2011国际贸易Chapter2-1

2011年国际商务师考试国际贸易实务章节练习试题及答案（二）[全文5篇]第一篇：2011年国际商务师考试国际贸易实务章节练习试题及答案(二)第二章合同的主体与标的物一、单项选择题1、如果我方准备进口一套机电设备，一般应选用的表示品质的依据为（）A、凭卖方样品 B、凭买方样品 C、凭说明书买卖 D、凭商标和牌名买卖2、在以规格与样品同时使用的出口贸易中，国外买方验货的质量依据一般为（）A、规格 B、样品 C、规格和样品 D、规格或样品3、如果卖方所交货物品质低于样品品质，但在品质公差范围内，买方应如何处理（）A、拒收 B、收货，拒付 C、要求降价 D、按合同价收货4、按UCP600规定，以信用证支付方式进行散装货物买卖，交货的机动幅度为（）A、2% B、10% C、5% D、15%5、按UCP600规定，数量的“约”应该理解为（）A、2% B、10% C、5% D、15%二、判断题1、进口羊毛等纺织原料，应该使用的计量单位是净重（）2、出口到日本的商品的销售包装上较合适选用荷花（）3、确定有多个不同名称商品的品名时，应该主要考虑品名新颖。

（）4、定牌中性包装是指有商标、牌名无产地、厂名。

（）5、运输包装的一项重要功能是吸引顾客。

（）三、简答1．什么是对等样品？2．什么是品质公差？3．什么是FAQ？4．什么是溢短装条款？5．对溢短装部分商品的价格应如何确定？ 6．什么是中性包装？7．运输包装与销售包装有何不同？四、案例分析1、货物上面已经打上进口商的特别商标，但该批商品被客户拒绝提货，请问如果把这批货品转售给进口地的另一客户，是否构成侵犯他人商标权？2、某厂商出口货物一批。

合同规定每箱20件，共100箱，后为包装方便，我方改为每箱40件，共50箱，请问，这种处理是否会构成违约？第二章答案一、单项选择题1、（C）2、（C）3、（D）4、（C）5、（B）二、判断题1、（×）2、（×）3、（×）4、（√）5、（×）三、简答1．卖方复制买方提供样品供买方确认，然后按经确认后的样品生产。

Chapter 1 International Trade1.What are the reasons for international trade?There are three main reasons: resource reasons, economic reasons, and political reasons. The resource reasons refer to the uneven distribution of resources such as natural resources, capital, and labor. The economic reasons are explained by the principal of absolute advantage and the principal of comparative advantage. Besides, nations are motivated to trade or not to trade with each other by international and domestic political needs.2.What is the principal of comparative advantage?Created by David Ricardo, the principal of comparative advantage is a basic theory for specialization and trade which says trade will benefit both nations provided only that their relative costs, that is, the ratios of their real costs measured by labor-hour or another commodity, are different for two or more commodities. In other words, trade depends on differences in comparative cost or opportunity cost, and one nation can profitably trade with another even though its real costs are higher (lower) in every commodity.3.What are the benefits of international trade?The benefits of international trade include cheaper goods, more choices of goods, wider market for domestic producers, and the growth of domestic and world economy.4. Why does trade protectionism still exist despite the benefits of international trade?Trade protectionism exists for economic and political reasons. Nations want to protect their infant industries and jobs from foreign competition, to maintain balance of payment, and not to support their foes.5.Want are some of the forms of trade restrictions?Trade restrictions take the forms of tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.6.What is a tariff barrier and what is a non-tariff barrier?A tariff barrier is a direct monetary burden to discourage trade in which a duty or fee is levied on goods being imported into (or exported out of) a country. A non-tariff barrier, on the other hand, is not directly a monetary burden though it often costs more time and money. Non-tariff barriers include quota, license, foreign exchange control, technical standards, and regulations, etc.Terms1. A tariff: is a duty or fee that is levied on goods being imported into (or exported out of) acountry.2.Surtax: is an additional tax. It may also be temporary and discriminatory. In internationaltrade, import surtax is often collected to cope with international payment difficulties and to prevent dumping.3.Anti-dumping duty: is a fee that is collected by the importing country when it believes thatthe exporting country is selling a significant amount goods to the importing country at prices much lower than in the exporting country.4.Specific duty: is a tax of a certain sum assessed and collected on an article without referenceto its value or market.5.Ad valorem duty: is a tax which is graded according to the cost, or market value, of thearticle taxed.6. A quota: is a quantitative restriction or an upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value.7.An import license: is a permit for import issued by the government to control the import ofgoods.8.Foreign exchange control: means various forms of restriction imposed by a government onthe purchase/sale of foreign currencies by residents or on the purchase/sale of local currency by nonresidents.Chapter 2 Terms of Delivery1.What are the key issues that a contract must spell out clearly?Seller’s and buyer’s responsibilities and associated costsTime and place of deliveryDocuments and expensesTitle to the goods2.Why are Incoterms created?Incoterms are created to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.3.How are the terms structured in Incoterms?The terms are grouped in four basically different categories: E-term, F-terms, C-terms, and D-terms. E-term requires the seller to make the goods available to the buyer usually at the seller’s own premises. F-terms require the seller to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed and paid by the buyer. C-terms require the seller to contract and pay for carriage without assuming the risk of loss of or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch. D-terms require the seller to bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the place of destination.4.Do you have to use Incoterms in every transaction? Why or why not?No, sellers and buyers don’t need to use Incoterms in their transaction because Incoterms are created only to provide an option, not an obligation.5.What should be considered in the choice of terms of delivery?Transport capacityCustomer’s locationFreight rateLoading/unloading facilities and local port customRisks in transitChapter 3 Cargo Packaging, Stowage & Marking1.Generally speaking, what are the main reasons for cargo packaging?Generally speaking, there are four main reasons for cargo packaging:a.protective function that essentially involves protecting the contents from the environment andvice versa;b.loading and transport function that requires proper packaging design for easy handling andspace-saving transportationc.stowage function that facilitates stowage and distribution; andd.promotion function that helps generate product awareness and sales2.The protective function of packaging essentially involves protecting the contents fromthe environment. Is this statement true or false and why?This statement is only partially true because the protective function of packaging involves protecting people and the environment, not only the contents, particularly for hazardous materials.3.What is the most efficient method of handling general cargo?The most efficient method of handling general cargo is to make up cargo unit.4.What are the main factors influencing types of cargo packaging?The main factors influencing types of cargo packaging are:a.nature of cargo;b.transport;c.Customs and statutory requirements;d.Insurance acceptance conditions;e.Cost; andf.Ease of handling and stowage5.What should be considered in the stowage of cargo?The following should be considered in the stowage of cargo:a.observation of weight limitations and distributions;b.prevention of damage to transport vehicle;c.best use of available deadweight or cubic capacity to minimize the broken stowage;d.avoidance of mixing incompatible cargo;e.plan for ease of unloading6.What purposes does correct and complete marking serve?Correct and complete marking of packages helps prevent incorrect handling, accidents, incorrect delivery, losses of weight and volume and Customs fines7.What are the main types of marks?The main types of marks include shipping marks, information marks, indicative marks and warning marks.8.What are the marking requirements?The marking requirements are internationality, visibility, legibility and indelibilityChapter 4 Transport1.What are the key differences between liners and tramps?A liner operates over a regular route according to an advertised time-table but a tramp does not operate this way. Instead, a tramp is a vessel hired to pick up cargo from almost any port and go directly to the port of destination.2.What does the abbreviation FIO stand for? What does it mean?FIO stands for “free in and out”, which means that the charterer of a vessel, not the ship operator, is responsible for the costs of loading and unloading.3.What key purposes does a B/L serve?A B/L serves three key purposes. First, it is evidence that a valid contract of carriage exists between the carrier and the shipper, and it may incorporate the full terms of the contract between them. Second, it is a receipt signed by the carrier confirming whether goods matching the contract description have been received from the shipper in good condition. Third, it is also a document of title, creating ownership of the goods shipped.4.What should a clause of shipment include?A clause of shipment should include time of shipment, port of shipment and port of destination, advice of shipment, partial shipment and transshipment.5.What is Air Waybill and what is the key difference between the document and an OceanB/L?An air waybill is a transport document issued by airlines or air cargo companies or their agents. The key difference between this document and an ocean B/L is that air waybill is not a title document. As a straight waybill, an air waybill is not transferrable or negotiable and a shipper does not lose his ownership of the cargo by handing the air waybill to the airline. However, as the buyer is named the consignee on the waybill and he/she can claim the consignment from the carrier by simply showing proof of identity.6.What is international multimodal transport?International multimodal transport is the carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport on the basis of a multimodal transport contract from a place in one country at which the goods are taken in charge by the multimodal transport operator to a place designated for delivery situated in a different country.7.What are the general considerations in cargo transport?Reliability, speed and frequency, and cost.Chapter 5 Foreign exchange rate & Contract formation- Offer & Acceptance1.How is the exchange rate between any two currencies expressed?There are two ways to express the exchange rate between any two currencies, i.e., the price of Currency A can be quoted in terms of Currency B or vice versa. Depending on whether home currency is used to express the price of foreign currencies or foreign countries are used to express the price of home currency, we have direct quotation and indirect quotation.2.How many rates does a bank normally quote?Two, a buying (bid) rate and a selling（ask）rate.3.Why is exchange rate an important issue for international traders?While the exchange rates between currencies float, payment is normally made sometime after the contract is concluded. The final earnings in the home currency (if the contract currency is a foreign currency) will only be known with the prevailing exchange rate at the time the payment is made. A favorable exchange rate will give the exporter more home currency. On the other hand, an adverse movement of the exchange rates will bring him a loss in terms of home currency.4.How can we manage the exchange rate risks (foreign exchange risks)?There are a number of choices: choosing the right currency for a transaction, booking a forward contract, and using other products that banks offer.5.If you intend to make your offer indefinite, what can you do to avoid misinterpretation?If an offerer wants to make an offer indefinite, he should make clear reservations to avoid misinterpretation.6.How can you terminate an offer?An offer can be terminated by:The party offering may revoke the offer if no consideration has been given.The offer may lapse (either after a specified time, or it may just become stale).Offer may come to an end after a stipulated event occurs or does not occur.Offer may lapse on death of the party offeringOffer is killed by a counter-offer.7.Who can accept an offer?Only the offeree can accept an offer.8.What does acceptance mean to a contract?Since an acceptance indicates assent to an offer, it validates the contract and means that boththe offerer and the offeree will be bound by the terms and conditions in the offer.9.What is a counter-offer?A counter-offer is either the office’s proposal of a new set of terms for the transaction or his conditional acceptance by making actual, material changes in the offer.1.Foreign exchange: is the currency of any foreign country which is the authorized instrumentof settlement and the basis for record keeping in that country.2.Like any other commodities, a foreign exchange has a price, which is expressed in anothercurrency. Exchange rate is the price relationship between the currencies of two countries or the price of one currency in terms of the other.3.Offer rate（of foreign exchange）:is the price at which a bank is willing to sell foreignexchange to its customers4. A definite offer:is one that clearly expresses the offerer’s willingness in concluding atransaction by providing complete and clear information for the deal. Normally it includes all the necessary items for a transaction, specifies the time by which the offer is valid and the time the acceptance must be received, and uses the phrase “offer firm” meaning that the offer is made without reservations.5.An acceptance: is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.。

2011年1月高等教育自学考试中英合作商务管理专业考试国际贸易实务（二）试卷（课程代码 00811）（考试时间165分钟，满分100分）注意事项：1.试题包括必答题与选答题两部分，必答题满分60分，选答题满分40分。

必答题为一、二、三题，每题20分。

选答题为四、五、六、七题，每题20分，任选两题回答，不得多选，多选者只按选答的前两题计分。

60分为及格线。

2.答案全部答在答题卡上。

3.可使用计算器、直尺等文具。

第一部分必答题（满分60分）（本部分包括第一、二、三题，每题20分，共60分）一、本题包括1——20二十个小题，每小题1分，共20分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填写在括号内。

1.在古代，较高的运输成本和交易费用使国际贸易的商品基本局限在A.食物B.易腐烂的商品C.奢侈品和贵重物品D.纺织品2.自给自足经济是A.强调制造产品的重要性B.强调独裁更有效率C.赞成市场的无政府主义D.提倡自足经济3.下列表述正确的是A.生产任何产品都具有绝对优势的国家不能从国际贸易中获利B.生产任何产品都具有绝对劣势的国家不能从国际贸易中获利C.如果每个国家自给自足则会提高全球经济的效率D.1945年以来，国际贸易的增长促进了世界多数人口生活水平的提高4.由官方货币委员会管理货币的是A.香港B.日本C.英国D.美国5.以下发球东盟成员的国家是A.澳大利亚B.印度尼西亚C.印度D.斯里兰卡6.2009年GDP最高的国家是A.中国B.德国C.日本D.美国7.2009年最大的商品出口国是A.中国B.德国C.日本D.美国8.2009年经常项目逆差最大的国家是A.中国B.德国C.日本D.美国9.欧共体条约81款中关于“协同行为”的正确表述是A.在欧盟行业内达成扰乱竞争的约定B.两个索赔人向法院提出的诉讼C.欧共体条约81条款中的豁免约定D.关于销售份额的规则10.2009年向中国出口商品最多的国家是A.德国B.印度C.日本D.美国11.提供国际资本流动和外国直接投资综合数据的机构是A.国际货币基金组织B.联合国贸易发展委员会C.世界银行D.世界贸易组织12.2009年接受外国直接投资最多的国家是A.英国B.中国C.法国D.美国13.为了消除，向发展中国家提供资金和技术援助的机构是A.国际货币基金组织B.联合国贸易发展委员会C.世界银行D.世界贸易组织14.促进国际货币合作和货币稳定，帮助成员保持国际收支平衡的机构是A.国际货币基金组织B.联合国贸易发展委员会C.世界银行D.世界贸易组织15.2009-2010年期间召开的解决全球经济与金融危机的峰会是A.G2B.G8C.G20D.G7716.卖方行使留置权的条件是A.货物售出时允许赊欠B.货物以赊欠的方式售出但信用期已过C.货物在买方指定的承运人控制下D.卖方已得到货款17.国际贸易合同中的司法管辖权条款是A.卖方保留货物所有权的条款B.买方有权检验货物的条款C.某国法院有权审理争议的条款D.某国法律适用解决争议的条款18.提单的正确表述是A.提单不能转让B.提单可以电子传输C.提单不是货物收据D.提单是发票19.FOB合同的正确表述是A.卖方负责安排运输B.买方负责在装运港装船C.卖方负责在装运港装船D.买方负责办理出口许可证20.海运保险的正确表述是A.卖方不负责出口货物的保险B.货物遭遇损失时被保险人必须具有可保利益C.在CIF合同中买方负责安排保险D.海运保险合同不是一个获得最大利益的合同仔细阅读下面案例并回答第二、第三题。

International Trade TheoriesChapter 2 Modern Trade Theories (1)In Chapter 2 and 3 we have discussed the benefits from trade. In this and the next two chapters, our discussion will be focused on providing the theoretical basis for international trade by introducing the most popular modern trade theories, such as the theories of mercantilism, absolute advantage and comparative advantage, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of factor endowments, the Leontief paradox, the product life-cycle theory and the “Gravity” model of trade by Andrew Rose and some other new trade theories.Mercantilism(1) ConceptMercantilism can be defined in various ways but most popularly it is defined as a sort of economic doctrine seeking to secure a nation’s supremacy over other states by the accumulation of precious metal (silver and gold) and by exporting the largest possible quantity of products while importing as little as possible.(2) Historical backgroundThis doctrine or theory representing the first stage in the development of modern trade theory, arose during the period 1500-1800 in Europe (mainly in Britain and France) with the decline of feudalism and the rise of capitalism. The quick growth of capitalism called for accumulation of currency and expansion of market.(3) Major view points of mercantilists and criticism of mercantilismAccording to the mercantilists like Thomos Mun (157-1641), the central question was how a country could regulate its domestic and international affairs so as to promote its own interests. The solution lay in a strong foreign trade sector. If a nation could achieve a favorable trade balance (trade surplus or a surplus of exports over imports), it would make a lot of money in the form of gold and silver. Such revenues would contribute to increased spending and a rise in domestic output and employment.To achieve a trade surplus the mercantilists like Thomos Mun advocated governmental regulation of trade. Tariffs, quotas and other commercial policies (even monopolization) were proposed by mercantilists to minimize imports in order to protect a nation’s trade position. In 1630, Thomos Mun —the mercantilist English writer was quoted as saying: “The ordinary means therefore to increase our wealth and treasure is by foreign trade, wherein we must observe the rule: to sell more to strangers yearly than we consume of theirs in value.”By the 18th century, the economic policies of the mercantilists were under strong attack. For example, David Hume expressed his disagreement with mercantilists by saying that a favorable trade balance was possible only in the short run, for over time it would automatically be eliminated. Adam Smith also opposed the theory of mercantilism with the theory of free trade and international division of labor.(4) Is mercantilism dead?The answer is no. It is still living and working in developed countries.Some trade experts say Japan is a neo-mercantilist nation because its government, while publicly supporting free trade, simultaneously seeks to protect certain segments of its economy from more efficient foreign competition. This example shows the theory of mercantilism remain in practice today. But modern version of mercantilism differs from the original in that today the accumulation of convertible currency instead of gold and silver is often the goal of governments.Absolute AdvantageThe second modern theory explaining why nations trade is Adam Smith’s absolute advantage. This theory of absolute advantage also represents the first stage in the development of modern trade theories.(1) DefinitionWhen country A can produce a unit of a good with less labor than countryB we say that country A has an absolute advantage in producing that good.(2) Major views of this theoryAdam Smith (1723-1790), one of the most influential classical economists was a leading advocate of free trade on the grounds that it promoted the international division of labor. According to his theory of absolute advantage, nations could concentrate their production on goods they could make most cheaply, with all the consequent benefits of the division of labor.In further explaining his principle of absolute advantage he used some suppositions. “In a two-country two-product world”, he said, international trade and specialization will be beneficial when one country has an absolute cost advantage (that is, it can produce a good using fewer resources) in the production of one product, whereas the other country has about cost advantage in the other product. For nations to benefit from the international division of labor, each nation must have a kind of goods that it is absolutely more efficient in producing than its trading partner.Smith felt it was far better for a country to import goods that could be produced overseas more efficiently than to manufacture them itself. Countries would import goods in the production of which they had an absolute disadvantage against the exporting country. They would export goods in the production of which they had an absolute advantage over the importingcountry.More of his theory of absolute advantage can be found in his landmark book The wealth of Nations written in 1776 in which Adam Smith attacked the mercantilist assumption that trade was a zero-sum game. In Smith’s opinion each nation had some sort of absolute advantage in the production of certain goods. If it could specialize in the production of them and then exchange the goods with each other, every country would receive a benefit.(3) Illustration of the theory of absolute advantageSuppose there it’s a two-country, two-product world in which Ghana produces cocoa and South Korea rice. Assume that Ghana and South Korea both have 200 units of resources and that these resources can be used to produce either. Further imagine that in Ghana (due to its favorable climate, goods soil and ready access to world shipping routes) it takes 10 units of resources to produce one ton of cocoa and 20 units of resources to produce one ton of rice. Thus, Ghana could produce 20 tons of cocoa and no rice, 10 tons of rice and no cocoa, or some combination of rice and cocoa in between the two extremes.Similarly imagine that in South Korea it takes 40 units of resources to produce one ton of cocoa and 10 units of resources to produce one ton of rice. Thus, South Korea could produce 5 tons of cocoa and no rice, 20 tons of rice and no cocoa, or some combination between the two extremes. Clearly, Ghana has an absolute advantage in the production of cocoa and South Korea has an absolute advantage in the production of rice as shown in the following figure.So it is mutually beneficial for Ghana and South Korea to sell the product in the production of which they have absolute advantage.Comparative Advantage(1) DefinitionComparative advantage can be defined in the following two ways:a. According to the theory of comparative advantage, it makes sense for a country to specialize in the production of those goods it produces most efficiently and to buy the goods that it produces less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself.b. A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other good is lower in that country than it is in other countries.(2) Chief points of viewIn explaining why nations trade, David Ricardo (1772-1823) developed the trade principle of comparative advantage. According to this principle, even if a nation has an absolute disadvantage in the production of both goods relative to its trading partner, a basis for mutually beneficial trade may still exist. The less efficient nation should specialize in and export the good in which it is comparatively less inefficient (where its absolute disadvantage is least). The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that good in which it is comparatively more efficient (where its absolute advantage is greatest). Absolute productive efficiency was thus not a crucial factor governing the basis for international trade, according to Ricardo. The Ricardian model or principle of comparative advantage is today the most famous and influential principle of economics.(3) Illustration of the principle of comparative advantageThe operation of comparative advantage principle can be shown by thefollowing figure:Assume that Ghana is more efficient in the production of both cocoa and rice, that Ghana has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods. And that in Ghana it takes 10 units of resources to produce one ton of cocoa and units of resources to produce one ton of rice. Thus, given its 200 units of resources, Ghana can produce 20 tons of cocoa and no rice, 15 tons of rice and no cocoa, or any combination between on its PPF.In South Korea it takes 40 units of resources to produce one ton of cocoa and 20 units of resources to produce one ton of rice. Thus, South Korea can produce 5 tons of cocoa and no rice, 10 tons of rice and no cocoa or any combination on its PPF.Again assume that without trade each country uses half of its resources to produce rice and half to produce cocoa. Thus, without trade, Ghana will produce 10 tons of cocoa and 7.5 tons of rice, while South Korea will produce 2.5 tons of cocoa and 5 tons of rice. In light of Ghana’s absolute advantage in the production of both cocoa and rice why should it trade with South Korea? The answer is: Although Ghana has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods, it has comparative advantage only in the production of cocoa. In other words Ghana can produce 4 times as much cocoa as South Korea, but only 1.5 times as much rice. Ghana is comparatively more efficient at producing cocoa than it is at producing rice. In such a case when Ghana specializes in the production of cocoa and sell it in exchange for South Korea’s rice which it is more efficient at producing, there is still mutually beneficial trade.(4) Comparison between the theory of absolute advantage and the theory of comparative advantageAfter comparison we’ll find Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage is more advanced than Smith’s theory of absolute advantage. According to Smith’s view, the product exported by a country must be a good which the exporting country has absolute advantage to produce and the cost of producing it must be absolutely lower than the same good of another country. But David Ricardo took Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage one step further. In his opinion not necessarily every country has to produce all sorts of goods. What a nation should do is to concentrate its efforts and resources on producing those goods high can generate more advantage and bring about less disadvantages. Under such conditions international trade would result in international division of labor and specialization beneficial to all countries. In addition, Ricardo particularly stressed labor productivity and argued that differences in labor productivity between nations underlie the notion of comparative advantage.Despite the differences between the two theories they have something in common. Both Smith and Ricardo emphasized the supply side of the market and the fact that the immediate basis for trade stemmed from cost differences. Actually Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage was developed on the basis of Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.New Words1.doctrine 学说，理论2. feudalism 封建主义3. to regulate （依法）管理4. interests 利益（单数interest表示“利息”）5. to advocate 拥护，提倡6. to observe 遵守7. segment 部门 8.version 说法，看法9. convertible 可兑换的 10. to underlie 构成（理论、政策等）的基础11. monopolization 垄断Useful Phrases and Idiomatic Expressions1. to provide a basis for 为……提供根据2. to secure supremacy over sb. 获得超过某人的霸权3. to call for 要求，需要4. to contribute to 对……起一分作用5. to be quoted as saying“……” 被引述时这样说道“……”6. to consume of sth. 消费某物7. under strong attack 受到强有力的打击8. to express disagreement with sb. 表示对某人的不同意9. in the short run 在短期内（＝in the short term）10. relative to 与……相比较11. in light of 按照，根据12. to take sth. One step further 比……高出一筹13. to concentrate sth. on sth. else 将某事集中于某事ExercisesI. Answer the following Questions:1. What is meant by the theory of absolute advantage?2. Can you give a good illustration of comparative advantage?3. Why is comparative-advantage theory more popular advantage?4. What is mercantilism? What are its main view points?5. In what way is the modern version of mercantilism different from the original one?6. What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the theory of absoluteadvantage and the theory of comparative advantage?II. Translate the following into English”1.李嘉图认为每个国家不一定要生产各种商品，而应集中力量生产那些利益较大或不利较小的商品然后通过国际贸易互相获益。

III. Explain the following terms1. shipment contractShipment contract is a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens at the time or before the time of shipment.2. symbolic deliverySymbolic delivery is a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does not physically receive the goods. This kind of delivery is proved by the submission of transport document by the seller to the buyer.3. arrival contractArrival contract means a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens when the goods arrive at the destination.4. actual deliveryActual delivery refers to a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does physically receive the goods.IV. Short questions1. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB ?The seller.2. Who pays for unloading under CIF?The buyer.3. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?Similarities: a. The seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are loaded on board, b. The seller is responsible for export customs formalities while the buyer is responsible for import customs formalities, c. The buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination, d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation.Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer's risk.4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms the seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive at the destination.5. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation, c. The seller must obtain insurance against the buyer's risk.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for seaway or inland waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should youdo?No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially in the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8. What are the most commonly used trade terms?FOB, CFR & CIF.9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?The seller. According to Incoterms 2010, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while the buyer the import customs formalities.10. If a Chinese trader signs an FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing?Importing. FOB should be used with a "named port of shipment", if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader's perspective, he is importing.V. Case studies1. An FOB contract stipulated "The shipment will be effected in March 2011." When the goods were ready on 10March 201 l, the seller contacted the buyer for shipment details. The buyer faxed "Please send the goods to the port for loading on 21 March. The vessel will depart on 22 March." The seller sent the goods to the port accordingly. However the nominated vessel did not turn up and the goods had to be stored in the warehouse at the port. On the night of 21 March a fire happened in the warehouse area and part of the goods was damaged.When the vessel arrived two days later the seller and the buyer had an argument about the settlement of the loss. The seller required the buyer to bear the loss caused by the fire, but the buyer believed that the vessel arrived within the shipment period and the loss occurred before the seller delivered the goods therefore the seller should bear the loss. Please provide your solution.析：1)首先案例中提到货物发生了损失是由于货物存放在码头仓库期间发生火灾造成的。

作者、书名、出版社、出版年份、目录Thomas A．Pugel. International Economics(15th). Renmin University of China p ress. 2012-12CONTENTSChapter 1 International Economics Is DifferentFour ControversiesEconomics and the Nation-StateThe Scheme of This BookPART ONE THE THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADEChapter 2 The Basic Theory Using Demand and SupplyFour Questions about TradeA Look AheadDemand and SupplyCase Study Trade Is ImportantGlobal Crisis The Trade Mini-Collapse of 2009Two National Markets and the Opening of TradeChapter 3 Why Everybody Trades: Comparative Advantage 33Adam Smith’s Theory of Absolute AdvantageCase Study Mercantilism: Older Than Smith—and Alive TodayRicardo’s Theory of Comparative AdvantageRicardo’s Constant Costs and the Producti on-Possibility CurveFocus on Labor Absolute Advantage Does MatterExtension What If Trade Doesn’t Balance?Chapter 4 Trade: Factor Availability and Factor Proportions Are KeyProduction with Increasing Marginal CostsCommunity Indifference CurvesProduction and Consumption TogetherFocus on China The Opening of Trade and China’s Shift Out of AgricultureThe Gains from TradeTrade Affects Production and ConsumptionWhat Determines the Trade Pattern?The Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) TheoryChapter 5 Who Gains and Who Loses from Trade?Who Gains and Who Loses within a CountryThree Implications of the H–O TheoryExtension A Factor-Ratio ParadoxDoes Heckscher–Ohlin Explain Actual Trade Patterns?Case Study The Leontief ParadoxWhat Are the Export-Oriented and Import-Competing Factors?Focus on China China’s Exports and ImportsDo Factor Prices Equalize Internationally?Focus on Labor U.S. Jobs and Foreign Trade 86Chapter 6 Scale Economies, Imperfect Competition, and TradeScale EconomiesIntra-Industry TradeMonopolistic Competition and TradeExtension The Individual Firm in MonopolisticOligopoly and TradeExtension The Gravity Model of TradeChapter 7 Growth and TradeBalanced versus Biased GrowthGrowth in Only One FactorChanges in the Country’s Willingness to TradeCase Study The Dutch Disease and DeindustrializationEffects on the Country’s Terms of TradeTechnology and TradeFocus on Labor Trade, Technology, and U.S. WagesPART TWO TRADE POLICYChapter 8 Analysis of a TariffGlobal Governance WTO and GATT: Tariff SuccessA Preview of ConclusionsThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ProducersThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ConsumersThe Tariff as Government RevenueThe Net National Loss from a TariffExtension The Effective Rate of ProtectionCase Study They Tax Exports, TooThe Terms-of-Trade Effect and a Nationally Optimal TariffChapter 9 Nontariff Barriers to ImportsTypes of Nontariff Barriers to ImportsThe Import QuotaGlobal Governance The WTO: Beyond TariffsGlobal Crisis Dodging ProtectionismExtension A Domestic Monopoly Prefers a QuotaVoluntary Export Restraints (VERs)Other Nontariff BarriersCase Study VERs: Two ExamplesCase Study Carrots Are Fruit, Snails Are Fish, and X-Men Are Not HumansHow Big Are the Costs of Protection?International Trade DisputesFocus on China China’s First Decade in the WTOChapter 10 Arguments for and against ProtectionThe Ideal World of First BestThe Realistic World of Second BestPromoting Domestic Production or EmploymentThe Infant Industry ArgumentFocus on Labor How Much Does It Cost to Protect a Job?The Dying Industry Argument and Adjustment AssistanceThe Developing Government (Public Revenue) ArgumentOther Arguments for Protection: Non=economic ObjectivesThe Politics of Protection The Basic Elements of the Political-Economic Analysis Case Study How Sweet It Is (or Isn’t)Chapter 11 Pushing ExportsDumpingReacting to Dumping: What Should a Dumpee Think?Actual Antidumping Policies: What Is Unfair?Case Study Antidumping in ActionProposals for ReformExport SubsidiesWTO Rules on SubsidiesShould the Importing Country Impose Countervailing Duties?Case Study Agriculture Is AmazingStrategic Export Subsidies Could Be GoodGlobal Governance Dogfight at the WTOChapter 12 Trade Blocs and Trade BlocksTypes of Economic BlocsIs Trade Discrimination Good or Bad?The Basic Theory of Trade Blocs: Trade Creation and Trade DiversionOther Possible Gains from a Trade BlocThe EU ExperienceCase Study Postwar Trade Integration in EuropeNorth America Becomes a BlocTrade Blocs among Developing CountriesTrade EmbargoesChapter 13 Trade and the EnvironmentIs Free Trade Anti-Environment?Is the WTO Anti-Environment?Global Governance Dolphins, Turtles, and the WTOThe Specificity Rule AgainA Preview of Policy PrescriptionsTrade and Domestic PollutionTrans-border PollutionGlobal Environmental ChallengesChapter 14 Trade Policies for Developing CountriesWhich Trade Policy for Developing Countries?Are the Long-Run Price Trends against Primary Producers?Case Study Special Challenges of TransitionInternational Cartels to Raise Primary-Product PricesImport-Substituting Industrialization (ISI)Exports of Manufactures to Industrial CountriesChapter 15 Multinationals and Migration: International Factor MovementsForeign Direct InvestmentMultinational EnterprisesFDI: History and Current PatternsWhy Do Multinational Enterprises Exist?Taxation of Mul tinational Enterprises’ProfitsCase Study CEMEX: A Model Multinational from an Unusual PlaceMNEs and International TradeShould the Home Country Restrict FDI Outflows?Should the Host Country Restrict FDI Inflows?Focus on China China as a Host CountryMigrationHow Migration Affects Labor MarketsShould the Sending Country Restrict Emigration?Should the Receiving Country Restrict Immigration?Case Study Are Immigrants a Fiscal Burden?APPENDIXESA The Web and the Library: International Numbers and Other InformationB Deriving Production-Possibility CurvesC Offer CurvesD The Nationally Optimal Tariff周瑞琪. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2011.9CONTENTSChapter One General Introduction（第一章导论）1.1 Reasons for International Trade （国际间贸易的起因）1.2 Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade （国际贸易与国内贸易的差异）1.3 Classification of International Trade（国际贸易的分类）1.4 Export and Import Procedures（进出口贸易的程序）1.5 Overview of This Book （本书的基本内容）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Two International Trade Terms（第二章国际贸易术语）2.1 Three Sets of Rules （三种贸易术语的解释规则）2.2 Basics of Incoterms 2010 （2010年国际贸易术语解释通则基本概念）2.3 Application Issues（贸易术语在使用中应注意的问题）2.4 Determinants of Choice of Trade Terms （贸易术语选用的决定因素）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Three Export Price（第三章出口商品的价格）3.1 Expression of Export Price（出口价格的表达）3.2 Pricing Considerations（影响定价的因素）3.3 Calculation of Price（价格的计算）3.4 Understanding the Price（价格的评估）3.5 Communication of Price（价格的沟通）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Four Terms of Commodity（第四章商品条款）4.1 Name of Commodity （商品的名称）4.2 Specifying Quality（商品的品质）4.3 Measuring Quantity（商品的数量）4.4 Packing and Marking（商品的包装及标志）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Five Cargo Transportation（第五章国际货物运输）5.1 Ocean Transportation （海洋运输）5.2 Other Modes of Transportation （其他运输方式）5.3 Transportation Documents（运输单据）5.4 Shipment Clause in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的装运条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Six Cargo Transportation Insurance（第六章货物运输保险）6.1 Fundamental Principles of Cargo Insurance（货物保险的基本原则）6.2 Marine Risks and Losses（海上风险和损失）6.3 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of CIC（我国海上货物保险范围）6.4 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of ICC（协会货物保险范围）6.5 Other Types of Cargo Insurance（其他货物保险的种类）6.6 Procedures of Cargo Insurance（货物保险程序）6.7 Insurance Terms in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的保险条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Seven International Payments（第七章国际货款支付）7.1 Issues in Concern（影响支付条件的因素）7.2 Paying Instruments（支付工具）7.3 Remittance（汇付）7.4 Collection（托收）7.5 Basics of Letter of Credit（信用证基础知识）7.6 Types of Documentary Credit（跟单信用证的种类）7.7 Letter of Guarantee（L/G）（保函）7.8 Export Financing（出口融资）7.9 Payment Problems（支付中出现的问题）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Eight Export Documentation（第八章出口单证）8.1 Significance of Documentation（单证的重要性）8.2 Basic Requirements for Documentation（单证的基本要求）8.3 Prerequisites of Documentation（制单的依据）8.4 Export Documents（出口单证的种类）8.5 Clause Concerning Documents in the Sales Contract（销售合同中有关单证的条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Nine Inspection, Claim, Force Majeure and Arbitration（第九章商检、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁）9.1 Commodity Inspection（商品检验）9.2 Disputes and Claims（争议和索赔）9.3 Force Majeure（不可抗力）9.4 Arbitration（仲裁）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Key to Exercises（练习答案）Glossary（词汇表）Appendix 1INCOTERMS 2010 （FOB, CFR, CIF）（附录12010年国际贸易术语解释通则（FOB，CFR，CIF））Appendix 2CISG 1980 （Part II）（附录2联合国国际货物销售合同公约1980（第二部分）) References （参考书目）帅建林. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2007.9CONTENTSPart 1 OverviewChapter 1 Introduction to International TradeChapter 2 International Trade PolicyChapter 3 Trade Bloc and Trade BlockChapter 4 WTO :A Navigation GuidePart 2 Terms of International TradeChapter 5 International Trade TermsChapter Terms of CommodityChapter International Cargo TransportChapter 8 Cargo InsuranceChapter 9 Terms of PriceChapter 10 International Payment and SettlementChapter 11 Claims, Force Majeure and ArbitrationPart 3 International Trade ProcedureChapter 12 Launching a Profitable TransactionChapter 13 Business Negotiation and Establishment of ContractChapter 14 Exporting ElementsChapter 15 Importing ElementsChapter 16 DocumentationPart 4 Trade FormsChapter 17 Agency, Distribution and ConsignmentChapter 18 TendersChapter 19 Counter TradeChapter 20 Futures TradingChapter 21 E-CommerceAppendix Glossary of International Trade Terms with English-Chinese InterpretationsBibliographyPaul R.Krugman & Maurice Obstfeld. International Economics:Theory andPolicy,8E. Tsinghua University press. 2011-11Contents前言第1章绪论第1部分国际贸易理论第2章世界贸易：概览第3章劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型第4章资源、比较优势和收入分配第5章标准贸易模型第6章规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易第7章国际要素流动第2部分国际贸易政策第8章贸易政策工具第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学第10章发展中国家的贸易政策第11章贸易政策中的争论数学附录第4章附录要素比例模型第5章附录贸易下的世界经济第6章附录垄断竞争模模型张素芳，International trade: theory and practice. University of International Business & Economics Press, Beijing, 2010contentsSection I. International Trade Theory and PolicyCHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE1.The Reasons for International Trade1.1. Resources reasons1.2. Economic reasons1.3. Other reasons2. The Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade'.'2.1. More plex context2.2. More difficult and risky2.3. Higher skills required3.Basic Concepts Relating to International Trade3.1. Visible trade and invisible trade3.2. Favorable balance of trade and unfavorable balance oft rade3.3. General trade system and special trade system3.4. Volume of international trade and quantum of international trade3.5. Commodity position of international trade3.6. Geographical position of international trade3.7. Degree of dependence on foreign tradeCHAPTER 2.CLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES1.Mercantilism1.1. The development of mercantilist thought1.2. The mercantilist economic system1.3. Economic policies pursued by the mercantilists1.4. Discussions2.David Hume's Challenge to Mercantilism2.1. Assumptions of price-specie=flow mechanism2.2. The price-specie-flow mechanism3.Adam Smith's Theory of Absolute Advantage3.1. Assumptions of Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage3.2. Challenge to Mercantilism3.3. Example4.David Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage4.1. The concept of parative advantage4.2. Example4.3. Analysis of the theory of parative advantage by using modemtools. CHAPTER 3.NEOCLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES.1.Gains from Trade in Neoclassical Trade Theory1.1. Increasing opportunity costs on the PPF1.2. General equilibrium and gains in autarky1.3. General equilibrium and gains after the introduction of international trade ...2.Reciprocal Demand Theory2.1. A country's offer curve2.2. Trading equilibrium2.3. Measurement of terms of trade3.Factor Endowment Theory3.1. Factor intensity in production3.2. Factor endowments, factor prices, and parative advantage3.3. Assumptions of the factor proportions theory.,3.4. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem.:3.5. An example to illustrate H-O theorem.3.6. The factor price equalization theorem:3.7. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem4.The Leontief Paradox——An Empirical Test of the Factor Proportions Theory 4.1. The Leontief paradox.-4.2. Suggested explanations for the Leontief Paradox and related theories CHAPTER 4.POST-HECKSHER-OHLIN THEORIES OF TRADE1.The Product Cycle Theory1.1. The imitation lag hypothesis1.2. The product cycle theory2.The Linder Theory2.1. Assumptions of the Linder theory2.2. Trade es in the overlapping ranges of products ophistication.:3.Intra-Industry Trade Theory3.1. Explanations of intra-industry trade3.2. Measurement of intra-industry tradeCHAPTER 5.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: TARIFFS1.Types of Import Tariffs1.1. In terms of the means of collection1.2. In terms of the different tariff rates applied1.3. In terms of special purposes for collection2.The Effects of Import Tariffs2.1. Concepts of consumer surplus and producer surplus2.2. The welfare effects of import tariffs3.Measurement of Import Tariffs3.1. The 'height' of import tariffs3.2. Nominal versus effective tariff ratesCHAPTER 6.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: NON-TARIFF BARRIERS''1.Forms of Non-tariff Barriers.1.1. Quantity control measures1.2. Price control measures1.3. Para-tariff measures1.4. Finance measures1.5. Anti-petitive measures.,.1.6. Miscellaneous measures2.Effects of Non-tariff Barriers2.1. The effects of an import quota2.2. The effects of a subsidy to an import-peting industryCHAPTER 7.EXPORT PROMOTION AND OTHER POLICIES1.Export Subsidy and Production Subsidy1.1. Export subsidy and its effects1.2. Production subsidy and its effects.2.Other Export Promotion Policies2.1. Devaluation of home currency.2.2. Commodity dumping2.3. Bonded warehouse2.4. Special trade zone2.5. Export promotion programs3.Export Restrictions and Import Promotion Policies3.1. Export restrictions policies3.2. Import promotion policies4.Trade Sanctions4.1. Introduction to trade sanctions4.2. Effectiveness of trade sanctionsCHAPTER 8.ARGUMENTS AGAINST FREE TRADE1.Traditional Arguments against Free Trade1.1. Infant industry argument.1.2. Terms of trade argument1.3. Balance of trade argument1.4. Tariff to reduce aggregate unemployment argument1.5. Fair petition argument1.6. National security argument2.New Protectionism2.1. Tariff to extract foreign monopoly profit2.2. Export subsidy in duopoly3.The Political Economy of Trade Policy3.1. Median voter model3.2. Collective action theory.3.3. Contribution in political campaignsCHAPTER 9.REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONof Regional Economic Integration1.1. Preferential tariff arrangement1.2. Free trade area1.3. Customs union1.4. Common market.1.5. Economic union2.The Static and Dynamic Effects of Regional Economic Integration2.1. Static effects of regional economic integration2.2. Dynamic effects of regional economic integration3.Economic Integration in Europe, North America and Asia3.1. Economic integration in Europe……………………………………Chapter 10 International Cargo Transportation InsuranceChapter 11 International Trade PaymentChapter 12 Inspection,Claim,Force Majeure and ArbitrationChapter 13 Trade Negotiation and Formation of the ContractChapter 14 Implementation of the Contract丹尼斯·R·阿普尔亚德 & 小艾尔弗雷德·J·菲尔德 & 史蒂文·L·科布.国际贸易.中国人民大学出版社. 2012-7第1章国际经济学的世界第一部分古典贸易理论第2章早期的国际贸易理论：由重商主义向大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论的演进第3章大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论和比较优势第4章对古典贸易模型的扩充及验证第二部分新贸易理论第5章新古典贸易理论——基本分析工具的介绍第6章新古典贸易理论中的贸易利得第7章贸易提供曲线和贸易条件第8章贸易的基础：要素禀赋理论和赫克歇尔俄林模型第9章要素禀赋理论的实证分析第三部分贸易理论的扩展第10章后赫克歇尔俄林贸易理论与产业内贸易第11章经济增长与国际贸易第12章国际要素流动第四部分贸易政策第13章贸易政策工具第14章贸易政策的影响第15章对干涉主义贸易政策的争论第16章经济的政治因素与美国的对外贸易政策第17章经济一体化第18章国际贸易与发展中国家参考文献当我被上帝造出来时，上帝问我想在人间当一个怎样的人，我不假思索的说，我要做一个伟大的世人皆知的人。

KeyChapter1I. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarilyfor financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitme nt and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11 经济复苏；恢复2 潜在销售量12 经济衰退3 加价，涨价13 间接投资4 国内市场14 有形货物5 制成品15 有形进出口6 边际利润16 收入及支出；岁入及岁出7 市场占有率17 超额能力8 贸易歧视18 贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9 时机选择19 全部包建的工程承包方式10 经销周期20 许可证协定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphormay be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII.Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economicallyself-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japanhas been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any othertype of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。

International TradeChapter 1QUESTION 1:Describe the shifts in the world economy over the last 30 years. What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in Britain, North America, and Hong Kong?QUESTION 2: "The study of international business is fine if you are going to work in a large multinational enterprise, but it has no relevance for individuals who are going to work in small firms." Evaluate this statement.QUESTION 3: How have changes in technology contributed towards the globalization of markets and of production? Would the globalization of products and markets have been possible without these technological changes?QUESTION 4:“Ultimately, the study of international business is no different from the study of do mestic business. Thus, there is no point in having a separate course on international business.” Evaluate that statement.QUESTION 5: How might the Internet and the associated World Wide Web affect international business activity and the globalization of the world economy?QUESTION 6:If current trends continue, China may emerge as the world’s largest economy by 2050. Discuss the possible implications for such a development for a. the world trading system;b. the world monetary system;c. the business st rategy of today’s European and US-based global corporations; andd. global commodity prices.QUESTION 7: a seriesa.How has participation in the international rose trade helped Ecuador’s economy and itspeople? How has the rise of Ecuador as a center for rose growing benefited consumers in developed nations who purchase the roses? What do the answers to these questions tell you about the benefits of international trade?b.Why do you think that Ecuador’s rose industry only began to take off 20 years ago?c.To what extent can the alleged health problems among workers in Ecuador’s rose industrybe laid at the feet of consumers in the developed world and their desire for perfect Valentine’s Day roses?d.Do you think governments in the developed world should place trade sanctions onEcuador roses if reports of health issues among Ecuadorian rose workers are verified?What else might they do to improve the situation in Ecuador?globalEDGE™ Exercise Questions/Chapter 1 - GLOBALIZATIONUse the globalEDGE site to complete the following exercises:Exercise 1Your company has developed a new product that is expected to achieve high penetration rates in all the countries where it is introduced, regardless of the average income status of the local populace. Considering the costs of the product launch, the management team has decided to initially introduce the product only in countries that have a sizeable population base. You are required to prepare a preliminary report with the top ten countries of the world in terms of population size. Since growth opportunities are another major concern, the average population growth rates should be also listed for management’s consideration.Exercise 2You are working for a company that is considering investing in a foreign country. Management has requested a report regarding the attractiveness of alternative countries based on the potential return of FDI. Accordingly, the ranking of the top 25 countries in terms of FDI attractiveness is a crucial ingredient for your report. A colleague mentioned a potentially useful tool called the “FDI Confidence Index” which is updated periodically. Find this index, and provide additional information regarding how the index is constructed.True/FalseF1. The notion that national economies are relatively self-contained entities is on the rise.T2. For the last 50 years, the volume of goods, services, and investment crossing national borders has consistently expanded faster than world output.F3. Globalization is viewed as a positive trend by both large and small companies.T4. The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to as globalization.T5. The merging of historically distinct and separate markets into one huge global marketplace is known as the globalization of markets.F6. The majority of U.S. firms that export are large multinationals that employ 500 or more people.T7. The most global markets currently are markets for industrial goods and materials that serve a universal need the world over.F8. Outsourcing is a process that is limited to manufacturing enterprises.F9. Because of their nature, service activities cannot be outsourced to other companies.F10. The World Bank is responsible for maintaining order in the international monetary system.F11. A central mandate for the UN is lowering barriers to trade and investment.T12. Underlying the trend towards greater globalization is technological change and a decline in barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and capital.F13. Most changes between 1991 and 2003 to laws governing FDI have resulted in a less favorable environment for FDI.T14. Since 1950, the volume of world merchandise trade has grown faster than the world economy.F15. The expansion of world trade implies that nations are becoming less dependent on each other for important goods and services.T16. Moore’s Law predicts that the power of microprocessor technology do ubles and its cost of production falls in half every 18 months.T17. Efficiency gains associated with containerization have caused transportation costs to fall dramatically.T18. The mass movement of people between countries brought about by low cost jet travel has decreased cultural distance between markets.Essay150. How has technological change affected global markets? What key innovations have changed the nature of how “we do business?”Microprocessors and telecommunications; Internet and www; transportation technology; Implications for the Globalization of production; Implication for the Globalization of Markets151. Explain the notion of the Web merging as an equalizer between companies.Rolls back some of the constraints of location, scale and time zones and makes it much easier for buyers and sellers to find each other, wherever they may be located and whatever their size.152. Innovations in transportation have had a major impact on global trade. Consider one ofthose innovations: containerization. Why is this innovation so significant?Has revolutionized the transportation business, significantly lowering the costs of shipping goods over long distances154. How has the foreign direct investment picture changed since the 1960s?159. Discuss what occurred in Seattle in 1999 at the meeting of the WTO and why the events were important to the future of global trade.160. Falling barriers to international trade destroy manufacturing jobs in wealthy advanced economies. Discuss this statement. Do you agree? Why or why not?Allow firms to move manufacturing activities to countries were wage rates are much lower. Supporters: critics of these trends miss the essential point about free trade—the benefits outweigh the costs.Critics: the decline in unskilled wage rates is due to the migration of low-wage manufacturing jobs offshore and a corresponding reduction in demand for unskilled workers.161. The environment has become the topic of much debate when it comes to globalization. Discuss why critics of globalization are so concerned about investment as it pertains to the environment.Environmental regulation significantly increases the costs of manufacturing enterprises and puts them at a competitive disadvantage in the global market.Chapter02True/FalseF1. Countries such as the U.S. should not participate in free trade because it leads to a migration of jobs overseas and ultimately leads to lower living standards.T2. A situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country, or what they can produce and sell to another country is known as free trade.F3. If a country can produce a product itself it should not import that product.F4. According to Weber, a country’s economy may gain if its citizens buy certain products from other nations that could be produced at home.T5. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory emphasizes the interplay between the proportions in which the factors of production are available in different countries and the proportions in which they are need for producing particular goods.F6. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory has proven to be a powerful explanation of world tradepatterns.T7. Krugman suggests that in some cases countries specialize in the production and export of particular products not because of underlying differences in factor endowments, but because in certain industries the world market can only support a limited number of firms.F8. Ricardo noted the importance of country factors such as domestic demand and domestic rivalry in explaining a nation’s dominance in the production and export of particular products.F9. The theory of absolute advantage was the first theory of international trade.F10. According to the t heory of comparative advantage, it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus and to export more than it imports.T11. When a gain by one country results in a loss by another, there is a zero-sum game.T12. Smith’s theory of internat ional trade suggests that when one country has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods, the country might not drive any benefit from international trade.13. According to Ricardo, there may be cases when it makes sense for a country to buy goods from another country that it can make more efficiently itself.14. While popular in its time, Ricardo’s theory is no longer a major intellectual weapon for those who argue for free trade.15. The theory of comparative advantage provides a strong rationale for encouraging free trade16. Despite the fact that the Ricardian model makes assumptions such as no transportation costs between nations, no price differences between countries, and resources that can move freely between countries, research suggests that the basic tenets of the model still hold.17. Political opposition to the adoption of a free trade regime typically comes from those whose jobs are most at risk.18. Because of diminishing returns, it is not feasible for a country to specialize to the degree suggested by the simple Ricardian model.19. In general, studies suggest that countries that adopt a more open stance toward international trade enjoy higher growth rates than those who keep their economies closed to trade.20. The Herckscher-Ohlin theory argues that free trade is beneficial.21. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory gains predictive power once the impact of differences of technology on productivity is controlled for.22. Ray Vernon suggested the wealth and size of the European market gave European firms a strong incentive to develop new consumer products.23. A central point in Vernon’s product life cycle was that demand for new products tends to be based on non-price factors.24. Historically, the product life cycle theory seems to be an accurate explanation of international trade patterns.25. Because a growing number of new products are now introduced simultaneously in the U.S., Japan, and the advanced European nations, Vernon’s product life cycle is limi ted in explaining world trade patterns.26. Trade is mutually beneficial, according to new trade theory, because it allows for the specialization of production, the realization of scale economies, and the production of a greater variety of products at lower prices.27. New trade theory suggests that nations may benefit from trade even when they do not differ in resource endowments or technology.28. New trade theory and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory are in agreement with regard to world trade patterns.29. Porter suggests that four broad attributes of a nation, demand conditions, firm strategy, structure, and rivalry, factor endowments, and relating and supporting industries, shape the environment in which local firms compete and that promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage.30. Ricardo attempted to explain why a nation achieved success in a particular industry.31. Porter suggests that different nations are characterized by different management ideologies, which either help them or do not help them to build national competitive advantage.32. Porter’s diamond of Competitive Advantage has proven to be a powerful predictor of world trade patterns.ANSWER TO CRITICAL THINKING AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 2QUESTION 1:"Mercantilism is a bankrupt theory that has no place in the modern world." Discuss.QUESTION 2: Is free trade fair? Discuss.QUESTION 3: Unions in developed nations often oppose imports from low-wage countries and advocate trade barriers to pro tect jobs from what they often characterize as “unfair” import competition. Is such competition “unfair”? Do you think that this argument is in the best interests of (a) the unions, (b) the people they represent, and/or (c) the country as a whole?QUESTION 4:What are the potential costs of adopting a free trade regime? Do you think governments should do anything to reduce these costs? What?QUESTION 5:Re-read the country focus feature on outsourcing service jobs. Is there a difference between the transference of high paying white collar jobs, such as computer programming and accounting, to developing nations, and low paying blue collar jobs? If so, what is the difference, and should government do anything to stop the flow of white-collar jobs out of the country to countries like India?QUESTION 6:Drawing on the new trade theory and Porter's theory of national competitive advantage, outline the case for government policies designed to build a national competitive advantage in biotechnology. What kind of policies would you recommend the government adopt? Are these policies at variance with the basic free trade philosophy?QUESTION 7:The world’s poorest countries are at a competitive disadvantage in every sector of their economies. They have little to export. They have no capital; their land is of poor quality; they often have too many people given available work opportunities; and they are poorly educated. Free trade cannot possibly be in the interests of such nations! Discuss.Discussion122. What are the benefits of free trade?Allows a country to specialize in the manufacture and export of products that can be produced most efficiently in that country, while importing products that can be produced more efficiently in other countries.123. Dis cuss the mercantilist philosophy. What was the theory’s main flaw?Maintain a trade surplus, to export more than it imported; A zero-sum game124. What was Adam’s Smith’s contribution to the theory of why nations trade? What is the theory of absolute advantage?It is more efficient than any other country in producing it.125. How did Ricardo extend Smith work? Explain the theory of comparative advantage.A country specialize in the production of those goods that it produces most efficiently and to buy the goods that it produces less efficiently from other countries127. Explain the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. What is the relationship between Heckscher-Ohlin’s work and the theory of comparative advantage?美国进口劳动密集出口资本密集128. What is the Leontief Paradox?美国进口资本密集出口劳动密集129. Explain the product life cycle theory.The wealth and size of the U.S. market gave U.S. firms a strong incentive to develop new consumer products. The high cost of U.S. labor gave U.S. firms an incentive to develop cost-saving process innovations.130. Evaluate the product life cycle. How well does the theory hold up? What are the theory’s weaknesses?May be useful for explaining the pattern of international trade during the brief period of American global dominanceIts relevance in the modern world seems more limited.131. What are economies of scale? Why are they important to understanding trade patterns? Unit cost reductions associated with a large volume of output.A major source of cost reductions in many industries132. Explain new trade theory. What is the role of economies of scale in this theory?The ability of firms to attain economies of scale might have important implications for international trade.Through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average costs of those goods.In those industries when the output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant proportion of total world demand, the global market may only be able to support a small number of enterprises.133. Consider the connections between economies of scale, first-mover advantages, and trade patterns?Patterns may be the result of others.135. Does new trade theory support the work of Heckscher and Ohlin? Is the theory at variance with the theory of comparative advantage?NoNo137. What are the four attributes identified by Porter as being important in determining why anation achieves success in a particular industry?Factor endowments; demand conditions; related and supporting industries; firm strategy, structure, and rivalry141. Discuss the implications of international trade theory for a firm.Location; first-mover advantages; government policyChapter ThreeTrue/False1. A situation where a government does not attempt to restrict what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can sell to another country is known as free trade.2. Tariffs are unambiguously pro-consumer and anti-producer.3. Export tariffs are far less common than import tariffs.4. Because of their high success rates, subsidies are a popular government instrument.5. A common hybrid of a quota and a rent is known as a quota rent.6. Local content regulations tend to benefit producers and not consumers.7. Requirements that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically are known as local content requirements.8. Bureaucratic rules designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country are local content requirements.9. A company that sells its product in a foreign market below the cost of production may be accused of dumping.10. Antidumping polices are designed to punish firms that are engaged in dumping.11. The Helms-Burton Act allows Americans to sue foreign firms that use property in Cuba confiscated from them after the 1959 revolution.12. The infant industry argument is the newest argument for government intervention in trade.13. Strategic trade policy suggests that a government should use subsidies to support promising firms that are active in newly emerging industries.14. GATT has not recognized the infant industry argument as a legitimate reason for protectionism.15. Krugman has suggested that trade policy designed to retaliate against another country’s trade policy would hurt the citizens of both countries.16. The European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy is an example of special interests politics.17. The Smoot-Hawley Act raises tariff barriers in the hope of protecting jobs and diverting consumer demand away from foreign products.18. A key goal of the Uruguay Round was to extend GATT to cover trade in services.19. Trade barriers around the world fell during the 1980s and early 1990s.20. The World Trade Organization was created as part of the Uruguay Round.21. The WTO does not have the power to impose trade sanctions.22. In 2005, the WTO has about 100 members.23. To date, the WTO’s policin g efforts have been a major failure.24. A key issue in the Millennium Round of the WTO is to reduce barriers tocross-border trade in agricultural products.25. According to human rights activists, WTO rules limit the ability of countries to stop imports from nations where child labor is used.26. The WTO lacks the ability to force any member nation to take an action that it is opposed to.27. The majority of antidumping actions are concentrated in just a few industries.28. Tariff rates on agricultural products are generally much lower than tariff rates on manufactured products or services.29. Free trade in agriculture could jump-start economic growth among the world’s poorer nations and alleviate global poverty.30. Tariff barriers lower the costs of exporting products to a country.31. Tariff barriers can effectively put foreign producers at a competitive disadvantage to indigenous producers.32. Firms may be forced by local content regulations to put production activities ina country they might not have otherwise chosen.Essay122. What is a quota rent? Provide an example of how an import quota affects price.Extra profit that producers make when supply is artificially limited by an import quota U.S sugar industry123. Discuss the Buy America Act and its connection with local content requirements.127. What are the political reasons for governments to intervene in markets? Protecting jobs and industries; national security; retaliation; protecting consumers; furthering foreign policy objective; protecting human right.128. Discuss the economic reasons for government intervention in markets.The infant industry argument; strategic trade policy133. What happened to GATT during the 1980s and early 1990s?134. What has been the experience of the WTO to date? What does the future look like for the organization?153成员国31观察成员国China 2001Antidumping actions; Protectionism in agriculture; Protecting intellectual property; Market access for Nonagricultural goods and services; A new round of talks: Doha. 135. What are the central issues facing the WTO at the present time?Discussion QuestionsQUESTION 1:Do you think that governments should take human rights considerations intoaccount when granting preferential trading rights to countries? What are the arguments for and against taking such a position?QUESTION 2:Whose interests should be the paramount concern of government trade policy - the interests of producers (businesses and their employees) or those of consumers?QUESTION 3:Given the arguments relating to the new trade theory and strategic trade policy, what kind of trade policy should business be pressuring government to adopt?QUESTION 4:You are an employee of an U.S. firm that produces personal computers in Thailand and then exports them to the U.S. and other countries for sale. The personal computers were originally produced in Thailand to take advantage of relatively low labor costs and a skilled workforce. Other possible locations considered at that time were Malaysia and Hong Kong. The US government decides to impose punitive 100% ad valorem tariffs on imports of computers from Thailand to punish the country for administrative trade barriers that restrict U.S. exports to Thailand. How do you think your firm should respond? What does this tell you about the use of targeted trade barriers?1723315758。