Earth Science GLOSSARY

介绍地球和太空的英语作文Exploring the Wonders Beyond: Earth and Space。

Introduction:The universe, a vast expanse of darkness punctuated by twinkling stars, has always fascinated humanity. Withinthis cosmic canvas, our home planet Earth stands as a beacon of life and wonder. In this essay, we embark on a journey to explore the intricate beauty of Earth and the boundless mysteries of space.Earth: Our Blue Marble:As we gaze upon the Earth from space, it appears as a mesmerizing blue orb, adorned with swirling clouds and vast expanses of water. Our planet, often referred to as the "Blue Marble," is teeming with life in its diverse ecosystems, from the lush rainforests to the barren deserts. 。

The Earth's atmosphere, a thin layer of gases, plays a crucial role in sustaining life by regulating temperature and shielding us from harmful cosmic radiation. However, human activities such as deforestation andindustrialization have led to the degradation of this delicate balance, resulting in climate change and environmental crises.Despite these challenges, Earth remains a resilient and awe-inspiring planet, offering breathtaking landscapes and a rich tapestry of biodiversity. From the towering peaks of the Himalayas to the depths of the ocean trenches, our planet continues to captivate explorers and scientists alike.Space: The Final Frontier:Beyond the confines of our atmosphere lies the vast expanse of space, a realm of infinite possibilities and untold wonders. The exploration of space has long captured the imagination of humanity, inspiring feats of innovationand technological advancement.Space exploration has led to groundbreaking discoveries, from the moons of Jupiter to distant galaxies billions of light-years away. Robots and spacecraft traverse the cosmos, sending back invaluable data and images that expand our understanding of the universe.Moreover, space exploration holds the promise of answering fundamental questions about the origins of the universe and the existence of extraterrestrial life. The search for habitable planets beyond our solar system offers hope for humanity's future as we strive to venture beyond our celestial cradle.Challenges and Opportunities:However, the exploration of space also presents formidable challenges, from the harsh conditions of space travel to the vast distances that separate celestial bodies. Additionally, the cost of space exploration remains abarrier to further progress, requiring internationalcooperation and investment.Nevertheless, the benefits of space exploration are manifold, ranging from technological innovations to the inspiration of future generations. Satellites orbiting the Earth enable global communication and weather forecasting, while missions to other planets provide valuable insights into planetary science and geology.Furthermore, the pursuit of space exploration fosters international collaboration and cooperation, transcending political boundaries and uniting humanity in a shared quest for knowledge and discovery.Conclusion:In conclusion, the exploration of Earth and spaceoffers a glimpse into the wonders of the cosmos and the beauty of our home planet. From the breathtaking vistas of Earth to the awe-inspiring mysteries of the universe, our journey of discovery knows no bounds.As we continue to explore the depths of space and unravel the secrets of our planet, let us embrace thespirit of curiosity and adventure that drives us ever onward. For in the exploration of Earth and space, we find not only answers to age-old questions but also a profound sense of wonder and awe at the vastness of the cosmos and the resilience of life on our Blue Marble.。

二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝事件二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝事件（Permian–Triassic extinction event）是一个大规模物种灭绝事件，发生于古生代二叠纪与中生代三叠纪之间，距今大约2亿5140万年[1][2]。

若以消失的物种来计算，当时地球上70%的陆生脊椎动物，以及高达96%的海中生物消失[3]；这次灭绝事件也造成昆虫的唯一一次大量灭绝。

计有57%的科与83%的属消失[4][5]。

在灭绝事件之后，陆地与海洋的生态圈花了数百万年才完全恢复，比其他大型灭绝事件的恢复时间更长久[3]。

此次灭绝事件是地质年代的五次大型灭绝事件中，规模最庞大的一次，因此又非正式称为大灭绝（Great Dying）[6]，或是大规模灭绝之母（Mother of all mass extinctions）[7]。

二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝事件的过程与成因仍在争议中[8]。

根据不同的研究，这次灭绝事件可分为一[1]到三[9]个阶段。

第一个小型高峰可能因为环境的逐渐改变，原因可能是海平面改变、海洋缺氧、盘古大陆形成引起的干旱气候；而后来的高峰则是迅速、剧烈的，原因可能是撞击事件、火山爆发[10]、或是海平面骤变，引起甲烷水合物的大量释放[11]。

目录? 1 年代测定? 2 灭绝模式o 2.1 海中生物o 2.2 陆地无脊椎动物o 2.3 陆地植物? 2.3.1 植物生态系统? 2.3.2 煤层缺口o 2.4 陆地脊椎动物o 2.5 灭绝模式的可能解释? 3 生态系统的复原o 3.1 海洋生态系统的改变o 3.2 陆地脊椎动物? 4 灭绝原因o 4.1 撞击事件o 4.2 火山爆发o 4.3 甲烷水合物的气化o 4.4 海平面改变o 4.5 海洋缺氧o 4.6 硫化氢o 4.7 盘古大陆的形成o 4.8 多重原因? 5 注释? 6 延伸阅读? 7 外部链接年代测定在西元二十世纪之前，二叠纪与三叠纪交界的地层很少被发现，因此科学家们很难准确地估算灭绝事件的年代与经历时间，以及影响的地理范围[12]。

Science Glossary Translation in Simplified Chinese– Middle school levelChinese English SimplifiedAabsorb 吸收acceleration 加速acid rain 酸雨action 作用；行动adapt 适应；改写adaptation 适应；适应作用adjust 调整adult 成体；成人；成年；成虫advantage 有利条件；优点affect 影响；（疾病）侵袭air 空气air mass 气团air pressure 空气压力；气压air resistance 空气阻力alternate 交替；（电）交流（运转）alto 男高音；女低音；中音的；amount 数量、总数amphibian 两栖类动物amplitude 幅、振幅analyze 分解；分析；解析anatomy 解剖学ancestor 先祖、祖先；原种ancient 古老的、古代的anemometer 风速计、风力表、风压表angle 角；角度animal 动物Animalia 动物界antibiotic 抗生素antibody 抗体appliance 器具、器械、装置apply 应用、使用、作用于appropriate 合适的、相应的、相当的approximately 大约、大致上arrange 安排、排列artery 动脉arthropod 节肢动物asexual 无性的assemble 组合；装配asteroid 小行星；海星；星状astronomer 天文学家atmosphere 大气、空气atom 原子atomic number 原子序数attract 吸引automatic 自动的available 有效的、有用的；可利用的axis 坐标轴;轴、轴线；主茎、茎轴Bbacteria 细菌balance 平衡；秤；天平balanced forces 平衡力bar graph 条形图bare 裸露的、光秃的barometer 气压计、晴雨表battery 电池bed （河、海、湖）底、床；矿床；底基behavior 行为beneficial 有益的benefit 得益、有益于；益处best 最好的、最佳big bang （宇宙起源）大爆炸（学说）binary fission 二分体分裂biomass 生物量bird 鸟、禽类blink 眨眼blizzard 暴风雪；大风沙block 块；部件；阻挡blood tissue 血液组织blood vessel 血管blossom 花；开花；生长期boil 煮沸；沸腾boiling point 沸点bone tissue 骨组织bounce 跳；反弹brain 大脑、脑bronchi 支气管（bronchus的复数形式）bundle 束；捆、包buoyancy 浮力、浮性buoyant force 浮力Ccalcium 钙calculator 计算器；计算表；计算者calorie 卡路里、卡（热量单位）；大卡（食物营养价值）camera 相机camouflage 保护色；伪装服；掩饰物cancer 癌、癌症capillary 毛细管；毛细血管capture 捕获；获得；占领carbohydrate 碳水化合物；醣类carbon ( C ) 碳( C )carbon dioxide (CO2) 二氧化碳(CO2)cardiovascular system 心血管系统carnivore 肉食动物；食虫动物category 范畴；类目caterpillar 毛虫cause-and-effect relationships 因果关系celestial 天的、天体的cell 细胞；单元；电池cell cycle 细胞周期cell division 细胞分裂cell membrane 细胞膜cell theory 细胞原理、细胞理论cell wall 细胞壁cellular respiration 细胞呼吸Celsius (C o) 摄氏(C o)cement 水泥；胶结材料；用水泥接合centimeter (cm) 公分、厘米(cm)central nervous system 中枢神经系统chain 连续的事物、一连串；链子change 变化change of direction 方向变化change of motion 运动变化change of speed 速度变化characteristic 有……特征的、有……特点的；特性、特征chart 图、图表chemical 化学的；化学（制）品chemical bond 化学键chemical change 化学变化chemical energy 化学能chemical equation 化学方程式chemical property 化学性质chemical reaction 化学反应chemical system 化学系统chemical weathering 化学风化chlorophyll （叶绿体里的）叶绿素chloroplast 叶绿体choose 选择chromosome 染色体cinder cone volcano 火山渣锥形火山circuit 电路circulation 循环circulatory system 循环系统cirro- （气象学）卷云的；（植物学）卷须的；（动物学）触须的cirrus cloud 卷云classification 分类；分类法；分级；类别classify 分类；分级（动词）climate 气候；气候区cloning 克隆；无性繁殖；复制cloud 云、云雾coal 煤code 密码cold front 冷锋collect 收集；堆积collide 碰撞、冲撞color 颜色、色彩column 柱、圆柱；栏；列；蕊柱（植物学）comet 彗星comfortable 宜人的、舒适的communicate 沟通、交流、联络community 群落；社区compare 比较compass 指南针、罗盘；圆规competition 竞争complex carbohydrate 复合碳水化合物compose 组成、构成composite volcano 复合型火山、复式火山composition 组成；成分compost pile 堆肥compound 化合物；合成的compound microscope 复合显微镜compress 压缩；敷布compression 压缩computer 电脑；电子计算器conclude 作结论；结束conclusion 结论condensation 聚合；缩合；冷凝；凝缩；液化condense 聚合；缩合；凝结；冷凝condition 条件；状态conduct 进行；处理conduction 传导；传导性；输送；引流conductors 导体；避雷针；向导consequences 结果；推论conservation 守恒、不灭（物理）conservation of energy 能量守恒、能量不灭conservation of mass 品质守恒、品质不灭conserve 保留、保存、守恒consist of 由……组成consistent 一致的、相容的constant 常数construct 建造、构筑、建成consumer 消费者；取食者contain 包含；容纳container 容器content 内容；容纳物、容纳量、容积continent 大陆、洲contrast 对比control 控制controlled experiment 对照实验、控制实验、受控试验convection 对流；传导；迁移coordinate 协调；座标；配位coordination 共同协调、一致core 核；地核；果核；中心covalent bond 共价键create 创造；产生crest 冠；顶；峰、波峰crop 农作物crust 壳；地壳crystal 水晶；结晶；晶体crystallization 晶化、结晶cubic 立方的cubic centimeter 立方厘米cure 治疗、治愈；疗法；治疗用药cycle 周期、回圈cytoplasm 细胞质、细胞浆Ddaily 每天的、每日的dam 坝、堤data 数据；资料data table 数据表daughter cell 子细胞daylight 日光、白昼、拂晓decay 腐烂、腐败decomposer 分解体；分解者；腐生物；腐生菌decrease 减少defend 保护；辩护deficient 有缺陷的；缺少的define 解释；下定义；定界限definite 限定的；有限的；明确的；肯定的delta 三角洲density 密度；稠密度；强度；浓度dependent variable 因变数deposition 沉淀物；沉积derived 派生的、衍出的、导出的；派生物、衍生物、导出物descend 下降；递减descendants 后代、后裔、子孙describe 描述；描写；说明desert 沙漠；荒原design 设计design scientific investigations 设计科学研究determine 决心、决意；确定develop 发展；进化；生长；发育development 发展；进化；生长；发育diagram 图解；示意图dichotomous key 二叉式检索表difference 差别、差异digest 消化digestion 消化、消化力、消化作用digestive system 消化系统direct （形容词）直接的；（动词）指示方向、指路directions 方向、方位directly 直接地disappearing trait 即将灭绝的特征discuss 讨论；论述disperse 分散、消散；传播dissolve 溶解distance 距离distinctive 有特色的、特别的distribute 分发；分配disturb 干扰、妨碍、扰乱diversity 多样性；差异性DNA 去氧核糖核酸dominant 显性的、优势的dominant gene 显性基因draw 拉、抽；汲取；去除（液体等）；画、描绘dump 倾泻；丢弃Eearth 地球；土壤；陆地、大地earthquake 地震earthworm 蚯蚓echo 回声、回音；共鸣；仿效；反射波eclipse （日、月）蚀、遮掩天体的光ecological succession 生态演替ecology 生态学ecosystem 生态系统effect 效果；结果efficient 有效的egg 蛋；卵electric current 电流electrical 电的、有关电的electrical circuits 电路、回路electrical energy 电能electricity 电、电流；电力供应；电力学electromagnet 电磁体、电磁铁electromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromagnetism 电磁electron 电子elements 元素elevation 高度；海拔elliptical 椭圆的emit 发射；散发endangered species 濒于灭绝的物种endocrine system 内分泌系统endothermic 吸热的、吸能的；（动物）温血的、恒温的energy 能；能源；能量energy flow 能量的流动energy pyramid 能量金字塔energy resources 能源ensure 保证、确保environment 环境environmental 环境的environmental changes 环境变化epithelial 上皮的equal 相等；平等；等于（=）equation 化学方程式、反应式equator 赤道equilibrium 平衡erosion 侵蚀；腐蚀error 错误；误差esophagus 食管、食道establish 建立estimate 估量、估计、估……值estimation 估计、估量eukaryotic 真核的、真核细胞的evaluate 估计；求……值evaporate 蒸发、挥发evaporation 蒸发；挥发；脱水evidence 证据；证明evolution 进化、演化example 例子exchange 交换、调换excrete 排泄；分泌excretion 排泄；分泌；排泄物；分泌物exoskeleton 外骨骼exothermic 放热的、放能的expand 扩展、扩张experiment 实验；试验explain 解释、说明explanation 解释、说明express 表达、表现external 外在的、外部的；体外的extinct 灭绝的、绝种的Ffact 事实；论据factor 因素；系数；基因、遗传因数Fahrenheit (o F) 华氏（o F）；华氏温度计fat 脂肪；多脂肪的fault 断层；错误；故障feature 特征；以……为特征features 特征；外貌female sex cell 雌性生殖细胞fertilization 施肥；受精、授精fertilized 已受精的fertilizer 肥料；受精媒介物fiber 纤维；纤维物质fish 鱼、鱼类fixed pulley 定滑轮flood 洪水；涨潮flow chart 作业图；生产过程图解flower 花；开花植物；开花fluid 流体、流质folded 折叠的、合拢的food 食物；养料food chain 食物链food web 食物网for every action there is an equal or opposite reaction 任何作用力都会产生等同或相反的反作用力force 力forecast 预测、预报form 形成；形式；形状；种类formation 形成；构成former 前者的、以前的formula 分子式；方程式；公式；配方formulate 规划；阐明；用公式表示fossil 化石fossil fuel 矿物燃料freezing 冰冻的；凝固的freezing point 冰点、凝固点frequency 频率；频数friction 摩擦；摩擦力front 锋、锋面；前部、前面fruit 水果；结果实的状态fuel 燃料filter 过滤；滤器、过滤物fulcrum 杠杆支点；支点、支柱function 机能、功能；应变数；函数；特性function of living things 生物的机能/功能fungi （Fungus的复数形式）真菌、真菌类植物；真菌病Ggalaxy 星系garbage 垃圾、废料gas 气体、气；瓦斯；汽油gas giants 气体巨星、巨型气体行星gem 宝石gene 基因generation 世代、代；生殖；产生generator 发电机genetic engineering 基因工程、遗传工程；基因工程学、遗传工程学genetic material 遗传物质genetically 从基因方面、从遗传学角度genetic variation 基因变异、遗传变异geologist 地质学家geothermal energy 地热能germ 细菌；微生物；生殖细胞；胚芽germination 发芽、萌芽；发育、生长glacier 冰川；冰河gland 腺、腺体global 地球的、全球的global climate 全球气候global warming 全球变温、全球暖化graduated cylinder 量筒（标有刻度的圆筒形量器）gram (g) 克（g）graph 图、图表；绘……图graphic 图解的、图像的；绘画的gravitational 引力的gravity 重力；地心吸引力；引力；万有引力；比重；重、重量greatest 最大的greenhouse gas 温室气体green plant 绿色植物groundwater 地下水group 组、群、类；基团grow 成长；增长；生长growth 生长、成长；增加、增大Hhabit 习性；习惯habitat 动植物栖息地、生境；居住地；产地hand lens 手执放大镜hardness 硬度、硬性harmful 有害的hazardous 危险的healthy habit 健康的习惯heart 心脏heart muscle 心肌heat 热；热学heat energy 热能herbivore 食草动物heredity 遗传hereditary 遗传的hibernation 冬眠（动物学）hormone 荷尔蒙、激素host 寄主、宿主human 人、人类human cell 人类细胞humid 潮湿、湿润humidity 湿度；湿气hurricane 飓风；暴风雨hydroelectric power 水力发电hydrosphere 水圈、水界、地球水面hygrometer 湿度计、湿度表hypothesis 假说、假设Iidentify 识别；鉴定；确定类别identical 相等；同源；恒等identification 识别、证实、核对identify 识别、辨别、认出igneous 火成的；火的igneous rock 岩浆岩、火成岩illuminate 照明；照射illustrate 说明；插图说明immune system 免疫系统inclined plane 斜面increase 增加independent 独立的independent variable 引数、独立变数indicate 指明；说明indirect 间接的individual 个别的、个体的、独特的；个体infection 传染、感染；传染病；传染物infectious disease 传染病inference 推论、推理；结论information 资料；情况；数据；信息ingredient 成分；原料；要素inherit 继承；经遗传而得inheritance 继承；遗传、遗传的特征inherited adaptation （先天）遗传继承的适应inherited trait 遗传的特征insect 昆虫instrument 工具；仪器；装置insulator 绝缘体；绝热体；隔音物interact 互相影响；互相作用interaction 互动；互相作用interior 内部的internal 内在的、内部的；体内的interpret 解释；理解interval （时间、空间的）间隔、间距；差距inversion 倒置、倒转、反向转化；逆温、逆增；（染色体）倒置invertebrate 无脊椎动物investigation 调查；研究；勘测ion 离子ionic bond 离子键iron (Fe) 铁（Fe）irregular 不规则的、不稳定的；isolate 孤立；隔离J jellyfish 海蜇、水母joint 关节K kilogram (kg) 千克、公斤（kg）kiloliter (kl) 千升（kl）kilometer (km) 千米、公里（Km）kinetic energy 动能kingdom （动物、植物、矿物）界；领域；王国knowledge 知识；学问Llabel 标签；标志landslide 山崩；地滑；滑坡large intestine 大肠larva 幼虫；幼体laser 激光、激光；激光器latitude 纬度lava 熔岩；火山岩layer 层、层次leaf 叶、叶子learned 后天学习获得的learned adaptation 后天习得的适应least 最少的；最少量leaves 树叶（复数）levee 堤、堤岸；冲积堤lever 杠杆；杆life cycle 生命周期；盛衰周期life span （动植物的）寿命lift 升、提、举；升力light 光；光线light-year 光年line graph 折线图；线图lines of force 力线link 环节、纽带；连结liquid 液体、液态；流质list 单子；列表liter (L) 升（L）lithosphere 陆界、岩石圈liver 肝脏living things 生物、有生命的物体location 场所、地点；定位locomotion 动力、运动力longitude 经度、经线longitudinal wave 纵波loudness 响度、音量lunar eclipse 月蚀lungs 肺、肺部luster 光泽；发光Mmachine 机器、机械、机床magma 岩浆magnet 磁体；磁石magnetic field 磁场；（磁场中的）磁力magnetic force 磁力；磁场强度magnetism 磁性、磁力；磁学magnifier 放大器、放大镜maintain 维持；保持；维护maintenance 维持；保持；维修、保养major 较大的；重要的male sex cell 雄性生殖细胞mammal 哺乳动物manage 处理；控制；操纵mantle 地幔；（大脑）皮质；覆盖物map 地图mass 质量material 材料、原料；料子；物质materials 材料、原料；料子；物质；元素；化合物；混合物materials scientist 材料学家mathematics 数学matter 物质measure 测量、度量measurement 测量mechanical energy 机械能mechanical weathering 机械性风化medium 媒介、介质、传导物meiosis 减数分裂melting 熔化、溶解的melting point 熔点、溶点metal 金属；金属制品metallic bond 金属键metalloid 准金属、半金属、类金属metamorphic 变质的、变形的、变态的metamorphic rock 变质岩metamorphosis 变形；变质meter (m) 公尺、米（m）meter stick 米尺（长度为一米的尺子）methane 甲烷method 方法metric ruler 公制刻度的尺子microorganisms 微生物microscope 显微镜mid-ocean ridge 洋中脊migration 移栖；迁移；（鱼群）洄游Milky Way 银河；银河系milligram (mg) 毫克（mg）milliliter (ml) 毫升（ml）millimeter (mm) 毫米（mm）mineral 矿物、矿物质、矿物的；无机物、无机物的mitochondria 线粒体（mitochondrion的复数形式）mitosis 有丝分裂mixture 混合物model 模型、模式moisture 潮湿、湿气、水气；湿度molecule 分子mollusk 软件动物molten 熔化了的、熔融的monthly 每月的Monera 原核生物界、无核原生物界monoculture （农作物）单作、单作栽培moon 月、月球；（天体的）卫星motion 运动、移动motor 发动机、引擎；原动力mountain 山、山脉mouth 嘴、口腔movable pulley 动滑轮movement 运动、活动、行动movement of plates 板块的运动mucus 黏液muscle 肌、肌肉muscle tissue 肌肉组织muscular system 肌肉系统mutation 突变；突变体muticellular 多细胞的multicelluar organism 多细胞生物mutation 变异、突变Nnatural gas 天然气natural resource 天然资源natural selection 自然选择nebula 星云negative 负的nervous system 神经系统net force 净力neuron 神经元、神经细胞neutral 中性的neutron 中子Newton 牛顿niche 生态龛、小生境nimbus 雨云nitrogen 氮、氮气noble gas 惰性气体nonliving things 没有生命的事物nonmetal 非金属nonrenewable 不能再生的；非再生性的nonrenewable energy resource 非再生性能源nonrenewable resource 非再生性资源nose 鼻、鼻腔；口鼻部nuclear energy 原子能nuclear fusion 核聚变、核融合nucleus 核；细胞核nutrient 营养品、食物、养料；营养的O object 物体objective 物镜、接物镜objective lens （显微镜、望远镜上的）物镜observation 观察、观测observe 观察、观测obtained 获得的occur 发生ocean 海洋、洋odor 气味offspring 子女、子孙、后代；（动物的）崽；（植物的）幼苗omnivore 杂食动物one-celled organisms 单细胞生物ooze 软泥；沼泽；渗出物opinion 观点；意见orbit 轨道order 目；次序organ 器官organ system 器官系统organelle 细胞器官、细胞构造organism 生物、有机体；微生物organize 组织original 原来的、原先的ovary 子房；卵巢overabundance 过剩、过量overcome 克服、制服、征服overpopulation 人口过剩ovule （花的）胚珠；(动物的)小卵oxygen 氧、氧气ozone 臭氧Pparallel circuit 幷联电路parasite 寄生生物；攀升植物parent cell 亲本细胞、亲代细胞particle 粒子、微粒pattern 模式pedigree chart 家谱图、系谱图perceive 感觉、感知percent, percentage 百分之一、百分比period 时期；周期periodic table 周期表permanent magnet 永磁体pesticide 杀虫剂；农药petroleum 石油phases 阶段；相；位相；周相phenomena 现象（phenomenon的复数形式）phosphorus 磷photosynthesis 光合作用、光能合成physical 物质的、物理的physical change 物理变化physical property 物理性质physical weathering 物理风化picture 画、图画；照片、画像pie （可分成几份的）总数或总额；馅饼pie chart 饼分图、圆形分析图pie graph 饼状图、圆饼图pistil 雌蕊、雌蕊群pitch 投掷；倾斜；音调planet 行星plant 植物Plantae 植物界plasma 浆；血浆；等离子体plate 板块、板层plate tectonics 板块构造poison 毒、毒物polar 极地的pollen 花粉pollinate 给……传授花粉pollutant 污染物；污染源pollution 污染；污染物population 总体；人口position 位置positive 正的；阳电的；确定的potential energy 势能、位能power of ten notation 10乘幂符号precipitation 降水、降雨雪；降水量；沉淀；沉淀物predator 捕食其它动物的动物；食虫动物或植物；掠食者predict 预测；预料predictable 可预测的prediction 预测presence 在场；存在preserve 保持、保留、保存；保护；保鲜、防腐、加工（食品）pressure 压力、压prevailing 通行的、普遍的；占优势的prevailing winds 盛行风、主风previous 以前的prey 被捕食/掠食的动物；捕获物primary 主要的probable 极可能的；或然的procedure 步骤、程序process 程序、过程produce 生产、出产、产生；产品、农产品producer 生产者；制造商；发生器product 乘积；产品prokaryotic 原核的property 性能、属性、特性properties 性能、属性、特性protect 保护、防护protein 蛋白质Protista （protist的复数形式）原生生物proton 质子provide 提供、供应pulley 滑轮、滑车punnett square 庞尼特方格、庞氏表、棋盘方格pupa 蛹purpose 目的pushes and pulls 推力与拉力R radiation 发散、传播；辐射、辐射物、辐射作用radioactive 放射性的radioisotope 放射性同位素rarefaction 稀薄化、稀薄状态；稀疏作用rate 速率；速度ray 光线、射线；辐射、射出react 反应；起化学作用reactant 反应体、反应物rearrange 重排、再排列reason 理由；理智；推理receive 接、接受；获得recessive 隐性的、潜性的recessive gene 隐性基因recognize 分辨、识别record 记录、录制；唱片、录制品rectum 直肠recycle 回收、再利用；废物利用reduce 减少refer 参考、查阅、引证reflect 反射reflection 反射（名词）reflex 反射；反射作用refract 折射refraction 折射（名词）regulation 调节relationship 关联、关系relationships in organisms 生物之间的关系relative humidity 相对湿度release 释放、放出relevant 相称、相关remain the same 保持不变remains 残骸、遗骨、遗留物renewable 可更新的；再生性的renewable energy resource 再生性能源renewable resource 再生性资源repair 修理、修补represent 代表；表述；描绘reproduce 繁殖；再生；复制reproduction 生殖、繁殖；复制、复制品reproductive 生殖的reptile 爬行动物required 必须的；规定的；必修的resist 抵抗、阻挡resistant to 抗、阻、防resource 资源respiration 呼吸respiratory system 呼吸系统respond 回应、响应；有反应response 回应；回答responsible 有责任的；负责的restore 恢复、复原result 结果；成绩；答案；决定reuse 再利用、多次利用reverse 反向、倒转、逆向、颠倒revolution 旋转；（天体）公转；循环；变革revolve 旋转；（天体）公转；环绕；循环往复rock 岩石rock cycle 岩石循环、岩石周期role 角色；职责root 根、根茎、根部rotate 旋转；自转；循环交替rotation 旋转；自转（名词）runoff (雨雪的地表)径流；径流量；溢流；生产过程排出的废物rust 锈；生锈S saliva 涎、唾液salivate 流涎、分泌唾液samples 样本、样品scale 鳞甲、鳞片；天平、秤scarce 稀有的；缺乏的science 科学scientific (use appropriate scientifictools) 科学的（使用恰当的科学工具）scientific inquiry 科学探索scientific investigation 科学调查scientific law 科学定律scientific name 科学名称、学名scientific thinking 科学思考scrape 刮、擦screw 螺旋运动；螺钉sea floor spreading 海床扩张；海床扩张学说sea level 海平面season 季节；时期secondary 第二位的；二代的；继发性的；次生的、次级的sediment 沉积；沉积物sedimentary rock 沉积岩sedimentation 沉积；沉积作用seed 种子、籽seedling 幼苗seep 渗出、渗漏；渗液select 选择、挑选selective breeding 选择育种sense 感觉、感知；感官sense organ 感官、感觉器官sequencing 排列程序、先后顺序series circuit 串联电路settle 沉淀；安顿、定居；确立、确定sewage 污水sex cell 性细胞、生殖细胞sex cells 性细胞、生殖细胞sexual 性的、性别的shape 形状shell 壳；地壳shield volcano 盾状火山shiver 颤抖significant 重要的、有意义的、显著的similarity 相似性simple machine 简单机械siren 汽笛；警笛situation 位置、地点；情境；环境、处境size 大小、尺寸；面积；容量skeletal muscle 骨骼肌skeletal system 骨胳系统sky 天、天空small intestine 小肠smog 烟雾smooth muscle 平滑肌soil 土壤、泥土soil texture 土质solar cell 太阳能电池solar eclipse 日蚀solar energy 太阳能solar system 太阳系solid 固体；固体的solidification 使……凝固、结晶、固化solubility （可）溶性；溶度solute 溶质；溶解物solution 溶液、溶体；溶解；溶解作用solvent 溶剂、溶媒；有溶解力的、溶剂的sound 声音sound recorder 录音机source 来源space 太空、外层空间；空间specialize 专攻；专化、特化；以特殊方式演化species 物种、种、类specific 特有的、特定的、特异的、专一的；种的、类的specimens 标本、样本speed 速度、速率sperm 精子spill 溢出、洒出spinal cord 脊髓spiral 螺旋形、螺旋；呈螺旋形；旋涡星系sponge 海绵spore 孢子；种子、胚芽、生殖细胞spring 春天；弹簧spring scale 弹簧秤sprout 发芽、抽芽；新芽、萌芽squint 斜视；斜行、偏离stable 稳定的、稳固的stages 阶段、时期stamen 雄蕊star 星、恒星；天体starch 淀粉state （物质的）形、态（如固态、液态、气态）；状态static charge 静电、静电荷、静电充电static electricity 静电；静电学stem 茎、梗；杆、轴、柄stigma 柱头（植物学）；气门、点斑（动物学）stimulus 刺激；刺激物stomach 胃、腹部stopwatch 秒表、跑表strain 拉紧；变形；过滤；使紧张；使应变strategy 策略、行动计划；（生物的）重大适应性strato 层、高空stratus cloud 层云streak 条痕；矿脉structural adaptation 结构的适应性、结构适应作用structure 结构、组织、构造sublimation 纯化、净化；升华作用subsoil 下层土、沉积土层、底土substance 物质sugar 糖sulfuric acid 硫酸summarize 总结、归纳、概括sun 太阳、阳光supernova 超新星support 支撑、支承、支持surface 表面、面、外表survey 调查survival 生存survive, survival 生存swamp 沼泽sweat 汗switch 开关；电闸system 系统、体系Ttable 表、表格；台地、平地层、地块table salt 精制食盐、佐餐盐tadpole 蝌蚪tape measure 卷尺technology 技术telescope 望远镜temperate 温带的、温和的temperature 温度、气温temporary magnet 暂时磁体、暂时磁铁terrestrial planets 类地行星test 测试、测验theory 理论、原理、论thermal energy 热能thermometer 温度计、寒暑表、体温表thunderstorm 雷雨tide 潮汐、浪潮tilt 倾斜、偏斜tilted 已倾斜的、已偏斜的time 时间；时期tissue 组织tool 工具、器械topsoil 表土、表层土tornado 龙卷风、飓风trachea 气管trade-offs 交易、折衷、权衡trait 特性、特征transfer 转移、转换transform 变形、转换、变化transport 交通、运输transport system 运输系统transverse wave 横波trench 沟；海底沟trial 试验、试tropical 热带的troposphere （大气圈）对流层trough 海槽；波谷tumor 肿瘤；肿块turbine 涡轮机type 类型、种类Uunbalanced forces 不平衡力undergo metamorphosis 发生蜕变unequal 不平衡的、不相等的、不规则的unicellular 单细胞的unifying themes 统一主题unique 独特的；唯一的universe 宇宙unstable 不稳定的、易变的Vvacuole 空泡、液泡valley 流域；山谷vapor 蒸汽；烟雾；汽化、蒸发variable 变量；（实验的）变数variation 变异、变种variety 多样化；种类；变种vascular system 脉管系统；维管系统vascular tissue 脉管组织；维管组织vegetable 蔬菜；植物；植物人vehicle 交通工具、车辆；载体vein 静脉velocity 速度、速率vertebrate 脊椎动物vibrate 振动、抖动；摆动virus 病毒visible 能见的、明显的visible light 能见光vitamin 维他命、维生素volcanic activity 火山活动volcanic eruption 火山爆发volcano 火山voltmeter 伏特计、电压表volume 容积；体积；音量Wwarm 温暖的；暖色的；使温暖water 水water cycle 水循环water vapor 水蒸汽、水汽wavelength 波长weather 天气、气象、气候weathering 风化wedge 楔子；楔形物weight 重量wheel and axle 轮轴white blood cell 白血球、白细胞wind 风wind vane 风向标、风翼wise 明智的；博学的work 功、作功；工作；产品wrinkle 褶皱；皱纹Zzone 地带、区域、界；气候带zygote 合子、受精卵；合体。

Earth sciencetropical['trɔpikəl]adj. 热带的; 炎热的paradise['pærədais]n. 天堂, 天国；伊甸园；理想[完美]的地方, 乐园, 乐土；完美快乐的境界, 至福, 极乐source[sɔ:s]n. 河流的源头, 发源地；来源, 出处；原因；提供资料者, 资料来源proof[pru:f]n. 证明, 论证; 证据, 证物；校样, 样张aquifer['ækwifə]n. 地下蓄水层; 砂石含水层filter['filtə]n. 过滤, 过滤器vt. &透过, 过滤vi.vi. (消息等)走漏fossilize['fɔsə,laɪz]vt. 使成化石；使陈腐vi. 变成化石；变陈腐giraffe[dʒə'ræf]n. 长颈鹿monsoon[mɔn'su:n]n. (南亚、尤指印度洋的)季风； (与季风相伴的)雨季dynamic[dai'næmik]adj. 有活力的, 强有力的；不断变化的；动力的, 动态的motion['məuʃən]vt. (向…)打手势, 示意n. (物体的)运动；手势, 动作；提议, 动议tilt[tilt]vt. &(使)倾斜vi.n. 倾斜variation[,vɛəri'eiʃən]n. 变化, 变动(的程度)；变奏(曲)；变异, 变种abrupt[ə'brʌpt]adj. 突然的, 意外的；唐突的, 鲁莽的defer[di'fə:]vt. 拖延, 延缓, 推迟vi. 服从某人的意愿, 遵从parameter[pə'ræmitə]n. (限定性的)因素, 特性, 界限；〈物〉〈数〉参量, 参数retain[ri'tein]vt. 保持; 保留；止住; 容纳flourish['flʌriʃ]vi. 茂盛, 繁荣；兴旺发达vt. 挥动temporary['tempərəri]adj. 临时的, 暂时的, 短时间的impetus['impitəs]n. 推动, 促进, 刺激；推动力。

地球物理正演英文书籍Here are some recommendations for English books on global geophysics:1. "Global Geophysics" by Keiiti Aki and Paul G. Richards - This comprehensive book covers various topics in global geophysics, including seismology, gravity, heat flow, and geomagnetism.2. "The Solid Earth: An Introduction to Global Geophysics" by C.M.R. Fowler - This book provides a thorough introduction to global geophysics, covering the Earth's structure, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanic activity.3. "Introduction to Planetary Geophysics: Part 1 (Cambridge Planetary Science)" by Gunter G. Wirth - This book focuses on geophysical processes and phenomena occurring on other planets and moons in the solar system, providing valuable comparative insights.4. "Principles of Geophysics" by William Lowrie - This widely-used textbook discusses various aspects of geophysics, including seismology, gravity, magnetism, and plate tectonics, with a global perspective.5. "Earth's Interior: Structure and Evolution" by Rudolf Tromp - This book explores the structure and dynamics of Earth's interior, covering topics such as seismic waves, mantle convection, and theEarth's magnetic field.These books should provide a good foundation for understanding global geophysics and its applications.。

GlossaryActive ingredient (a.i.): The biologically active component of a pesticide formulation.Agrochemicals: Chemicals used in agriculture production systems including fertilizers, and pesticides, such as insecticides and herbicides.Aerial termite infestations:Alates of some subterranean termite genera can establish a colony in the upper parts of buildings, railway carriages, boats and the like without the need for contact with the soil for as long as they have access to a source of moisture.Alates: Fully winged adult termites, possible future kings and queens, which swarm from the nest at a certain time of year to mate and found new colonies. They vary in colour from black to pale brown and the wings are opaque grey to black.Arboreal nesting termites: Build carton nests primarily on trees, poles, fences, and under at times also in the roof of buildings; usually have nasute soldiers.Bait: Food placed to attract termites, which has been treated with a control agent in view of eliminating them (the elimination can take some time, depending on the agent). The agent can be a traditional pesticide, a more specific chemical, or a pathogen, but recently the most commonly used agents in baits are moult (or chitin synthesis) inhibitors targeting a process which is specific to insects..Beneficials: Organisms that provide a benefit to crop production, including natural enemies of pests and pollinators such as bees.Bio-accumulation: Increase in the concentration of a pollutant in an organism compared to its direct environment or food. (2)Bio-magnification: Increase of the concentration of a pollutant as it moves from one trophic level to another through the food chain. (2)Biological Control: Using or encouraging living organisms (natural enemies) such as pathogens, parasites or predators, to manage pests.Carcinogenic: causing cancer (2)CAS Number: Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number - a unique number identifying a substanceCastes: Different looking individuals living together in the termite colony, which have a particular function, such as workers or soldiers.Chitin: One of the main components in the exoskeletons of insects and the cell walls of fungi. It is a polysaccharide; constructed from units of acetylglucosamine.Chlorophyll: The green pigment of plants that captures the energy from sunlight necessary for photosynthesis.Cultural control: procedures such as crop rotation, tillage, irrigation and fertilization which can contribute to reducing incidence of pestsCOP: Conference of the PartiesDampwood termites: Ecological group of termites which live and feed in moist wood, especially stumps and fallen trees on the forest floor, although some species actually prefer drier wood.Dressing: Localized pesticide applicationDrywood termites: Ecological group of termites which nest in wood above the soil level. They do not need contact to the soil or with other sources of moisture because of a low requirement for water.Ecology: The science studying relationships between organisms and between organisms and their environment.Economic threshold: The pest density at which measures must be taken to prevent the pest from reaching the level at which economic yield losses are expected, that is, cost of control is less than the value gainedEndocrine System: The hormonal communication and control system, regulating numerous bodily functions (see hormone)Entomology: Science studying insectsEnvironment: Surroundings, including water, air, soil and their interrelationship as well as all relationships between them and any living organisms. (1)Exotic termites: Species which have been introduced from elsewhere and are not naturally present in the country / area. They are often (accidentally) brought into countries through commerce.FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFood Chain: A series of food organisms and those which consume them, to be in turn consumed by the next trophic level (e.g. from plankton to fish to fish-eating bird). It is a linear and simple feeding relation, where one organism has one type of food and is eaten by onetype of organism. In nature, the situation is usually more complex, and the term “food web” more correctly describes the situation, where a variety of organisms each feed on a variety of other organisms and are in turn fed on by more organisms.(Pesticide) Formulation: The pure pesticide substance can seldom be used as it is. It is therefore formulated with solvents, dispersants and other additives. (2) Formulation meansthe combination of various ingredients designed to render the product useful and effective for the purpose claimed; the form of the pesticide as purchased by users. (1)Frass: Solid faecal material, dry excrement produced by insects.Fumigation: Pest control using a gasFungi (plural, singular fungus): Filamentous organisms with cell walls containing chitin, lacking chlorophyll (unlike green plants they cannot photosynthesize - make organic nutrients using energy from sunlight); reproduce through spores; examples are moulds and mushrooms.GEF: The Global Environment FacilityGTEG: UNEP/FAO Global Termite Expert GroupHabitat: A habitat is a place where an organism lives or the place where one would go to find it.Hormone: A hormone (from Greek horman - "to set in motion") is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. Multicellular organisms producing hormones include plants.Hydrophobic: Not liable to dissolve in water.IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer (part of the World Health Organization).Insect Growth Regulators: A heterogeneous group of compounds such as juvenile hormone analogues or chitin synthesis inhibitors which prevent moult, retarding or inhibiting growth, or influencing caste development (i.e. excessive production of soldiers).Integrated Pest Management (IPM): The careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms. (1)Insects: A class of animals with six legs and three body parts, head, thorax and abdomen.Insecticide: Pesticide intended for use against insects.Lipophilic: Readily dissolves in fat.LD 50: Measure of toxicity: the dose that is expected to kill 50% of test organisms. The unit is usually mg (toxin) per kg (body weight). (2)Moult: Organisms with an external skeleton such as insects and other arthropods increase in size by moulting: growing a new skin (cuticle) and shedding the old one to enter a new stage in their developmentMound-building termites: Mound-building termites are technically a form of subterranean termite, which construct nests arising from the ground.Mutagenic: Causing mutations, changes in genetic material, change in structure or quantity of DNA .NAPs: National Action PlansNIPs: National Implementation Plans for implementing obligations under the Stockholm ConventionNasute soldiers: Have a brown to black head and a conical "nose" through which they can squirt a defensive liquid.Natural enemies: Organisms which are detrimental to a pest species. They affect the pest species as pathogens, parasites or predators.Nematodes:Unsegmented round worms, often microscopic. Most are free living, but others are parasitesOrganochlorines: Group of organic chemicals containing chlorine that includes insecticides, such as aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, heptachlor, mirex, and toxaphene.Parasite: Organism that lives on or in another, the host, depending on it for food. The host receives no benefit at all. Some parasites cause early death of the host, others are virtually harmless to it.Pathogen: Organism causing diseasePellets: Droppings, those expelled by drywood termites are grit/sand-like, six-sided, elongated, and less than one millimetre.Pest: A pest is an organism that harms useful plants, domestic animals or humans. Pests can also destroy commodities such as stored food or buildings.Pesticides: Substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying or controlling a pest.Pheromone: A substance (odour) used for communication between individuals of the same species. Vital for locating mates in many insects. (2)Plant vigour: Plant growing without water or nutrient stress, in sufficient light.POPs: Persistent Organic Pollutants. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that resist degradation and are lipophilic, and therefore have the ability to bio-accumulate and bio-magnify, with long-term effects on health and environment. They are also semi-volatile, enabling them to move long distances in the atmosphere before deposition occurs. Examples are organochlorine insecticides and several industrial chemical products or byproducts including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxins) and dibenzo-p-furans (furans). An initial list of 12 POPs including 5 termiticides are covered by the Stockholm Convention that aims at eliminating further releases of these substances.ppb: Parts per billion.ppm: Parts per million.Predator: Animal that kills living animals and then feeds on them.Resistant plants: certain plant varieties which are not susceptible to a disease or attacks by an insect.(Pesticide)Resistance of insects: The capacity of an insect to withstand the killing effect of a chemical (insecticide). The resistance is, usually linked to a genetic trait that is propagatedin a population because of selection pressures.Rotation: Changing the species of crop grown on a plot of land between growing seasons to reduce problems with pests and conserve soil fertility.SC: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic PollutantsShelter tubes: Earthen sheathing, mud passages which termites construct in order to reach a food source, e.g. on walls of constructions, over grass, soil surfaces, bark etcSp.: Species (singular)Spp.: Species (plural)Species (of termites): Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations.Specificity: Capacity of a chemical to affect only the target organism, without affecting other kinds of organisms in the same environment.SSC: Secretariat for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic PollutantsSubterranean termites: Ecological grouping of termites which reach their sources of moisture and food by tunnelling through the soil. They often nest in the soil (see also mound-building termites, aerial termite infestations).Swarming: Release of alates from a termite nest at species-specific times of the year. A means for termites to spread beyond the colony territory.: new (winged) kings and queens (collectively called alates) flying off to start new nests.Taxonomy: The science of classification of organisms.Teratogenic: Causing foetal damage. (2)Termites: Termites are small (4 to 15 mm long) and variable in colour from white to tan and even black. They belong to the group of insects called Isoptera, are social insects and live in colonies. Features that help to differentiate termites from ants include termites having straight, flexible antennae and a broad waist while ants have elbowed antennae and a narrow waist.Termiticides: Pesticides used against termitesThermal control: Destruction of insects using high or low temperaturesTrophic level: Step in a food chain consisting of organisms obtaining their food in the same general manner, for example by eating plantsToxicity: A physiological or biological property which determines the capacity of a chemical to do harm or produce injury to a living organism by other than mechanical means. (1)Volatilisation: Capacity to evaporate into the atmosphere。

序号全称简称中文刊名语种1Annual review of earth and ANNU REV EART地球与行星科学年评英语2Reviews of geophysics REV GEOPHYS地球物理学评论3Global Ecology and Biogeogr GLOBAL ECOL B全球生态学与生物地理学英语4Global biogeochemical cycle GLOBAL BIOGEO全球生物地球化学循环英语5Earth-science reviews EARTH-SCI REV地学评论英语6Quaternary science reviews QUATERNARY SC第四纪科学评论英语7Earth and Planetary Science Letters地球与行星科学通讯德语，法语，8Journal of petrology J PETROL岩石英语9Geology地质学英语10Geochimica et cosmochimica GEOCHIM COSMO地球化学与宇宙化学学报英语11Journal of Biogeography J BIOGEOGR生物地理学杂志12Paleoceanography古海洋学美国地质学会通报英语13The Geological Society of America bulle14Precambrian research前寒武纪研究15Chemical geology CHEM GEOL化学地质学英语16Contributions to mineralogy CONTRIB MINER矿物学与岩石学论文集英语17Geobiology地球生物学英语18Geotextiles and Geomembrane GEOTEXT GEOME土工用纺织物与土工用膜19Astrobiology天体生物学英语地质标准与地质分析研究德语，法语，20Geostandards and geoanalytical research英语21Journal of geophysical research:space p地球物理学研究杂志-空间物理地球物理学研究杂志-大地英语21Journal of geophysical research:solid e地球物理学研究杂志-行星21Journal of geophysical research:planets21Journal of geophysical research:oceans地球物理学研究杂志-海洋英语21Journal of geophysical research:atmosph地球物理学研究杂志-大气英语地球物理学研究杂志-地表英语21Journal of geophysical research:earth s22Lithos国际矿物学、岩石学与地球化英语23Biogeosciences生物地球科学英语24Journal of metamorphic geology变质地质学杂志英语25Geophysical research letters地球物理学研究快报英语26The journal of geology地质学杂志英语27Biogeochemistry生物地球化学英语28Journal of quaternary scien J QUA TERNARY第四纪科学杂志英语29Turkish Journal of Earth Sc TURKJ EATTH S土耳其地球学杂志英语30Tectonics 构造地质学英语31Progress in Physical Geogra PROG PHYS GEO物理地理学进展英语32American journal of science AM J SCI美国科学杂志33Meteoritics&Planetary Scien METEORIT PLAN陨星学与行星科学34Geochemistry,geophysics,geosystems地球化学，地球物理学，地球英语35Marine and petroleum geology海洋与石油地质学英语36IEEE transactions on geoscience and remIEEE地学与遥感汇刊英语37The Holocene全新世英语38Global and planetary change地球和行星的变化英语39Basin research盆地研究英语40Journal of the Geological society地质学会志英语41Journal of the paleolimnology古湖沼学杂志英语42Hydrology and earth system sciences水文学与地球系统科学英语43Elements元素英语44Quaternary research第四纪研究英语45American mineralogist美国矿物学家46Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry矿物学和地球化学评论英语古地理学、古气候学、古生态学47Palaeogeography,palaeoclimatology,palae48Journal of hydrology水文学杂志英语49Organic geochemistry有机地球化学50Geophysical journal international国际地球物理学杂志英语51Bulletin of volcanology火山学通报英语52Terra nova地球新星英语53Boreas国际第四纪研究杂志德语，法语，54Landscape Ecology景观生态学德语，法语，地球与行星内部物理学英语55Physics of the earth and planetary inte56Marine geology海洋地质学英语57Palaios古代58Earth surface processes and landforms地球表面变化过程与地形英语59Seismological Research Letters 地震学研究快报英语60Journal of sedimentary research沉积研究杂志英语62Applied clay science应用粘土科学63Geomorphology地貌学英语64Journal of contaminant Hydr J CONTAM HYDR污染物水文学杂志英语65Geochemical transactions地球化学汇刊英语国际地理信息科学杂志英语66International journal of geographical i67Earth Interactions EARTH IN TERA地球相互作用英语68Acta geologica Sinica中国地质学报69Economic geology and the bulletin of th经济地质学与经济地质学家学英语70Journal of marine systems海洋系统杂志英语71Sedimentary geology沉积地质学英语72Applied geochemistry应用地球化学英语美国地震学会通报英语73Bulletin of the seismological society o火山学与地热研究杂志德语，法语，74Journal of volcanology and geothermal r75Tectonophysics地壳构造物理学德语，法语，国际地球科学杂志德语，法语，76International journal of earth sciences77Journal of Asian earth sciences亚洲地学杂志英语78Sedimentology沉积学英语79Journal of structural geology结构地质学杂志英语80Geomicrobiology journal地质微生物学杂志英语81Journal of Nuclear Material J NUCL MATER核材料杂志英语82Journal of Geodesy J GEODESY大地测量学杂志英语83Landscape and Urban Plannin LANDSCAPE URB园林与城市规划英语84Permafrost and periglacial processes永久冻土与冰缘过程85International journal of coal geology国际煤炭地质学杂志英语86Geological magazine地质学杂志英语87Journal of Atmosphere and S J ATMOS SOL-T大气与日地物理学杂志英语88International geology review国际地质学评论英语89Geodinamica acta地球动力学报法语90Geografiska Annaler: Series GEOGR ANNA法语91Quaternary International国际第四纪研究法语92Ground water地下水英语93Journal of Archaeological S J ARCHAEOL SC考古科学杂志英语美国水资源协会志英语94 Journal of the American Water Resource95Annales Geophysicae ANN GEOPHYS-G地球物理层编年史英语96Aquatic geochemistry水地球化学英语97GeoArabia中东石油地球科学杂志英语98Clays and clay minerals粘土与粘土矿物英语99Gondwana research冈瓦纳研究英语100CATENA专业丛书英语101Geofluids地热流体英语103Nonlinear Processes in Geop NONL IN EAR P地球物理学的非线性进程英语104Dynamics of Atmospheres and DYNAM ATMOS O大气与海洋动力学英语105AAPG bulletin美国石油地质学家学会通报英语106Mineralogical magazine矿物学杂志英语107Antarctic science南极科学英语108Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie地球形态学杂志英语109Mineralium deposita矿床英语110Physics and chemistry of minerals矿物物理学与矿物化学111Gems & gemology宝石与宝石学英语112Australian journal of earth sciences澳大利亚地球科学杂志英语113European journal of mineralogy欧洲矿物学杂志德语，法语114Geologica Acta地质学报德语，法语115Earth, planets and space地球、行星与太空英语116Chemie der Erde地球化学德语，英语117Quaternary geochronology第四纪地质年代118Surveys in geophysics地球物理学综论英语119Geophysics地球物理英语120Radiocarbon放射性碳英语121Geosynthetics International国际土工合成材料学英语122IEEE Xplore: Geoscience and IEEE GEOSCI R IEEE地学与遥感汇刊英语123Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering地震工程通报英语124Hydrogeology journal水文地质学杂志法语，英语国际摄影测量和遥感学会志英语125ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and rem摄影测量工程与遥感126Photogrammetric engineering and remote127Journal of petroleum geology石油地质学杂志128Journal of African Earth Sc J AFR EARTH S非洲地学杂志英语128Journal of African earth sciences非洲地学杂志法语，英语矿物,金属材料科学学会杂志法语，英语129Journal of the Minerals Metals & Materi131Petrology+岩石学法语，英语132SpaceWeather空间气象法语，英语133The Canadian mineralogist加拉大矿物学者法语，英语134 The Canadian mineralogist加拉大矿物学者法语，英语自然灾害与地球系统科学英语135Natural hazards and earth system scienc136Geophysical and Astrophysic GEOPHYS ASTRO地球物理与天体物理流体动力英语137Geological journal地质学杂志英语138Natural Hazards NAT HAZARDS自然风险139Journal of caves and karst studies洞穴与岩溶研究杂志英语140Mineral Processing and Extr MINER PROCESS矿物处理和提取冶金英语141Facies相英语142Ore geology reviews矿物地质学评论143Landslides滑坡144Near Surface Geophysics近地表地球物理145Radio science无线电科学国际矿物处理杂志英语146International journal of mineral proces147Arctic, antarctic, and alpine research北极、南极与高山研究148Canadian journal of earth sciences加拿大地球科学杂志法语，英语149Engineering geology工程地质学德语，法语，150Norwegian Journal of Geology挪威地质学杂志151Geomagnetism and Aeronomy国际地磁学与高空科学协会152Minerals Engineering矿物工程154Geothermics地热155Mineralogy and petrology矿物学和岩石学156Computers & geosciences计算机与地学英语157The photogrammetric record摄影测绘记录英语158Archaeometry考古定年学英语159Cold Regions Science and Technology寒冷地区科学160Comptes Rendus Geosciences C R GEOSCI161Arctic北极南美地学杂志英语162Journal of South American earth science矿物与岩石学杂志英语163Journal of mineralogical and petrologic164Episodes幕英语165Geoinformatica地学信息英语166Pure and applied geophysics理论与应用地球物理学英语167Proceedings of the geologists associati地质学家协会会报 英语168Petroleum geoscience石油地质科学169The island arc岛弧170Netherlands Journal of Geosciences荷兰地学杂志171Russian Geology and Geophysics俄罗斯地质学与地球物理学172Geo-marine letters地质海洋快报英语173Resource geology地质资源174New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geop新西兰地质学与地球物理学杂志爱丁堡地学皇家学会事物175Transactions of the Royal Society of Ed176Acta geologica Polonica波兰地质学报177Polar research极地研究178Advances in Space Research空间研究进展179Journal of seismology地震学杂志英语180Mathematical Geology数学地质英语181Journal of Geophysics and Engineering地球物理学与工程学英语法国地质学会通报法语，英语182Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de Fr183Journal of Environmental Engineering Ge环境与工程地球物理学杂志土工技术与地质环境工程杂志英语184Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmen185Computational geosciences计算地球科学英语国际岩石力学与采矿科学杂志英语186International journal of rock mechanics187Studia geophysica et geodaetica地球物理学与大地测量学研究德语，法语，188Geophysical prospecting地球物理勘探德语，法语，189Environmental geology环境地质学英语190Scottish journal of geology苏格兰地质学杂志 英语191Geoarchaeology地质考古学英语英语中国科学D辑：地球科学（英文191Science in China. series D earth scienc192Geological quarterly地质学季刊英语193Ofioliti蛇绿岩195Clay minerals粘土矿物英语石油科学和石油工程杂志英语196Journal of petroleum science & engineer197Marine geophysical researches海洋地球物理研究英语工程地质学季刊 英语198Quarterly journal of engineering geolog地层学及地质学的相互关系199Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation200Geochemical journal地球化学杂志英语201Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae英语202Geochronometria英语203Chinese Journal of Geophysi CHINESE J GEO地球物理学报204Archaeological Prospection考古学展望205Physics and chemistry of the earth地球物理学与地球化学土壤动力学与地震工程206Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineerin207Journal of Cultural Heritage文化遗产杂志208South African journal of geology南非地质学杂志英语209Journal of geochemical exploration地球化学勘探杂志英语210Revista mexicana de ciencias geologicas211Geotechnique土工英语矿物学新年鉴. 论文辑德语，法语，212Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandl213Computers and geotechnics计算机与土工学214Revista geologica de Chile智利地质杂志西班牙语，英215Geosciences journal地球科学杂志英语丹麦地质学会通报德语，法语216Bulletin of the geological society of D217Journal of Earthquake Engineering地震工程杂志218Soils and Foundations地基及基础219Earth, Moon, and Planets地球，月球及行星220Geotectonics大地构造地质学221Bollettino della Societa Geologica Ital意大利地质学通报英语222Canadian geotechnical journal加拿大土工杂志英语223Astronomy and Geophysics天文学与地球物理学英语224Journal of Cold Regions Engineering寒冷地区工程杂志英语225Geologica Carpathica喀尔巴阡山地质学英语226Geologiska Foreningens i St GFF瑞典地质学会汇刊德语，法语，227Geochemistry International国际地球化学德语，法语，228Rock mechanics and rock engineering岩石力学与岩石工程英语229Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia英语英语230Journal of earth system science印度科学院会刊 ：地球与行星231Geotechnical Testing Journal土工试验杂志英语工程地质学与环境通报法语，英语232Bulletin of engineering geology and the233Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth法语，英语234Doklady Earth Sciences法语，英语235Physical Geography自然地理法语，英语陆地，大气，海洋科学法语，英语236Terrestrial, atmospheric and oceanic sc237Geology of Ore Deposits矿床地质学法语，英语238Geologica Belgica比利时地质239Journal of coastal research海岸研究杂志英语240Lithology and mineral resources岩相学与矿物资源英语印度地质学会志英语241Journal of the geological society of In242SPE reservoir evaluation & engineering石油工程师协会油藏评估与工英语243Mountain Research and Development山区研究与开发英语244Nuovo Cimento Societa Intaliana di Fisi诺沃西门托会刊意大利迪记事英语北京科技大学学报：矿物冶金英语245Journal of University of Science and Te246Annals of geophysics地球物理学纪事英语247Minerals & Metallurgical Processing矿产及冶金加工英语248Coal Preparation备煤英语249Journal of Mining Science采矿科学杂志英语250Environmental & engineering geoscience环境与工程地质科学英语251Newsletters on stratigraphy地层学通讯地球化学：探索，环境，分析252Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment,253Journal of seismic exploration地震探测杂志英语254Petrophysics岩石物理学英语约克郡地质学会会报英语255Proceedings of the Yorkshire geological256Carbonates and evaporites碳酸盐与蒸发岩英语英国太阳系内杂志英语257Journal of the British Interplanetary S258Marine georesources and geotechnology海洋地资源与土工学英语259Proceedings of the Institution of Civil知名土木工程师议程：地球应用技术工程260Geotimes地质时代英语261Survey review测量评论英语丹麦和格陵兰岛地质勘测期刊英语262Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenl南非采矿与冶金学会志英语263Journal of the South African Institute264Canadian mining journal加拿大采矿杂志英语265Engineering and mining journal工程与采矿杂志英语266Advances in Geophysics地球物理学发展英语267Swiss Journal of Geoscience瑞士地学杂志类别ISSN影响因子年发文数自然科学0084-65977.73224自然科学8755-1209 6.925自然科学1466-822X 4.43577自然科学0886-6236 4.33596地质学0012-8252 4.3141地质学0277-3791 4.11205自然科学0012-821X 3.873503自然科学0022-3530 3.80686地质学0091-7613 3.754285地质学0016-7037 3.665395自然科学0305-0270 3.5391590883-8305 3.391760016-7606 3.35495地质学0301-9268 3.24796地质学0009-2541 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一1.academic year 学年2.assignment 任务；课外作业3.attendance 参加4.Auditorium /ɔːdɪ'tɔːrɪəm/ 礼堂，会堂；观众席5.Cafeteria 自助餐厅6.Campus 校园7.Canteen 小卖部8.Classroom 教室pulsory course /kəmˈpʌlsərɪ/ 必修课puter lab 电脑室11.Counselor /'kaʊnslɚ/ 顾问12.Credit 信用；学分13.Curriculum 课程14.Dean 校长；系主任15.Degree 程度；等级；学位16.Diploma 文凭；奖状17.Discipline 纪律18.Dormitory 宿舍19.Dorm mate 室友20.Elective course /ɪ'lektɪv/ 选修课21.Enrollment /ɪn'rəʊlmənt/ 登记’入伍22.Extracurricular 课外的23.Faculty /'fæk(ə)ltɪ/ 科；系；能力24.Freshman 大一新生25.Graduate 毕业26.Gymnasium /dʒɪm'neɪzɪəm/ 体育馆；健身房27.Higher education 高等教育28.Humanities /hjʊ'mænətɪz/ 人类；人文科学29.Junior 年少的；下级的30.Lecture hall 讲堂；阶梯教室31.Liberal arts 人文科学32.Library 图书馆33.Major 主要的；主修的34.Minor 未成年的；较小的35.Monitor 班长36.Office hour 上班时间37.Oral examination 口试38.Physical education 体育教育39.plagiarism /'pleɪdʒərɪz(ə)m/ 剽窃40.registration /redʒɪ'streɪʃ(ə)n/ 登记；注册；挂号41.regulation 管理；规则42.research 研究；调查43.scholarship 奖学金44.semester 学期45.senior 高级的；年长的46.seminar /'semɪnɑː/ 讨论会；研讨会47.social science 社会科学48.society 社会49.sophomore /'sɒfəmɔː/ 大二学生50.staff 员工51.student union 学生会52.term paper 学期报告/论文53.tutorial 辅导的；家庭教师的54.undergraduate 大学生；大学肄业生55.written test 书面测试二1.accent 口音；重音；腔调2.Behavior 行为3.Ceremony 典礼；仪式munication 沟通munity 社区；团体6.Convention 大会；惯例7.Costume 服装；戏装8.Cross-cultural 跨文化的9.Cuisine /kwɪ'ziːn/ 烹饪10.Local culture 本土文化11.custom 习惯；风俗12.dialect 方言13.difference 不同n.14.environment 环境15.ethics /'eθɪks/ 伦理学；道德标准16.ethic minority /maɪ'nɔrəti/ 伦理的少数民族17.etiquette /'etɪket; etɪ'ket/ 礼节；礼仪18.folklore /'fəʊklɔː/ 民间风俗；民间传说19.food 食物20.gesture 手势21.interpersonal 人际的22.invitation 请柬；邀请23.kinship /'kɪnʃɪp/ 亲属关系ndscape 风景（画）25.manner 方式；习惯；规矩26.religion 宗教27.ritual /'rɪtʃʊəl/ 仪式；惯例；例行的28.sign language 手势语29.similarly 类似；相似点n.30.slang 俚语31.table manners 餐桌礼仪32.tradition 传统的33.transportation 运输；运输工具34.travel 旅行35.tourist attraction 游览胜地三1.acting 代理的；装腔作势的；演技2.Adaptation 适应3.Animation /ænɪ'meɪʃ(ə)n/ 活泼；激励；卡通画绘制4.Audition /ɔː'dɪʃ(ə)n/ 听力；听觉；试听5.Box office 票房的6.Camera angle /'æŋg(ə)l/ 镜头视角7.Cinema 电影院8.Cinematographer 电影摄影技师9.Close-up 特写镜头10.continuity /,kɒntɪ'njuːɪtɪ/ n.连续性；分镜头剧本11.Costumes 戏装12.Credits 信用13.Director 导演14.Distributor 分发者；散布者15.Documentary 纪录片16.Drive-in cinema 汽车影院17.Dubbing /'dʌbɪŋ/ 配音18.Fade in 采用19.Fade out 淡出；渐弱20.Feature 特点；容貌21.flashback 倒叙22.Focus 焦点；中心；焦距23.Framing /'freɪmɪŋ/ 框架；取景；取帧24.Leading role 主导作用/主演25.Lighting 照明设备26.Microphone 扩音器；麦克风27.Montage 蒙太奇（电影的基本结构手段和叙事方式）；混合画28.Premiere /'premɪeə/ 首映；初次公演；女主角29.Producer 制片人30.Prop /prɒp/ 支柱；道具30.Romance 浪漫n.31.Scene 场面；情景32.Screenplay 剧本33.Script 脚本34.Shooting 射击；打猎；摄影35.Shooter 射手36.Slapstick /'slæpstɪk/ 闹剧37.Sound effects 音效38.Special effects 特效39.Spotlight 聚光灯40.Stage properly 适当的舞台41.Studio /'stjuːdɪəʊ/ 演播室；工作室42.Substitute 替代；替换43.Supporting role 配角44.Theme song 主题曲45.Thriller 惊险小说46.Zoom in 放大47.Zoom out 缩小四1.appetite /'æpɪtaɪt/ 食欲；胃口2.Banquet /'bæŋkwɪt/ 盛宴；款待3.Barbecue 烧烤4.Beef 牛肉5.Black tea 红茶6.Black coffee 黑咖啡7.Boil 沸腾；烧开8.Broth /brɒθ/ 肉汤；液体培养基9.Brown sugar 红糖；黄糖10.Buffet 小卖部；自助餐11.Cafeteria 自助餐厅12.Chew 咀嚼13.Cook 烹饪；厨师14.Cooker 厨具15.Crayfish /'kreɪfɪʃ/ 小龙虾16.Crunchy /'krʌntʃɪ/ 易碎的；发嘎吱嘎吱声的16.Cuisine /kwɪ'ziːn/ 烹饪n.17.deep fry 油炸18.diet 日常饮食19.drink 喝；饮品20.dry beer 干啤酒21.fast fry 快炒22.Flavor /'fleɪvə/ 风味；香料23.frying pan 煎锅24.ginger 生姜25.grill 烤架26.hot pot 火锅27.kettle /'ket(ə)l/ 壶28.liquor /'lɪkə/ 酒；酒精29.Mince 切碎30.mustard /'mʌstəd/ 芥末；芥菜31.mutton /'mʌt(ə)n/ 羊肉32.nibble /'nɪb(ə)l/ 啃；轻咬33.nutrition 营养34.pepper 胡椒35.pickles /'pɪkl/ 泡菜；咸菜36.pie 馅饼37.pork 猪肉38.Potluck /'pɒt'lʌk/ 家常便饭37.prawn /prɔːn/ 对虾；明虾38.refreshments 点心39.roast 拷；烘焙40.sauce 酱汁41.sausage 香肠42.shrimp /ʃrɪmp/ 小虾43.simmer /'sɪmə/ 炖44.snack /snæk/快餐；小吃45.soup 汤46.spicy 辛辣的47.spinach /'spɪnɪtʃ/ 菠菜48.steak /steɪk/ 牛排49.steam 蒸50.stew /stjuː/ 炖；焖51.stir fry /stɜː/ /fraɪ/ 用大火炒52.swallow /'swɒləʊ/ 吞；咽53.sweetmeat /'swiːtmiːt/ n. 甜食；蜜饯；糖果54.taste 味道；品尝55.tasty 美味的；高雅的56.wok 锅。

（1）国家官方网站：中国地质调查局/中国国土资源部/中国地质学会/中国地质科学院/中国地质资料馆（可检索）/中国地质图书馆（可检索）/中国科学院国家科学图书馆（可检索）/index.jsp 新国家标准查询-工标网/new/index.jsp中国地质博物馆/index.asp中国地质科学数据网/国家自然科学基金委员会/nsfc2009/index.htm （2）地学综合网站中国地学网/全球矿权网/中国矿产资源网/index.aspx中国有色网/中国物探信息网/石油地质网/煤炭网/（3）百科查询网站地学百科/石油百科/bk/地质学术语查询/pro/view.php?id=880全球矿权网--矿权百科/News/baike.aspx地质词典/（4）地质专业论坛：地学论坛/?fromuid=5310华夏土地论坛/?fromuid=91634科学网-地质/地球化学/地球物理板块/showforum-51.aspx筑龙建筑论坛/forum/中国矿业论坛/，/小木虫论坛-地学板块/html/f261.html化石网论坛/中国陨石爱好者论坛/bbs/东南西北人/dzcn/index.php风雨论坛/forum/index.php地球化学论坛/index.php上帝之眼/index.html岩土论坛/地质工程网论坛（5）地学期刊网站中国地学期刊门户网/期刊界-搜索引擎/《中国地质》/ZTfuwu/QKchuban/XSqikan/ZGdizhi/ 《地质通报》/ZTfuwu/QKchuban/XSqikan/DZtongbao/ 《现代地质》《地质论评》/georev/ch/index.aspx《地质学报》中文版：/dzxb/ch/index.aspx 英文版：/dzxben/ch/index.aspx 《岩石学报》/ysxb/ch/index.aspx《矿床地质》/ch/index.aspx《地球科学》/《地学前缘》/ScienceWeb/magazine/frontiers.asp （6）地学名人博客刘继顺科学网博客/u/yuelugj/刘继顺新浪博客/yuelugj朱志敏科学网博客/u/weah0500/刘玉平科学网博客/u/刘玉平/（7）国外地质网站美国地质调查局/英国地质调查局/美国地质学会/国际地质科学联合会/地质网/（8）地质人才招聘宾果职位搜索引擎/中国地矿人才网/中国矿业人才网/万行矿业人才网/矿产英才网/矿业矿产人才网/（9）地质院校网站中国地质大学（原武汉地质学院、北京地质学院）/ 吉林大学（原长春地质学院）长安大学（原西安地质学院）石家庄经济学院（原河北地质学院）成都理工大学（原成都地质学院）/东华理工大学（原华东地质学院）/桂林理工大学（原桂林地质学校）/中国石油大学（原北京石油学院）北京：/华东：/ 中南大学（原中南矿冶学院）/西安科技大学（原西安矿业学院）/长江大学（原江汉石油学院）/西北大学地质系/jxyd/models/cn/index.htm中山大学地球科学系/南京大学地球科学与工程学院/（10）其他西安交通大学教育资源共享网（其中有MIT共享课程）/地质学英文单词查询的好网站：/dictionary/glossary-a.shtml主页/地球系统科学数据共享平台/Portal/index.jsp，由地理所主管，其中地理所网站还有其他很多共享信息（中科院资源环境科学数据中心，中国生态系统研究网络数据共享系统，中国自然资源数据库，MODIS共享平台，超图免费下载中心，中国科学院大型仪器共享管理系统） 地理所主页/index.jspThinking in Earth by Science 用科学的思维看待地球/数字地质调查技术支持/。

Earth ScienceEarth science is the study of earth as a planet and how it interacts and relates to cetestial objects. Celestial Objects - other objects in space.The study of earth science has evolved greatly over the last 100 years or so, but only recently has become a strand of science all on its own called “earth system science”.We now know that the earth is not a srandalone planet, but it interacts with the solar system and the universe around it.Techology is becoming more advanced which means we can travel, further deeper and understand more than we ever have before.SystemA systemn is like a model, which can be efined as part of the universe and can b e studied separately.Closed and open systemWhat’s the difference?In a cloed system, energy (like sunlight for example) can get in, but matter doesn’t enter or leave. In an open system the system andit’s surroundings freely exchange Both matter and energy.PlanetaryOne of the consequences of having an assentiallt closed system is that most of our resources are finite.Energy CycleImcoming solar energy 100%Reflected by atmosphere6%Reflected by clouds 20%Reflected from earth’s surface 4%Absorbed by land and oceans 51%Conduction and rising air 7%Absorbed by clouds 3%Absorbed by atmosphere 16%Radiated to space from clouds and atmosphere 64%Radiated directly to space from earthRadiation absorbed by atmosphere 15%Carried to clouds and atmophere by latent heat in water vapor 23%Greenland X S R R A M G C GOrigin of the universeImportance of time scales.Forces at work in the past - some changes as planet evolved.Forces at work today.How can we measure age of the earth.How old is Earth?Biblical scholars of 19th century(Bishop Ussher) - 600 years (Started at 4004 BC)Classical Greeks - infinite - history endlessly repeats itself.Mayans believed earth recycled on a 3000 years time scaleHan Chinese thought earth was recreated every 2369040 yearsThe age we now except may change but is consistent with current theory.More recent effortsLord Kelvin: 80 million years old - based on cooling of molten earth.Darwin: really old based on time for natural selection(biological argument)Hutton: really old based on uniformitarianism(Processes in the past taking place at rates comparable to today)(Geological argument)Earth’s ageEarth is about 4.5(or 4.6) BY old.First 700 MY earth was a spinning cloud of gas, dust and planetoids.These condensed and settled to solidify into a series of planets.Since that time, geological history and evolution commenced.The Big Bang theoryCurrently the dominant theoryFirst iteration proposed by Georges Lemaitre in 1927. He observed the red shift in distant nebulas and invoked relativity.Hubble found experimental evidence(1929) - galaxies are moving away from us with speeds proporetional to their distance.Theory suggested because it explains the expansion and predicets the existence of cosmic radiation.Big Bang What is it?Collapsing cloud of interstellar dust.Cloud dense and cold so collapses under its own self-gravity (cold gas has less internal pressure to counteract gravity)Once collapsed, it s immediately warms up because of release of gravitational energy during collapseAll mass and energy concentrated at a geometric point~14 or 15 BY ageBeginning of space and timeExpansion/cooling of universe beganProtons and neutrons formCooling initiated the formation of atoms - first mostly Hydrogen and helium(two lightestelements.)Our solar systemMost of the material in the cloud that formed our sun ended up in the sun.Some material ended up in the nebular disk around the sun.Structure of the earthThe earth is made up of 4 different layers.Each layer has it’s own properties and is uniqueThe layer we live on the crust is the thinnest layer and the coolest.AtomThe smallest unit of an element that retains the physical and chemical properties of that element. The small units of matter that combine in chemical reactions.Are divisible into smaller units(protons neutrons and electrons)Atom StructurNucleus: the dense center containing nearly all of the mass of the atom.Proton: has a positive electrical charge of +1(The heaviest part of the atom)Neutron:is electrically neutral.Electron: in the surrounding cloud of moving particles, very little mass and have a negative charge of -1Chemical ReactionAre interaction of the atoms of two or more chemical elements in certain fixed proportion that produce new chemical substances called.-chemical compounds.Graphite and Diamond are polymorphs of the element Carbon, but Graohite is soft while diamonds are the hardest substance on Earth.Element of major abundance in earth’s Crust: H O Fe Mg Al Si P B C N F Cl S Zn Cu Ni Po Ti Ca KMineralogyWhat are Minerals?Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.A naturally occurring solid crystalline substance, generally inorganic, with a specific chemical composition.Minerals are homogeneous: they can’t be divided by mechanical means into smaller component.How do crystal form?Crystallization.The growth of a solid from a gas or liquid whose constituent atoms come together in the proper chemical proportion and crystalline arrangement.Crystals begin to grow when temperature and/or pressure is lowered.Minerals has specific chemical and physical propertiesChemical PropertiesRock Forming MineralsSilicates - most abundant in Earth’s crust(Lithosphere), compose of oxygen and silicon. Carbonates - Composed of carbon and oxygen, using the carbonate anion in combination with calcium and magnesium.Oxides - are compounds of the oxide anion and metallic cations.Sulfides - are compounds of the sulfide anion and metallic cations.Sulfates - are compounds of the sulfate anion and metallic cations.Other chemical classes of minerals includeNative elements and Halides.Hardness: a measure of the ease with which the surface of a mineral can be scratched. Cleavage: the tendency of a crystal to break along flat planar surfaces.Luster: The way in which the surface of a mineral reflect light giving it a characteristic luster. Colour.Streak: When you rub a mineral, the powder get down from the mineral.Quartz Magnetite Graphite Galena Hematite Pyrite Chalcopyrite Hornblende Biotite Muscovite Bauxite Plagioclase Feldspar Orthoclase Feldspar Halite Hacite Calcite Sulfur Gypsum Talc Kaolinite GarnetDynamic earth:What is plate tectonicsEarth’s lithosphere is broken into plates that more around on the asthenosphere(upper part of the mantle)Sometimes the plates move towards, away or slide past each other.Where did it all startIn 1912 a German Scientist named alfred wegener,proposed a hypothesis called continental drift.He stated that over millions of years the continents moved or drifted from one location to another.What does this mean?Wegener thought that the continents fit together like jigsaw puzzle, and he found evience to support his hypothesis: FOSSILS!How did this happen?Continental Drift - first theory - 1912Theory of Plate Tectonics (the science behind continental Drift)did not come out until after there was more research on Earthquakes, Magnetism and the age of the rocks on the ocean floor - 1950s-1960s.How was the plate tectonic theory discovered?Scientists noticed that in the rock at the bottom of the ocean, the minerals would line up in a certain direction. This direction was pointsing to the magnetic North Pole.They also noticed that that there were sections of the ocean floor that were pointing in the opposite direction!How was the Plate Tectonic Theory Discovered?Scientist also dated thee rocks on the ocean floor and found tha tthe further away the rock was from where it was formed, the older it was.Plate BoundariesWhat is it?It is the location between two tectonic plates.What is a tectonic plate?A tectonic plate a broken piece of the earth’s lithosphere. There are 7 primary plates on earth, and 8 secondary plates.How do we know where these boundaries are?Volcanoes and earthquakes are big clues to where the tectonic plate boundaries are.Most of the eaerthquakes and volcanoes on earth can be found at these plate tectonic boundaries, and specifically outlining the pacific Plate.This is also known as the ring of fire.Why Do Volcanoes and Earthquakes Occur Here?When a plate moves, it either pulls away from another plate or rubs against another.When either of these two processes happen a volcano can form, and an earthquake will occur. Mantle convectionConvection- A process where hot material rises, cools, falls heats up and rises again.This occurs constantly indisde the earth, and especially in the mantle. As the convection currents move, they push the tectonic plates above them, which cause the plates to move as well.What are the consequences of mantle convection?When a plate pulls apart fomr another plate it forms a rift.A rift is a space between two plates. It can happenunder the ocean, or on land.One example of a rift is the mid-atlantic ridge, which starts near antarctica and tracels up right through iceland.PingvellirThis is a place on land in iceland where the midatlantic ridge is still currently。

人类对地球的探索英语作文Title: Exploration of Earth by Humanity。

Exploration of Earth has been a fundamental aspect of human existence since the dawn of civilization. From ancient seafarers navigating the oceans to modern-day space missions, humanity's curiosity and quest for knowledge have driven us to explore every corner of our planet. In this essay, we will delve into the various aspects of human exploration of Earth, its significance, achievements, and ongoing endeavors.Firstly, human exploration of Earth encompasses a wide range of activities, including geographical expeditions, scientific research, and technological advancements. Throughout history, explorers have ventured into unknown territories, mapping landscapes, discovering new species, and unraveling the mysteries of nature. These endeavors have not only expanded our understanding of the world but also facilitated the development of societies and cultures.One of the most notable achievements in Earthexploration is the mapping of its surface. Cartographersand explorers have meticulously charted the continents, oceans, and mountains, creating detailed maps that serve as valuable resources for navigation, trade, and scientific study. From the ancient maps of Ptolemy to the modern satellite imagery, our ability to visualize and comprehend the Earth's topography has greatly evolved over time.Furthermore, human exploration of Earth has played a crucial role in advancing scientific knowledge. Expeditions to remote regions have led to groundbreaking discoveries in geology, biology, and environmental science. For instance, expeditions to the deep sea have revealed the existence of unique ecosystems and species adapted to extreme conditions, providing valuable insights into the diversity of life on Earth.Moreover, technological advancements haverevolutionized our ability to explore and study the Earth. Satellites, remote sensing technologies, and unmannedaerial vehicles have enabled scientists to monitor environmental changes, track weather patterns, and study natural disasters with unprecedented accuracy. These tools not only enhance our understanding of the Earth's dynamic processes but also aid in the management and conservation of natural resources.In addition to scientific exploration, human activities have also had profound impacts on the Earth's ecosystems. Industrialization, urbanization, and resource extraction have led to environmental degradation, pollution, and loss of biodiversity. As we continue to explore and exploit the Earth's resources, it is essential to adopt sustainable practices and mitigate the adverse effects of human activities on the environment.Looking ahead, the future of Earth exploration holds immense potential for scientific discovery and technological innovation. From exploring the depths of the oceans to venturing into space, there are still many mysteries to unravel and frontiers to conquer. Collaborative efforts between governments, researchinstitutions, and private enterprises will be crucial in advancing our understanding of the Earth and addressing pressing environmental challenges.In conclusion, human exploration of Earth is a testament to our curiosity, ingenuity, and quest for knowledge. From ancient civilizations to the modern era, we have continuously pushed the boundaries of exploration, uncovering the secrets of our planet and shaping the course of human history. As we embark on new adventures and challenges, let us remember the importance of stewardship and conservation, ensuring that future generations can continue to marvel at the wonders of our world.。

环球科学知识点As human beings, we are constantly seeking to expand our knowledge and understanding of the world around us. One way in which we do this is through the study of global scientific knowledge. By delving into various scientific disciplines, we can learn about the natural laws that govern our universe and how they apply to different aspects of our lives.作为人类，我们不断寻求拓展自己对周围世界的知识和理解。

其中一种方式是通过学习全球科学知识。

通过深入研究不同的科学学科，我们可以了解统治我们宇宙的自然法则，以及它们如何适用于我们生活的不同方面。

From biology to physics, from chemistry to astronomy, each scientific field offers a unique perspective on how the world works. By studying global scientific knowledge, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the interconnectedness of all living things and the vastness of the cosmos. Whether we are exploring the intricacies of cellular biology or the mysteries of black holes, each discovery adds to our collective understanding of the universe.从生物学到物理学，从化学到天文学，每个科学领域都为我们提供了一个独特的视角来解释世界的运作原理。

关爱地球科普故事英语作文Guardians of the Blue Marble: Embracing Earth'sFragility and Our Role as Stewards.Our planet, Earth, often referred to as the "Blue Marble" due to its vibrant hues seen from space, is a delicate ecosystem that sustains life in all its myriad forms. It's a sanctuary we share with countless other species, a tapestry of life woven into the very fabric of our existence. However, the relentless pursuit of progress and the unchecked consumption of Earth's resources have put a strain on our planet, threatening its delicate balance.As stewards of this precious sphere, it's imperative that we comprehend the fragility of our ecosystem and embrace our responsibility to protect and preserve it. The future of our planet and the well-being of generations to come depend on our collective actions.The Imperative of Climate Action.One of the most pressing challenges facing Earth today is climate change. Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, have released vast amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, trapping heat and causing global temperatures to rise. This unchecked warming has profound impacts on our planet, leading to extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems.To mitigate climate change, we must transition to renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and geothermal, while reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. By embracing energy efficiency measures, we can further minimize our carbon footprint. Additionally, investing in reforestation and protecting existing forests is crucialfor carbon sequestration, as trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.Preserving Biodiversity.Earth's biodiversity is equally vital to our planet'shealth and our own well-being. Every species, from microscopic organisms to towering trees, plays a crucial role in maintaining ecosystems. However, habitat loss, pollution, and climate change threaten countless species with extinction.To preserve biodiversity, we must protect and restore natural habitats, such as forests, wetlands, and oceans. Reducing our consumption of resources and embracing sustainable practices can help mitigate the impact of human activities on wildlife. Additionally, promoting wildlife conservation and supporting organizations dedicated to protecting endangered species are essential steps towards safeguarding our planet's biodiversity.Addressing Pollution.Pollution, in all its forms, poses a significant threat to Earth's ecosystems and human health. Air pollution from vehicles and industrial activities contributes to respiratory illnesses and cardiovascular disease. Water pollution from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, andsewage discharge contaminates our waterways, harming aquatic life and threatening drinking water sources.To combat pollution, we must enforce stricter environmental regulations, invest in clean technologies, and promote sustainable waste management practices. Reducing our reliance on plastics and embracing reusable alternatives can also help mitigate plastic pollution, which has become a pervasive problem in our oceans and coastal ecosystems.Empowering Sustainable Practices.Embracing sustainable practices in all aspects of our lives is fundamental to preserving Earth's health. This includes adopting eco-friendly habits such as reducing, reusing, and recycling; choosing sustainable products and services; and supporting businesses that prioritize environmental stewardship.Education and awareness play a pivotal role infostering sustainable behaviors. By educating ourselves andothers about the importance of environmental conservation, we can inspire collective action towards a more sustainable future.The Role of Every Individual.Every individual has a role to play in safeguarding Earth's future. By making informed choices, adopting sustainable practices, and advocating for environmental protection, we can collectively create a positive impact.Joining environmental organizations, participating in clean-up campaigns, and engaging in citizen scienceprojects are tangible ways to contribute to conservation efforts. Additionally, supporting policies and initiatives that prioritize environmental sustainability is essential for systemic change.A Call to Action.The Blue Marble, our home in the vast expanse of space, is facing unprecedented challenges. As stewards of thisprecious planet, we have a moral imperative to protect and preserve it for generations to come. By embracing climate action, preserving biodiversity, addressing pollution, and empowering sustainable practices, we can ensure that Earth remains a vibrant and habitable sanctuary for all life.Let us heed the call to action, becoming guardians of the Blue Marble and working tirelessly to safeguard its fragile ecosystem. Together, we can create a future where sustainability, environmental stewardship, and human well-being go hand in hand.。

生命科学词典大全生命科学词典大全zt1. 通用词典：一个将多个在线词典集成起来的专业词典网站，很好！******：http://mirror.internux.co.id//:85/dictio6.htmOneLook *****/极好的网站，是一个词汇搜索引擎，找出一个词在各个词典中的解释，给出链接。

/dictionary.html; *****有140000个条目，优点在于搜索一个词的时候它会同时找出相关的词，如搜索plasmid ，同时会给出transfection、lysogenic、recombinant DNA technology、episome、vector、conjugation郑州大学的在线英汉、汉英科技大词典：/zzjdict/2. 生物学英汉生物学词汇（繁体）http://www.cmi.hku.hk/Ref/Glossary/Bio/a.htm这是香港大学的生物学词汇，具体的翻译名词可能稍有不同，应该差异不大。

生命科学词典（ya_hoo战友曾经推荐）/search/dict-search.html; *****包括生态学、湖沼学、湖泊学、药理学、药物学、生物工艺学、医学等方面的专业术语，词汇量约8300Paul博士的生物学词典/~pdecell/bio122/words/scanner.htmlKimball's Biology Pages ****/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/一个相当好的网站，不仅仅是解释，还有相关链接、图片、分子结构式等。

生物学词典/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookgloss.html/dictionary.asp1800个词汇UCMP 的生物学字典/glossary/glossary.html包括Biochemistry, Botany, Cell Biology, Ecology, Geology, Life History, Phylogenetic s, Zoology/nv/biology/dictionary.html生物学词汇/~ssmith/thesis/node93.html编排地不好，不多生物技术缩略词词典****/~molbio/bioABACUShome.htm非常棒！生物学词汇中的前后缀字典**/academics/dept/biology/bioterms.htm不多，挺有用，建议看看英日生物学词典b.nig.ac.jp/WebLSD/lookup.html学日语的同学可以看看生物技术与食品词汇集/~foodsaf/wi008.html; （A-M）/~foodsaf/wi008a.html; （N-Z)词汇量600基因组学词汇表***/TechResources/Human_Genome/glossary/; 英英，可下载词汇表基因专业词汇****/Terms/Glossary/findterm.htm细胞与分子生物学词典(第三版) （ya_hoo战友曾经推荐）*****/dictionary/该词典囊括了现代细胞与分子生物学领域最新出现的专业名词，词汇量超过7000，非常适合学生与专业人士查阅。

众包考古登上Science，揭示人类如何影响地球数千年今年五月，隶属于国际地层委员会（ICS）的人类世工作组（AWG）投票认定，地球已进入新的地质年代——人类世（Anthropocene），并指出20世纪中叶是人类世的起点。

人类世这个概念，是由诺贝尔奖得主荷兰大气化学家Paul Crutzen于2000年提出的。

他认为人类活动对地球的影响足以开创一个新的地质时代。

相关文章指出，与人类世相关联的现象从不断增加的森林砍伐、水土流失、生物栖息地减少和温室气体排放等，以及混凝土、塑料等物质的出现，这些变化将存留千年或更久，它们正在改变着整个地球系统。

但是，是什么构成了转变，尤其是重大的人类活动，仍然存在争议。

许多研究人员对相对较近的历史框架提出了质疑。

一项名为ArchaeoGLOBE的研究项目中，由全球超过250名考古学家“拼”成的一副全新地图表明，人类在地球上的印记比核时代要早得多。

这项研究已发表在8月30日的《Science》上，阐述了狩猎采集者、农牧民从3000年前开始如何从根本上改变了地球的面貌。

该研究团队的核心成员来自美国华盛顿大学、马里兰大学和马克斯普朗克人类历史科学研究所等机构。

ArchaeoGLOBE项目分析了大约从10000年前（狩猎和采集时代）开始到1850年（工业革命后）的土地使用情况。

这项新研究为现有的历史土地利用模式增加了新的考古学视角。

基于研究人员对六大洲土地利用的专业知识，众包地图显示，在地球上更多地区，随着农业的出现，环境变化使人类对土地的使用加速，农业的环境资源利用方式比近期研究得出的结论要早得多。

反馈循环图片来源: Andrea Kay图片来源：Science该研究合著者、华盛顿大学人类学助理教授Ben Marwick说：“世界各地都有考古学家在工作，但他们收集数据的方式不同，所以很难发现更广泛的模式。

通过向考古学家提出一系列问题而不是组合数据集，我们创造了一个出色的解决方案。