmanJohn McHughJonathan CreightonLarry CarpenterMark ScardinaMarkus MichalewiczPrasad BagalRaj KammendRick WessmanSean KimSoma PrasadSubhransu BasuSrinagesh BattulaEditorsAju KumarAnwesha RayMalavika JinkaGraphic DesignerRajiv ChandrabhanuPublishersVeena NarasimhanJayanthy KeshavamurthySyed AliContents1 Rolling Database Upgrade Using Transient Logical StandbyObjectives 1-2Rolling Upgrade: Introduction 1-3Rolling Upgrade and Oracle RAC 1-4Rolling Database Upgrade with Logical Standby Database 1-5Rolling Database Upgrade with Transient Logical Standby Database 1-6physru.sh Script 1-7Rolling Database Upgrade with Transient Logical Standby Database: Benefits and Challenges 1-8Other Upgrade Options 1-10Quiz 1-13Summary 1-15Practice 1 Overview: Database Rolling Upgrade Using Transient LogicalStandby 1-162 ASM Filter DriverObjectives 2-2ASM Filter Driver: Introduction 2-3Configuring ASM Filter Driver 2-5Labeling Disks for ASM Filter Driver 2-6Migrating from ASMLib to ASMFD 2-7Unlabeling Disks and Deconfiguring ASMFD 2-8Quiz 2-9Summary 2-10Practice 2 Overview: Configuring and Using ASM Filter Driver 2-113 Flex ASMObjectives 3-2Flex ASM: Overview 3-3Flex ASM Instance Changes 3-4ASM Network 3-5ASM Listeners 3-6ADVM Proxy 3-7Configuring Flex ASM on a Standard Cluster 3-8Configuring Flex ASM on a Flex Cluster 3-9Managing Flex ASM Instances 3-10Stopping, Starting, and Relocating Flex ASM Instances 3-11Setting the Number of Flex ASM Instances 3-12Monitoring Flex ASM Connections 3-13Relocating an ASM Client 3-14Flex ASM Deployment: Example 3-15Flex ASM and Flex Clusters 3-17Quiz 3-18Summary 3-21Practice 3 Overview: Converting to Flex ASM and using Flex ASM 3-224 Policy-Based Cluster Management, Policy-Managed Database, and OracleMultitenant ArchitectureObjectives 4-2Policy-Based Cluster Management Enhancements: Overview 4-3Server Categorization 4-4Administering Server Categorization: Server Attributes 4-5Administering Server Categorization: Server Categories 4-6Administering Server Categorization: Server Pools 4-8Policy Set: Overview 4-9Policy-Based Cluster Management: Configuration Methods 4-11Viewing the Policy Set 4-12Configuring a User-Defined Policy Set: Method 1 4-13Configuring a User-Defined Policy Set: Method 2 4-14Modifying a User-Defined Policy Set 4-15Activating a User-Defined Policy 4-16Policy-Managed Databases Versus Administrator-Managed Databases 4-17 Policy-Managed Database: Example 4-18Policy-Managed Databases and Policy-Based Cluster Management 4-19Converting to a Policy-Managed Database 4-20Creating a New Policy-Managed Database 4-21Policy-Managed Databases and Policy-Based Cluster Management withOracle Multitenant 4-22Quiz 4-23Summary 4-27Practice 4 Overview: Using Policy-Based Cluster Management withOracle RAC 4-285 Flex ClustersObjectives 5-2Flex Clusters: Overview 5-3Flex Cluster Architecture 5-4Flex Cluster Scalability 5-5Leaf Node Characteristics 5-6Grid Naming Service and Flex Clusters 5-7Cluster Mode: Overview 5-8Configuring the Cluster Mode 5-9Configuring the Node Role 5-10Configuring the Hub Size 5-11Configuring Miss Count for Leaf Nodes 5-12Configuring a Flex Cluster with OUI: Selecting the Cluster Type 5-13Configuring a Flex Cluster with OUI: Configuring GNS 5-14Configuring a Flex Cluster with OUI: Selecting the Node Type 5-15Flex Clusters and Node Failure 5-16Quiz 5-17Summary 5-19Practice 5 Overview: Configuring and Using a Flex Cluster 5-206 Oracle Database In-MemoryObjectives 6-2Introducing Oracle Database In-Memory 6-3In-Memory Column Store 6-4Row Store Versus Columnar Format 6-5In-Memory Compression Unit 6-6IMCS Architecture: Overview 6-7Enabling Oracle Database In-Memory 6-8Configuring IMCS Candidate Objects 6-10IMCS Supported and Unsupported Data 6-11Configuring IMCS Candidate Objects: Column Subsets 6-12Defining the Population Priority 6-13Defining the Compression Level 6-14Controlling Data Distribution 6-15Controlling Data Duplication 6-16Setting INMEMORY Clause Defaults: INMEMORY_CLAUSE_DEFAULT 6-17 Setting INMEMORY Clause Defaults: Tablespace Defaults 6-18Examining Candidate Objects 6-19Examining the IMCS: Segment Information 6-20Examining the IMCS: Column Information 6-21Column Projection and IMCU Pruning 6-22IMCU Pruning Statistics 6-23In-Memory Query Statistics 6-24Simple Query Execution Plans 6-25In-Memory Joins 6-26Joining In-Memory and Non-In-Memory Tables 6-28DML Processing with Oracle Database In-Memory 6-29Oracle Database In-Memory and Oracle RAC 6-30Quiz 6-31Summary 6-33Practice 6 Overview: Using Oracle Database In-Memory in conjunction with Oracle RAC 6-347 Application ContinuityObjectives 7-2The Situation Prior to Application Continuity 7-3Introducing Transaction Guard and Application Continuity 7-4Key Concepts of Application Continuity 7-5Workflow of a Database Request 7-7What Is Transaction Guard? 7-8How Transaction Guard Works 7-9Using Transaction Guard 7-10Benefits of Transaction Guard 7-11What Is Application Continuity? 7-12How Does Application Continuity Work? 7-13Using Application Continuity 7-14Application Continuity Processing Phases 7-15Restrictions 7-17Potential Side Effects 7-18Actions That Disable Application Continuity 7-19When Is Application Continuity Transparent? 7-20Benefits of Application Continuity 7-21Application Assessment for Using Application Continuity 7-22Handling Request Boundaries 7-24Handling Request Boundaries: Example 7-25Disabling Replay by Using the disableReplay API 7-26Connection Initialization Options 7-27Mutable Objects and Application Continuity 7-29Keeping Mutable Objects for Replay 7-30Configuring the JDBC Replay Data Source 7-31Configuring Database Services for Application Continuity 7-32Resource Requirements for Application Continuity 7-33Application Continuity and Oracle RAC 7-34Quiz 7-35Summary 7-38Practice 7 Overview: Using Application Continuity 7-398 Oracle Global Data ServicesObjectives 8-2Global Data Consolidation 8-3Oracle Global Data Services 8-4The Global Data Services Framework 8-5Logical Global Data Services Components 8-6Logical Global Data Services Components: The Global Data ServicesConfiguration 8-7Logical Global Data Services Components: Global Data Services Pool 8-8Logical Global Data Services Components: Global Services 8-9Logical Global Data Services Components: Global Data Services Region 8-10 Physical Global Data Services Components: Global Service Manager 8-11Physical Global Data Services Components: Global Data Services Catalog 8-13 Physical Global Data Services Components: Databases 8-14Physical Global Data Services Components: Oracle Notification Servers 8-15 Physical Global Data Services Components: The gdsctl Utility 8-16Global Service: Overview 8-17Global Service Attributes 8-20Global Services in a RAC Database 8-21Global Services in an Data Guard Broker Configuration 8-22Database Placement of a Global Service 8-24Global Singleton Services 8-26Replication Lag and Global Services 8-27Global Connection Load Balancing 8-28Role-Based Services 8-29Quiz 8-31Summary 8-329 Oracle Database Exadata Cloud Service OverviewObjectives 9-2Introducing Exadata Cloud Service 9-3Service Configuration Options 9-5Service Connection Options 9-7Service Architecture 9-9Service Availability 9-10Management Responsibilities 9-11Storage Configuration 9-13Storage Management Details 9-15 Simple Web-Based Provisioning 9-16 Simple Web-Based Management 9-17 REST APIs 9-18Migrating to Exadata Cloud Service 9-19 Summary 9-20。

DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS FROM AIRBORNE LASER SCANNER DATA- A GRID BASED APPROACHR.Wack *, A.WimmerJoanneum Research, Institut of Digital Image Processing, Wastiangasse 6, 8010 Graz, AustriaKEY WORDS: airborne laser scanning, DTM generation, lidar, gridbased DTM calculationABSTRACT:Since Airborne laser scanning sensors are operational and the data capture, including the calculation of the exterior orientation by using GPS and INS, has reached a high level of automation, the focus has turned on the development of algorithms to extract information from the 3D point cloud. The main tasks are the derivation of terrain information, forest parameters or the extraction of buildings. Since terrain information also affects the calculation of forest parameters and gives an input to building extraction, many different approaches were developed in the past years to derive highly accurate digital terrain models. Most of these approaches, like mathematical morphology, weight iteration or triangulation, work with the 3D data points itself. This paper presents an approach that is based on the rasterization of data points which allows the usage of fast digital image processing methods for the calculation of DTM’s. The algorithm consists of a hierarchical approach in combination with a weighing function for the detection of raster elements that contain no ground data. The weighing function considers the terrain shape as well as the distribution of the data points within a raster element.1. Introduction2. 3. 4. * Corresponding author: E-m ail: roland.wack@joanneum.atIn the past years airborne laser scanning has become a reliable technique for a data capture of the earth surface. It supplements the assortment of sensors to obtain topographical information. Using a laser scanner for data acquisition will yield to a 3D point cloud that consists of quasi randomly distributed points. These points define the spot were the emitted laser pulses got remitted and stopped the runtime measurement of the signal. The exterior orientation can be accomplished by GPS and INS (Lohr, 1999). Besides erroneous points the 3D point cloud defines a digital surface model (DSM) which requires a task driven filtering to extract information. The main tasks are the derivation of digital terrain models (DTM), forest parameters (Schardt et al, 2000) and the extraction and reconstruction of buildings (Axelson, 1999; Maas and Vosselman, 1999). Since terrain information also affects the calculation of forest parameters and gives an input to building extraction, many different approaches were developed in the past years to derive highly accurate digital terrain models.DTM generationFor the generation of DTM’s a separation between ground points and non ground points is required. Most of the developed algorithms work on the raw data points itself. Examples are the usage of mathematical morphology (Vosselmann, 2000), adaptive tin models (Axelson, 2000) or a weight iteration (Pfeifer und Briese, 2001). The method developed at Joanneum Research(Wimmer et al, 2000; Ziegler et al, 2001) presents an approach that is based on the gridding of data points which allows the usage of fast digital image processing methods for the calculation of DTM’s from airborne laser scanner data.DTM generation – a grid based approachTo enable a processing with regularly distributed data requires a gridding of the randomly distributed raw data points. Each raster element contains numerous raw data points depending on its size. Since each raster element can only be represented by one height value, it takes some considerations to define this height correctly.From vector data to raster dataIf the centre of each raster element refers to the terrainheight at this point, the height value of the lowest raw data point within the raster element is not a good representation. In steep terrain this point would be located somewhere at the edge of the raster element and cause a significant height deviation from the terrain at the centre. To find a representative value of the terrain height the gradient information is used to define the perpendicular of the terrain. According to this axes the lowest data point will be taken and a height adaptation, based on the gradient information, applied. The adaptation is necessaryto obtain a correct height that refers to the centre of the raster element.5. 6. Examples6.1 The algorithmThe algorithm combines a hierarchical approach with the usage of a weighing function for the detection of non terrain raster elements (figure 1).In a first step raster elements with a resolution of 9 meter are used which enables the algorithm to interpolate a DTM in regions with large buildings or dense vegetation. To find a representative height value for each raster element, the gradient information of a filtered 9m DTM gets calculated. This rough 9 meter DTM simply uses the lowest data point height from 99 % of all data points within a raster element, by this way the algorithm can overcome the influence of erroneous data. The gradient information for each raster element can now be used to find the real quasi lowest data point according to the perpendicular of the terrain. To exclude regions that strongly deviate from the terrain model of the first approach a maximum allowed height deviation is defined. If such raster elements are detected, they will be replaced by the height values of the DTM-first approach. This helps to accelerate the further calculations.In a second step all non terrain elements need to be detected and removed. Here a laplacian of gauss (log) operation helps to detect such elements. The resulting DTM with a 9 meter resolution serves now as a base for the calculations with a resolution of 3 meters.The gradient information of the resampled 9m DTM enables the algorithm now to calculate a representative height value for the 3m raster elements. Due to thresholding the raster elements with height values from heigh buildings or trees are cut out and replaced by the values from the resampled 9m DTM.Figure 1. Algorithm for the generation of DTM’s from airborne laser scanner dataThe remaining raster elements that contain no terrain points are again detected by laplacian of gauss. At a resolution of 3m and beneath this operation lets edges of the terrain occur as elements that don’t contain terrain points. Therefore a weight function that considers thestandard deviation of the data points within each element and the terrain shape needs to be applied on the output data of the log operation.After a removal of the remaining non terrain elements the resampled 3m DTM serves now as a base for the calculation of the DTM with 1m resolution. All the operations mentioned before are used again to derive the final DTM. Higher resolutions like 0.33m and 0.11m are also possible if required but a resolution of 1m is most common.At two sites a geodetic network was first created by the use of GPS and a total station. Tachymeter measurements with the total station defined several dense point clouds which served as reference to verify the results of the DTM’s from laser scanner data. In both sites no manual corrections to the DTM have been applied.Test site HohentauernThis site is located in the north part of the austrian Province Styria. At this alpine test site 3500 points have been measured. For the calculation of this DTM only first pulse data was available (figure 2.).The average penetration rate of the laser pulses in forest areas only reached a level of 25 %. This fact has an impact on the results of the verification (table 1). All plots are located at dense forest areas where only few information on the terrain is available.test site HT-21HT-22HT-3HAT-4mean[m]-0,051-0,0600,0200,110stdev[m]0,4600,1950,2940,324Table 1. Verification results at test site Hohentauern6.2 Test site Monte do PradoThis Portuguese site has an area of 60 km² and is covered with dense eucalyptus plantations. The scanning mission was flown by TOPOSYS at a height of 800m which yielded to a 3D point cloud of 5 Gigabyte last pulse data. The derivation of the DTM (figure 3) with 1m resolution, calculated by the algorithm described above, took about 6 hours.test site600 pointsmean[m]0,11stdev[m]0,20Table 2. Verification results at test site Monte do PradoA tiling of the area as a preprocessing step was not required. The verification of the results (table 2) show better results then the test site Hohentauern which can be explained by the missing last pulse data at the test site Hohentauern and its steep terrain.Figure 3. Part of the DTM of test site Monte do Prado A visual interpretation of the DTM showed some remaining vegetation at creeks in narrow valleys and also some remaining small low buildings. In both cases the weighing function scaled down the output data of laplacian of gauss which resulted in a classification of the elements as terrain. This was caused firstly, by a low standard deviation of the data points within each raster element at the dense vegetation and secondly by the location of the non terrain elements. Since the terrain shape is defined by the second derivative of the DTM it causes the weighing function to be more permissive in areas with a higher curvature.7. .ConclusionIn this paper we presented a grid based approach for the generation of DTM’s from airborne laser scanner data. The regular distributed data allows the usage of fast digital image processing techniques and yields to a reduced amount of data that needs to be handled. Consequently a tailing for the processing of large terrain models is not require. The laplacian of gauss operator in combination with the weight function enables the algorithm to detect and remove raster elements that do not contain any ground points, all other raster elements stay unchanged. To verify the quality of the final DTM’s,several thousand terrain points from dense tachymeter measurements have been used. The results show that a high accuracy of the DTM’s can be achieved.The removal of some affects at terrain edges, where the correct detection of raster elements that contain no terrain data sometimes failed, will be a task for further investigations.8. ReferencesAxelson P., 1999. Processing of laser scanner data – algorithms and applications. ISPRS,Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 54, pp. 138-147.Axelson P., 2000. DEM Generation from Laser Scanner Data Using Adaptive TIN Models. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Amsterdam,Netherlands 32,B4/1, pp. 110 – 117Briese C, Pfeifer N., 2001. Airborne Laser Scanning and Derivation of Digital Terrain Models. Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Optical 3-D Measurement Techniques Vienna, pp. 80 - 87Lohr U., Wehr A., 1999. Airborne laser scanning – an introduction and overview ISPRS,Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 54, pp. 68-82.Maas H.-G.,Vosselman G., 1999. Two algorithms for extracting building models from laser altimetry data. ISPRS, Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 54, pp. 153-163.Nilsson M., 1996. Estimation of tree height and stand volume using an airborne lidar system. Remote Sensing of Environment, 56, pp. 1-7.Schardt M., Konrad H., Hyyppä J., Ruppert G., Hyyppä H., Ziegler M., Wimmer A., Hofrichter J., 2000. Assessment of forest attributes and single-tree segmentation by means of laser scanning Proceedings of SPIE, AEROSENSE, Orlando/Florida Vosselman G., 2000. Slope based filtering of laser altimetry data.. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Amsterdam,Netherlands 32,B3/2, pp. 935 - 942 Wimmer A, Ruppert G, Beichel R., Ziegler M., 2000. An adaptive multi-resolutional algorithm for high precision forest floor DTM generation Proceedings of SPIE, Laser Radar Technology and Applications V, Orlando, Florida, pp. 97 – 105 Ziegler M., Wimmer A., Wack R., 2001. DTM generation by means of airborne laser scanner data – an advanced method for forested areas. Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Optical 3-D Measurement Techniques Vienna, pp. 97 - 102.。

Optimization Techniques for Implementing Parallel Skeletonsin Distributed EnvironmentsM.Aldinucci,M.Danelutto {aldinuc,marcod }@di.unipi.it UNIPI Dept.of Computer Science –University of Pisa Largo B.Pontecorvo 3,Pisa,Italy J.D¨u nnweber,S.Gorlatch {duennweb,gorlatch }@math.uni-muenster.de WWU MuensterDept.of Computer Science –University of M¨u nsterEinsteinstr.62,M¨u nster,Germany CoreGRID Technical Report Number TR-0001January 21,2005Institute on Programming ModelCoreGRID -Network of ExcellenceURL:Legacy Code Support for Production GridsT.Kiss*,G.Terstyanszky*,G.Kecskemeti*,Sz.Illes*,T.Delaittre*,S.Winter*,P .Kacsuk**,G.Sipos***Centre of Parallel Computing,University of Westminster,115New Cavendish Street,London W1W 6UW United Kingdom e-mail:gemlca-discuss@ **MTA SZTAKI1111Kende u.13Budapest,Hungary CoreGRID Technical Report Number TR-00116th June 2005Institute on Problem Solving Environment,Tools and GRID Systems CoreGRID -Network of ExcellenceURL: CoreGRID is a Network of Excellence funded by the European Commission under the Sixth Framework ProgrammeProject no.FP6-004265Legacy Code Support for Production GridsT.Kiss*,G.Terstyanszky*,G.Kecskemeti*,Sz.Illes*,T.Delaittre*,S.Winter*,P.Kacsuk**,G.Sipos***Centre of Parallel Computing,University of Westminster,115New Cavendish Street,London W1W6UW United Kingdome-mail:gemlca-discuss@**MTA SZTAKI1111Kende u.13Budapest,HungaryCoreGRID TR-00116th June2005AbstractIn order to improve reliability and to deal with the high complexity of existing middleware solutions,todays production Grid systems restrict the services to be deployed on their resources.On the other hand end-users requirea wide range of value added services to fully utilize these resources.This paper describes a solution how legacy codesupport is offered as third party service for production Grids.The introduced solution,based on the Grid ExecutionManagement for Legacy Code Architecture(GEMLCA),do not require the deployment of additional applications onthe Grid resources,or any extra effort from Grid system administrators.The implemented solution was successfullyconnected to and demonstrated on the UK National Grid Service.1IntroductionThe vision of Grid computing is to enable anyone to offer resources to be utilised by others via the network.This orig-inal aim,however,has not been fulfilled so far.Todays production Grid systems,like the EGEE Grid,the NorduGrid or the UK National Grid Service(NGS)apply very strict rules towards service providers,hence restricting the number of sites and resources in the Grid.The reason for this is the very high complexity to install and maintain existing Grid middleware solutions.In a production Grid environment strong guarantees are needed that system administrators keep the resources up and running.In order to offer reliable service only a limited range of software is allowed to be deployed on the resources.On the other hand these Grid systems aim to serve a large and diverse user community with different needs and goals.These users require a wide range of tools in order to make it easier to create and run Grid-enabled applications. As system administrators are reluctant to install any software on the production Grid that could compromise reliability, the only way to make these utilities available for users is to offer them as third-party services.These services are running on external resources,maintained by external organisations,and they are not integral part of the production Grid system.However,users can freely select and utilise these additional services based on their requirements and experience with the service.This previously described scenario was utilised to connect GEMLCA(Grid Execution Management for Legacy Code Architecture)[11]to the UK National Grid Service.GEMLCA enables legacy code programs written in any source language(Fortran,C,Java,etc.)to be easily deployed as a Grid Service without significant user effort.A This research work is carried out under the FP6Network of Excellence CoreGRID funded by the European Commission(Contract IST-2002-004265).user-level understanding,describing the necessary input and output parameters and environmental values such as the number of processors or the job manager used,is all that is required to port the legacy application binary onto the Grid.GEMLCA does not require any modification of,or even access to,the original source code.The architecture is also integrated with the P-GRADE portal and workflow[13]solutions to offer a user friendly interface,and create complex applications including legacy and non-legacy components.In order to connect GEMLCA to the NGS two main tasks have been completed:•First,a portal server has been set up at University of Westminster running the P-GRADE Grid portal and offering access to the NGS resources for authenticated and authorised users.With the help of their Grid certificates and NGS accounts portal users can utilise NGS resources in a much more convenient and user-friendly way than previously.•Second,the GEMLCA architecture has been redesigned in order to support the third-party service provider scenario.There is no need to install GEMLCA on any NGS resource.The architecture is deployed centrally on the portal server but still offers the same legacy code functionally as the original solution:users can easily deploy legacy applications as Grid services,can access these services from the portal interface,and can create, execute and visualise complex Grid workflows.This paper describes two different scenarios how GEMLCA is redesigned in order to support a production Grid system.Thefirst scenario supports the traditional job submission like task execution,and the second offers the legacy codes as pre-deployed services on the appropriate resources.In both cases GEMLCA runs on an external server, and neither compromise the reliability of the production Grid system,nor requires extra effort from the Grid system administrators.The service is transparent from the Grid operators point of view but offers essential functionality for the end-users.2The UK National Grid ServiceThe National Grid Service(NGS)is the UK production Grid operated by the Grid Operation Support Centre(GOSC). It offers a stable highly-available production quality Grid service to the UK research community providing compute and storage resources for users.The core NGS infrastructure consists of four cluster nodes at Cambridge,CCLRC-RAL,Leeds and Manchester,and two national High Performance Computing(HPC)services:HPCx and CSAR.NGS provides compute resources for compute Grid through compute clusters at Leeds and Oxford,and storage resources for data Grid through data clusters at CCLRC-RAL and Manchester.This core NGS infrastructure has recently been extended with two further Grid nodes at Bristol and Cardiff,and will be further extended by incorporating UK e-Science Centres through separate Service Level Agreements(SLA).NGS is based on GT2middleware.Its security is built on Globus Grid Security Infrastructure(GSI)[14],which supports authentication,authorization and single sign-on.NGS uses GridFTP to transfer input and outputfiles to and from nodes,and Storage Resource Broker(RSB)[6]with OGSA-DAI[3]to provide access to data on NGS nodes. It uses the Globus Monitoring and Discovery Service(MDS)[7]to handle information of NGS nodes.Ganglia[12], Grid Integration Test Script(GITS)[4]and Nagios[2]are used to monitor both the NGS and its nodes.Nagios checks nodes and services while GITS monitors communication among NGS nodes.Ganglia collects and processes information provided by Nagios and GITS in order to generate NGS-level view.NGS uses a centralised user registration ers have to obtain certificates and open accounts to be able to use any NGS service.The certificates are issued by the UK Core Programme Certification Authority(e-Science certificate)or by other CAs.NGS accounts are allocated from a central pool of generic user accounts to enable users to register with all NGS nodes at the same er management is based on Virtual Organisation Membership Service (VOMS)[1].VOMS supports central management of user registration and authorisation taking into consideration local policies on resource access and usage.3Grid Execution Management for Legacy Code ArchitectureThe Grid computing environment requires special Grid enabled applications capable of utilising the underlying Grid middleware and infrastructure.Most Grid projects so far have either developed new applications from scratch,orsignificantly re-engineered existing ones in order to be run on their platforms.However,as the Grid becomes com-monplace in both scientific and industrial settings,the demand for porting a vast legacy of applications onto the new platform will panies and institutions can ill afford to throw such applications away for the sake of a new technology,and there is a clear business imperative for them to be migrated onto the Grid with the least possible effort and cost.The Grid Execution Management for Legacy Code Architecture(GEMLCA)enables legacy code programs written in any source language(Fortran,C,Java,etc.)to be easily deployed as a Grid Service without significant user effort.In this chapter the original GEMLCA architecture is outlined.This architecture has been modified,as described in chapters4and5,in order to create a centralised version for production Grids.GEMLCA represents a general architecture for deploying legacy applications as Grid services without re-engineering the code or even requiring access to the sourcefiles.The high-level GEMLCA conceptual architecture is represented on Figure1.As shown in thefigure,there are four basic components in the architecture:1.The Compute Server is a single or multiple processor computing system on which several legacy codes arealready implemented and available.The goal of GEMLCA is to turn these legacy codes into Grid services that can be accessed by Grid users.2.The Grid Host Environment implements a service-oriented OGSA-based Grid layer,such as GT3or GT4.Thislayer is a pre-requisite for connecting the Compute Server into an OGSA-built Grid.3.The GEMLCA Resource layer provides a set of Grid services which expose legacy codes as Grid services.4.The fourth component is the GEMLCA Client that can be installed on any client machine through which a userwould like to access the GEMLCA resources.Figure1:GEMLCA Conceptual ArchitectureThe novelty of the GEMLCA concept compared to other similar solutions like[10]or[5]is that it requires minimal effort from both Compute Server administrators and end-users of the Grid.The Compute Server administrator should install the GEMLCA Resource layer on top of an available OGSA layer(GT3/GT4).It is also their task to deploy existing legacy applications on the Compute Servers as Grid services,and to make them accessible for the whole Grid community.End-users do not have to do any installation or deployment work if a GEMLCA portal is available for the Grid and they only need those legacy code services that were previously deployed by the Compute Server administrators.In such a case end-users can immediately use all these legacy code services-provided they have access to the GEMLCA Grid resources.If they would like to deploy legacy code services on GEMLCA Grid resources they can do so,but these services cannot be accessed by other Grid users.As a last resort,if no GEMLCA portal is available for the Grid,a user must install the GEMLCA Client on their client machine.However,since it requires some IT skills to do this,it is recommended that a GEMLCA portal is installed on every Grid where GEMLCA Grid resources are deployed.The deployment of a GEMLCA legacy code service assumes that the legacy application runs in its native environ-ment on a Compute Server.It is the task of the GEMLCA Resource layer to present the legacy application as a Grid service to the user,to communicate with the Grid client and to hide the legacy nature of the application.The deploy-ment process of a GEMLCA legacy code service requires only a user-level understanding of the legacy application, i.e.,to know what the parameters of the legacy code are and what kind of environment is needed to run the code(e.g. multiprocessor environment with n processors).The deployment defines the execution environment and the parameter set for the legacy application in an XML-based Legacy Code Interface Description(LCID)file that should be stored in a pre-defined location.Thisfile is used by the GEMLCA Resource layer to handle the legacy application as a Grid service.GEMLCA provides the capability to convert legacy codes into Grid services just by describing the legacy param-eters and environment values in the XML-based LCIDfile.However,an end-user without specialist computing skills still requires a user-friendly Web interface(portal)to access the GEMLCA functionalities:to deploy,execute and retrieve results from legacy applications.Instead of developing a new custom Grid portal,GEMLCA was integrated with the workflow-oriented P-GRADE Grid portal extending its functionalities with new portlets.Following this integration,end-users can easily construct workflow applications built from legacy code services running on different GEMLCA Grid resources.The workflow manager of the portal contacts the selected GEMLCA Resources,passes them the actual parameter values of the legacy code,and then it is the task of the GEMLCA Resource to execute the legacy code with the actual parameter values.The other important task of the GEMLCA Resource is to deliver the results of the legacy code service back to the portal.The overall structure of the GEMLCA Grid with the Grid portal is shown in Figure2.Figure2:GEMLCA with Grid Portal4Connecting GEMLCA to the NGSTwo different scenarios were identified in order to execute legacy code applications on NGS sites.In each scenario both GEMLCA and the P-GRADE portal are installed on the Parsifal cluster of the University of Westminster.As a result,there is no need to deploy any GEMLCA or P-GRADE portal code on the NGS resources.scenario1:legacy codes are stored in a central repository and GEMLCA submits these codes as jobs to NGS sites, scenario2:legacy codes are installed on NGS sites and executed through GEMLCA.The two scenarios are supporting different user needs,and each of them increases the usability of the NGS in different ways for end-users.The GEMLCA research team has implemented thefirst scenario in May2005,and currently working on the implementation of the second scenario.This chapter briefly describes these two different scenarios,and the next chapter explains in detail the design and implementation aspects of thefirst already implemented solution.As the design and implementation of the second scenario is currently work is progress,its detailed description will be the subject of a future publication.4.1Scenario1:Legacy Code Repository for NGSThere are several legacy applications that would be useful for users within the NGS community.These applications were developed by different institutions and currently not available for other members of the community.According to this scenario legacy codes can be uploaded into a central repository and made available for authorised users through a Grid portal.The solution extends the usability of NGS as users can submit not only their own applications but can also utilise other legacy codes stored in the repository.Users can access the central repository,managed by GEMLCA,through the P-GRADE portal and upload their applications into this repository.After uploading legacy applications users with valid certificates and existing NGS accounts can select and execute legacy codes through the P-GRADE portal on different NGS sites.In this scenario the binary codes of legacy applications are transferred from the GEMLCA server to the NGS sites,and executed as jobs.Figure3:Scenario1-Legacy Code Repository for NGS4.2Scenario2:Pre-deployed Legacy Code ServicesThis solution extends the NGS Grid towards the service-oriented Grid ers cannot only submit and execute jobs on the resources but can also access legacy applications deployed on NGS and include these in their workflows. This scenario is the logical extension of the original GEMLCA concept in order to use it with NGS.In this scenario the legacy codes are already deployed on the NGS sites and only parameters(input or output)are submitted.Users contact the central GEMLCA resource through the P-GRADE portal,and can access the legacy codes that are deployed on the NGS sites.In this scenario the NGS system administrators have full control of legacy codes that they deploy on their own resources.Figure4:Scenario2Pre-Deployed Legacy Code on NGS Sites5Legacy Code Repository for the NGS5.1Design objectivesThe currently implemented solution that enables users to deploy,browse and execute legacy code applications on the NGS sites is based on scenario1,as described in the previous chapter.This solution utilises the original GEMLCA architecture with the necessary modifications in order to execute the tasks on the NGS resources.The primary aims of the solution are the following:•The owners of legacy applications can publish their codes in the central repository making it available for other authorised users within the UK e-Science community.The publication is not different from the original method used in GEMLCA,and it is supported by the administration Grid portlet of the P-GRADE portal,as described in[9].After publication the code is available for other non-computer specialist end-users.•Authorised users can browse the repository,select the necessary legacy codes,set their input parameters,and can even create workflows from compatible components.These workflows can then be mapped onto the NGS resources,submitted and the execution visualised.•The deployment of a new legacy application requires some high level understanding of the code(like name and types input and output parameters)and its execution environment(e.g.supported job managers,maximum number of processors).However,once the code is deployed end-users with no Grid specific knowledge can easily execute it,and analyse the results using the portal interface.As GEMLCA is integrated with the P-GRADE Grid portal,NGS users have two different options in order to execute their applications.They can submit their own code directly,without the described publication process,using the original facilities offered by the portal.This solution is suggested if the execution is only on an ad-hoc basis when the publication puts too much overhead on the process.However,if they would like to make their code available for a larger community,and would like make the execution simple enough for any end-user,they can publish the code with GEMLCA in the repository.In order to execute a legacy code on an NGS site,users should have a valid user certificate,for example an e-Science certificate,an NGS account and also an account for the P-GRADE portal running at Westminster.After logging in the portal they download their user certificate from an appropriate myProxy server.The legacy code,submitted to the NGS site,utilise this certificate to authenticate users.Portal Legacy code deployer Legacy code executor Placeand input Portal Legacy code deployer Legacy code executor script”filesOriginal GEMLCAGEMLCA NGS Figure 5:Comparison of the Original and the NGS GEMLCA Concept5.2Implementation of the SolutionTo fulfil these objectives some modifications and extensions of the original GEMLCA architecture were necessary.Figure 5compares the original and the extended GEMLCA architectures.As it is shown in the figure,an additional layer,representing the remote NGS resource where the code is executed,appears.The deployment of a legacy code is not different from the original GEMLCA concept;however,the execution has changed significantly in the NGS version.To transfer the executable and the input parameters to the NGS site,and to instruct the remote GT2GRAM to execute the jobs,required the modification of the GEMLCA architecture,including the development of a special script that interfaces with Condor G.The major challenge when connecting GEMLCA to the NGS was that NGS sites use Globus Toolkit version 2(GT2),however the current GEMLCA implementations are based on service-oriented Grid middleware,namely GT3and GT4.The interfacing between the different middleware platforms is supported by a script,called NGS script,that provides additional functionality required for executing legacy codes on NGS sites.Legacy codes and input files are stored in the central repository but executed on the remote NGS sites.To execute the code on a remote site first the NGS script,executed as a GEMLCA legacy code,instructs the portal to copy the binary and input files from the central repository to the NGS site.Next,the NGS script,using Condor-G,submits the legacy code as a job to the remote site.The other major part of the architecture where modifications were required is the config.xml file and its relatedJava classes.GEMLCA uses an XML-based descriptionfile,called config.xml,in order to describe the environmental parameters of the legacy code.Thisfile had to be extended and modified in order to take into consideration a second-level job manager,namely the job manager used on the remote NGS site.The config.xml should also notify the GEMLCA resource that it has to submit the NGS script instead of a legacy code to GT4MMJFS(Master Managed Job Factory Service)when the user wants to execute the code on an NGS site.The implementation of these changes also required the modification of the GEMLCA core layer.In order to utilise the new GEMLCA NGS solution:1.The owner of the legacy application deploys the code as a GEMLCA legacy code in the central repository.2.The end-user selects and executes the appropriate legacy applications on the NGS sites.As the deployment process is virtually identical to the one used by the original GEMLCA solution here we con-centrate on the second step,the code execution.The following steps are performed by GEMLCA when executing a legacy code on the NGS sites(Fig.6):1.The user selects the appropriate legacy codes from the portal,defines inputfiles and parameters,and submits an“execute a legacy code on an NGS site”request.2.The GEMLCA portal transfers the inputfiles to the NGS site.3.The GEMLCA portal forwards the users request to a GEMLCA Resource.4.The GEMLCA resource creates and submits the NGS script as a GEMLCA job to the MMJFS.5.The MMJFS starts the NGS script.6.Condor-G contacts the remote GT2GRAM,sends the binary of the legacy code and its parameters to the NGSsite,and submits the legacy code as a job to the NGS site job manager.Figure6:Execution of Legacy Codes on an NGS SiteWhen the job has been completed on the NGS site the results are transferred from the NGS site to the user in the same way.6Results-Traffic simulation on the NGSA working prototype of the described solution has been implemented and tested creating and executing a traffic simu-lation workflow on the different NGS resources.The workflow consists of three types of components:1.The Manhattan legacy code is an application to generate inputs for the MadCity simulator:a road networkfileand a turnfile.The MadCity road networkfile is a sequence of numbers,representing a road topology of a road network.The MadCity turnfile describes the junction manoeuvres available in a given road network.Traffic light details are also included in thisfile.2.MadCity[8]is a discrete-time microscopic traffic simulator that simulates traffic on a road network at the levelof individual vehicles behaviour on roads and at junctions.After completing the simulation,a macroscopic trace file,representing the total dynamic behaviour of vehicles throughout the simulation run,is created.3.Finally a traffic density analyser compares the traffic congestion of several runs of the simulator on a givennetwork,with different initial road traffic conditions specified as input parameters.The component presents the results of the analysis graphically.Each of these applications was published in the central repository at Westminster as GEMLCA legacy code.The publication was done using the administration portlet of the GEMLCA P-GRADE portal.During this process the type of input and output parameters,and environmental values,like job managers and maximum number of processors used for parallel execution,were set.Once published the codes are ready to be used by end-users even with very limited computing knowledge.Figure7shows the workflow graph and the execution of the different components on NGS resources:•Job0is a road network generator mapped at Leeds,•jobs1and2are traffic simulators running parallel at Leeds and Oxford,respectively,•finally,job3is a traffic density analyser executed at Leeds.Figure7:Workflow Graph and Visualisation of its Execution on NGS ResourcesWhen creating the workflow the end-user selected the appropriate application from the repository,set input param-eters and mapped the execution to the available NGS resources.During execution the NGS script run,contacted the remote GT2GRAM,and instructed the portal to pass executa-bles and input parameters to the remote site.Whenfinishing the execution the outputfiles were transferred back to Westminster and were made available for the user.7Conclusion and Future WorkThe implemented solution successfully demonstrated that additional services,like legacy code support,run and main-tained by third party service providers can be added to production Grid systems.The major advantage of this solution is that the reliability of the core Grid infrastructure is not compromised,and no additional effort is required from Grid system administrators.On the other hand,utilizing these services the usability of these Grids can be significantly improved.Utilising and re-engineering the GEMLCA legacy code solution two different scenarios were identified to provide legacy code support for the UK NGS.Thefirst,providing a legacy code repository functionality,and allowing the submission of legacy applications as jobs to NGS resources was successfully implemented and demonstrated.The final production version of this architecture and its official release for NGS users is scheduled for June2005.The second scenario,that extends the NGS with pre-deployed legacy code services,is currently in the design phase.Challenges are identified concerning its implementation,especially the creation and management of virtual organizations that could utilize these pre-deployed services.References[1]R.Alfieri,R.Cecchini,V.Ciaschini,L.dellAgnello,A.Frohner,A.Gianoli,K.Lorentey,,and F.Spata.V oms,an authorization system for virtual organizations.af.infn.it/voms/VOMS-Santiago.pdf. [2]S.Andreozzi,S.Fantinel,D.Rebatto,L.Vaccarossa,and G.Tortone.A monitoring tool for a grid operationcenter.In CHEP2003,La Jolla,California,March2003.[3]Mario Antonioletti,Malcolm Atkinson,Rob Baxter,Andrew Borley,Neil P Chue,Hong,Brian Collins,NeilHardman,Ally Hume,Alan Knox,Mike Jackson,Amy Krause,Simon Laws,James Magowan,Norman W Paton,Dave Pearson,Tom Sugden,Paul Watson,and Martin Westhead.The design and implementation of grid database services in ogsa-dai.Concurrency and Computation:Practice and Experience,17:357–376,2005. [4]David Baker,Mark Baker,Hong Ong,and Helen Xiang.Integration and operational monitoring tools for theemerging uk e-science grid infrastructure.In Proceedings of the UK e-Science All Hands Meeting(AHM2004), East Midlands Conference Centre,Nottingham,2004.[5]B.Balis,M.Bubak,and M.Wegiel.A solution for adapting legacy code as web services.In V.Getov andT.Kiellmann,editors,Component Models and Systems for Grid Applications,pages57–75.Springer,2005.ISBN0-387-23351-2.[6]C.Baru,Moore R,A.Rajasekar,and M.Wan.The sdsc storage resource broker.In Proc.CASCON’98Confer-ence,November1998.[7]Karl Czajkowski,Steven Fitzgerald,Ian Foster,and Carl Kesselman.Grid information services for distributedresource sharing.In Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Distributed Computing(HPDC-10),/research/papers/MDS-HPDC.pdf.[8]A.Gourgoulis,G.Terstyansky,P.Kacsuk,and S.C.Winter.Creating scalable traffic simulation on clusters.In PDP2004.Conference Proceedings of the12th Euromicro Conference on Parallel,Distributed and Network based Processing,La Coruna,Spain,February2004.[9]A.Goyeneche,T.Kiss,G.Terstyanszky,G.Kecskemeti,T.Delaitre,P.Kacsuk,and S.C.Winter.Experienceswith deploying legacy code applications as grid services using gemlca.In P.M.A.Sloot,A.G.Hoekstra,T.Priol,。

基础地理信息英文术语absolute reference frame 绝对参考坐标系adjacency analysis 相邻分析adjoining sheets 邻接图幅agglomeration （制图分类中的）聚合方法aggregation 聚合；聚集altitude tinting 分层设色animated mapping 动画制图animation 动画applications package 应用软件包application program 应用程序Application Programming Interface(API) 应用程序界面Applications Program Interface 应用程序接口applications system 应用系统applied cartography 应用地图学auto-cartography 自动制图automated cartography 自动制图学automated data dictionary 自动数据字典automated data processing 自动数据处理Automated Digitizing System(ADS) 自动数字化系统automated feature recognition 自动特征识别azimuth coordinate system 方位坐标系B-spline b样条曲线B-tree 二叉树；二元树base map of topography 地形底图base map/cadastre 底图／地籍图Beijing geodetic coordinate system 1954 1954年北京坐标系block correction 区域改正block 数据块；信息组；程序块border figure 图廓数据border information 图廓注记border line 图廓线border matching 边缘匹配border 边缘；界限；边界线；邻接；图廓间cadastral survey 地籍测量cadaster 地政局；地籍图cadastral attribute 地籍特征cadastral data base 地籍数据库cadastral features 地籍特征cadastral information system 地籍信息系统cadastral information 地籍信息cadastral inventory 地籍调查cadastral layer 地籍信息层cadastral lists 地籍册cadastral management 地籍管理cadastral map 地籍图cadastral map series 地籍图册cadastral mapping 地籍制图carrier frequency(GPS) 载波频率（全球定位系统）cartographic analysis 地图分析cartographic classification 地图分类cartographic communication 地图传输cartographic data base management system 地图数据库管理系统cartographic data base 地图数据层cartographic data model 地图数据模型cartographic expert system 制图专家系统cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic projection 地图投影cartographic(al) analysis 地图分析cartography 地图制图学；地图学chorographic map 时序图choropleth map 等值区域图class interval 分级间距；分类间距class list 分类清单class 分类，分级classification rule 分类规则cluster 聚类分析compaction 压缩completeness 完整性computer-graphics technology 计算机图形技术congruent image 叠合图象contour 等高线，等值线，轮廓contouring display 分层显示cover-ID 层标识符coverage ［GIS］图层data 数据data access security 数据存取安全性data accessibility 数据可达性data acquisition 数据获取data analysis 数据分析data architecture 数据结构data attribute 数据特性data base；database 数据库data capture 数据采集data catalogue 数据目录data communications 数据通信data quality 数据质量data security 数据安全性data conversion 数据转换data definition 数据定义data editing 数据编辑data element 数据要素data encoding 数据编码data entry 数据输入Data Exchange Format 数据交换格式data extraction 数据提取data file 数据文件data handling 数据处理data item 数据项data layering 数据分层data manipulation 数据操作data model 数据模型data product 数据产品data quality 数据质量data reality 数据真实性data records 数据记录data reduction 数据整理data reduction；datacompression 数据压缩data redundancy 数据冗余度data representation 数据表示data retrieval 数据查询data schema 数据模式data security 数据安全性data sensitivity 数据灵敏性data set 数据集data set quality 数据集质量data smoothing 数据平滑data snooping 数据探测法data sources 数据源data storage 数据贮存data structure conversion 数据结构转换data structure 数据结构data transfer 数据传输data transmission 数据传输data type 数据类型data updating 数据更新data vectorization 数据矢量化datum transformation 基准变换descriptive data 描述数据desktop GIS 桌面地理信息系统differential Global Positioning System；DGPS 差分全球定位系统digital cartography 数字地图制图digital correlation 数字相关digital data collection 数字数据存贮系统Digital Data Communication Message Protocol 数字化数据通讯消息协议Digital Data System 数字化数据系统digital data 数据；数字资料Digital Elevation Matrix(DEM) 数字高程矩阵digital encoding 数字编码digital exchange format 数据转换标准Digital Field Update System 数字化外业更新系统digital files synchronization 数字化文件同步化Digital Geographic Information数字化地理信息交换标准Exchange Standard；DGIWG；NATOdigital image processing 数字图象处理digital image 数字影（图）象Digital Landscape Model 数字景观模型Digital Line Graph；DLG 数字线划图digital map registration 数字地图套合digital mapping 数字测图digital map 数字地图digital mosaic 数字镶嵌digital mosaicing 数字镶嵌digital number；DN 数字值digital orthoimagery 数字正射影象digital orthoimage 数字正射影象Digital Orthophotoquads；DOQ 数字正方形正射象片图digital orthophoto 数字正射影象digital photogrammetry 数字摄影测量digital process 数字化过程digital rectification 数字纠正digital simulation 数字模拟digital surface model；DSM 数字表面模型digital tablet 数字化板Digital Terrain Model；DTM 数字地面模型Digital to Analog Converter 数／模转换器digital tracing table 数控绘图桌digital value 数字化值digital voice 数字化声音digital-analog 数字模拟digitalyzer 模数转换器digital 数字的digitization 数字化digitize maps 数字化地图digitized data 数字化数据digitized file 数字化文件digitized image 数字化影象digitized terrain data 数字化地面数据digitized video 数字影（图）象digitizer accuracy 数字化仪精度digitizer resolution 数字化仪分辨率digitizer workstation 数字化工作站digitizer 数字化仪digitizing 数字化digitizing board 数字化板digigtizing cursor 数字化鼠标digitizing edit 数字化编辑digitizing table；tablet 数字化板digitizing threshold 数字化阀值digraph 有向图disk space 磁盘空间disk storage 磁盘存储diskette 软磁盘disk 磁盘distributed architecture 分布式体系结构Distributed Computing Environment 分布式计算环境Distributed Data Processing 分布式数据处理Distributed Database Management System,DDBMS 分布式数据管理系统Distributed Database ；DDB 分布式数据库distributed processing 分布式处理Distributed Relational 分布式关系数据库结构Database Architecture(DRDA)districe coding 地区编码districting 分区（空间聚合）disturbed orbit 卫星轨道升交点document file 文档文件Document Image Peocessing(DIP) 文件影象处理document window 文档窗口document-file icon 文档文件图标document/page reader 光符识别仪器documentation drawing 二维绘图downloadable font 可传输字符download 文件（程序）传输（从中心机到个人微机）drafting scale 绘图比例尺drafting 绘制；绘图；草拟draft 草图；草案drainage map 水系图；流域图drainage pattern 水系类型；水网类型drainage 水系；水文要素；排水设备drape 两维数据在表面叠加产生透视图draping 两维数据叠加在透视图上drawing board 绘图板drawing entities 绘图实体Drawing Exchange Format 图形交换格式drawing extents 绘图范围drawing file 绘图文件drawing grid 绘图格网drawing interchange format 绘图交换格式drawing limits 绘图限制drawing registration 绘图对齐；绘图定位drawing sizes 图面大小；图幅尺寸drawing unit 绘图单元drawing 绘图drum plotter 滚筒式绘图机drum scanner 滚筒式扫描机duobinary coding 双二进制编码DX 90 水文地理数据格式dynamic-Link Library,DLL 动态链接库E-R diagram E-R图earth gravity model 地球重利模型Earth Resources Information System；ERIS 地球资源信息系统EROS 地球资源观测系统earth satellite thematic sensing 地球卫星专题遥感earth shape；figure of the earth 地球形状Earth spheroid 地球椭球体Earth spherop 地球椭球面earth surface 地球表面earth synchronous orbit 地球同步轨道earth window 地球数据窗口Earth-centered ellipsoid 地心椭球Earth-fixed coordinate system 站心坐标系EarthResource Technology Satellite 地球资源技术卫星Earthwatch 地球监视卫星ecosystem 生态系统edge join 边缘匹配edge matching 边缘匹配edge of the format；map border 图廓Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 电子数据交换edit 编辑；修改edit verification 编辑核实edit/display on input 输入编辑/显示edit/display on output 输出编辑/显示editing 编辑effective radius of the Earth 地球有效半径eigenvector analysis 特征向量分析eigenvector 特征向量EIS process 环境影响评价过程electric mail；e-mail 电子邮件electronic bearing 电测方位electronic chart 电子海图Electric Chart and Display 电子图形显示信息系统Information System；SCDISelectronic chart data base；ECDB 电子海图数据库Electronic Data Collection 电子数据集合Electronic Data Interchange；EDI 电子数据交换electronic drawing tablet 电子绘图板electronic engraver 电子刻图机electronic imaging system 电子成像系统electronic line scanner 电子扫描机electronic map 电子地图electronic publishing system 电子印刷系统Embedded QUEL 内嵌式查询embedded SQL 镶嵌式查询语言emergency run 地图翻印encipher；encode；encoding 编码enclosing rectangle (最小)封闭四边形encoding code model 编码模型encoding scheme 编码方法End Of Line 文件结束标志End Of Text 行结束标志end points 文本结束标志end user participation 终端用户参与end user 终端用户ent-to-end data system 终端站间数据系统Enhanced graphics Adapter(EGA) 增强图形适配器enhanced imagery 增强图象enhanced mode 增强模式entity 实体entity classes 实体类entity classes 实体分类entity instance 实体样品entity object 实体对象entity point 实体定位点entity relationship data model 实体关系数据模型entity relationship diagram；ERD 实体关系图Entity Relationship Model；E-R Model 实体关系模型entity set model 实体集模型entity set 实体集entity subtype/supertype 实体子类型/母类型entity type 实体类型Entity-Relationship Approach E-R法entity 实体,组织,结构entropy coding 熵编码entropy 熵(平均信息量)environmental analysis 环境分析environmental assessment 环境评价environmental cadastre 环境地籍图environmental capacity 环境容量environmental data base 环境数据库environmental data/information 环境数据/信息environmental map 环境地图environmental mapping data 环境制图数据environmental overlays 环境图environmental planning 环境规划environmental quality assessment 环境质量评价environmental remote sensing 环境遥感Eclogically Sustainable Development 生态平衡的持续发展equation item 方程项European Transfer Format(ETF) 欧洲传输格式executable file 执行文件execution 执行(程序指令)extended color 扩展彩色Extended Graphics Adapter(EGA) 增强图形适配卡Extended Graphics Array 扩展图形矩阵Extensional Database 扩展数据库external attribute table 外部属性表external data storage 外部数据存储(相对于数据库) external database file 外部数据库文件external margin 外图廓external polygon 外部多边形external program 外部程序external schema 外部模式external storage 外部存储设备facilities 设施；装备facility data 设施数据facility instrument 设施设备facility map 设施图facility network 设施网络facility splice 设施接合fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换feature 特征Feature and Attribute Coding Catalogue 地物与属性编码目录feature attribute table 特征属性表feature bounded 边界标识地物feature class 特征分类feature codes menu 特征码清单feature codes 特征码feature coding 特征编码feature extraction 特征提取feature identifier 特征标识符feature ID 特征标识符feature instance 特征实例feature item 特征项feature marked 有标记特征feature number 特征标识符feature selection 特征选择feature separation 特征分类feature spanned 跨区特征feature supported 支持特征feature user-ID 特征用户标识码Federal Information Processing 联邦信息处理标准Standards(FIPS)Federal Information Processing Standards/ 联邦信息处理标准／空间数据转换标准Spatial Data Transfer Standard；FIPS/SDTSfield ［数据］域file ［计算机］文件file activity 文件活动file attribute 文件属性file compression 文件压缩file format 文件格式file fragmentation 文件分段存储file indexing 文件管理索引file integrity 文件完整性file name extension 文件扩展名file name 文件名file protection 文件保护file server protocol 文件服务器协议file server 文件服务器file set 文件集file specification 文件说明；文件说明表file structure 文件结构file system 文件系统File Transfer Protocol 文件传输协议file transfer 文件转换file-by-file compression 文件压缩filename extension 文件后缀名fill pattern 填充模式fixed length record format 定长记录格式flag 标志；特征flair point 识别点；明显地物点flap 叠置floppy disk；floppy 软盘form line 地表形态线format conversion 格式转换format line 格式行format model 格式模型format 格式formatted model 格式化模型formatting function 格式化函数；格式编排formatting 格式化formfeed 换页；格式馈给forms interface 格式界面forms processing 表格处理fractal 分数的；分形；分数维fractional map scale 分数地图比例尺fractional scale 分数比例尺frequency band 频段；频带frequency bias 频偏frequency curve 频率曲线frequency demodulation 鉴频frequency distribution 频率分布full-resolution picture 全精度影（图）象，高分辨率影（图）象fully concatenated key 全连串码fully digital mapping 全数字化制图function library 功能库functional data base 功能数据库functional mapping 功能制图functional structure 功能结构fuzzy analysis 模糊分析fuzzy C-means 模糊聚类法fuzzy classifier method 模糊分类法fuzzy distance 模糊距离fuzzy intersection concept 模糊交叉概念fuzzy tolerance 模糊容限fuzzy 模糊的；失真的Gauss plane coordinate 高斯平面坐标Gauss-Kruger coordinate 高斯－克吕格坐标Gauss-Kruger grid 高斯－克吕格格网Gauss-Kruger map projection 高斯－克吕格地图投影Gaussian coordinate 高斯坐标gazetteer 地名录general scale 基本比例尺generic term 地理通名Geo Based Information System 基于地学的信息系统geo-analysis 地理分析geo-defined unit 地理定义单元geo-distribution 地理分布geo-politic data base 行政区划数据库geo-referenced information system 地理参考信息系统geobase system 地区系统geobased information system 地区信息系统geobase 地区库geobotanical cartography 地植物学制图geocartography 地理制图geocoded virtual map 地理编码虚拟图geocodes 地理编码geocode 地理编码geocoding system 地理编码系统geocoding 地理编码Geographer's Line 地理坐标网geographic aggregation 地理聚合Geographic Analysis and Display System(GADS) 地理分析显示系统Geographic Analysis Package(GAP) 地理分析软件geographic analysis/modeling capability 地理分析／模拟能力geographic analysis 地理分析geographic area boundaries 地理面积边界Geographic Area Code Index(GACI) 地理面积编码索引Geographic Base File(GBF) 地理基础文件Geographic Base File/Dual 地理底图基础文件／双重独立地图编码Independent Map Encoding(GBF-DIME)Geographic Base Information System(GBIS) 地理基础信息系统Geographic Base System(GBS) 地理基础系统geographic boundaries 地理边界geographic boundary data 地理边界数据geographic calibration 地理标准geographic center 地理中心geographic classification 地理分类geographic codes 地理坐标码geographic coding 地理编码geographic coordinates 地理坐标geographic coordinate 地理坐标geographic coverage 地理层geographic data base 地理数据库geographic data set 地理数据集geographic data structure 地理数据结构Geographic Database 地理数据库geographic data 地理数据geographic display system 地理显示系统geographic entity 地理实体geographic feature data 地理特征数据geographic feature 地理特征geographic graticule 地理坐标网geographic grid 地理网格geographic identifiers 地理标识符geographic indexed file 地理索引文件geographic indexes 地理索引geographic information system 地理信息系统geographic inverse 地理位置反算geographic landscape 地理景观geographic latitude 地理纬度geographic location 地理位置geographic longitude 地理经度geographic meridian 地理子午线geographic modeling 地理模拟geographic name 地理名称geographic net 地理坐标格网geographic numbering system 地理编号系统geographic object 地理对象geographic pole 地极geographic position 地理位置geographic reference system 地理参考系统geographic reference 地理参考geographic referencing 地理参考过程geographic standardization 地理标准化geographic survey 地理测量geographic value 地理坐标值geographical coordinate 地理坐标geographical data base 地理数据库geographical general name 地理通名geographical map 地理图geographical mile 地理海哩geographical name index 地名索引transcription；geographical 地名注音法name transliterationgeographical name；place name 地名geographical network 地理格网geographical pole 地极geographical position 地理位置geographical reference system 地理坐标参考系geographical viewing distance 地理视距geographical zones 地理带geographical-exploration traverse 地理勘测路线geographical 地理的geographics limits 细线；内图廓线geographic 地理的；地理学的geography 地理学Geomatics （加拿大）地球信息学geometric rectification 几何校正geometric registration 几何配准geomorphic map 地貌类型图geomorphological mapping 地貌制图geomorphological map地貌图geomorphology 地貌学geoprocessing application 地理处理应用geoprocessing approach 地理处理方法geoprocessing functions 地理处理函数geoprocessing modeling 地理处理模拟geoprocessing operations 地理处理操作geoprocessing productivity 地理处理率geoprocessing system 地理处理系统geoprocessing virtual map system 地理处理虚拟图系统Geoprocessing(GP) 地理处理过程geoprocessor 地理处理器GEOREF coordinate system 世界地理坐标参考系GEOREF grid 世界地理坐标参考网格georeference system 地理坐标参考系georeference 地理坐标参考georeferenced 地理坐标参考的georeferencing 地理坐标参考过程GEOREF 世界地理坐标参考系georelational model 地理相关模型geosphere 地理圈geostatistics 地理统计GIS/LIS 地理信息系统／土地信息系统Global Environmental Monitoring System(UNEP) 全球环境监测系统（联合国环境项目）global land information system(GLIS) 全球土地信息系统Global Positioning System(GPS) 全球定位系统global positioning 全球定位global rediation 总辐射global satellite system 全球卫星系统Global Telecommunications System 全球远程通讯系统global 全球的graphic compose 图形合成graphic data base file 图形数据库文件graphic data base 图形数据库graphic data concept 图形数据概念graphic illustration 图解说明；图解例证graphic input procedure 图形输入法graphic input unit 图形输入设备Graphic Interchange Format 图形交换格式graphic interpolation 图解内插法graphic limits 图形边界graphic manipulation 图形维护graphic map features 图示地图特征graphic map manipulation 图示地图操作graphic map scale 图解地图比例尺graphic mapping control point 图解图根点graphic menu 图示菜单graphic modes 图示模式graphic object 图形对象graphic output unit 图形输出设备graphic overlay 图形叠加graphic plane 图示面graphic primitive 图形元素graphic presentation 图形显示graphic production 图形生成graphic product 图形产品graphic rectification 图形校正graphic representation 图形表示graphic scale 图解比例尺graphic sign 图形记号graphic superimposition 图形叠加graphic symbol 图形符号graphic symbols/symbology 图形符号／符号表示graphic system components 图形系统组成graphic tablet 图形数字化板graphic terminal 图形终端graphic text string 图形文本串graphic trace 图形跟踪graphic variable 图形变量graphical screen interface 图形屏幕界面graphical user interface(GUI) 图形用户界面graphics accelerator 图形加速卡graphics cursor 图形光标graphics display units 图形显示单元graphics inquiry 图形查询graphics languages 图形语言graphics mode 图形模式graphics page 图形页Graphics Performance Characterization(GPC) 图形工作特性graphics resolution 图形分辨率graphics screen 图形屏幕界面graphics software 图形软件graphics tablet 图形数字化板graphics 图形graphic 图形的；图示的graph 图；图形graticule 格网graticule 十字丝；地理坐标网grating 光栅grid 格网grid amplitude 格网幅度grid azimuth 坐标方位角grid bearing 坐标方位角grid cell 格网元素；网眼grid cell compositing 网眼组成grid cell data structure 网眼数据结构grid cell data 网眼数据结构grid cell lattice 三维网眼格数据结构grid cell map-record format 网眼地图记录格式grid cell map 网眼地图grid cell modeling 网眼模拟grid cell search 网眼搜寻grid convergence 坐标纵线收敛角grid coordinate system 格网坐标系grid coordinates 格网坐标系grid data 格网数据grid declination 格网真北偏角grid equator 格网赤道grid factor 格网因子grid format 格网格式grid interval 网格间距grid inverse 网格反算grid length 坐标网距grid lines/codes 格网线／码grid magnetic angle 格网磁偏角grid map 格网地图grid meridian 坐标网纵线grid method 格网法grid of neighboring zone 邻带方里网grid origin 坐标格网原点grid structure 网格结构grid system 格网系统grid tick 格网标记grid variation 格网磁偏角grid zone 坐标带grid 栅格，格网；坐标网grid-point method 网点板法grid/raster data 格网／栅格数据gridded data 格网数据gridiron layout 格网平面图gridiron pattern 格网图形gridsystem 直角坐标格网grips 数据转换程序halftone screen 半色调屏幕header file 头文件header label 头标header line 标题行header record 首记录header 标题hextree 分级图象数据模型hidden attribute 隐含属性hidden file 隐含文件hidden line removal 隐线消除hidden surfaces 隐面hidden variable 隐含变量hierarchical data base 分级数据库hierarchical data 分级数据hierarchical data model 层次数据模型hierarchical data structure 分级数据结构hierarchical database 分层数据库hierarchical districts 层次分区hierarchical file structure 分级文件结构hierarchical file system 分级文件系统hierarchical model 分级模型hierarchical organization 等级结构hierarchical relationship 分级关系式（数据文件结构）hierarchical sequence 层次序列hierarchical spatial relationship 分级空间关系hierarchical storage 分级存储hierarchical structure 分级结构hierarchical 分级的；层次的hierarchization 分级High Level Data Link Control 高级数据连接控制High Memory Area 高位地址内存区histogram 直方图；柱状图；频率图history 命令记录Huffman code 霍夫编码hull TIN表面Human Computer Interaction 人机交互Human Computer Interface 人机界面hypertext 电子文本；超级文本I channel 同相信道；I通路I notation parameter 整数记号参数I-beam I指针I/O addresses 输入／输出地址I/O Character Recognition(I/O CR) 输入／输出字符识别I/O error 输入／输出错误I/O port 输入／输出端口image coding 图象编码image compression 影（图）象压缩image contrast 影象反差image coordinate 影象坐标image correlation 影象相关image data base 影象数据库image data collection 图象数据收集image data compaction 图象数据压缩image data retrieval 图象数据检索image data storage 图象数据存储image data 影（图）象数据image definition 影象清晰度（分辨力）image degradation 影（图）象退化；影（图）象衰减image description 影象描绘image digitization 图象数字化image displacement 影象位移image distortion 影（图）象失真image integrator 图象综合image intensifier 影（图）象增强器；变象管；象亮化器image intensity 图象强度image interpretation 影象判读image magnification 影（图）象放大image matching 影象匹配image processing rectification 图象处理校正复原and restorationimage processing 图象处理校正复原image ray 象点投影线image recognition 影（图）象识别image reconstruction 影（图）象重建image reconstructor 影象再现装置image registration 图象配准image representation 影（图）象显示；影（图）象再现image resolution；ground resolution 影象分辨力image scale 影象比例尺image size 影（图）象尺寸；影（图）象范围image space coordinate system 象空间坐标系image space 象空间image stack 影（图）象栈image transform 影（图）象变换image transformation 图象变换image translator 影（图）象转换器image；imagery 影象image 象，象片；影象，图象；镜象图形imagery feature 影象特征index to Names 地名索引indexed sequential file 顺序索引文件indexed 索引化的indexing 索引；加下标；变址index 指标；指数；索引informatics 信息学information area 信息区information bit 信息位information center 信息中心information collection 信息采集information content 信息量information explosion 信息爆炸information extraction 信息提取information float 信息浮动information format 信息格式information management 信息管理information network 信息网information overlays 信息叠加information rate 信息传输速率Information requirement(IR) 请求信息information revolution 信息革命information science 信息科学information system 信息系统information technology(IT) 信息技术information theory 信息论information window 信息窗口infowmation 信息input area 输入区input data 输入数据input device 输入设备input image(inimage) 输入影（图）象input/output analysis 输入／输出分析input/outpu model 输入／输出模型Input/Output(I/O) 输入／输出input 输入inquiry 查询insert 插入；嵌入integrated data base 集成数据库integrated data layer 集成数据层Integrated Geographical Information System 集成化地理信息系统integrated GIS/technologies 综合地理信息系统／技术integrated information system 综合信息系统integrated spatial system 综合空间信息系统integrated system 综合系统interactive 交互式interactive digitizing 人机交互数字化interactive display 人机交互显示interactive drafting 交互式绘图interactive editing 交互式编辑Interactive Graphics and Retrieval System 交互图形与恢复系统Interactive Graphics Design System 交互式图形设计系统Interactive Graphics System/Interactive 交互式制图系统／交互式制图子系统Graphics Subsystem；IGS/IGSSinteractive graphics 交互式制图interactive image processing system 人机对话影（图）象处理系统interactive mode 交互式模式Interactive Multimedia 交互式多媒体interactive processing mode 人机交互模式interactive processing 人机交互处理interactive processing 交互式处理interactive restoration 人机对话复原Interactive Surface Modeling 交互式地表建摸interactive topology 交互式拓扑Interactive Volume Modeling 交互式立体模型intercell plot 单元间图（或文件）interchange format 交换格式interchange modeling 交换模拟interchange model交换模型internal data model 内部数据模型internal data structure 内部数据结构（只在处理过程中保持的）internal database file 内部数据库文件interrecord data structures 交互记录的数据结构inverse fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换isoline 等值线isolith 等厚度线isolong 等经度改正线isomagnetic chart 等磁力线图isometric coordinate 等量坐标isometric design 等角投影isometric latitued 等量纬度isometric map projection 等量地图投影isometric mapping 等量制图isoperimetric map projection 等量地图投影isoplane 等平面isopleth mapping 等值线制图isopleth map 等值线图isoplethic mapping 等值线制图isoplethic map 等值线图isopleth 等值线key 关键字key attributes 关键属性key bed 标准层key entry 键盘输入key feedback area 码反馈区key field 关键字段key file 关键文件key horizon 标志层key identifiers 关键标识符key map 索引图；总图key pad 键座key value dictionary 关键值索引key variable indexing 关键变量索引keyboard buffer 键盘缓冲keyboard equivalent key 键盘等价命令键keyboard shortcut 键盘快捷命令keyboard 键盘land evaluation 土地评价Land Information System(LIS) 土地信息系统Land Information Technology(LIT) 土地信息技术land types 土地类型land unit 土地单元land use 土地利用landform 地表形态landscape drawings 景观绘图landscape map 景观地图layer file 层文件layer index 图层索引layer index 层索引layer system 分层设色法layer-tinted map 分层设色地图layered style map 分层设色地图layered style 分层设色表示法layering 分层；层化layers 层次layer 层layover 覆盖；遮蔽（雷达影像）Leaf Area Index 叶区域索引leaf level 叶层次league 里格leaking polygon 未闭合多边形legend 图例lettering 地图注记lineage 数据说明line element 线状要素line feature 线状特征line follower 线跟踪器（量测转换边界）line generalization 趋势线概化line graph 线状图line in polygon calculation 多边形内线判断计算line in polygon retrieval 多边形内线判断查询line intersection 线段交叉line map 线画图line of nodes 交轨线line symbologics 线状符号表达法line symbol线状符号local database 局域数据库local datum 局部定标数据logical block 逻辑块logical channel number 逻辑通道号码logical consistency 逻辑一致性logical contouring 逻辑恒直线logical data base(LDB) 逻辑数据库logical data model 逻辑数据模型logical data structure 逻辑数据结构logical decision 逻辑判定logical design 逻辑设计logical exclusive operation of image 影象逻辑异运算logical expression 逻辑表达logical links 逻辑连接logical mounting 逻辑安装logical name 逻辑名字logical operation 逻辑运算logical operator 逻辑运算符logical order 逻辑指令logical overlap 逻辑重叠logical record 逻辑记录logical security 逻辑安全性logical selection 逻辑选择logical storage structure 逻辑存储结构logical unit 逻辑单元logic 逻辑login (=logon)注册lot and block 地块与街段lot dimensions 地块尺寸lot line 地块边界lot of record 地块记录lot 地块LPT port 并行口LU pooling 逻辑单元合并machine bias 机器偏差machine code 机器码machine encoding 机器编码machine language 机器语言machine processable 机器可处理的man-machine interface 人机接口manager access 管理者存取manual digitizer 手扶数字化器manual digitizing 人工数字化manual encoding 人工编码manual link 人工连接manual map enhancement 人工地图增强manuscript map 原图；稿图manuscript 原图many-to-one relate 多对一关系map accuracy(absolute) 绝对地图精度map accuracy(relative) 相对地图精度map accuracy level 地图精度水平map accuracy specifications 地图精度说明map accuracy standards 地图精度标准map adjustment 地图接边；图幅接边map algebra 地图代数Map and Chart Data Interchange地图与图表间数据交换map appearance 地图整饰map average 地形特征地图map black clouds 地图数据密集区map border 图廓map chart 作战海图map clarity 地图清晰性map closure 地图闭合map code （１）地图代码；（２）变换码，印象码map collar data 地图边缘数据map color atlas 地图色谱map compilation 地图编绘map complexity 地图复杂性map composition 地图编制map computerization 地图计算机化map coverage 地图层map data base 地图数据库map data retrieval 地图数据查询map data structure 地图数据结构map data 地图数据map decoration 地图整饰map deformation 地图变形map description 地图描述map digitization 地图数字化map digitizing 地图数字化map directory 地图目录map display 地图显示map distortion 地图畸变map distribution 地图供应map edge 图幅边缘map editing 地图编辑map extent 地图范围map face 图幅尺寸；图幅面积map feature 地图特征map files 地图文件map generalization 地图综合map graphics to text data linkage 图形－文本数据连接map graphics 图形－文本数据连接map grid 地图格网map information 地图信息map interpretation 地图判读map join 图幅连接map layer 图层map layout 图面配置map legibility 地图易读性map limits 图范围map linkage 图连接map load 地图负载量map making 制图map matching guidance 地图匹配导航map matching 地图匹配map measure 量图轨map miles 地图英里坐标系统map model system 地图模型系统map nadir 图面底点map name 地图名map of neotectonic strength 图上量算map origin 图坐标原点map overlay analysis 地图叠置分析map overlay modeling analysis 地图叠置模拟分析map overlay 地图叠置map parallel 图横线map perception 地图感受map plotting 填图map point 图上定位点；图面点map positional file 地图叠置文件map position 地图定位map projection system 地图投影系统map projection transformation 地图投影转换map projection 地图投影map projector 地图投影仪map quadrangle/map quad 地图标准图幅map query 地图查询map reading 读图map registration 地图对齐map representation file 地图表示文件map resolution 地图分辨率map revision 地图更新map scale number 地图比例尺数map scale 地图比例尺map scaling 地图比例变换map section 图区map series 系列地图map set miles 图集英里比例尺map sheet manipulation 图幅操作map sheet 图幅map shift 图幅移位map sliver 地图细小多边形map specifications 地图规范map standards 地图标准map substitute 临时版地图map symbolism 地图符号体系map symbol 地图符号map systematic errors 地图系统误差map test 地图检测map theme 地图专题map title 图名map tolerance 地图容限map transformation 地图转换map types 地图类型map unit tolerance 地图单位容限map units 地图单位容限map use 地图利用map zoom 地图放大map 地图map-controlled mosaic 地图控制镶嵌图map-grid 地图格网map-matching guidance 地图匹配指导map-projection aspect 地图投影轴。

Aaccess discrimination 进入歧视action research 动作研究adjourning 解散adhocracy 特别结构administrative principle 管理原则artifacts 人工环境artificial intelligence 人工智能工巧匠avoiding learning 规避性学习ambidextrous approach 双管齐下策略Bbalance sheet 资产负债表BCG matrix 波士顿咨询集团矩阵bona fide occupation qualifications 善意职业资格审查bounded rationality 有限理性bureaucracy 官僚机构benchmarking 标杆瞄准bounded rationality perspective 有限理性方法boundary-spanning roles 跨超边界作用CComputer-aided design and computer-automated manufacturing(CAD/CAM) 计算机辅助设计与计算机自动生产confrontation 对话consortia 企业联合change agent 变革促进者chaos theory 混沌理论charismatic leaders 魅力型领导者charity principle 博爱原则coercive power 强制权cohesiveness 凝聚力collaborative management 合作型管理comparable worth 可比较价值competitive benchmarking 竞争性基准confrontation meeting 碰头会constancy of purpose 永久性目标contingency approach 权变理论corporate social performance 公司社会表现corporate social responsibility公司社会责任corporate social responsiveness公司社会反应critical incident 关键事件current assets 流动资产current liabilities 流动负债culture strength 文化强度creative department 创造性部门craft technology 技艺性技术contextual dimension 关联性维度continuous process production 连续加工生产collectivity stage 集体化阶段clan control 小团体控制clan culture 小团体文化coalition 联合团体collaborative 协作网络centrality 集中性centraliazation 集权化charismatic authority 竭尽忠诚的权力Ddecentralization 分权democracy management 民主管理departmentalization 部门化differential rate system 差别报酬系统dialectical inquiry methods 辩证探求法division of labor 劳动分工downward mobility 降职流动dynamic engagement 动态融合dynamic network 动态网络domain 领域direct interlock 直接交叉divisional form 事业部模式differentiation strategy 差别化战略decision premise 决策前提dual-core approach 二元核心模式Eelectronic data-processing(EDP) 电子数据处理employee-oriented style 员工导向型风格empowerment 授权encoding 解码end-user computing 终端用户计算系统entrepreneurship 企业家精神equity 净资产equity theory 公平理论espoused value 信仰价值ethnocentric manager 种族主义的管理者expectancy theory 期望理论expense budget 支出预算expense center 费用中心external audit 外部审计external stakeholders 外部利益相关者extrinsic rewards 外部奖励ethic ombudsperson 伦理巡视官external adaption 外部适应性elaboration stage 精细阶段entrepreneurial stage 创业阶段escalating commitment 顽固认同Ffamily group 家庭集团financial statement 财务报表flat hierarchies 扁平型结构flexible budget 弹性预算force-field theory 场力理论formal authority 合法权力formal systematic appraisal 正式的系统评估franchise 特许经营权formalization stage 规范化阶段functional grouping 职能组合formal channel of communication 正式沟通渠道Ggame theory 博弈论general financial condition 一般财务状况geocentric manager 全球化管理者general manager 总经理globalization 全球化gossip chain 传言链grapevine 传言网global strategic partnership 全球战略伙伴关系general environment 一般环境generalist 全面战略geographic grouping 区域组合global company 全球公司global geographic structure 全球区域结构HHawthorne effect 霍桑效应heuristic principles 启发性原理hierarchy 科层制度hiring specification 招聘细则horizontal linkage model 横向联系模型hybrid structure 混合结构high tech 高接触high-velocity environments 高倍速环境Iimpoverished management 放任式管理Iincome statement 损益表information transformation 信息转换infrastructure 基础设施integrative process 整合过程intelligent enterprises 智力企业internal audit 内部审计internal stakeholder 内部相关者internship 实习intrapreneurship 内部企业家精神intrinsic reward 内在报酬inventory 库存, 存货internal integration 内部整合interorganization relationship 组织间的关系intergroup conflict 团体间冲突interlocking directorate 交叉董事会institutional perspective 机构的观点intuitive decision making 直觉决策idea champion 构思倡导者incremental change 渐进式变革informal organizational structure 非正式组织结构informal performance appraisal 非正式业绩评价Jjob description 职务描述job design 职务设计job enlargement 职务扩大化job enrichment 职务丰富化job rotation 职务轮换job specialization 职务专业化Kkey performance areas 关键业务区key result areas 关键绩效区Llabor productivity index 劳动生产力指数laissez management 自由化管理large batch production 大批量生产lateral communication 横向沟通leadership style 领导风格least preferred co-worker(LPC)最不喜欢的同事legitimate power 合法权力liability 负债liaison 联络者line authority 直线职权liquidity 流动性liaison role 联络员角色long-linked technology 纵向关联技术losses from conflict 冲突带来的损失low-cost leadership 低成本领先Mmanagement by objective 目标管理Managerial Grid 管理方格matrix bosses 矩阵主管management champion 管理倡导者materials-requirements planning(MRP) 物料需求计划Mslow,s hierarchy of needs 马斯洛需求层次论marketing argument 管理文化多元化营销观multiculturalism 文化多元主义multidivisional firm 多部门公司moral rules 道德准则management by walking around(MBWA) 走动式管理matrix structure 矩阵结构multinational enterprise(MNE) 跨国公司moral relativism 道德相对主义mechanistic system 机械式组织middle-of-the-road management 中庸式管理meso theory 常态理论multidomestic strategy 多国化战略mediating technology 调停技术Nnaïve relativism 朴素相对主义need-achievement 成就需要norming 规范化norms 规范nonprogrammed decisions 非程序化决策nonsubstitutability 非替代性nonroutine technology 非例行技术niche 领地Ooff-the-job training 脱产培训on-the-job training 在职培训operational budget 运营预算order backlog 订单储备organic system 有机系统organizational development(OD) 组织发展orientation 定位outcome interdependence 结果的相互依赖性outplacement services 外延服务organization ecosystem 组织生态系统Pparadox of authority 权威的矛盾paradox of creativity 创造力的矛盾paradox of disclosure 开放的矛盾paradox of identify 身份的矛盾paradox of individuality 个性的矛盾paradox of regression 回归的矛盾partial productivity 部分生产率participative management 参与式管理path-goal model 路径目标模型peer recruiter 同级招聘political action committees(PACs) 政治活动委员会polycentric manager 多中心管理者portfolio framework 业务组合框架portfolio investment 资产组合投资positive reinforcement 正强化production flexibility 生产柔性profitability 收益率programmed decisions 程序化决策psychoanalytic view 精神分析法paradigm 范式personal ratios 人员比例pooled dependence 集合性依存professional bureaucracy 专业官僚机构problem identification 问题识别problemistic search 问题搜寻population ecology model 种群生态模型Qquality 质量quality circle 质量圈question mark 问题类市场quid pro quo 交换物Rrational model of decision making 理性决策模式realistic job preview(RJP) 实际工作预览reciprocal interdependence 相互依存性resource dependence 资源依赖理论routine technology 例行技术retention 保留rational approach 理性方法rational model 理性模型rational-legal authority 理性—合法权威Ssemivariable cost 准可变成本sense of potency 力量感sensitivity training 敏感性训练sexual harassment 性骚扰short-run capacity changes 短期生产能力变化single-strand chain 单向传言链situational approach 情境方法situational force 情境力量situational leadership theory 情境领导理论sliding-scale budget 移动规模预算small-batch production 小规模生产sociotechnical approaches 社会科技方法span of management 管理幅度staff authority 参谋职权standing plan 长设计划step budget 分步预算stewardship principle 管家原则stimulus 刺激storming 调整阶段strategic partnering 战略伙伴关系strategy formulation 战略制定strategy implementation 战略实施strategic control 战略控制strategic contingencies 战略权变satisficing 满意度subsystems 子系统subunits 子单位synergy 协同system boundary 系统边界structure dimension 结构性维度sequential interdependence 序列性依存self-directed team 自我管理型团队specialist 专门战略strategy and structure changes 战略与结构变革symptoms of structural deficiency 结构无效的特征Ttall hierarchies 高长型科层结构task force or project team 任务小组或项目团队task independence 任务的内部依赖性task-oriented style 任务导向型管理风格total productivity 全部生产率Total Quality Management 全面质量管理training positions 挂职培训training program 培训程序transactional leaders 交易型领导transformational leaders 变革型领导treatment discrimination 歧视待遇two-factory theory 双因素理论two-boss employees 双重主管员工technical or product champion 技术或产品的倡导者Uunfreezing 解冻unit production 单位产品Vvariation 变种子variety 变量valence 效价variable costs 可变成本vertical communication 纵向沟通vertical integration 纵向一体化vestibule training 仿真培训volume flexibility 产量的可伸缩性vertical linkage 纵向连接venture team 风险团队value based leadership 基于价值的领导Wwin-lose situation 输赢情境win-win situation 双赢情境workforce literacy 员工的读写能力work in progress 在制品work flow redesign 工作流程再造成work flow automation 工作流程自动化whistle blowing 揭发Zzero-sum 零---和zone of indifference(area of acceptance) 无差异区域(可接受区域)青山埋白骨，绿水吊忠魂。

Unit Eight: The InternetUnit Eight/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.research2.ICANN或the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers3.router; gateway4.temporary/dial-up; permanent/dedicated5.ISP或Internet service providerwork; host7.decimal8.mnemonicII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.cell phone 蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机2.IP address 网际协议地址，IP地址3.autonomous system 自主系统4.dial-up connection 拨号连接work identifier 网络标识符6.binary notation 二进制记数法7.mnemonic name 助记名，缩写名8.Internet-wide directory system 因特网范围的目录系统 server 名称服务器10.Internet infrastructure 因特网基础结构11.助记地址mnemonic address12.网吧cyber cafe13.宽带因特网访问broadband Internet access14.顶级域名top-level domain (TLD)15.因特网编址Internet addressing16.点分十进制记数法dotted decimal notation17.因特网服务提供商Internet service provider (ISP)18.专用因特网连接dedicated Internet connection19.主机地址host address20.硬件与软件支持hardware and software supportIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:Early computer networks used leased telephone company lines for their connections.Telephone company systems of that time established a single connection between sender and receiver for each telephone call, and that connection carried all data along a single path. Whena company wanted to connect computers it owned at two different locations, the companyplaced a telephone call to establish the connection, and then connected one computer to each end of that single connection.The U.S. Defense Department was concerned about the inherent risk of this single-channel method for connecting computers, and its researchers developed a different method of sending information through multiple channels. In this method, files and messages are broken into packets that are labeled electronically with codes for their origins, sequences, and destinations. In 1969, Defense Department researchers in the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) used this network model to connect four computers into a network called the ARPANET. The ARPANET was the earliest of the networks that eventually combined to become what we now call the Internet. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, many researchers in the academic community connected to the ARPANET and contributed to the technological developments that increased its speed and efficiency.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:因特网只是提供了将许许多多的计算机连接在一起的物理与逻辑基础结构。

第51卷第19期电力系统保护与控制Vol.51 No.19 2023年10月1日Power System Protection and Control Oct. 1, 2023 DOI: 10.19783/ki.pspc.221918基于云-边协同的配电网快速供电恢复智能决策方法蔡田田1，姚 浩1，杨英杰1，张子麒2，冀浩然2，李 鹏2(1.南方电网数字电网研究院有限公司，广东 广州 510700；2.智能电网教育部重点实验室(天津大学)，天津 300072)摘要：分布式电源高渗透率接入对配电网故障自愈能力提出了更高的要求。

基于模型的供电恢复方法利用精准的网络参数构建优化模型，可以实现供电恢复策略的准确制定。

但在配电网实际运行中，精准的配电网络参数往往难以获取，导致基于模型的供电恢复方法应用受限。

云-边协同运行模式可作为配电网快速供电恢复的一种实现方案。

提出一种基于云-边协同的配电网快速供电恢复智能决策方法。

首先，在云端基于图卷积神经网络建立配电网快速供电恢复智能决策模型，包括网络重构模块和潮流模拟模块。

当故障发生后，云端利用网络重构模块，快速制定网络重构策略，经过破圈法/避圈法验校后下发至配电网边缘侧的边缘计算装置。

边缘侧根据云端的网络重构策略利用潮流模拟模块就地制定负荷恢复策略，实现系统的快速供电恢复。

最后，依托改进的IEEE33节点配电网算例对所提模型进行分析，验证了所提方法可有效提升配电网的供电恢复能力。

关键词：配电网；云-边协同；供电恢复；分布式电源；图卷积神经网络Cloud-edge collaboration-based supply restoration intelligent decision-making methodCAI Tiantian1, YAO Hao1, YANG Yingjie1, ZHANG Ziqi2, JI Haoran2, LI Peng2(1. Digital Grid Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510700, China; 2. Key Laboratory ofSmart Grid of Ministry of Education (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China) Abstract: The high-penetration integration of distributed generators (DGs) makes higher demands on the self-healing ability of a distribution network. The model-based supply restoration methods build the optimization model with accurate network parameters, which can realize the accurate formulation of restoration strategies. However, the accurate network parameters are often difficult to acquire in practical operation, which may limit the application of the model-based methods. The cloud-edge collaboration control mode can be used as an implementation scheme for fast supply restoration.A fast supply restoration intelligent decision-making method for distribution network based on cloud-edge collaborationis proposed. First, an intelligent decision-making model is established based on a graph convolutional neural network (GCN) on the cloud, containing network reconstruction and power flow simulation modules. When a failure occurs, the network reconstruction module is used to customize the reconstruction strategy on the cloud. After correction by loop-breaking/loop-avoiding method, the reconstruction strategy will be sent to the edge calculation device of distribution network edge side. With the power flow simulation module, the supply recovery strategy can be determined rapidly at the edge side to realize a fast supply restoration. Finally, the proposed strategy is analyzed using the modified IEEE 33-node system. The results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the supply restoration ability of a distribution network.This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2020YFB0906000 and No. 2020YFB0906002).Key words: distribution network; cloud-edge collaboration; supply restoration; distributed generators (DGs); graph convolutional neural networks (GCN)0 引言配电网中设备种类繁多、控制策略复杂[1]，尤基金项目：国家重点研发计划项目资助(2020YFB0906000，2020YFB0906002) 其是当分布式电源(distributed generators, DGs)高渗透率接入后，配电网的运行特性发生巨大变化[2]，对配电网故障自愈能力提出了更高的要求[3]。

DA-07184-001_v04 | June 2014 Application NoteDOCUMENT CHANGE HISTORYDA-07184-001_v04Version Date Authors Description of Change01 February 27, 2014 SN, SM Initial Release02 April 23, 2014 SN, SM •U pdated Introduction•U pdated Table 1 and Table 203 June 9, 2014 SN, SM •A dded Applied Imagery, IHS, Intergraph, and PTC(Table 1)•A dded Intergraph (Table 2)•U pdated certification in Table 204 June 12, 2014 SN, SM Added certification note to Table 1 and Table 2The NVIDIA GRID™ certification process is to ensure that NVIDIA GRID graphics processing units (GPUs) and NVIDIA drivers are certified by industry leading independent software vendors (ISVs) in a VDI environment. This certification process guarantees that the graphics performance and experience is the same for users in a virtualized environment as they have at their desk.The NVIDIA GRID certified driver is based directly on the driver that has over a decade of professional testing. This driver has over 100 ISV certifications across all industries (certified drivers). We are deploying the same, reliable driver in the virtualized environment on a mature hypervisor stack. In the last year of testing our partners have not found one driver bug in a VDI environment and we expect that trend to continue. Table 1. NVIDIA GRID Dedicated GPU CertificationsISV Application CertifiedAdobe Photoshop 321.10Analytic Graphics Satellite Toolkit (STK) 311.35Applied Imagery QT Modler 320.78Ascon KOMPAS-3D V15 332.07Autodesk AutoCAD 2013 310.90 Inventor 2013 310.90 Revit 2013 310.90 AutoCAD 2014 311.35 Inventor 2014 311.35 Revit 2014 and 2015 332.21Bunkspeed Bunkspeed SHOT 2014 311.35 Bunkspeed PRO 2014 311.35 Bunkspeed DRIVE 2014 311.35ISV Application Certified Chaos V-ray 311.35 Ensight Ensight 332.21 ESRI ArcGIS 10.2 332.50 Graphisoft ArchiCAD 311.35 IHS Kingdom Suite*333.11 Intergraph SmartPlant 3D*332.21Paradigm VoxelGeo*332.50 SKUA*332.50PTC PTC Creo 2.0 (On IBM iDataPlex)*320.00 PTC Creo 2.0 (On Dell R7610)*332.76Siemens PLM Siemens NX 8.5 & 9.0*332.21 TeamCenter Vis 9*332.21Synerscope Synerscope 320.00 TopSystems T-FLEX CAD 14*332.07 Note: *Certification done onsiteTable 2. NVIDIA GRID Virtual GPU CertificationsISV Application Certified Adobe Photoshop 332.07 Ascon KOMPAS-3D V15 332.07 Intergraph SmartPlant 3D*332.07Siemens PLM Siemens NX 8.5 & 9.0*332.07 TeamCenter Vis 9*332.07TopSystems T-FLEX CAD 14*332.07Note: *Certification done onsiteA high level overview of the NVIDIA GRID certification process is as follows.1.The OEMs certify their servers with NVIDIA GRID boards. For a list of GRIDcertified servers visit /buygrid.2.The OEM server complete with NVIDIA GRID boards, passes the qualification testsfor hypervisor compatibility and is certified by Citrix and VMware.Citrix GPU Hardware Compatibility ListVMware Compatibility Guide3.The NVIDIA GRID certification center provides the complete environment for theISV’s to test applications remotely through leading virtualization infrastructures.The ISVs remotely log into NVIDIA’s certification center to test NVIDIA’s driver with their application on either of the following two deployment models.●NVIDIA GPU Pass-Through Technology: Each virtual machine has a dedicatedGPU by using NVIDIA GPU pass-through technology●NVIDIA GRID™vGPU™: Multiple virtual machines share a GPU with NVIDIAGRID virtual GPU (vGPU) technology.NoticeThe information provided in this specification is believed to be accurate and reliable as of the date provided. However, NVIDIA Corporation (“NVIDIA”) does not give any representations or warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of such information. NVIDIA shall have no liability for the consequences or use of such information or for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. This publication supersedes and replaces all other specifications for the product that may have been previously supplied.NVIDIA reserves the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and other changes to this specification, at any time and/or to discontinue any product or service without notice. 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高速铁路网格化管理理论与关键技术王峰【摘要】High-speed railway , which has the technical characteristics ofhigh integration and high preci-sion, subjects to various influence factorsof train weight , speed, density and so on in the operation process . However , the geographical position is often the decisive factor which affects the state evolution of railway ing the grid management technology can spatially divide continuously distributed management objects into smaller unit grids , which is conducive to studying the change regulations of the management objects state fromthe spatial perspective .With the rapid development of information system technology and large data technol-ogy, grid management, based on location rather than profession , is more in line with the administration demand of high-speed railway .Grid management technology has brought new perspective for high-speed railway manage-ment.%高速铁路具有高度集成、高精度的技术特点，运营过程中经受列车质量、速度、密度等多种因素影响，地理位置因素往往是影响铁路设备状态演变的决定性因素。

网格化管理典型经验交流材料范文In the realm of urban governance, grid-based management has emerged as a notable approach, offering a highly efficient and systematic way to tackle the complexities of modern urban life. This model divides the city into smaller, manageable grids, enabling precise monitoring and swift response to various issues. One of the key benefits of this approach is its ability to enhance community engagement, as each grid becomes a focal point for local residents and stakeholders to collaborate on improving their neighborhoods.在城市治理领域，网格化管理已成为一种显著的方法，为应对现代城市生活的复杂性提供了高效且系统的途径。

这种模式将城市划分为更小、更易管理的网格，实现了对各类问题的精准监控和快速响应。

该方法的关键优势之一是能够加强社区参与，因为每个网格都成为了当地居民和利益相关者合作改善其居住环境的焦点。

Another notable aspect of grid-based management is its data-driven nature. By collecting and analyzing vast amounts of data from within each grid, authorities can gain a deeper understanding of the unique challenges and opportunities within different areas. This, in turn, allows for the development of targeted policies and programs that are tailored to the specific needs of each grid.网格化管理的另一个显著特点是其数据驱动的本质。

MARCH2012VOLUME3NUMBER1ITSGBQ(ISSN1949-3053)REGULAR PAPERSHierarchical Fuzzy Logic System for Implementing Maintenance Schedules of Offshore Power Systems................. .................................................................................C.S.Chang,Z.Wang,F.Yang,and W.W.Tan3 Investigation of Economic and Environmental-Driven Demand Response Measures Incorporating UC.................... ......................................A.Abdollahi,M.Parsa Moghaddam,M.Rashidinejad,and M.K.Sheikh-El-Eslami12 Flexible Charging Optimization for Electric Vehicles Considering Distribution Grid Constraints........................... ....................................................................................................O.Sundström and C.Binding26 A Controlled Filtering Method for Estimating Harmonics of Off-Nominal Frequencies..................................... ........................................ C.A.G.Marques,M.V.Ribeiro,C.A.Duque,P.F.Ribeiro,and E.A.B.da Silva38 Coordinated Energy Cost Management of Distributed Internet Data Centers in Smart Grid................................. ...............................................................................................L.Rao,X.Liu,L.Xie,and W.Liu50 Wide-Area Measurement Based Dynamic Stochastic Optimal Power Flow Control for Smart Grids With High Variabilityand Uncertainty.......................................................J.Liang,G.K.Venayagamoorthy,and R.G.Harley59 Optimal Combined Bidding of Vehicle-to-Grid Ancillary Services...................E.Sortomme and M.A.El-Sharkawi70 Residential Appliances Identification and Monitoring by a Nonintrusive Method..................Z.Wang and G.Zheng80(Contents Continued on page1)(Contents Continued from Front Cover)Modes of Operation and System-Level Control of Single-Phase Bidirectional PWM Converter for Microgrid Systems.. ...................................D.Dong,T.Thacker,I.Cvetkovic,R.Burgos,D.Boroyevich,F.F.Wang,and G.Skutt93 Generation-Load Mismatch Detection and Analysis...............................................R.M.Gardner and Y.Liu105 A Fault Location Technique for Two-Terminal Multisection Compound Transmission Lines Using Synchronized Phasor Measurements................................................................C.-W.Liu,T.-C.Lin,C.-S.Yu,and J.-Z.Yang113 Modeling and Control System Design of a Grid Connected VSC Considering the Effect of the Interface Transformer Type.................................................................................................H.Mahmood and J.Jiang122 Profile of Charging Load on the Grid Due to Plug-in Vehicles................S.Shahidinejad,S.Filizadeh,and E.Bibeau135 Sizing of Energy Storage for Microgrids...........................................S.X.Chen,H.B.Gooi,and M.Q.Wang142 On the Accuracy Versus Transparency Trade-Off of Data-Mining Models for Fast-Response PMU-Based Catastrophe Predictors.........................................................................I.Kamwa,S.R.Samantaray,and G.Joós152 Optimal Power Allocation Under Communication Network Externalities..................................................... ..........................................................................M.G.Kallitsis,G.Michailidis,and M.Devetsikiotis162 Optimal PMU Placement by an Equivalent Linear Formulation for Exhaustive Search...................................... ......................................................S.Azizi,A.S.Dobakhshari,S.A.Nezam Sarmadi,and A.M.Ranjbar174 Towards Optimal Electric Demand Management for Internet Data Centers................J.Li,Z.Li,K.Ren,and X.Liu183 High Level Event Ontology for Multiarea Power System....................Y.Pradeep,S.A.Khaparde,and R.K.Joshi193 Linear Active Stabilization of Converter-Dominated DC Microgrids..........A.A.A.Radwan and Y.A.-R.I.Mohamed203 Analysis and Methodology to Segregate Residential Electricity Consumption in Different Taxonomies................... ...............................................................................J.D.Hobby,A.Shoshitaishvili,and G.H.Tucci217 Quality of Optical Channels in Wireless SCADA for Offshore Wind Farms..........................................X.Liu225 Calculating Frequency at Loads in Simulations of Electro-Mechanical Transients........J.Nutaro and V.Protopopescu233 Smart“Stick-on”Sensors for the Smart Grid........................................R.Moghe,mbert,and D.Divan241 The Load as an Energy Asset in a Distributed DC SmartGrid Architecture....R.S.Balog,W.W.Weaver,and P.T.Krein253 A Network Decoupling Transform for Phasor Data Based V oltage Stability Analysis and Monitoring..................... .............................................................................W.Xu,I.R.Pordanjani,Y.Wang,and E.Vaahedi261 A Two Ways Communication-Based Distributed Control for V oltage Regulation in Smart Distribution Feeders.......... ........................................................................H.E.Z.Farag,E.F.El-Saadany,and R.Seethapathy271 Investigation of Domestic Load Control to Provide Primary Frequency Response Using Smart Meters.................... .................................................................................K.Samarakoon,J.Ekanayake,and N.Jenkins282 SPECIAL SECTION ON TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION AND VEHICLE-TO-GRID APPLICATIONS GUEST EDITORIALSpecial Section on Transportation Electrification and Vehicle-to-Grid Applications................................A.Emadi295SPECIAL SECTION PAPERSA Novel Integrated Magnetic Structure Based DC/DC Converter for Hybrid Battery/Ultracapacitor Energy Storage Systems.............................................................................................O.C.Onar and A.Khaligh296 Performance Evaluation of an EDA-Based Large-Scale Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Algorithm............ ............................................................................................................W.Su and M.-Y.Chow308 Source-to-Wheel(STW)Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles....S.G.Wirasingha,R.Gremban,and A.Emadi316 Prototype Design and Controller Implementation for a Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage System..........................................................................................Z.Amjadi and S.S.Williamson332 PEV Charging Profile Prediction and Analysis Based on Vehicle Usage Data................................................ ......................................................................A.Ashtari,E.Bibeau,S.Shahidinejad,and T.Molinski341 Optimal Scheduling of Vehicle-to-Grid Energy and Ancillary Services..............E.Sortomme and M.A.El-Sharkawi351 Online Estimation of State of Charge in Li-Ion Batteries Using Impulse Response Concept................................ .......................................................................A.H.Ranjbar,A.Banaei,A.Khoobroo,and B.Fahimi360 Load Scheduling and Dispatch for Aggregators of Plug-In Electric Vehicles........D.Wu,D.C.Aliprantis,and L.Ying368 Catenary V oltage Support:Adopting Modern Locomotives With Active Line-Side Converters............................. ........................................................................................B.Bahrani,A.Rufer,and M.Aeberhard377 An Optimized EV Charging Model Considering TOU Price and SOC Curve................................................. ..................................................................Y.Cao,S.Tang,C.Li,P.Zhang,Y.Tan,Z.Zhang,and J.Li388(Contents Continued on page2)(Contents Continued from page1)Spatial and Temporal Model of Electric Vehicle Charging Demand...............................S.Bae and A.Kwasinski394 Study of PEV Charging on Residential Distribution Transformer Life......................................................... ......................................................................Q.Gong,S.Midlam-Mohler,V.Marano,and G.Rizzoni404 Evaluation and Efficiency Comparison of Front End AC-DC Plug-in Hybrid Charger Topologies.......................... .......................................................................F.Musavi,M.Edington,W.Eberle,and W.G.Dunford413 Design of a Novel Wavelet Based Transient Detection Unit for In-Vehicle Fault Determination and Hybrid Energy Storage Utilization.........................................................C.Sen,ama,T.Carciumaru,X.Lu,and N.C.Kar422 Vehicle-to-Aggregator Interaction Game..........................................C.Wu,H.Mohsenian-Rad,and J.Huang434 Optimized Bidding of a EV Aggregation Agent in the Electricity Market..................................................... .....................................................................R.J.Bessa,M.A.Matos,F.J.Soares,and J.A.P.Lopes443 Coordinating Vehicle-to-Grid Services With Energy Trading..............................A.T.Al-Awami and E.Sortomme453 Energy Management Optimization in a Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System............................ ...........................................................................................M.-E.Choi,S.-W.Kim,and S.-W.Seo463 BEVs/PHEVs as Dispersed Energy Storage for V2B Uses in the Smart Grid......C.Pang,P.Dutta,and M.Kezunovic473 An Evaluation of State-of-Charge Limitations and Actuation Signal Energy Content on Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Vehicle-to-Grid Reliability,and Economics...................................C.Quinn,D.Zimmerle,and T.H.Bradley483 Modeling of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Demand in Probabilistic Power Flow Calculations................ ............................................................................................................G.Li and X.-P.Zhang492 The Evolution of Plug-In Electric Vehicle-Grid Interactions......................................D.P.Tuttle and R.Baldick500 Methodology to Analyze the Economic Effects of Electric Cars as Energy Storages......................................... ssila,J.Haakana,V.Tikka,and J.Partanen506 An Economic Analysis of Used Electric Vehicle Batteries Integrated Into Commercial Building Microgrids............. .............................................S.Beer,T.Gómez,D.Dallinger,I.Momber,C.Marnay,M.Stadler,and i517 Transport-Based Load Modeling and Sliding Mode Control of Plug-In Electric Vehicles for Robust Renewable Power Tracking............................................................................................S.Bashash and H.K.Fathy526 Intelligent Energy Resource Management Considering Vehicle-to-Grid:A Simulated Annealing Approach.............. ..........................................................................T.Sousa,H.Morais,Z.Vale,P.Faria,and J.Soares535 Grid Integration of Electric Vehicles and Demand Response With Customer Choice........................................ ...............................................................................S.Shao,M.Pipattanasomporn,and S.Rahman543 Analysis of the Filters Installed in the Interconnection Points Between Different Railway Supply Systems............... ......................................................................................................M.Brenna and F.Foiadelli551 Autonomous Distributed V2G(Vehicle-to-Grid)Satisfying Scheduled Charging............................................. ............................................Y.Ota,H.Taniguchi,T.Nakajima,K.M.Liyanage,J.Baba,and A.Yokoyama559 Implementation of Vehicle to Grid Infrastructure Using Fuzzy Logic Controller.........M.Singh,P.Kumar,and I.Kar565。

IBM SoftwareIBM Informix software product family: Version 11.7 Discover the next decade of IBM Informix2 IBM Informix software product family: Version 11.7IBM® Informix® database software has been voted number one in customer satisfaction for two consecutive years, 2008 and 2009.1 Clients choose Informix because it is reliable, low-cost and hassle-free. Solution providers choose Informix for its best-of-breed embeddability. And it’s available on Microsoft® Windows®, Linux®, UNIX® and Mac OS X rmix 11.7 ushers in the next decade for Informix. As the engine that powers online transaction processing (OL TP) and decision support applications for businesses and partners of all sizes, it will continue to be a force in helping them to deliver smarter solutions. T ake a look at Informix 11.7 and you’ll discover unprecedented advantages: advanced performance, availability and efficiency, minimal complexity and lower computing costs. With the introduction of Informix Flexible Grid, it’s easy to perform routine maintenance and upgrades at all your geographic locations from a single site—and you can do it with zero downtime.ReliableInformix offers one of the most comprehensive sets ofhigh-availability options available from databases that can run on low-cost hardware, and Informix 11.7 takes that to new heights. With Informix Flexible Grid, you can distribute workloads to maximize your hardware investments while keeping data synchronized at all times, whether the servers are in the same room or on the other side of the world. In the case of a system failure, another server automatically takes over with no impact to your business. Further, Informix Flexible Grid lets you keep data available during planned outages without the need for temporary hardware or for cloning databases or applications. You can also useheterogeneous hardware and operating systems within the same grid. With Informix Flexible Grid, you can scalecapacity when and where needed, bring data on- or off-line, and change your data schema throughout your grid—all from a single location, all on demand and all with no downtime.Highlights• Reliable: Provides one of the industry’s widest sets ofoptions for keeping data available at all times, including zero downtime for maintenance• Low-cost: Cuts development costs by nearly eliminating up-front licensing costs typically incurred during the development phase• Hassle-free: Runs almost unattended with self-configuring, self-managing and self-healing capabilities• Best-of-breed embeddability: Provides a provenembedded data management platform for ISVs and OEMs to deliver integrated, world-class solutions, enabling platform independenceSoftware 3 Low-costInformix offers unparalleled cost-saving benefits by reducingthe up-front licensing costs typically incurred during thedevelopment phase. Businesses also benefit from the ongoingsavings in operational expenses, since Informix autonomicfeatures help eliminate outages and require less performancetuning. The autonomic capabilities can handle many of themanual tasks normally performed by a hands-onadministrator with other relational database management systems (RDBMS).Informix also offers data compression technology that can produce up to 80 percent savings on disk space and I/O improvements of up to 20 percent.2 With less data volumeto process, businesses can achieve faster search times, more efficient use of their hardware resources, and reduced backup and recovery times.Hassle-freeInformix is designed from the ground up for easy, scalable administration and includes features that allow Informix to “disappear” within an application. Thanks to the manyself-monitoring and self-healing features built into Informix, such as automated storage and memory management, the database software can be customized to proactively track and react to business thresholds—and resolve them before they become an issue.Small companies love Informix because they don’t needa large technical staff to run their data processing environment. As companies grow, Informix has them covered: customers with large deployments are able to manage an average of 2,000 Informix databases with a single DBA.3 Informix enables growing businesses to scale and manage their databases no matter where they are, on demand and with no downtime.Best-of-breed embeddabilityMore than 2,500 loyal business partners have established millions of Informix deployments around the world, most of which are never seen by the actual customers. For example, Informix is in thousands of worldwide retailers, 20 of the top 25 U.S. supermarkets and 95 percent of telecom service delivery providers.3 Market innovators such as China Mobile, Verizon, Lazare Kaplan International, DHL Express andT rafficmaster rely on Informix to deliver seamless and superior service to their customers.Informix is available on multiple versions of Windows, Linux, UNIX and Mac operating systems, so OEMs, ISVs and VARs are not locked into a single platform and can pursue more market opportunities. Informix is standards-based and supports a wide variety of integrated development environments (IDEs) and application development languages. The same installer can be used on all platforms and can be easily customized and hidden within an embedded solution. The software’s small footprint and self-managing capabilities make it an ideal choice for embedded data management solutions. Plus, Informix can be up and running in minutes, not days, and requires virtually zero administration.Informix is also widely deployed in virtualized environments, with a profile and feature set that lends itself well to virtualization. Customers can reduce costs through server consolidation and can prepare for moving to a true cloud-computing environment, where additional economies of scale are available when supporting customers in a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). Want to learn more about how companies of all sizes are taking advantage of Informix? Read these success stories: /software/success/cssdb.nsf/softwareL2VW? OpenView&Count=30&RestrictToCategory=dmmain_Informix DynamicServer4 IBM Informix software product family: Version 11.7Informix: A complete data management solutionWhile Informix is low-cost and hassle-free, it still offers a comprehensive range of data management capabilities. In addition to those already described, Informix offers many other capabilities, such as:• Warehouse and business analytics: Provides strong performance and value as a single platform to address both OL TP and analytical requirements; higher performance for all types of workloads means fewer servers—and less space, power and cooling• Application development options and tools: Enables developers to choose their favorite language or IDE; now available are new or updated drivers for PHP, Ruby and Microsoft .NET, plus other compatibility features that make it easy to port applications to Informix• OpenAdmin Tool: Provides a graphical administration tool to monitor and administer all of your Informix environments from a single console• Native support for advanced data types:Provides enhanced data process functionality, enabling businesses to create richer applications with spatial, time series and geodetic data, as well as other capabilitiesInformix EditionsInformix offers many editions, including no-cost editions and for-purchase editions, to meet a wide variety of enterprise, ISV, VAR and OEM needs.Free EditionsDeveloper Edition: This edition provides all features of Informix for individual application development, testing and proof-of-concepts. Available on a wide variety of platforms, Developer Edition has some processing and storage limitations. Community support is available.Innovator-C Edition: Designed for low-cost embeddedor workgroup computing, the Innovator-C Edition allows small-to-midsize businesses to develop and deploy widely used database functionality, including replication and some clustering capabilities. The Innovator-C Edition is available on a wide variety of platforms and is limited to four cores over a maximum of one socket and 2 GB of memory. Selective Support at Elite Level is available as an optional purchase.For-purchase EditionsChoice Edition for Windows: This edition gives businesses, ISVs and OEMs with Windows-based environments the ability to develop and deploy near enterprise-class functionality at low cost. The Choice Edition is limited to eight cores over a maximum of two sockets and 8 GB of memory.Choice Edition for Mac OS X: This edition has the same functionality as the Choice Edition for Windows, but is available on Mac OS X.Growth Edition: This edition provides powerful data management capabilities for departmental solutions or small-to-midsize businesses, including unlimited replication cluster nodes to send or receive data updates from other nodes in the cluster. This edition supports up to two high-availability cluster nodes of any type. It is limited to 16 cores over a maximum of four sockets and 16 GB of memory. Growth Edition is available on all supported platforms.Ultimate Edition: This edition includes all Informix features on all supported platforms for development, deployment and distribution with unlimited scalability. It includes full grid and replication capabilities. Storage compression is available as an optional feature.Informix supports a vast number of platforms and versionsof operating systems. A complete list can be found online at /support/docview.wss?rs=630&uid=swg27013343&S_CMP=rnavSoftware 5Developer Edition Linux/UNIX/ Windows/Mac Free for one developerlicense; no distributionCommunity Publicdownload• 1 GB memory• 1 CPU• 8 GB storage limitStorage Optimization Featurenot availableInnovator-C Edition Linux/UNIX/ Windows/Mac Free to develop anddeploy (distributionrequires commerciallicense)Optional: SelectedSupport chargedper install/yearPublicdownload• 2 GB memory• 1 socket, total4 coresFeatures unavailable: StorageOptimization Feature, SDS, parallelfeatures, partitioning, AdvancedAccess Control, Informix WarehouseFeature (SQL Warehousing T ool),multiple secondary serversPartially available: 2-node grid;1 primary, 1 secondary server (HDR),ER (2 root nodes)Choice Editionfor Windowsand Choice Edition for Mac OS X Licensing via LU Socket,AUIncludes Supportand Subscriptionin first yearPassportAdvantage• 8 GB memory• 2 sockets, total8 coresFeatures unavailable: StorageOptimization Feature, SDS, parallelfeatures, partitioning, AdvancedAccess Control, Informix WarehouseFeature (SQL Warehousing Tool),multiple secondary serversPartially available: 2-node grid;1 primary, 1 secondary server (HDR,RSS), ER (2 root nodes)Growth Edition Linux/UNIX/ Windows/Mac OS X Licensing via LU Socket,AU, CS, PVUIncludes Supportand Subscriptionin first yearPassportAdvantage• 16 GB memory• 4 sockets, total16 coresFeatures unavailable: StorageOptimization Feature, parallel features,partitioningPartially available: 3-node grid;1 primary, any2 secondary servers(HDR, RSS, SDS), unlimited ER rootand leaf nodesUltimate Edition Linux/UNIX/ Windows/Mac Licensing via AU, CS,PVUIncludes Supportand Subscriptionin first yearPassportAdvantage• Unlimited For-charge feature: StorageOptimization Feature; everythingelse includedNote: AU: Authorized User Single Install; CAF: Continuous Availability Feature; CS: Concurrent Session; ER: Enterprise Replication; HDR: high-availability data replication; LU: Limited Use; PVU: Processor Value Unit; SDS: Shared Disk SecondaryInformix Editions summary table© Copyright IBM Corporation 2010IBM Corporation Software Group Route 100Somers, NY 10589 U.S.A.Produced in the United States of America October 2010All Rights ReservedIBM, the IBM logo, and Informix are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries or both. If these and other IBM trademarked terms are marked on their first occurrence in this information with a trademark symbol (® or ™), these symbols indicate U.S. registered or common law trademarks owned by IBM at the time this information was published.Such trademarks may also be registered or common law trademarks in other countries. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the web at“Copyright and trademark information” at /legal/copytrade.shtml Linux is a registered trademark of Linus T orvalds in the United States, other countries or both.Microsoft, Windows, Windows NT and the Windows logo are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States, other countries or both.UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries.Other company, product or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.1 The VendorRate 2009 Y ear End Report. /discoverinformix2 “Deep Compression with IBM Informix” /ibmdl/pub/software/data/sw-library/demos/informix/CompressionDemo.swf3 E mbedding Informix: Real World Experiences. /software/data/informix/embed/experience.htmlPlease RecycleIMB14078-USEN-02For more informationT o learn more about Informix and its capabilities, pleasecontact your IBM representative or IBM Business Partner or visit the following website: /software/data/informix。

3 back to top 3G Third Generation3LP Third Party Logistics ProviderA back to top ABAP Advanced Business Application Programming - SAP development language ABC Activities Based CostingADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber LineAI Automatic InsertionAIT Automatic Inspection TechnologyAMA American Management AssociationAML Approved Manufacturer's ListAMPL Approved Manufacturer's Parts ListAMT Advanced Manufacturing TechnologyAOI Automatic Optical InspectionA/P Accounts PayablesAPICS American Production and Inventory Control Society - Supply Chain Management certificationAPO Adaptive Performance OptimizationAPQP Advanced Product Quality PlanningAPS Advanced Planning SystemAQL Acceptable Quality LevelA/R Accounts ReceivableASIC Application Specific Integrated CircuitASP Attached Support ProcessorATO Assemble to OrderATP Available to PromiseAVL Approved Vendor ListB back to top B2B Business to BusinessBAT Board Assembly and TestBGA Ball Grid ArrayBIOS Basic Input/Output SystemBOM Bill of MaterialBPCS Business Planning and Control SystemsBPH Boards per HourBPP Business Process ProcedureBSI British Standards InstituteBSQC Bottom Side Quality ControlBST Board System TestBTO Build to OrderBUC Business Unit CoordinatorBUD Business Unit DirectorBUM Business Unit ManagerBW Business WarehouseC back to top CAC Corrective Action CommitteeCAD Computer Aided DesignCAE Computer Aided EngineeringCAM Computer Aided ManufacturingCAR Corrective Action ReportCAS Chemical Abstract ServiceCAT Corrective Action TeamCDMA Call Division Multiple AccessCEM Contract Electronics ManufacturingCEO Chief Executive OfficerCFO Chief Financial OfficerCFR Cost & FreightCGA Column Grid ArrayCIF Cost, Insurance & FreightCIM Computer Integrated ManufacturingCIP Carriage and Insurance Paid ToCIQ Computer Integrated QualityCIQS Computer Integrated Quality SystemCIS Customer Information SystemCLF Customer Line FalloutCM Contract Manufacturing - former term used to describe EMS (Electronic Manufacturing Services)CMTS Cellular Mobile Telephone SystemCOB Chip on Board or Close of BusinessCOC Certificate of ComplianceCOGM Cost of Goods ManufacturerCofC Certificate of Compliance/ConformityCOGS Cost of Goods SoldCOO Chief Operating OfficerCOSHH Control of Substances Hazardous to HealthCPE Customer Provided EquipmentCPIM Certified in Production and Inventory ManagementCPT Carriage Paid ToCRD Component Reference DesignatorCRP Capacity Requirements PlanningCRT Cathode Ray TubeCSP Certified Service ProviderCSR Customer Service RepresentativeCTB Clean To BuildCTO Configure to OrderCTS Clean To StartCV Single Line PhoneCWA Contract Work AuthorizationD back to top D/S Direct SaleD/W Direct WithdrawalDAF Delivered at FrontierDBW Drive by WireDC Distribution CenterDDP Delivered Duty PaidDDU Delivered Duty UnpaidDE Design EngineerDEQ Delivered Ex QuayDES Delivered Ex ShipDF Direct FulfillmentDFA Design for AssemblyDFD Design for DisassemblyDFEMC Design for Electromagnetic CompatibilityDFESD Design for Electrostatic DischargeDFI Design for InstallabilityDFM Design for Manufacturing; Design for MaintainabilityDFML Design for Material LogisticsDFP Design for Procurement; Design for Production; Design for Packageability DFQ Design for QualityDFR Design for Redesign; Design for Reliability; Design for Reuse; Design for RepairDFS Design for Safety; Design for Simplicity; Design for Speed DFT Design for TestDFX Design for ExcellenceDGR Daily Going RateDID Direct Inward Dialing - type of telephone line that is not part of the internal telephone systemDII Days In InventoryDL Direct LaborDLT Digital Linear TapeDOA Dead On ArrivalDOC Microsoft Word file extensionDOE Design of ExperimentDOF Direct Order FulfillmentDOH Days on HandDPM Defects per Million - common Quality termDPMO Defects per Million Opportunities - common Quality term DR Dynamic ReplenishmentDRM Dynamic Replenishment ModelDSI Digital Speed InterpolationDSL Digital Subscriber LineDSO Days Sales OutstandingDSP Digital Signal ProcessorDTS Dock to StockDWDM Dense Wavelength Division MultiplexingE back to top EBN Electronic Buyer's News (EMS Industry publication)E&O Errors and Omissions (type of insurance)EC Electronic CommerceECN Engineering Change NoticeECO Engineering Change OrderED Electrically DefectiveEDI Electronic Data InterchangeEDM Electronic Document ManagementEDS Engineering Data ServicesEEO Equal Employment OpportunityEFT Electronic Funds TransferEMC Electromagnetic CompatibilityEMI Electromagnetic InterferenceEMS Electronic Manufacturing ServicesEOL End Of LifeEPS Electronic Packout System or Earnings Per ShareERP Enterprise Resource PlanningERS Evaluated Receipt SettlementESD Electrostatic DischargeESI Early Supplier InvolvementESS Environmental Stress ScreeningETA Estimated Time of ArrivalETD Estimated Time of DeliveryF back to top FA Final Assembly or Field AnalysisFAB Bare boardFAI Final Article InspectionFAS Free Alongside StripFCA Free CarrierFCD Factory Complete DateFCPA Foreign Corrupt Practices ActFEDI Financial Electronic Data InterchangeFGI Finished Goods InventoryFIFO First In, First OutFIN Final InspectionFM Functional ManagerFMEA Failure Mode Effect AnalysisFOB Free On BoardFPY First Pass YieldFQC Final Quality ControlFSA Full System AssemblyFSR Field Service ReturnFST Functional System TestFTP File Transfer ProtocolFVT Functional Verification TestG back to top GAL Global Address List in OutlookGDT Global Desktop TeamGHD Global Help DeskGIF Graphics Interchange Format - graphics file extensionGMP Good Manufacturing PracticesGNT Global Network TeamGPS Global Performance System; Global Positioning SystemGQAM Global Quality Assurance ManagerGRN Goods Receipt NumberGSB General Services Building (St. Petersburg, Florida)GSM General Surface MountGST Global Systems TeamGTB Global Technology BuildingGTS Global Test ServicesGUI Graphical User InterfaceH back to top HALT Highly Accelerated Life TestHASS Highly Accelerated Stress ScreeningHDD Hard Disk DriveHERS Manufacturer's Part Number in SAPHI POT High Potential Safety TestHMP Highly Marketable PartHMU Hot Mock UpHP Hewlett Packard CorporationHR Human ResourcesH&S Health and SafetyHSP High Speed PlacementHTML Hypertext Markup Language - web development languageHVLM High Volume, Low MixI back to top IA Inventory AnalystIC Integrated CircuitICT In-Circuit TestIL Indirect LaborIMD In-mold DecorationIMPCON Integrated Manufacturing Production ControlIP Investors in People;Intellectual PropertyIPC Institute of Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic CircuitsIR Investor RelationsISO International Standards OrganizationIT Information TechnologyJ back to topJIT Just-In-Time Inventory SystemJPG Joint Photographic Experts Group - graphics file extensionL back to topLAN Local Area NetworkLCL Lower Control LimitLIFO Last In, First OutLOA Letter of Agreement/AgencyLOI Letter of IntentLVHM Low Volume High MixM back to top MCU Multi-Point Control UnitMDA Manufacturing Defect AnalysisME Manufacturing EngineerMELF Metal Electrode FaceMES Manufacturing Execution SystemMESS Material Excess and Shortage StatusMET Manufacturing Engineering TechnicianMFG ManufacturingMFPY Monthly First Pass YieldMIS Management Information SystemMIT Manager in TrainingMO Machine OperatorMOQ Minimum Order QuantityMPM Screen Printer ManufacturerMPS Master Production ScheduleMPU Main Processing UnitMPV Material Price VarianceMQA Materials Quotation AnalystMRB Material Review BoardMRO Maintenance, Repair & Operating SuppliesMRP Materials Requirements PlanningMS Master ScheduleMSDS Material Safety Data SheetMSN Multi Service NetworkMTBF Mean Time Between FailuresMTD Month-To-DateN back to top NAFTA North American Free Trade AgreementNBV Net Book ValueNCD New Customer DevelopmentNDA Non Disclosure AgreementNDF Non-Defined FailNPFs No Problem Found AssembliesNPI New Product IntroductionNRE Non Recurring ExpenseNTI New Technology IntroductionNYSE New York Stock ExchangeO back to top OBA Out of Box AuditODM Original Design ManufacturerOEM Original Equipment ManufacturerOLA Operations Level AgreementORT On-Going Reliability TestOSHA Occupational Safety and Health ActOTD On Time DeliveryOTS On Time ShipOTW Over the WaveP back to top P&L Profit and LossP/n Part NumberPBA Printed Board AssemblyPBX Private Branch ExchangePC Production Coordinator; Personal ComputerPC & L Production Control and LogisticsPCA Printed Circuit AssemblyPCB Printed Circuit BoardPCBA Printed Circuit Board AssemblyPCI Peripheral Component InterfacePDA Personal Digital AssistantPDF Portable Document Format (Adobe Acrobat file extension)PDM Product Data ManagementPE Production Engineer;Price Earnings ratioPEL Permissible Exposure LimitPFMEA Product/Process Failiure Mode Effects and AnalysisPFTA Pre-Functional Test AssemblyPGI Post Goods Issue (direct sale)PI Physical InventoryPLCC Plastic Leaded Chip CarrierPLD Programmable Logic DevicesPLS Purchase Leverage SystemPLV Production Line VerificationPNG Portable Network Graphics (graphic file extension)PO Purchase OrderPOC Point of ContactPOD Proof of DeliveryPOS Point of ServicePOST Power of Self TestPP Production PlannerPP1 Pre-Production Run 1PPE Personal Protective EquipmentPPT Microsoft Powerpoint file extensionPPV Purchase Price VariancePR Public RelationsPRWS Pre-WashPSA Pre-Ship AuditPTF Platform Tray FeederPTH Plated Through HolePVT Process Verification TestPWA Printed Wiring AssemblyPWB Printed Wiring BoardQ back to top Q&A Question & AnswerQBR Quarterly Business ReviewQC Quality ControlQE Quality EngineerQFD Quality Function DeploymentQFMS Quality First Management SystemQFP Quad Flat PackQM Quality Management ModuleQN Quality NetworkQTEC Quality, Teamwork, Empowerment, Continuous ImprovementR back to top R&D Research & DevelopmentRAMTF Random Access Matrix Tray FeederREQ Resource Expenditure QuoteRF Radio FrequencyRFQ Request for QuotationRI Receive InspectionRIR Receive Inspection ReportRMA Return Materials AuthorizationRODMAN Regional Operations Development ManagerROI Return On InvestmentROIC Return On Invested CapitalRPC Reclaimed Production ComponentsRTC Return to CustomerRTV Return to VendorS back to top S&P 500 Standard & Poor's 500SAF Sub-Assembly ForecastSCAR Supplier Corrective Action ReportSCM Supply Chain ManagementSCSI Small Computer Systems InterfaceSEC Securities Exchange CommissionSED Shipper's Export DeclarationSIS Supplier Information SystemSLA Service Level AgreementSLI Shipper's Letter of InstructionSMCI Supplier Managed Consigned Inventory SMD Surface Mount DeviceSME Subject Matter ExpertSMI Supplier Managed InventorySMT Surface Mount TechnologySNT System Network TestSO Sales OrderSOIC Small Outline Integrated Circuit SONET Synchronous Optical NetworkSOJ Small Outline Package with J Leads SOT Small Outline TransistorSOW Statement of WorkSPB Seconds per BoardSPC Statistical Process Control, former manufacturing quality system currently known as CIQSPV Sales Price VarianceSQE Supplier Quality EngineerSROH Abbreb for c-class component in SAPSSD Solid State DeviceSSL Secure Socket LayerSTP Shielded Twisted PairSVP Senior Vice PresidentSVS Synthetic Vision SystemT back to top TAB Tape Automated BondingTAM Telecommunications Access MethodTARS Test Analysis and Rework SystemTE Test EngineerTER Travel and Entertainment ReportTLV Threshold Limit ValueTP Transport ProtocolTQM Total Quality ManagementTQRDCE Technology/Quality/Responsiveness/Delivery/Cost/EnvironmentTS Transport StreamTSQC Top Side Quality ControlTTM Time To MarketTTV Time To VolumeU back to top UCL Upper Control LimitUK United KingdomUSD United States DollarV back to top VAMs Vendor Accounts ManagersVCC Voltage Constant CurrentVCD Vertical Component DeviceVCLF Verified Customer Line FalloutVGA Video Graphic AnalyzerVOC Volatile Organic CompoundsVOIP Voice Over Internet ProviderVMI Vendor Managed InventoryVP Vice PresidentVPN Virtual Private NetworkW back to top WACC Weighted Average Cost of CapitalWAN Wide Area NetworkWIP Work in ProgressWMA Windows Media File extension for audio filesWMV Windows Media File extension for video filesX back to top XLS Microsoft Excel file extensionXML Extensible Markup LanguageA back to topAccountsAmount company owes to suppliers/vendors for supplies and services. Payable (A/P)AccountsReceivable(A/R)Sales that the company expects to collect from the customer.Accrued Expenses Expenses that have been incurred but have not yet been invoiced nor paid for.Amoritization The systematic repayment of a debt or loan over a specific time period.Assets The objects that a company owns. Assets are groups into current assets and fixed assets.C back to topCapital A business' cash or property.Cash and Cash Equivalents The amount of money that a company has sitting in the bank. It may also include marketable securities, such as government bonds and banker's acceptances.Cash Flow A measure that tells an investor whether a company is actually bringing cash in to the company's coffers.Cash Flow Statement A financial statement reflecting the monies that go into and out of a business, and the timing of those movements. The cash flow statement reports on cash inflows and outflows in a company's operations, investments, and financing activities.Charge Off A loss that is written off a company's books when a lender determines it will be unable to collect from the debtor.Common Stock A security representing partial ownership in a public or private corporation.Corporate Charges Carrying costs of Net Assets (minus A/P). 12% for net fixed assets and 8% for working capital (A/R + Inventory - A/P).Cost of Material The material cost to make the products that were sold during the specified period.Current Assets Assets that the company will use within a year.CurrentLIabilitiesDebt or other obligations that are payable within a year.D back to topDays SalesOutstanding(DSO)A measure of how long it takes a company to collect money that it is due. Debt A liablity that must be paid.Depreciation Accounting method of spreading the costs of the fixed assets over the number of years they are deemed useful.E back to topEarnings The money that is left over after a company pays all its bills. Also known as net income or net profit.Earnings Per A company's earnings divided by the number of shares outstanding.Share (EPS) EBITDA (earnings perinterest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) Otherwise known as the middle line or operational cash flow, it is not a replacement for earnings per share.F back to topFiscal Year End The end of a 12-month accounting period.Fixed Assets Property, plant and equipment with a life of over one year and unit value over $1000.Fixed Expenses Manufacturing costs that do not vary in relation to sales. They are the same whether 1 unit is producted or 10 units are producted.G back to topGross Margin A percentage of how much of each dollar of sales is left over after the costs to make the product are subtracted.I back to topInsider Trading Trading done by a person with access to key non-public information.Inventory Raw materials and Work In Progress materials that are used in production and finished goods that the company expects to sell to the customer.Investment Grade A bond whose credit quality is considered to be among the most secure by any independent bond-rating agency. A rating of Baa or higher by Moody's Investors Service or a rating of BBB or higher by Standard & Poor's is considered investment grade.L back to topLiabilities Debt a company owes.N back to topNet FixedAssetsFixed assets minus depreciation.Net Income Gross income minus total expenses.Net Profit The bottom line. This is how much money the company made in profits. Net Revenue Revenue (sales) minus returns, discounts and allowances.New YorkStockExchange(NYSE)The oldest and largest stock exchange in the United States.O back to topOne-Time Charge A cost that a company must pay once, as compared with costs it must pay regularly.Operating Cash Flow Money that is growing during the course of a company running its business.OperatingExpensesThe cost of doing business. P back to topPreferred Stock Preferred stock pays a dividend on a regular schedule and is given preference onver common stock in regard to the payment of dividends. Their share prices tend to remain stable and will generally not carry the voting rights that common stock does.Price To Earnings Ratio (P/E) The share price of a stock divided by its per-share earnings over the past year.Pro Forma Financial statements that are adjusted to reflect a projected or recently completed transaction. The term may be applied to income statements, balance sheets, and statements of cash flow.Property, Plant and Equipment The original cost of assets less their accumulated depreciation. Often called fixed assets.Prospectus A legal document that provides information about a potential investment including discussions of its investment objectives, policies, past performance, risks and cost.R back to topRecord Date The date on which a company's books are closed in order to identify share owners and distribute any quarterly dividends, proxies or other financial documentation.Research and Development (R&D) An expense reported on the income statement reflectiing the company's efforts to discover and invest in new technologies.RetainedEarningsIncome a company has earned less the dividends it has paid.Return on Equity (ROE) It is a measure as a percentage of how much in earnings a company generates in four quarters compared to its shareholders' equity.Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) Is a measure of financial performance and a financial performance forecasting tool.Revenue Sales of product within the specified time period. Revenue is recognized in the period in which the product has transferred title and has been shipped to a location designated by the customer.S back to topSG&A Administrative costs of operations. Examples: accounting, HR, IT, operations management, project management.SecondaryOfferingThe sale of a large block of company stock.Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) The federal agency charged with ensuring that the U.S. stock market is a free and open market. All companies with stock registered in the United States must comply with SEC rules and regulations, which include filing quarterly reports on how the company is doing.Standard & Poor's 500 Index An index of 500 of the biggest publicly traded companies in the United States.Stock An ownership share in a corporation.Stock Split It involves a company alterinig the number of its shares outstanding and proportionally adjusting the share price to compensate. A typical example is a 2-for-1 stock split.Stockholder's Equity Contributed capital from the stockholders to the company for use in business plus earned capital if the company is profitable.T back to topTicker Symbol An abbreviation for a company's name that is used as shorthand by stock-quote reporting services and brokerages.V back to topVariableExpensesManufacturing costs that vary in relation to sales.Volatility The degree of movement in the price of a stock or other security.Volume The amount (expressed in shares or dollars) of a stock that is traded during a specified period.W back to topWorkingCapitalIt is the money the company has readily available to use in business.A back to topAdhesive A substance such as glue or epoxy used to hold components to the PCB. Annular Ring The pad/land surrounding a plated through hole.Array A group of elements or circuits arranged in rows and columns on a base material.Assembly A completed or partially completed printed circuit board.Automatic Pull An inventory request by the I/A to move 3 shirts' worth of material from the stockroom to the manufacturing floor.Axial Component A through hole component that has two (2) leads extending from either side like arms.B back to topBackflush An inventory control method in SAP; clearing the number of boards from the system also clears the corresponding numbers and types of components.Bar Code A label with vertical lines of varying width and space used to identify theassembly.Bare Board An unassembled (unpopulated) PCB.Barrel The foil lining that forms the conductive surface of a PTH. Blind Via A via that extends to only one side of the PCB.Blow Hole A solder void caused by out gassing.Boxbuild Production of a complete functional product; the building of the entire plastic case.C back to topCapacitance A measure of the ability of two adjacent conductors separated by an insulator to hold a charge when voltage is impressed between them.CIQ Computer Integrated Quality - A real time computer system that tracks the defects input by QC inspectors. This data is used to start corrective actions as problems are found.Circuit A number of electrical elements and devices that have been interconnected to perform a desire electrical function.Clinched Lead A component lead inserted into a PTH and is bent over to secure the part in place during the soldering process.Cold Solder Joint A solder connection that exhibits poor wetting, and is characterized by a grayish and porous appearance. Usually caused by excessive impurities in the solder and/or insufficient heat applied.Corrision The attack of chemicals, fluxes and flux-residues on the base metals and solder masking.Cost of Quality The money spent in the creation, control and evaluation of quality and the consequences of the failure to meet specified requirements.CRD Designator Component Reference Designator, a letter that identifies the various components and the number next to the letter tells their location on the PCB.D back to topDate Code This is the markings (numbers) on a product (PCB's, components, etc.) to indicate the date they were manufactured.Defect A nonconformance to specified requirements by a unit or product.Degrees of Hazard Danger means that the chemical can cause immediate serious injury or death.Warning means a potentially serious injury or death.Caution indicates a potentially moderate injury.Deviation A form that is required to be filled out anytime we change (deviate) from our normal work process or procedure.Dewetting A condtion that results when molten solder coats a surface and then recedes to leave irregularly shaped mounds of solder that are separated by areas that are covered by a thin film of solder.Double Sided A printed circuit board with conductive patterns and components on bothBoard sides.E back to topExcessive Solder A solder connection of such volume that positive wetting cannot be verified.F back to topFirst Pass Yield The percentage of assemblies that complete the production process one time through without any rework.Flash Point The lowest temperature at which a chemical will ignite.Fractured Solder This is a condition in which a component or wire is pulled away from the solder connection, looks like a crack in the solder.G back to topGold FIngers These are also called contact tabs. They are on the edge of the PCB. They are used to plug into a connector or slot.H back to topHazard Data Description of the hazards posed by the chemical properties of a substance. For example, explosive limits and flammability are hazard data.I back to topInsertion Through-hole placement of components, secured by wave or manual solder.Insufficient Solder There is not enough solder to verify positive wetting. No evidence of solder fillets.L back to topLand Pattern A combination of lands that are used for the mounting, interconnection and testing of a particular component.Lock Out A method of keeping equipment from being set in motion and endangering workers. A device is often placed over the energy isolating mechanism to hold it in the safe position.M back to topManual Pull An inventory request by the manufacturing floor to the stockroom for materials such as MRO, components needed for rework, or components.Masking/Solder Resist A thin protective coating (usually green or clear) covering the PCB; solder will not adhere to masking.MELF Metal Electrode Face. A surface mount component that is tublar in shape. Mis-Inserted A through hold component that is not properly seated in the board.Mis-Onserted A surface mount component that is misregistered in the X, Y axis. Up, down, left or right out of alignment with the pads.MRB Material Review Board - a group of selected representatives from various support functions responsible for the evaluation and disposition of material identified as non-conforming.N back to topNon Conforming Defect Any nonconformance to specified requirements by a unit or a product. (Doesn't meet customers quality or IPC requirements)Non Wetting The partial adherence of molten solder to a surface that it has contracted and the base metal is exposed.O back to topOnsertion The process of placing a surface mount component. P back to topP Value In SPC, the mean of the quantity of components rejected divied by the quantity of components placed for an individual machine over time.Paceline Hand-inserted components line (components difficult to handle with automation).Pack-out A manual count and verification of correct assembly number and the successful passing of the correct departments.Pad/Land The metal surface on the PCB that the components are soldered to; there are 2 kinds:1. Surface mount pads - rectangular in shape and without a matching pad on the opposite side of the board.2. Through hole pads - mostly round in shape (annular ring) with a match on the opposite side of the board.Polarity Is the indication of where to apply voltage for the flow of current. This means the part may only be mounted on the PCB one specific way.Primary Side The side of the PCB that usually has the most complex or the majority of the components. Or the side designated by the visual aid as the Primary Side. Also known as the Topside of the board.Process Alert This is an indication of a known problem with the PCB. R back to topRadical Component A through hole component that has two or more leads that extend straight down from the component body like legs.S back to topSecondary Side The side of the PCB that has few, if any, components. This side usually contains fewer and less complex parts, or the side that the visual aid designates as the secondary side.Sideserted A surface mount defect in which a chip style component is mounted so that it is standing on its narrowest edge. Also known as billboarding.Skewed A surface mount component that is rotated (twisted) in relation to the X, Y axis.Solder Ball Small spheres (ball) of solder adhering to the laminate or conductive surface.Solder Peak A cone shaped peak or sharp point of solder. Also known as an icicle.。

第 23卷第 1期2024年 1月Vol.23 No.1Jan.2024软件导刊Software Guide基于贝叶斯理论的HotellingT2小样本多元工序质量监控方法宁方华1，骞文成1，屠震元2，陈智峰1（1.浙江理工大学机械工程学院，浙江杭州 310018；2.杭州海康威视数字技术股份有限公司，浙江杭州 310051）摘要：适用于多元质量控制的传统HotellingT2控制图方法，在小批量加工时因样本数据少而对异常值较敏感，存在一定局限性。

为此，将贝叶斯理论与传统HotellingT2控制图相结合，通过历史批次工序质量分布信息和现有样本实时数据估计贝叶斯参数，构造基于贝叶斯理论的HotellingT2工序质量控制图，以在小批量加工的多元质量控制过程中抵御异常值造成的影响。

通过发动机凸轮轴工序质量控制实例分析表明，所提方法相较于传统方法能有效抵御异常值造成的影响，具有良好的抗干扰性和稳定性，能更好地监测工序质量控制的失控状态。

关键词：多元质量控制；贝叶斯理论；HotellingT2控制图DOI：10.11907/rjdk.222482开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：中图分类号：TP183 文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-7800（2024）001-0122-06HotellingT2 Small Sample Multivariate Process Quality Monitoring MethodBased on Bayesian TheoryNING Fanghua1， QIAN Wencheng1， TU Zhenyuan2， CHEN Zhifeng1（1.School of Mechanical Engineering， Zhejiang Sci-tech University， Hangzhou 310018， China；2.Hangzhou Hikvision DIGITAL Technology Co.， Ltd.， Hangzhou 310051， China）Abstract：Traditional Hotelling T2 control chart method suitable for multivariate quality control has certain limitations in small batch process⁃ing due to its sensitivity to outliers due to limited sample data. To this end， Bayesian theory is combined with traditional Hotelling T2 control charts to estimate Bayesian parameters through historical batch process quality distribution information and existing real-time sample data. A Hotelling T2 process quality control chart based on Bayesian theory is constructed to resist the impact of outliers in the multivariate quality con⁃trol process of small batch processing. The analysis of quality control examples for engine camshaft processes shows that the proposed method can effectively resist the impact of outliers compared to traditional methods， has good anti-interference and stability， and can better monitor the uncontrolled state of process quality control.Key Words：multivariate quality control； Bayesian theory； HotellingT2 control chart0 引言在生产加工过程中，为了保证产品质量需要同时监控每个方面的质量指标。

专利名称：Tier-based data management发明人：Gary R. Hix,Philip T. Spencley申请号：US12428091申请日：20090422公开号：US09031914B2公开日：20150512专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：The present invention addresses the deficiencies of the related art by providing a tier-based data storage solution. Specifically, the present invention evaluates the data contained in database tables by analyzing several metrics for the data, and creating a valuation score. The valuation score is used to determine the storage tier that wouldmeet the performance and availability requirements of the database with the goal of reducing the costs associated with storing that data. The metrics that are used to evaluate database tables include (among others): table purpose, data retention, disk requirements, data criticality, data relevance, and desired performance. As such, the present invention will develop a data (lifecycle) storage plan for each set of data. This storage plan not only identifies an initial storage tier where the data should be stored, but also identifies, if, when and to where the data should be moved thereafter.申请人：Gary R. Hix,Philip T. Spencley地址：Warrenton VA US,Charlotte NC US国籍：US,US代理机构：Keohane & D'Alessandro PLLC代理人：William E. Schiesser,Hunter E. Webb更多信息请下载全文后查看。

define grid motion的用法-回复Grid motion refers to the movement of an object along a grid system. It is commonly used in various fields such as computer graphics, robotics, and games. This article will delve into the concept of grid motion, its applications, and provide a step-by-step guide on how to implement it.Introduction to Grid Motion:Grid motion involves moving an object along a grid, which is typically composed of evenly spaced rows and columns. Each square within the grid represents a discrete position that the object can occupy. By restricting the movement to these predefined positions, grid motion allows for precise control and facilitates various computational tasks.Applications of Grid Motion:1. Computer Graphics: Grid motion is widely used in computer graphics to render animations and simulate movement. It provides a straightforward way to control objects' positions by simply moving them to adjacent grid cells. The grid-based approach simplifies collision detection and pathfinding algorithms, making them more efficient.2. Robotics: Grid motion plays a crucial role in the navigation of robots. By defining a grid map of the robot's environment, it becomes easier to plan paths and avoid obstacles. Grid-based mapping allows the robot to move from one cell to another in a systematic manner, ensuring safe and efficient navigation.3. Games: Many games utilize grid motion to implement movement mechanics. From turn-based strategy games like chess and checkers to real-time strategy games and puzzle games, the grid system provides a well-defined framework for character movement and interactive gameplay.Implementing Grid Motion:Step 1: Define the GridTo implement grid motion, we first need to define a grid system. This involves determining the size of each grid cell and creating a grid structure to store data. In programming, this can be achieved using arrays, matrices, or even specialized data structures specifically designed for grids.Step 2: Define Object PositionsNext, we assign an initial position to the object within the grid. This position will be represented by a set of coordinates that correspond to the grid cells. These coordinates can be integers, where the origin (0,0) is typically the top-left corner of the grid.Step 3: Handle User InputsTo enable user interaction, we need to develop a mechanism to interpret user inputs and respond accordingly. For example, in a game, this can involve capturing keyboard or mouse events to move the object in response to user commands.Step 4: Restrict Movement to Grid CellsTo enforce grid motion, we must ensure that the object can only move to adjacent grid cells. This can be achieved by defining a set of rules that restrict movement, such as only allowing horizontal or vertical movement and disallowing diagonal movement.Step 5: Update Object PositionDepending on the desired behavior, we update the object's position accordingly. If the user wants to move left, we decrement the x-coordinate. If the user wants to move up, we decrement the y-coordinate. Conversely, if the user wants to move right or down,we increment the corresponding coordinate.Step 6: Collision Detection and PathfindingFor more advanced grid motion requirements, additional logic may be needed. This can involve implementing collision detection algorithms to prevent objects from moving through walls or other obstacles. Pathfinding algorithms can also be employed to calculate the shortest path between two grid cells, enabling more intelligent and efficient movement.Conclusion:Grid motion is a versatile concept with numerous practical applications. Its simplicity and precision make it ideal for various fields, including computer graphics, robotics, and gaming. By following the step-by-step guide outlined in this article, developers can easily implement grid motion to enhance their projects and create immersive and interactive experiences.。

基于电能路由器的交直流微网信息集成系统刘迎澍;王安瑶【摘要】电能路由器作为微网的"能量转换枢纽"与控制核心,能够为接入微网的各种分布式电源设备和负载提供标准化的电气与信息接口,保证微网内设备的无缝连接和即插即用.首先研究了以电能路由器为核心的交直流微网的信息集成系统;然后基于IEC61850标准构建了电能路由器信息模型,创建了双向功率变换器的逻辑节点,作为对IEC61850-7-420标准中功率转换装置的信息模型补充定义;最后研究了基于IEC61850的微网整体信息模型和信息交互方式.本研究成果丰富了微网系统的信息集成技术,为微网的运行调度和设备管理提供了可靠的支持.%As the"energy hub"and control center of a microgrid,an electric power router(EPR)provides standard?ized electrical and information interfaces to various distributed generation(DG)equipments and loads,and guarantees seamless connection and plug-and-play to the equipments in the microgrid.In this paper,an information integration sys?tem of AC/DC microgrid with an EPR as its core is studied first.Based on the IEC61850 standard,an information model of EPR is established.A logical node of bidirectional power converter is built as supplementary definition to the informa?tion model of the power converter established in the IEC61850-7-420 standard.The overall information model of the mi?crogrid and its means of information exchange are studied in the end.The results of this paper enriches the information integration technologies for the microgrid system,and provides reliable support for the operational scheduling and equipment management of the microgrid.【期刊名称】《电力系统及其自动化学报》【年(卷),期】2018(030)004【总页数】7页(P77-83)【关键词】电能路由器;IEC61850;信息模型;交直流微网【作者】刘迎澍;王安瑶【作者单位】天津大学电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津300072;天津大学电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津300072【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM73微网作为整合各种分布式能源[1]、改善网络运行管理[2]和促进节能降耗[3]的有效途径，具有丰富多样的拓扑架构、灵活的运行模式和交互性更强的负荷侧管理[4]。