REAL-TIME TIME AND FREQUENCY TRANSFER USING GPS CARRIER PHASE OBSERVATIONS

5g的发明与应用的英语作文5G, the fifth generation of wireless technology, has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact with the world around us. This cutting-edge technology has not only transformed the way we access information but has also paved the way for a more connected and efficient future.The invention of 5G can be traced back to the early 2000s, when researchers and engineers began exploring the potential of higher frequency radio waves to transmit data at faster speeds. The limitations of previous generations of wireless technology, such as 3G and 4G, had become increasingly evident as the demand for high-speed internet, real-time communication, and data-intensive applications continued to grow.One of the key advantages of 5G is its significantly higher data transfer rates, with download speeds that can reach up to 10 Gbps, which is up to 100 times faster than 4G networks. This remarkable speed has enabled a wide range of new applications and services that were previously impossible or impractical. For example, the increased bandwidth and low latency of 5G have made it possible to stream high-quality video in real-time, conduct remote medicalprocedures, and facilitate the development of autonomous vehicles.Another crucial aspect of 5G is its ability to support a much larger number of connected devices simultaneously. This is particularly important in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), where an ever-increasing number of everyday objects, from home appliances to industrial machinery, are connected to the internet. 5G's capacity to handle a vast number of concurrent connections, with minimal interference, has opened up new possibilities for smart cities, intelligent transportation systems, and the integration of various IoT devices.Beyond the technical advancements, 5G has also had a significant impact on various industries and sectors. In the healthcare field, for instance, 5G has enabled the development of remote patient monitoring systems, real-time telemedicine consultations, and the use of advanced medical imaging technologies. This has been particularly crucial during the COVID-19 pandemic, where the need for remote healthcare services has become more pressing than ever.Similarly, the entertainment industry has benefited greatly from the capabilities of 5G. Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) experiences, which were previously hampered by bandwidth limitations, can now be delivered with unprecedented quality and responsiveness. This has opened up new avenues for immersivegaming, interactive entertainment, and enhanced content delivery.The impact of 5G extends beyond just entertainment and healthcare; it has also transformed the way we approach manufacturing, logistics, and smart city infrastructure. The low latency and high reliability of5G networks have enabled the deployment of advanced automation and robotics in industrial settings, leading to increased efficiency, productivity, and safety. In the realm of smart cities, 5G has facilitated the integration of various systems, such as traffic management, public transportation, and energy grids, allowing for more efficient resource allocation and improved urban planning.However, the widespread adoption of 5G technology has not been without its challenges. Concerns have been raised about the potential health effects of the higher frequency radio waves used in 5G networks, as well as the potential for increased cybersecurity risks due to the interconnectedness of 5G-enabled devices. Governments and regulatory bodies around the world have been working to address these concerns through research, policy development, and the implementation of robust security measures.Despite these challenges, the future of 5G looks promising. As the technology continues to evolve and mature, we can expect to see even more innovative applications and use cases emerge, transforming various aspects of our lives. From remote work andeducation to smart agriculture and disaster response, the potential of 5G to enhance our daily lives is truly remarkable.In conclusion, the invention of 5G has ushered in a new era of connectivity, revolutionizing the way we communicate, access information, and interact with our environment. As we continue to explore the vast potential of this technology, we can look forward to a future where the boundaries between the physical and digital worlds become increasingly blurred, ushering in a new era of unprecedented efficiency, convenience, and innovation.。

KUTAI ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY CO., LTD.TCS4P125Automatic Transfer SwitchControl Unit for 3 Phase 4 Wire SystemOperation ManualThree Phase Four Wire 4P 125 Amp Rated Voltage 250 VacPatent Number : U.S. Pat. No. 7,557,683TABLE OF CONTENTSSection PageSECTION 1 : INTRODUCTION1.1 Safety Precautions (3)1.2 Products Overview (3)SECTION 2 : HARDWARE DESCRIPTION2.1 Front Panel (4)2.2 TCS4P125 Dimensions (5)2.3 Panel Cut-Out For The TC-V2 (5)SECTION 3 : FUNCTION DESCRIPTION3.1 General (6)3.2 TDNE Setting (6)3.3 TDEN Setting (6)3.4 TDEC Setting (6)3.5 TDES Setting (6)3.6 TD-OFF Setting (6)3.7 Plant Exerciser (6)3.8 Over / Under Voltage Sensing (6)3.9 Transfer Failure (6)SECTION 4 : OPERATION4.1 General (7)4.2 AUTO Mode (7)4.3 TEST Mode (7)4.4 Programming Mode (7)4.5 AC Voltage Display Adjustment (7)4.6 Specification Summary (7)4.7 System Setting Reference Table (8)SECTION 5 : INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS5.1 General (9)5.2 Installation On The Plate (9)5.3 TC-V2 Installation On The Door Panel (10)SECTION 6 : TYPICAL WIRING6.1 TCS4P125 Standard Wiring Diagram (11)SECTION 1 : INTRODUCTION1.1 Safety Precautions (WARNINGS)This manual covers the installation, operation and maintenance of the TCS4P125 Automatic Transfer Switch. It is intended for qualified personal only.1.2 Products OverviewThe TCS4P125 automatic transfer switch consist of two parts the TS4P125 switch and the TC-V2 electronic control unit :1.2.1 TS125 FeaturesThe contacts on the Kutai TS4P125 transfer switch are class PC, this means that it is capable of making and withstanding short circuits but is not intended for breaking short circuit current.●Rated operating Voltage：250 Vac●Rated operating Current：125 Amps●Number of poles：4P●Coil operating voltage：110 / 220 Vac +/- 20%●Compact size, light weight and low powerconsumption.●Electrically operated and mechanically held.●Manufactured using UL 94V-0 plastics.●Adjustable time delay in OFF position whentransferring.●Designed for cell-phone repeaters, and manyindustrial and home ATS applications.1.2.2 TC-V2 Digital ControllerThe TC-V2 digital control unit offers programming flexibility to customize the ATS to different customer requirements.The Controller:●Monitor normal source for full phase over and undervoltages.●Monitor emergency source for single phase overand under voltages.●Normal & emergency source voltage and frequencyparameter display.●TDEN, TDNE, TDEC and TD-OFF real timecountdown display.●Permit testing the transfer switch from the controlpanel.●Permit system testing the transfer switch with orwithout load from the front panel.●Built-in 1 to 4 weeks exerciser timer.●Permit customer plant exerciser test with / withoutload on a preset period.●Safely store customer / factory settings inpermanent memory.●Shows status and failure alarm LED’s on the frontpanel.●No need for PC connection and programmingsoftware. All settings can be made on site.●Controller can be installed next to switch orseparately on an enclosure panel.SECTION 2 : HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 2.1 Front Panel2.2 TCS4P125 Dimensions (Unit : mm)2.3 Panel Cut-Out for the TC-V2 (Unit : mm)SECTION 3 : FUNCTION DESCRIPTION3.1 GeneralOperation of the TCS4P125 electronic control.3.2 TDNE SettingsTDNE provides a time delay when transferring from N ormal to E mergency. Timing begins when the Emergency Source (generator) becomes available. TDNE：Adjustable from 0 to 99 seconds.3.3 TDEN SettingsTDEN provides a time delay when transferring from Emergency to Normal. This permits stabilization of the Normal Power before transferring back to normal. Timing begins when the Normal Power returns and becomes available and steady.TDEN：Adjustable from 0 to 99 seconds.3.4 TDEC SettingsTDEC timer keeps the generator running without load (E ngine C ool-down) after the ATS transfer back to Normal Power. Timing begins when the transfer back to normal is completed.TDEC：Engine Cool-down - from 0 to 99 sec.3.5 TDES SettingTDES is the time delay for Engine Start when the Normal Source voltage is in over or under-voltage (OV or UV). If power return to normal while timing, the TDES timer resets and starts again.TDES：Adjustable from 0 to 30 seconds.3.6 TD-OFF SettingTime Delay on OFF this timer keeps the switch in the center neutral OFF position (completely disengaged) before transferring to the other side. You can preset the switch in Neutral or OFF from 0 to 18 seconds (Normally 2 to 3 sec).TD-OFF：Adjustable from 1 to 20 seconds.3.7 Plant ExerciserThis feature provides for automatic test operation of the generator. The interval is fixed at once per 1 to 4 weeks with a specific test day and time. The exerciser can be set for either testing with load or without load. When the exerciser is activated the exerciser LED (EX) on the right side of display flashes and turns on during the exercise period.3.8 Over / Under Voltage SensingThe TC-V2 constantly monitors normal & emergency power. When power falls outside the programmed voltages this LED turns RED from GREEN and flashing to show OV / UV problems.Adjustable over voltage range：110 - 280 VacOver voltage reset：When voltage falls below 10 Vac of the OV setting.Adjustable under voltage range：80 - 230 VacUnder voltage reset：When voltage exceeds 10 Vac of the UV setting.3.9 Transfer FailureWhen a transfer is made the TS125 communicates it’s position to the TC-V2 controller by using two small internal micro-switches, if this signal is not received, it will try switching 3 more times every 2 seconds or until the connection is made. A flashing light indicator and a “FAIL” signa l displayed an incomplete transfer and that the ATS mechanism or wiring is defective.If the ATS fails, the TC-V2 controller stops all ATS functions and starts’ flashing until the failure is corrected and the control is reset.To reset the transfer fail alarm：1. Manually move the ATS to the correct position.2. Press any button (Auto, Program or Test) on thefront panel to reset the alarm.SECTION 4 : OPERATION4.1 GeneralThis section specifically describes the operation and functional use of the TC-V2 controller.4.2 AUTO ModeIn AUTO the TC-V2 controller automatically transfer and retransfers from source to source as directed by the pre-programmed instructions.In AUTO the controller monitors the condition of both normal and standby power sources providing the logic for the transfer operation.4.3 TEST ModeThe TC-V2 is equipped with a test pushbutton that simulates the loss of normal source. Pushing the Test key the TC-V2 will execute a test on the ATS. The TDES and TDNE programmed time delays will be performed as part of the test. There are two test modes：●Testing with load .●Testing without load4.4 Programming ModeThe TC-V2 controller is fully programmable from the front panel when in the Program Mode. The build-in program buttons have multiple functions：●Real time clock displaying●Programming mode operatingTo enter programming mode, push and hold Program button for 10 seconds. In the first 10 seconds the screen showing internal real time clock and then the word “ Vr 1.0” will appears on the front display window for 2 seconds indicating the version of the software.At this time start a line by line programming sequence. To advance to the next line, push the Program button on the front panel. To change each line’s programming parameters, press the increase (∧) and decrease (∨) buttons. When pressing and releasing the (∧) or (∨) key the displayed parameter can be increased or decreased by one. The parameter will continue to scroll if the (∧) or (∨) button is pressed and not released. Always push the “ Program” button to advance to the next line or until the word “ End” appears on the screen. To immediately end the programming mode, you simply push the “ Program” button for 4 seconds. Then the word “ End” shows on the screen indicating the end of the programming mode.If you like to return to factory settings, stay in programming mode and simultaneously press all 3 buttons (∧), (∨) and Program buttons for 4 seconds. The TC-V2 will now automatically program itself to factory settings and the word “ Au.Po” will appear on the display window.4.5 AC Voltage Display AdjustmentThe TC-V2 controller continually monitors normal & emergency power displaying volts and frequency on the front panel. (The voltage value is calibrated and adjusted at the factory). But when the ATS works on high capacitive or inductive loads the waveform distortion may cause the displayed to have slight differences from the users measuring instrument.You can adjust the display value to equal to the users own instruments, by entering the setting mode to perform adjustment the parameter. Once the adjustment is completed, the voltage sensing value will increase or decrease according to the adjusted value and display it on the screen. The TC-V2 over and under voltage protection follow the adjusted value as the actual system voltage and perform the monitoring according to the new parameter.See Table lines 2, 3, 4, 5 for voltage display setting. 4.6 Specification Summary4.7 System Setting Reference TableSECTION 5 : INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS5.1 GeneralThe TC-V2 controller is modular and is designed for installation next to switch or on the front door panel. A longer harness is required for door installation.5.2 Installation On The Plate5.3 Installation On The Door PanelSECTION 6 : TYPICAL WIRING6.1 TCS4P125 Standard Wiring Diagram (110 or 220V)___________________________________________________________________________________________ TCS4P125(TC-V2)11。

通信原理有关的技术以下是与通信原理相关的一些技术：1. 调制解调技术（Modulation and Demodulation）：将数字信号转换为模拟信号进行传输，然后再将模拟信号转换回数字信号。

2. 多路复用技术（Multiplexing）：将多个信号通过不同的方式在同一传输介质上传输，以提高信道利用率。

3. 频分多址技术（Frequency Division Multiple Access）：将可用频带划分为不同的频道，每个用户在不同的频道上传输数据。

4. 时分多址技术（Time Division Multiple Access）：将时间划分为不同的时隙，不同用户在不同的时隙上传输数据。

5. 码分多址技术（Code Division Multiple Access）：通过在发送端使用不同的扩频码，将多个信号叠加在同一频带上传输。

6. OFDM技术（Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing）：将高速数据流分为多个低速子载波，并在不同的子载波上传输数据。

7. 奈奎斯特采样定理（Nyquist Sampling Theorem）：根据信号的带宽进行恰当的采样，以有效还原原始信号。

8. 射频识别技术（Radio Frequency Identification）：使用射频通信进行身份识别、物品追踪等应用。

9. 卫星通信技术（Satellite Communication）：利用地球轨道卫星来传输长距离通信信号。

10. 光纤通信技术（Fiber Optic Communication）：使用光纤作为传输介质，通过光信号传输数据。

11. 无线通信技术（Wireless Communication）：使用无线电波进行数据传输，如蜂窝通信、Wi-Fi、蓝牙等。

12. 码型技术（Modulation Coding）：将数字比特流转化为符号序列，通过对不同编码方式的选择来提高传输效率和可靠性。

Power System Protection and ControlPower system protection and control is an essential aspect of the power industry. It involves the use of various techniques and equipment to ensure the safety and reliability of the power system. The power system is a complex network of generators, transformers, transmission lines, and distribution systems that work together to provide electricity to consumers. The protection and control of this system are crucial to prevent power outages, equipment damage, and other potential hazards.One of the primary requirements of power system protection and control is to ensure the safety of personnel and equipment. The power system is a hazardous environment that can cause severe injury or death if not properly protected. Therefore, it is essential to implement safety measures such as protective relays, circuit breakers, and grounding systems to prevent electrical accidents. These safety measures should be designed to detect faults and isolate them quickly to prevent further damage to the system.Another critical requirement of power system protection and control is to maintain the reliability of the power system. The power system is designed to provide a continuous supply of electricity to consumers, and any interruption can cause significant economic losses. Therefore, it is essential to implement protection and control measures that can detect and isolate faults quickly to minimize downtime. This can be achieved by using advanced technologies such as digital relays, fault recorders, and automated control systems.Power system protection and control also play a crucial role in maintaining the quality of power supplied to consumers. The quality of power is determined by factors such as voltage stability, frequency stability, and harmonic distortion. Any deviation from the desired quality can cause equipment damage or malfunction, leading to economic losses. Therefore, it is essential to implement protection and control measures that can maintain the quality of power within acceptable limits.The protection and control of the power system also involve the management of power flows. The power system is designed to transfer power from generators to consumers through transmission and distribution networks. However, the power flow can be affected by various factors such as system loading, voltage levels, andreactive power. Therefore, it is essential to implement protection and control measures that can manage power flows to ensure the efficient operation of the power system.Finally, power system protection and control also involve the monitoring and control of the power system. This can be achieved by using advanced technologies such as SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems, which providereal-time monitoring and control of the power system. These systems can detect faults and isolate them quickly, as well as provide information on the performance of the power system.In conclusion, power system protection and control are essential requirements for the safe and reliable operation of the power system. The implementation of protection and control measures can ensure the safety of personnel and equipment, maintain the reliability and quality of power supplied to consumers, manage power flows, and provide real-time monitoring and control of the power system. Therefore, it is crucial for power companies to invest in the latest technologies and equipment to ensure the efficient operation of the power system.。

基于GPS的多站实时时间传递算法于合理;郝金明;田英国;杨祖;温旭峰【期刊名称】《测绘科学技术学报》【年(卷),期】2017(034)001【摘要】A real-time multi-station time transfer algorithm based on GPS is proposed.Satellite clock offsets are estimated as the unknown parameters in real time,and the connection among each station observations error equations is established by the common-view satellites.The time and frequency transfer result and satellite clock offsets are simultaneously solved.This method gets rid of the reliance of the external post precision satellite clock products,and is not limited by the accuracy and real-time of precision satellite clock products.As long as there is enough common-view satellite,inter-station time transfer can be realized.Experiments result show that the time transfer accuracy of the proposed algorithm can reach sub-nanosecond magnitude,and it can applied to high precision real-time time transfer.%提出了一种基于GPS的多站实时时间传递算法,该算法将卫星钟差作为未知参数进行实时估计,利用测站间的共视卫星建立起各测站误差方程之间的联系,同时解算站间时间传递结果和卫星钟差.摆脱了对外部事后精密卫星钟差产品的依赖,不受卫星精密钟差产品精度和实时性的限制,只要站间有足够的共视卫星,即可实现时间传递.实验结果表明:该算法时间传递精度可以达到亚纳秒量级,能够应用于高精度实时时间传递.【总页数】4页(P15-18)【作者】于合理;郝金明;田英国;杨祖;温旭峰【作者单位】信息工程大学,河南郑州 450001;北斗导航应用技术河南省协同创新中心,河南郑州 450001;信息工程大学,河南郑州 450001;北斗导航应用技术河南省协同创新中心,河南郑州 450001;信息工程大学,河南郑州 450001;61287部队,云南昆明 650032;信息工程大学,河南郑州 450001【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P228.4【相关文献】1.GPS载波相位时间传递中整周模糊度的算法研究 [J], 仲崇霞;黄艳;梁炜;许原2.一种实时GNSS时间传递算法∗ [J], 于合理;郝金明;谢建涛;田英国;陈逸伦3.基于实时多系统PPP模糊度固定的时间传递算法 [J], 吕大千; 曾芳玲; 欧阳晓凤4.基于大地型时频传递接收机的精密时间传递算法研究 [J], 陈宪冬5.基于GPS时间传递的多站精确时间同步方案 [J], 黄河因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

【关键字】精品Words and Expressionsintegrator n. 积分器amplitude n. 幅值slope n 斜率denominator n. 分母impedance n 阻抗inductor n. 电感capacitor n 电容cascade n. 串联passband n 通带ringing n. 振铃damping n. 阻尼，衰减conjugate adj. 共轭的stage v. 成为low-pass filters 低通滤波器building block 模块linear ramp 线性斜坡log/log coordinates 对数/对数坐标Bode plot 伯德图transfer function 传递函数complex-frequency variable 复变量complex frequency plane 复平面real component 实部frequency response 频率响应complex function 复变函数Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换real part 实部imaginary part 虚部angular frequency 角频率frequency response 频率响应transient response 瞬态响应decaying-exponential response 衰减指数响应step function input 阶跃（函数）输入time constant 时间常数first-order filters 一阶滤波器second-order low-pass filters 二阶低通滤波器passive circuit 无源电路active circuit 有源电路characteristic frequency 特征频率quality factor n. 品质因子，品质因数circular path 圆弧路径complex conjugate pairs 共轭复数对switched-capacitor 开关电容negative-real half of the complex plane 复平面负半平面Unit 4 Low-pass FiltersFirst-Order FiltersAn integrator (Figure 2. la) is the simplest filter mathematically, and it forms the building block for most modern integrated filters. Consider what we know intuitively about an integrator. If you apply a DC signal at the input (i.e., zero frequency), the output will describe a linear ramp that grows in amplitude until limited by the power supplies. Ignoring that limitation, the response of an integrator at zero frequency is infinite, which means that it has a pole at zero frequency. (A pole exists at any frequency for which the transfer function's value becomes infinite.)（为什么为极点，为什么低通？）Figure A simple RC integratorWe also know that the integrator's gain diminishes with increasing frequency and that at high frequencies the output voltage becomes virtually zero. Gain is inversely proportional to frequency, so it has a slope of -1 when plotted on log/log coordinates (i.e., -20dB/decade on a Bode plot, Figure 2. 1b).Figure 2.1 b A Bode plot of a simple integratorYou can easily derive the transfer function asWhere s is the complex-frequency variable and is 1/RC. If we think of s as frequency, this formula confirms the intuitive feeling that gain is inversely proportional to frequency.The next most complex filter is the simple low-pass RC type (Figure 2. 2a). Its characteristic (transfer function) isWhen, the function reduces to , i.e., 1. When s tends to infinity, the function tends to zero, so this is a low-pass filter. When, the denominator is zero and the function's value is infinite, indicating a pole in the complex frequency plane. The magnitude of the transfer function is plotted against s in Figure 2. 2b, where the real component of s () is toward us and the positive imaginary part () is toward the right. The pole at - is evident. Amplitude is shown logarithmically to emphasize the function's form. For both the integrator and the RC low-pass filter, frequency response tends to zero at infinite frequency; that is, there is a zero at. This single zero surrounds the complex plane.But how does the complex function in s relate to the circuit's response to actual frequencies? When analyzing the response of a circuit to AC signals, we use the expression for impedance of an inductor and for that of a capacitor. When analyzing transient response using Laplace transforms, we use sL and 1/sC for the impedance of these elements. The similarity is apparent immediately. The in AC analysis is in fact the imaginary part of s, which, as mentioned earlier, is composed of a real part and an imaginary part.If we replace s by in any equation so far, we have the circuit's response to an angular frequency. In the complex plot in Figure 2.2b, and hence along the positive j axis. Thus, the function's value along this axis is the frequency response of the filter. We have sliced the function along the axis and emphasized the RC low-pass filter's frequency-response curve by adding a heavy line for function values along the positive j axis. The more familiar Bode plot (Figure 2.2c) looks different in form only because the frequency isexpressed logarithmically.（根据图翻译这两句话）Figure 2.2a A simple RC low-pass filterWhile the complex frequency's imaginary part () helps describe a response to AC signals, the real part() helps describe a circuit's transient response. Looking at Figure 2.2b, we can therefore say something about the RC low-pass filter's response as compared to that of the integrator. The low-pass filter's transient response is more stable, because its pole is in the negative-real half of the complex plane. That is, the low-pass filter makes a decaying-exponential response to a step-function input; the integrator makes an infinite response. For the low-pass filter, pole positions further down the axis mean a higher, a shorter time constant, and therefore a quicker transient response. Conversely, a pole closer to the j axis causes a longer transient response.So far, we have related the mathematical transfer functions of some simple circuits to their associated poles and zeroes in the complex-frequency plane . From these functions, we have derived the circuit ’s frequency response (and hence its Bode plot) and also its transient response. Because both the integrator and the RC filter have only one s in the denominator of their transfer functions, they each have only one pole. That is, they are first-order filters .Figure 2.2b The complex function of an RC low-pass filterFigure 2.2c A Bode plot of a low-pass filterHowever, as we can see from Figure 2.1b, the first-order filter does not provide a very selective frequency response. To tailor a filter more closely to our needs , we must move on to higher orders. From now on, we will describe the transfer function using f(s) rather than the cumbersome IN OUT V V . Second-Order Low-Pass FiltersA second-order filter has 2s in the denominator and two poles in the complex plane. You can obtain such a response by using inductance and capacitance in a passive circuit or by creating an active circuit of resistors, capacitors, and amplifiers. Consider the passive LC filter in Figure 2.3a, for instance. We can show that its transfer function has the formand if we defineLC /120=ωand R L Q /0ω=,then where 0ωis the filter's characteristic frequency and Q is the quality factor (lower R means higher Q).Figure 2.3a An RLC low-pass filterThe poles occur at s values for which the denominator becomes zero; that is,when 0/2002=++ωωQ s s . We can solve this equation by remembering that the roots of 02=++c bx ax are given byIn this case, a = 1, b 0ω=, and 20ω=c .The term (ac b 42-) equals ()4/1220-Q ω, so if Q isless than 0.5 then both roots are real and lie on the negative-real axis. The circuit's behavior is much like that of two first order RC filters in cascade . This case isn't very interesting, so we'll consider only the case where Q > 0.5, which means ()ac b 42-is negative and the roots are complex.Figure 2.3b A pole-zero diagram of an RLC low-pass filterThe real part is therefore a b 2/-, which is Q 2/0ω-, and common to both roots. The roots' imaginary parts will be equal and opposite in signs. Calculating the position of the roots in the complex plane, we find that they lie at a distance of0ωfrom the origin, as shown in Figure 2.3b. Varying 0ω, changes the poles' distance from the origin. Decreasing the Q moves the poles toward each other, whereas increasing the Q moves the poles in a semicircle away from each other and toward the ωj axis. When Q = 0.5, the poles meet at 0ω-on the negative-real axis. In this case, the corresponding circuit is equivalent to two cascaded first-order filters.Now let's examine the second-order function's frequency response and see how it varies with Q. As before, Figure 2.4a shows the function as a curved surface, depicted in the three-dimensional space formed by the complex plane and a vertical magnitude vector . Q =0.707, and you can see immediately that the response is a low-pass filter.The effect of increasing the Q is to move the poles in a circular path toward the ωj axis. Figure2.4b shows the case where Q = 2. Because the poles are closer to the ωj axis, they have a greater effect on the frequency response, causing a peak at the high end of the passband .Figure 2.4a The complex function of a second-order low-pass filter (Q = 0.707)Figure 2.4b The complex function of a second-order low-pass filter (Q = 2)There is also an effect on the filter's transient response. Because the poles' negative-real part is smaller, an input step function will cause ringing at the filter output. Lower values of Q result in less ringing, because the damping is greater. On the other hand, if Q becomes infinite, the poles reach the ωj axis, causing an infinite frequency response (instability and continuous oscillation) at 0ωω=. In the LCR circuit in Figure 2.3a, this condition would be impossible unless R=0. For filters that contain amplifiers, however, the condition is possible and must be considered in the design process.A second-order filter provides the variables 0ωand Q, which allow us to place poles wherever we want in the complex plane. These poles must, however, occur as complex conjugate pairs , in which the real parts are equal and the imaginary parts have opposite signs. This flexibility in pole placement is a powerful tool and one that makes the second-order stage a useful component in many switched-capacitor filters. As in the first-order case, the second-order low-pass transfer function tends to zero as frequency tends to infinity. The second-order function decreases twice as fast, however, because of the 2s factor in the denominator. The result is a double zero （零点） at infinity. 低通滤波器一阶滤波器从数学公式上讲，积分器（见图2.1a ）是最简单的滤波器；它是构成大多数现代滤波器的基本模块。

电子与通信专业英语Digital Signal Processing （英文翻译）姓名：赵豪班级：信工 122学号：2012020217Digital Signal Processing1、IntroductionDigital signal processing (DSP) is concerned with the representation of th e signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these s ignals. Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are subfields of signal processing. DSP includes subfields like audio and speech signal proce ssing, sonar and radar signal processing, sensor array processing, spectral es timation, statistical signal processing, digital image processing, signal process ing for communications, biomedical signal processing, seismic data processin g, etc.Since the goal of DSP is usually to measure or filter continuous real-world analog signals, the first step is usually to convert the signal from an analog to a digital form, by using an analog to digital converter. Often, the required outp ut signal is another analog output signal, which requires a digital to analog co nverter. Even if this process is more complex than analog processing and has a discrete value range, the stability of digital signal processing thanks to error detection and correction and being less vulnerable to noise makes it advanta geous over analog signal processing for many, though not all, applications.DSP algorithms have long been run on standard computers, on specializ ed processors called digital signal processors (DSP)s, or on purpose-built har dware such as application-specific integrated circuit (ASICs). Today there areadditional technologies used for digital signal processing including more powe rful general purpose microprocessors, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA s), digital signal controllers (mostly for industrial applications such as motor co ntrol), and stream processors, among others.In DSP, engineers usually study digital signals in one of the following do mains: time domain (one-dimensional signals), spatial domain (multidimensio nal signals), frequency domain, autocorrelation domain, and wavelet domains. They choose the domain in which to process a signal by making an informed guess (or by trying different possibilities) as to which domain best represents t he essential characteristics of the signal. A sequence of samples from a meas uring device produces a time or spatial domain representation, whereas a disc rete Fourier transform produces the frequency domain information that is the f requency spectrum. Autocorrelation is defined as the cross-correlation of the s ignal with itself over varying intervals of time or space.2、Signal SamplingWith the increasing use of computers the usage of and need for digital si gnal processing has increased. In order to use an analog signal on a compute r it must be digitized with an analog to digital converter (ADC). Sampling is us ually carried out in two stages, discretization and quantization. In the discretiz ation stage, the space of signals is partitioned into equivalence classes and q uantization is carried out by replace the signal with representative signal value s are approximated by values from a finite set.The Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem states that a signal can be exact ly reconstructed from its samples if the samples if the sampling frequency is g reater than twice the highest frequency of the signal. In practice, the sampling frequency is often significantly more than twice the required bandwidth.A digital to analog converter (DAC) is used to convert the digital signal ba ck to analog signal.The use of a digital computer is a key ingredient in digital control systems .3、Time and Space DomainsThe most common processing approach in the time or space domain is e nhancement of the input signal through a method called filtering. Filtering gen erally consists of some transformation of a number of surrounding samples ar ound the current sample of the input or output signal. There are various ways to characterize filters, for example: A“linear” filter is a linear transformation of i nput samples; other filters are “non-linear.” Linear filters satisfy the superpositi on condition, i.e. if an input is a weighted linear combination of different signal s, the output is an equally weighted linear combination of the corresponding o utput signals.A “causal” filter uses only previous samples of the input or output signals; while a “non-causal” filter uses future input samples. A non-causal filter can u sually be changed into a causal filter by adding a delay to it.A“time-invariant” filter has constant properties over time; other filters suchas adaptive filters change in time.Some filters are “stable”, others are “unstable”. A stable filter produces an output that converges to a constant value with time, or remains bounded withi n a finite interval. An converges to a constant value with time, or remains bou nded within a finite interval. An unstable filter can produce an output that grow s without bounds, with bounded or even zero input.A“Finite Impulse Response” (FIR) filter uses only the input signal, while a n “Infinite Impulse Response” filter (IIR) uses both the input signal and previou s samples of the output signal. FIR filters are always stable, while IIR filters m ay be unstable.Most filters can be described in Z-domain (a superset of the frequency do main) by their transfer functions. A filter may also be described as a difference equation, a collection of zeroes and poles or, if it is an FIR filter, an impulse r esponse or step response. The output of an FIR filter to any given input may b e calculated by convolving the input signal with the impulse response. Filters c an also be represented by block diagrams which can then be used to derive a sample processing algorithm to implement the filter using hardware instruction s.4、Frequency DomainSignals are converted from time or space domain to the frequency domai n usually through the Fourier transform. The Fourier transform converts the si gnal information to a magnitude and phase component of each frequency. Often the Fourier transform is converted to the power spectrum, which is the mag nitude of each frequency component squared.The most common purpose for analysis of signals in the frequency domai n is analysis of signal properties. The engineer can study the spectrum to dete rmine which frequencies are present in the input signal and which are missing .Filtering, particularly in non real-time work can also be achieved by conve rting to the frequency domain, applying the filter and then converting back to t he time domain. This is a fast, O (nlogn) operation, and can give essentially a ny filter shape including excellent approximations to brickwall filters.There are some commonly used frequency domain transformations. For example, the cepstrum converts a signal to the frequency domain Fourier tran sform, takes the logarithm, then applies another Fourier transform. This emph asizes the frequency components with smaller magnitude while retaining the o rder of magnitudes of frequency components.Frequency domain analysis is al so called spectrum or spectral analysis.5、signal processing,Signal usually need in different ways.For example, from a sensor output signal may be contaminated the redundant electrical "noise".Electrode is connected to a patient's chest, electrocardiogram (ecg) is measured by the heart and other muscles activity caused by small voltage variation.Due to the strong effect electrical interference from the power supply, signal picked up the"main" is usually adopted.Processing signal filter circuit can eliminate or at least reduce unwanted part of the signal.Now, more and more, is by the DSP technology to extract the signal filter to improve the quality of signal or important information, rather than the analog electronic technology.6、the development of DSPThe development of digital signal processing (DSP) in the 1960 s to large Numbers of digital computing applications using fast Fourier transform (FFT), which allows the frequency spectrum of a signal can be quicklycalculated.These techniques have not been widely used at the time, because suitable computing equipment is usually only in university and other research institutions can be used.7、the digital signal processor (DSP)In the late 1970 s and early 1980 s the introduction of microprocessor makes DSP technology is used in the wider range.General microprocessor, such as Intel x86 family, however, is not suitable for the calculation of DSP intensive demand, with the increase of DSP importance in the 1980 s led to several major electronics manufacturers (such as Texas instruments, analog devices and MOTOROLA) to develop a digital signal processor chip, microprocessor, specifically designed for use in the operation of the digital signal processing requirements type of architecture.(note that abbreviation DSP digital signal processing (DSP) of different meanings, this word is used in digital signal processing, a variety of technical or digital signal processor, aspecial type of microprocessor chips).As a common microprocessors, DSP is one kind has its own local instruction code of programmable devices.DSP chip is able to millions of floating point operations per second, as they are of the same type more famous universal device, faster and more powerful versions are introduced.DSP can also be embedded in a complex "system chip" devices, usually includes analog and digital circuit.8、the application of digital signal processorsDSP technology is widespread in mobile phones, multimedia computers, video recorders, CD players, hard disk drives and controller of the modem equipment, and will soon replace analog circuits in TV and telephone service.DSP is an important application of signal compression and decompression.Signal compression is used for digital cellular phone, in every place of the "unit" let more phone is processed at the same time.DSP signal compression technology not only makes people can talk to each other, and can be installed on the computer by using the small camera make people through the monitor to see each other, and these together is the only needs to be a traditional phone line.In audio CD system, DSP technology to perform complex error detection and correction of raw data, because it is read from CD.Although some of the underlying mathematical theory of DSP technology, such as Fourier transform and Hilbert transform, the design of digital filter and signal compression, can be quite complex, and the actual implementation of these technologies needed for numerical computation is very simple, mainlyincluding operations can be in a cheap four function calculator.A kind of structure design of the DSP chip to operate very fast, deal with the sample of the hundreds of millions of every second, and provide real-time performance: that is, to a real-time signal processing, because it is sample, and then the output signal processing, such as speakers or video display.All of the DSP applications mentioned above instance, such as hard disk drives and mobile phone, for real-time operation.Major electronics manufacturers have invested heavily in DSP technology.Because they now find application in mass-market products, DSP chip electronic device occupies very large proportion in the world market.Sales of billions of dollars a year, and may continue to grow rapidly.DSP is mainly used of audio signal processing, audio compression, digital image processing, video compression, speech processing, speech recognition, digital communication, radar, sonar, earthquake, and biologicalmedicine.Concrete example is in digital mobile telephone voice compression and transmission, space balanced stereo matching, amplification area, good weather forecasts, economic forecasts, seismic data processing, and analysis of industrial process control, computer generated animation film, medical image such as CAT scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),MP3compression, image processing, hi-fi speaker divider and equilibrium, and compared with electric guitar amplifier using audio effect.9、the experiment of digital signal processingDigital signal processing is often use special microprocessor, such as dsp56000 TMS320, or SHARC.These often processing data using the fixed point operation, although some versions can use floating-point arithmetic and more powerful.Faster application of FPGA can flow from a slow start the emergence of application processor Freescale company, traditional slower processors, such as single chip may be appropriate.数字信号处理1、介绍数字信号处理(DSP)的关心表示信号序列的数字或符号和处理这些信号。

《计算机网络》中英文对照表Chapter 11.1Internet：因特网Computer network ：计算机网络Host: 主机End system: 终端系统Packet switching: 分组交换Route: 路径Internet service provider (ISP): 因特网服务提供商Protocol: 协议Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)：传输控制协议1.2Client: 客户端Server: 服务器Peer: 对等机Reliable data transfer: 可靠数据传输Flow control: 流量控制Congestion-control: 拥塞控制User Datagram Protocol (UDP): 用户数据报协议1.3Circuit switching: 电路交换/线路交换Packet switching: 分组交换Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM): 频分多路复用Time-division multiplexing (TDM): 时分多路复用Bandwidth: 带宽Time slot: 时隙Frame: 帧Message: 报文:Packet: 分组Store-and-forward: 存储转发Datagram network: 数据报网络Virtual-circuit network: 虚电路网络1.4Router: 路由器Modem: 调制解调器Local area network (LAN): 局域网Ethernet: 以太网Wireless LAN: 无线局域网Guided media: 导向型介质Unguided media: 非导向型介质Twisted-pair copper wire: 双绞线Unshielded twisted pair(UTP): 非屏蔽双绞线Coaxial cable: 同轴电缆Fiber optics: 光线/光缆1.6Nodal processing delay: 结点处理延迟Queuing delay: 排队延迟Transmission delay: 发送延迟Propagation delay: 传播延迟Traffic intensity: 流通强度End-to-end delay: 端到端延迟1.7Layer: 层次Protocol stack: 协议栈Application layer: 应用层Transport layer: 传输层Network layer: 网络层Link layer: 链路层Physical layer: 物理层Encapsulation: 封装Message: 报文Segment: 报文段Datagram: 数据报Frame: 帧Chapter 22.1Client-server architecture: 客户端－服务器体系结构；C/S结构P2P architecture: 对等结构Processes: 进程Socket: 套接字Application programming interface (API): 应用程序编程接口IP address: IP地址Prot number: 端口号Syntax: 语法Semantics: 语义Full-duplex: 全双工Handshaking: 握手Real-time application: 实时应用2.2The World Wide Web: 万维网HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP): 超文本传输协议Web page: 网页Object: 对象HyperText Markup Language (HTML): 超文本标记语言URL：统一资源定位符Browser: 浏览器Persistent connection: 持久连接Non-persistent connection: 非持久连接Round-trip time (RTT): 往返时间Without pipelining: 非流水线方式With pipelining: 流水线方式Web cache: web 缓存Proxy server: 代理服务器2.3File Transfer Protocol (FTP): 文件传输协议Control connection: 控制连接Data connection: 数据连接Out-of-band: 带外In-band: 带内2.4Electronic Mail: 电子邮件User agent: 用户代理Mail server: 邮件服务器Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): 简单邮件传输协议Mailbox: 邮箱Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME): 多用途因特网邮件扩展协议Post Office Protocol (POP): 邮局协议Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP): Internet 邮件访问协议2.5Domain Name System (DNS): 域名系统Hostname: 主机名Host aliasing: 主机别名Mail server aliasing: 邮件服务器别名Load distribution: 负载分配Root DNS server: 根DNS服务器Top-Level Domain (TLD) servers: 顶级域DNS服务器Authoritative DNS servers: 授权DNS服务器；权威DNS服务器Local DNS server: 本地DNS服务器Database: 数据库Chapter 33.1Logical communication: 逻辑通讯3.2Multiplexing: 多路复用Demultiplexing: 多路分解Well-known port number: 众所周知的端口号3.3UDP segment: UDP报文段Checksum: 校验和；检查和Wrapped around: 回卷3.4Channel: 通道；信道Positive acknowledgement : 肯定应答Negative acknowledgement: 否定应答ARQ （automatic repeat request）: 自动重传请求Feedback: 反馈Retransmission: 重传Stop-and-wait protocol: 停止－等待协议Duplicate packets: 冗余分组Sequence number: 顺序号Timer: 定时器Alternating-bit protocol: 比特交替协议Utilization: 利用率Go-back-N (GBN): 回退N步Window size: 窗口大小Sliding-window protocol: 滑动窗口协议Cumulative acknowledgement: 累积确认Timeout: 超时Selective Repeat (SR): 选择重传3.5Connection-oriented: 面向连接Point-to-point: 点到点Three-way handshake: 三次握手Maximum segment size (MSS): 最大报文段大小Maximum transmission unit (MTU): 最大传输单元Piggybacked: 捎带Sample RTT: 样本RTTFast retransmit: 快速重传Selective acknowledgement: 选择确认Flow-control: 流量控制Receive window: 接收窗口3.7Congestion control: 拥塞窗口Self-clocking: 自定时的Additive-increase, multiplicative-decrease: 加性增，乘性减Slow star: 慢启动Congestion avoidance: 拥塞避免Threshold: 阈值Fast recovery: 快速恢复Bottleneck: 瓶颈Latency: 延迟Chapter 44.1Forwarding: 转发Routing: 路由Routing algorithm: 路由算法Forwarding table: 转发表Router: 路由器Jitter: 抖动Best-effort service: 尽力而为的服务4.2Virtual-circuit (VC) network: 虚电路网络Datagram network: 数据报网络Prefix: 前缀Longest prefix matching rule: 最长前缀匹配规则4.3Input port: 输入端口Switching fabric: 交换结构Routing processor: 路由处理器Crossbar: 交叉结构4.4Time-to-live (TTL) :生存时间Fragmentation: 分片；片段Dotted-decimal notation: 点分十进制表示法Subnet: 子网Subnet mask: 子网掩码Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR): 无类别域际路由选择Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol（DHCP）：动态主机配置协议Plug-and-play: 即插即用Network address translation (NA T): 网络地址转换Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): 因特网控制报文协议Dual-stack: 双栈Tunneling: 隧道4.5Default router: 默认路由器Graph: 图A global routing algorithm : 全局路由算法A decentralized routing algorithm : 分布式路由算法Static routing algorithm: 静态路由算法Dynamic routing algorithm : 动态路由算法Link-State (LS): 链路状态Distance-Vector(DV): 距离向量Routing table: 路由表Autonomous system (AS): 自治系统Intra-autonomous system routing protocol: 自治系统内路由协议Inter-AS routing protocol: 自治系统间路由协议4.6Interior gateway protocol: 内部网关协议Routing Information Protocol (RIP): 路由信息协议Open Shortest Path First (OSPF): 开放最短路径优先协议Advertisement: 公告Hop: 跳Border Gateway Protocol (BGP): 边界网关协议4.7Broadcast: 广播Multicast: 多播Chapter 55.1Node: 结点Link: 链路Frame: 帧Medium access control (MAC): 介质访问控制Full-duplex: 全双工Half-duplex: 半双工Adapter: 适配器Network interface card (NIC): 网卡Interface: 接口5.2Parity check: 奇偶校验Odd: 奇数Even: 偶数Cyclic redundancy check (CRC): 循环冗余校验Polynomial: 多项式5.3Collide: 冲突Multiple access protocol: 多路访问协议Channel partitioning protocol: 信道划分协议Random access protocol: 随机访问协议Taking-turns protocol: 轮转协议Code division multiple access (CDMA): 码分多址访问Carrier sensing: 载波侦听Collision detection: 冲突检测Polling protocol: 轮询协议Token-passing protocol: 令牌传递协议Token: 令牌Local Area Network (LAN): 局域网Token-ring: 令牌环Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI): 光纤分布式数据接口Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): 城域网5.4Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): 地址解析协议Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): 动态主机配置协议5.5Ethernet: 以太网Preamble: 前导码Manchester encoding: 曼彻斯特编码5.6Hub: 集线器Collision domain: 冲突域Switch: 交换机Filtering: 过滤Forwarding: 转发Switch table: 交换表Self-learning: 自学习Plug-and-play devices: 即插即用设备Cut-through switching: 直通式交换5.7Point-to-point: (PPP): 点到点。

induction machine 感应式电机horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁magnetic field 磁场eddy current 涡流right-hand rule 右手定则left—hand rule 左手定则slip 转差率induction motor 感应电动机rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场winding 绕组stator 定子rotor 转子induced current 感生电流time-phase 时间相位exciting voltage 励磁电压solt 槽lamination 叠片laminated core 叠片铁芯short—circuiting ring 短路环squirrel cage 鼠笼rotor core 转子铁芯cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子bronze 青铜horsepower 马力random-wound 散绕insulation 绝缘ac motor 交流环电动机end ring 端环alloy 合金coil winding 线圈绕组form—wound 模绕performance characteristic 工作特性 frequency 频率revolutions per minute 转/分motoring 电动机驱动generating 发电per—unit value 标么值breakdown torque 极限转矩breakaway force 起步阻力overhauling 检修wind-driven generator 风动发电机revolutions per second 转/秒number of poles 极数speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线plugging 反向制动synchronous speed 同步转速percentage 百分数locked—rotor torque 锁定转子转矩 full—load torque 满载转矩prime mover 原动机inrush current 涌流magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的staor winding 定子绕组leakage reactance 漏磁电抗no—load 空载full load 满载Polyphase 多相(的)iron-loss 铁损complex impedance 复数阻抗rotor resistance 转子电阻leakage flux 漏磁通locked-rotor 锁定转子chopper circuit 斩波电路separately excited 他励的compounded 复励dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机speed regulation 速度调节shunt 并励series 串励armature circuit 电枢电路optical fiber 光纤interoffice 局间的wave guide 波导波导管bandwidth 带宽light emitting diode 发光二极管silica 硅石二氧化硅regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大coaxial 共轴的，同轴的high—performance 高性能的carrier 载波mature 成熟的Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带coupling capacitor 结合电容propagate 传导传播modulator 调制器demodulator 解调器line trap 限波器shunt 分路器Amplitude Modulation（AM 调幅Frequency Shift Keying(FSK) 移频键控tuner 调谐器attenuate 衰减incident 入射的two—way configuration 二线制generator voltage 发电机电压dc generator 直流发电机polyphase rectifier 多相整流器boost 增压time constant 时间常数forward transfer function 正向传递函数error signal 误差信号regulator 调节器stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器time delay 延时direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数 transient response 瞬态响应solid state 固体buck 补偿operational calculus 算符演算gain 增益pole 极点feedback signal 反馈信号dynamic response 动态响应voltage control system 电压控制系统mismatch 失配error detector 误差检测器excitation system 励磁系统field current 励磁电流transistor 晶体管high-gain 高增益boost—buck 升压去磁feedback system 反馈系统reactive power 无功功率feedback loop 反馈回路automatic Voltage regulator(A VR)自动电压调整器reference Voltage 基准电压magnetic amplifier 磁放大器amplidyne 微场扩流发电机self-exciting 自励的limiter 限幅器manual control 手动控制block diagram 方框图linear zone 线性区potential transformer 电压互感器 stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器air—gap flux 气隙磁通saturation effect 饱和效应saturation curve 饱和曲线flux linkage 磁链per unit value 标么值shunt field 并励磁场magnetic circuit 磁路load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线 air-gap line 气隙磁化线polyphase rectifier 多相整流器circuit components 电路元件circuit parameters 电路参数electrical device 电气设备electric energy 电能primary cell 原生电池energy converter 电能转换器conductor 导体heating appliance 电热器direct—current 直流time invariant 时不变的self—inductor 自感mutual-inductor 互感the dielectric 电介质storage battery 蓄电池e.m.f = electromotive force 电动势发电机generator励磁excitation励磁器excitor电压voltage电流current升压变压器step-up transformer母线bus变压器transformer空载损耗：no—load loss铁损：iron loss铜损：copper loss空载电流：no—load current有功损耗：reactive loss输电系统power transmission system 高压侧high side输电线transmission line高压：high voltage低压：low voltage中压：middle voltage功角稳定angle stability稳定stability电压稳定voltage stability暂态稳定transient stability电厂power plant能量输送power transfer交流AC直流DC电网power system落点drop point开关站switch station调节regulation高抗high voltage shunt reactor并列的：apposable裕度margin故障fault三相故障three phase fault分接头：tap切机generator triping高顶值high limited value静态static （state）动态dynamic (state）机端电压控制A VR电抗reactance电阻resistance功角power angle有功（功率）active power电容器：Capacitor电抗器：Reactor断路器：Breaker电动机：motor功率因数：power-factor定子：stator阻抗：impedance功角：power—angle电压等级：voltage grade有功负载: active load PLoad档位：tap position电阻：resistor电抗：reactance电导：conductance电纳：susceptance上限:upper limit下限：lower limit正序阻抗:positive sequence impedance负序阻抗：negative sequence impedance零序阻抗:zero sequence impedance无功（功率) reactive power功率因数power factor无功电流reactive current 斜率slope额定rating变比ratio参考值reference value电压互感器PT分接头tap仿真分析simulation analysis下降率droop rate传递函数transfer function框图block diagram受端receive-side同步synchronization保护断路器circuit breaker摇摆swing阻尼damping无刷直流电机：Brusless DC motor刀闸(隔离开关）：Isolator机端generator terminal变电站transformer substation永磁同步电机：Permanent-magnet Synchronism Motor异步电机:Asynchronous Motor三绕组变压器:three-column transformer ThrClnTrans双绕组变压器：double—column transformer DblClmnTrans 固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation双回同杆并架double—circuit lines on the same tower单机无穷大系统one machine - infinity bus system励磁电流：magnetizing current补偿度degree of compensationElectromagnetic fields 电磁场失去同步loss of synchronization装机容量installed capacity无功补偿reactive power compensation故障切除时间fault clearing time极限切除时间critical clearing time强行励磁reinforced excitation并联电容器：shunt capacitor〈下降特性droop characteristics线路补偿器LDC（line drop compensation)电机学Electrical Machinery自动控制理论Automatic Control Theory电磁场Electromagnetic Field微机原理Principle of Microcomputer电工学ElectrotechnicsPrinciple of circuits 电路原理Electrical Machinery 电机学电力系统稳态分析Steady-State Analysis of Power System电力系统暂态分析Transient-State Analysis of Power System电力系统继电保护原理Principle of Electrical System's Relay Protection 电力系统元件保护原理Protection Principle of Power System ’s Element 电力系统内部过电压Past V oltage within Power system模拟电子技术基础Basis of Analogue Electronic Technique数字电子技术Digital Electrical Technique电路原理实验Lab. of principle of circuits电气工程讲座Lectures on electrical power production电力电子基础Basic fundamentals of power electronics高电压工程High voltage engineering电子专题实践Topics on experimental project of electronics电气工程概论Introduction to electrical engineering电子电机集成系统electronic machine system电力传动与控制Electrical Drive and Control电力系统继电保护Power System Relaying Protectioninduction machine 感应式电机horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁magnetic field 磁场eddy current 涡流right-hand rule 右手定则left—hand rule 左手定则slip 转差率induction motor 感应电动机rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场winding 绕组stator 定子rotor 转子induced current 感生电流time—phase 时间相位exciting voltage 励磁电压solt 槽lamination 叠片laminated core 叠片铁芯short—circuiting ring 短路环squirrel cage 鼠笼rotor core 转子铁芯cast—aluminum rotor 铸铝转子bronze 青铜horsepower 马力random-wound 散绕insulation 绝缘ac motor 交流环电动机end ring 端环alloy 合金coil winding 线圈绕组form-wound 模绕performance characteristic 工作特性frequency 频率revolutions per minute 转/分motoring 电动机驱动generating 发电per-unit value 标么值breakdown torque 极限转矩breakaway force 起步阻力overhauling 检修wind-driven generator 风动发电机revolutions per second 转/秒number of poles 极数speed—torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线 plugging 反向制动synchronous speed 同步转速percentage 百分数locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩full-load torque 满载转矩prime mover 原动机inrush current 涌流magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗line—to—neutral 线与中性点间的staor winding 定子绕组leakage reactance 漏磁电抗no-load 空载full load 满载Polyphase 多相（的)iron-loss 铁损complex impedance 复数阻抗rotor resistance 转子电阻leakage flux 漏磁通locked-rotor 锁定转子chopper circuit 斩波电路separately excited 他励的compounded 复励dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机speed regulation 速度调节shunt 并励series 串励armature circuit 电枢电路optical fiber 光纤interoffice 局间的wave guide 波导波导管bandwidth 带宽light emitting diode 发光二极管silica 硅石二氧化硅regeneration 再生，后反馈放大coaxial 共轴的,同轴的high-performance 高性能的carrier 载波mature 成熟的Single Side Band（SSB）单边带coupling capacitor 结合电容propagate 传导传播modulator 调制器demodulator 解调器line trap 限波器shunt 分路器Amplitude Modulation(AM 调幅Frequency Shift Keying（FSK）移频键控 tuner 调谐器attenuate 衰减incident 入射的two-way configuration 二线制generator voltage 发电机电压dc generator 直流发电机polyphase rectifier 多相整流器boost 增压time constant 时间常数forward transfer function 正向传递函数error signal 误差信号regulator 调节器stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器time delay 延时direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数 transient response 瞬态响应solid state 固体buck 补偿operational calculus 算符演算gain 增益pole 极点feedback signal 反馈信号dynamic response 动态响应voltage control system 电压控制系统mismatch 失配error detector 误差检测器excitation system 励磁系统field current 励磁电流transistor 晶体管high-gain 高增益boost—buck 升压去磁feedback system 反馈系统reactive power 无功功率feedback loop 反馈回路automatic Voltage regulator(A VR)自动电压调整器reference Voltage 基准电压magnetic amplifier 磁放大器amplidyne 微场扩流发电机self-exciting 自励的limiter 限幅器manual control 手动控制block diagram 方框图linear zone 线性区potential transformer 电压互感器stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器air-gap flux 气隙磁通saturation effect 饱和效应saturation curve 饱和曲线flux linkage 磁链per unit value 标么值shunt field 并励磁场magnetic circuit 磁路load—saturation curve 负载饱和曲线 air—gap line 气隙磁化线polyphase rectifier 多相整流器circuit components 电路元件circuit parameters 电路参数electrical device 电气设备electric energy 电能primary cell 原生电池energy converter 电能转换器conductor 导体heating appliance 电热器direct-current 直流time invariant 时不变的self—inductor 自感mutual-inductor 互感the dielectric 电介质storage battery 蓄电池e。

Chapter 11.multi-core processor(多核处理器)------It is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units called “cores”, which are the units that read and execute program instructions.它是集成了两个或两个以上称为“核”的处理单元的计算部件，具有读取和执行程序指令的单元。

2.graphics processing unit(GPU)(图形处理单元)------A graphics processing unit, also occasionally called visual processing unit(VPU),is a specialized processor. It is designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display.它是一个图形处理单元，有时也被称为视觉处理单元VPU，一个专门的处理器。

它的设计目的是快速地操作和改变内存，以加速在帧缓冲区中创建图像，以便显示输出。

3.Wearable computer(可穿戴电脑)------A wearable computer, also known as a body-borne computer or wearable ,is a miniature electronic device that is worn by the bearer under, with or on top of clothing.穿戴式电脑，也被称为人体电脑或穿戴电脑，是一种微型电子设备，由持有者佩戴在身上或者衣服上。

小学上册英语第六单元真题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the capital of Thailand?A. BangkokB. PhuketC. Chiang MaiD. Pattaya2.I have a _____ (遥控车) that can spin.3.The sunset is very ________.4.My friend is my best _______ who always supports me.5.What do you call the act of watching something closely?A. ObservingB. ViewingC. GazingD. GlancingA6.What do you call a baby shark?A. PupB. FryC. CalfD. KitA7.The snow is ___ (falling) gently.8.My _____ (父母) are very supportive.9.What is 10 - 4?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 810.I enjoy ______ new things. (learning)11.What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on the nature of light?A. Isaac NewtonB. Albert EinsteinC. James Clerk MaxwellD. Thomas YoungA12.Which insect makes a web?A. AntB. ButterflyC. SpiderD. BeeC13. A _______ needs water and sunlight to survive.14.The ____ has four legs and likes to chase mice.15.I find ________ (古典文学) very inspiring.16.The ______ (气候变化) affects where plants can grow.17.What do we call the liquid that falls from the sky?A. SnowB. RainC. HailD. SleetB18.Our house has a _______ (花园).19.Gardeners should be aware of the specific ______ needs of their plants. (园丁应该意识到他们植物的具体需求。

公交车术语artery干线articulated trolley bus 通道式无轨电车，铰接式无轨电车average riding distance 平均乘距average travel time 平均出行时间booking sheet 路单btanch 支线bunching 串车bus bay 港湾式车站bus shelter候车亭carrying time 载客时间cash fare普通票，零票city monthly ticket 市区月票city passenger flow 市区客流commuter月票乘客compensation fare补票cotroller 调度员cycling trip 自行车出行deadhead time for dispatch调度空驶时间delay at stop 滞站delay time at stop 延误时间delay time at stop 滞站时间departure frequency发车频率departure interval发车间隔dual-powered trolley bus 双动源无轨电车dwell time 停站时间evening peak 晚高峰express line 快车线路fare-kilometre 票价里程final vehicle hour 末班车时间first vehicle hour 首班车时间fixed line 固定线路general monthly ticket 通用月票invalid ticket 废票junction station 枢纽站layover time 终点站停车时间light rail rapid transit car 快速有轨电车line section 线路断面living passenger flow 生活客流living trip 生活出行long distance bus stop 长途公共汽车站loop line 环形线路magnetic ticket 磁性车票main flow during the peak period 高峰主流向，高单向maximum section of passenger flow 客流最大断面，高断面monthly ticket 月票morning peak 早高峰non-service time 非运营时间off-peak time 非高峰时间off-running time 收车时间one-line monthly ticket 专线月票park-and-ride 驻车换乘park-and-ride place 换乘停车场parking lot 多层停车场passenger 乘客passenger attractive point 乘客吸引点passenger chartered 包车乘客passenger flow collector-distributor point 乘客集散点passenger flow diagram客流图passholder 持证乘客peak hour 高峰小时peak time 高峰时间penalty fare罚票platform站台pull-in time 回场时间recreation passenger flow 文化客流recreation trip 文化出行red-time delay灯阻时间remainder留候乘客resident riding trips 居民乘车出行量resident trips 居民出行量revenue passenger 普票乘客ride time 乘行时间riding rate 乘车率round-trip ticket 往返票running interval行车间隔safe driving 安全行车service frequency行车频率service level 服务质量service monthly ticket 公用月票service time 运营时间single-trip time 单程时间skip-stop running 跳站运行slipping-stop running 放站运行station appearance站貌station entrance-exit 车站出入口student flow 学习客流student monthly ticket 学生月票student trip 学习出行suburban line 郊区线路suburban monthly ticket 郊区月票suburban passenger flow 郊区客流temporary line 临时线路ticket 车票ticket book 本票ticket checking 查票ticket validity time 车票有效期timed stop 定时车站token 代用币touring line 游览线路tram 有轨电车transfer换乘transfer convenience换乘方便性transfer distance 换乘距离transfer passenger 换乘乘客transfer rate 换乘率transfer stop,transfer station 换乘站transfer time 换乘时间transit trip 公共交通出行travel time 出行时间trip 出行trip distance 出行距离trip mode出行方式trip purpose 出行目的trip survey出行调查turn round time 调头时间urban passenger flow 城市客流vehicle appearance车容vehicle condition 车况violated passenger 违章乘客wait time 候乘时间waiting room 候车室waiting time 待命时间walking distance 步行距离walking time 步行时间walking trip 步行出行work passenger flow 工作客流working trip 工作出行zero fare免费乘车accelerated run 赶点allowable speed 容许速度alternative route比较线路area coverage 覆盖面积articulated bus 通道式公共汽车，铰接式公共汽车attendant乘务员average kilometre of trye scrap轮胎平均报废里程average stop spacing,average station spacing 平均站距averge distance carried 平均运距basic fare基本票价behind the schedule 晚点，慢点bus 公共汽车bus only street(BOS) 公共汽车专用街道bus priority lane 公共汽车优先车道bus priority signal公共汽车优先通行信号bus priority system 公共汽车优先通行系统cableway transport索道缆车客运carrying kilometres 载客里程carrying times per shift车班载客次数control centre 调度中心control station 调度站daily vehicle-kilometres 车日行程day and night line 昼夜线路deadhead kilometres 空驶里程deadhead speed for dispatch调度空驶速度。

Keysight E5063AENA Vector Network Analyzer100 kHz to 500 M/1.5 G/3 G/4.5 G/6.5 G/8.5 G/14 G/18 GHzConfiguration GuideOrdering GuideThe following steps will guide you through configuring your Keysight Technologies’ E5063A.Standard furnished itemDescription Additional informationInstallation guide Contains the information necessary to start up with the E5063A.CD ROM IO librariesPower CableCalibration of CertificationStep 1. Choose frequency option (must choose one of the eight frequency options.) Description Option no. Network Analyzer 100 kHz to 500 MHz, S-parameter test set, 50 Ω system impedance E5063A-205 Network Analyzer 100 kHz to 1.5 GHz, S-parameter test set, 50 Ω system impedance E5063A-215 Network Analyzer 100 kHz to 3 GHz, S-parameter test set, 50 Ω system impedance E5063A-235 Network Analyzer 100 kHz to 4.5 GHz, S-parameter test set, 50 Ω system impedance E5063A-245 Network Analyzer 100 kHz to 6.5 GHz, S-parameter test set, 50 Ω system impedance E5063A-265 Network Analyzer 100 kHz to 8.5 GHz, S-parameter test set, 50 Ω system impedance E5063A-285 Network Analyzer 100 kHz to 14 GHz, S-parameter test set, 50 Ω system impedance E5063A-2D5 Network Analyzer 100 kHz to 18 GHz, S-parameter test set, 50 Ω system impedance E5063A-2H5Step 2. Choose software option (If not required, go to step 4.)Description Option no.Requires Not compatible Additional informationTime Domain/Test wizard E5063A-011None None1This option is required for time domain analysis or PCBmeasurementsTime Domain E5063A-010None E5063A-011Adds time domain transform and gating capabilitiesWireless power transfer analysis E5063A-006None None This option is required for wireless power transfer efficiency test ofwireless power transfer modules1. E5063A-011 is a superset of E5063A-010. E5063A-011 includes the capability of E5063A-010.Step 3. Choose hardware optionDescription Option no.Requires Not compatible Additional informationAdd GPIB interface E5063A-721None E5063A-722Must choose either Option 721 or 722Without GPIB interface E5063A-722None E5063A-721Must choose either Option 721 or 722Add handler I/O interface E5063A-731None E5063A-732Must choose either Option 731 or 732Without handler I/O interface E5063A-732None E5063A-731Must choose either Option 731 or 732Step 4. Choose storage drive option (mandatory option)Description Option no.Requires Not compatible Additional informationStandard storage drive E5063A-019None None Option 019 is the only storage drive option for the E5063A.Must choose this optionStep 5. Add accessory option (If not required, go to step 6.)Description Option no.Requires Not compatible Additional informationKeyboard E5063A-810None None USB Keyboard for simplifying word inputs.Mouse E5063A-820None None USB Mouse for simplifying measurement operation. Rackmount Kit E5063A-1CM None None Not installable simultaneously with E5063A -1CP. Front Handle Kit E5063A-1CN None None Not installable simultaneously with E5063A -1CP. Handle/Rack Mount Kit E5063A-1CP None None Not installable simultaneously with E5063A -1CM or 1CN.Step 6. Add calibration certificate (If not required, go to step 7.)Description Option no.Additional informationISO 17025 Compliant Calibration E5063A-1A7ISO 17025 compliant calibrationANSI Z540 compliant calibration E5063A-A6J ANSI Z540 compliant calibrationFrequency UpgradesUpgrade kit option no.Description From To Customer installable E5063AU-210Upgrade from 500 MHz to 1.5 GHz E5063A-205E5063A-215NoE5063AU-230Upgrade from 500 MHz to 3 GHz E5063A-205E5063A-235NoE5063AU-240Upgrade from 500 MHz to 4.5 GHz E5063A-205E5063A-245NoE5063AU-260Upgrade from 500 MHz to 6.5 GHz E5063A-205E5063A-265NoE5063AU-280Upgrade from 500 MHz to 8.5 GHz E5063A-205E5063A-285NoE5063AU-2D0Upgrade from 500 MHz to 14 GHz E5063A-205E5063A-2D5NoE5063AU-2H0Upgrade from 500 MHz to 18 GHz E5063A-205E5063A-2H5NoE5063AU-231Upgrade from 1.5 GHz to 3 GHz E5063A-215E5063A-235NoE5063AU-241Upgrade from 1.5 GHz to 4.5 GHz E5063A-215E5063A-245NoE5063AU-261Upgrade from 1.5 GHz to 6.5 GHz E5063A-215E5063A-265NoE5063AU-281Upgrade from 1.5 GHz to 8.5 GHz E5063A-215E5063A-285NoE5063AU-2D1Upgrade from 1.5 GHz to 14 GHz E5063A-215E5063A-2D5NoE5063AU-2H1Upgrade from 1.5 GHz to 18 GHz E5063A-215E5063A-2H5NoE5063AU-243Upgrade from 3 GHz to 4.5 GHz E5063A-235E5063A-245NoE5063AU-263Upgrade from 3 GHz to 6.5 GHz E5063A-235E5063A-265NoE5063AU-283Upgrade from 3 GHz to 8.5 GHz E5063A-235E5063A-285NoE5063AU-2D3Upgrade from 3 GHz to 14 GHz E5063A-235E5063A-2D5NoE5063AU-2H3Upgrade from 3 GHz to 18 GHz E5063A-235E5063A-2H5NoE5063AU-265Upgrade from 4.5 GHz to 6.5 GHz E5063A-245E5063A-265NoE5063AU-285Upgrade from 4.5 GHz to 8.5 GHz E5063A-245E5063A-285NoE5063AU-2D5Upgrade from 4.5 GHz to 14 GHz E5063A-245E5063A-2D5NoE5063AU-2H5Upgrade from 4.5 GHz to 18 GHz E5063A-245E5063A-2H5NoE5063AU-286Upgrade from 6.5 GHz to 8.5 GHz E5063A-265E5063A-285NoE5063AU-2D6Upgrade from 6.5 GHz to 14 GHz E5063A-265E5063A-2D5NoE5063AU-2H7Upgrade from 6.5 GHz to 18 GHz E5063A-265E5063A-2H5NoE5063AU-2D8Upgrade from 8.5 GHz to 14 GHz E5063A-285E5063A-2D5NoE5063AU-2H6Upgrade from 8.5 GHz to 18 GHz E5063A-285E5063A-2H5NoE5063AU-2HD Upgrade from 14 GHz to 18 GHz E5063A-2D5E5063A-2H5No Hardware UpgradesUpgrade model no.Description Option no.CustomerinstallableRequires (Instrument mustalready include the following)E5063AU-721Add GPIB interface E5063A-721No None E5063AU-731Add handler I/O interface E5063A-731No None Software UpgradesUpgrade model no. Description Option no.CustomerinstallableRequires (Instrument mustalready include the following)Additional informationE5063AU-011Time Domain/Test wizard E5063A-011Yes None This option is required for time domainanalysis or PCB measurementsE5063AU-010Time Domain E5063A-010Yes None Adds time domain transform andgating capabilitiesE5063AU-006Wireless power transferanalysis E5063A-006Yes None This option is required for wirelesspower transfer efficiency test ofwireless power transfer modulesE5063A Upgrade KitsUpgrade kits are available to add any E5063A software or hardware features after initial purchase. To upgrade your existing E5063A, order the corresponding item number. For further information, visit: /find/ena_supportTest Accessories and Calibration KitsA complete list of RF test accessories and calibration kits are available on our Web site: /find/mta /find/ecalTest accessoriesTest accessories such as test port cable are necessary for a complete measurement system using the E5063A. Order test accessories in accordance with the desired measurement system.Category Product Number DescriptionCablesN6314A 50 Ω Type-N (m) to Type-N (m) cable, DC to 12.4 GHz, 61 cm (24 inches)N6315A 50 Ω Type-N (m) to Type-N (f) cable, DC to 12.4 GHz, 61 cm (24 inches)11500E 3.5 mm (m) to 3.5 mm (m) cable, 61 cm (24 inches)11500F 3.5 mm (m) to 3.5 mm (m) cable, 152 cm (60 inches)N4419AK20Single, flexible: 3.5 mm (m) to 3.5 mm (f), 91.4 cm (26 inches)Z5623A-K20Single, flexible: 3.5 mm (m) to 3.5 mm (m), 91.4 cm (36 inches)Adapters11853A 50 Ω Type-N accessory kit 11878AType-N to 3.5 mm adapter kitOS UpgradesUpgrade model no.DescriptionCustomer installable Requires(instrument must already include the following)Additional informationE5063AU-040Upgrade digital H/W from Windows 7 to Windows 10 for COMe CPU No NoneFor units with older CPUs (serial-number prefixes of MY541/542, SG541/542 or lower), order this upgrade model.E5063AU-041Upgrade digital H/W form Windows 7 to Windows 10 for Flex-ATX CPUNo NoneFor units with newer CPUs (serial-number prefixes of MY543/544, SG543/544 or higher), order this upgrade model.Calibration kitsCalibration is an accuracy enhancement procedure that effectively reduces the system errors that cause uncertainty in network measurement. Calibration kit is necessary to perform the calibration.–Mechanical calibration kits include standards, such as opens, shorts and loads, which are measured by the network analyzer.Choose a calibration kit for each connector type to be used.–Electronic calibration (ECal) modules replace mechanical calibration standards with one solid-state calibration module that is controlled by the network analyzer via USB. ECal modules provide many different impedances to the test ports which enables a full two-port calibration to be performed quickly with a single connection. This technique reduces operator errors and connector wear and abrasion.Category Product Number DescriptionMechanical calibration kits85032F Standard mechanical calibration kit, DC to 9 GHz, Type-N85033E Standard mechanical calibration kit, DC to 9 GHz, 3.5 mm85052D Economy mechanical calibration kit, DC to 26.5 GHz, 3.5 mm85054D Economy mechanical calibration kit, DC to 18 GHz, Type-NElectronic calibration (ECal) modules85092C RF ECal module, 300 kHz to 9 GHz, Type-N, 2-port85093C RF ECal module, 300 kHz to 9 GHz, 3.5 mm, 2-portN7550A1Economy ECal module, DC to 4 GHz, Type-N or 3.5 mm, 2-portN7551A1Economy ECal module, DC to 6.5 GHz, Type-N or 3.5 mm, 2-portN7552A1Economy ECal module, DC to 9 GHz, Type-N or 3.5 mm, 2-portN7553A1Economy ECal module, DC to 14 GHz, Type-N or 3.5 mm, 2-portN7554A1Economy ECal module, DC to 18 GHz, Type-N or 3.5 mm, 2-portN4690D2Microwave ECal module, DC/300 kHz to 18 GHz, Type-N, 2-portN4691D2Microwave ECal module, DC/300 kHz to 26.5 GHz, 3.5 mm, 2-portN4696D2Microwave ECal module, DC/300 kHz to 18 GHz, 7 mm, 2-port1. The E5063A must have the firmware revision A.03.72 or above for the operation with the N755xA series ECal.2. The E5063A must have the firmware revision A.05.04 or above for the operation with the N469xD series ECal.Literature ResourcesDescription Publication numberE5063A ENA Vector Network Analyzer, Data Sheet5991-3615ENE5063A ENA Vector Network Analyzer, Configuration Guide5991-3616ENE5063A PCB Analyzer, Technical Overview5991-3617ENKeysight Vector Network Analyzer Selection Guide5989-7603ENMore literature is available on our web site.Web Resource/find/vna/find/ena-pcb/find/ecal/find/mta/find/materials/find/benchvueThis information is subject to change without notice.© Keysight Technologies, 2013 - 2018Published in USA, April 8, 20185991-3616ENFor more information on KeysightTechnologies’ products, applications or services, please contact your local Keysight office. The complete list is available at:/find/contactus Americas Canada (877) 894 4414Brazil 55 11 3351 7010Mexico001 800 254 2440United States (800) 829 4444Asia Pacific Australia 1 800 629 485China800 810 0189Hong Kong 800 938 693India 1 800 11 2626Japan 0120 (421) 345Korea 080 769 0800Malaysia 1 800 888 848Singapore 180****8100Taiwan0800 047 866Other AP Countries (65) 6375 8100Europe & Middle East Austria 0800 001122Belgium 0800 58580Finland 0800 523252France 0805 980333Germany ***********Ireland 1800 832700Israel 1 809 343051Italy800 599100Luxembourg +32 800 58580Netherlands 0800 0233200Russia 8800 5009286Spain 800 000154Sweden 0200 882255Switzerland0800 805353Opt. 1 (DE)Opt. 2 (FR)Opt. 3 (IT)United Kingdom0800 0260637For other unlisted countries:/find/contactus(BP-9-7-17)/go/quality Keysight Technologies, Inc.DEKRA Certified ISO 9001:2015Quality Management SystemEvolving Since 1939Our unique combination of hardware, software, services, and people can help you reach your next breakthrough. We are unlocking the future of technology.From Hewlett-Packard to Agilent to Keysight.myKeysight/find/mykeysightA personalized view into the information most relevant to you. /find/emt_product_registrationRegister your products to get up-to-date product information and find warranty information.Keysight Services/find/serviceKeysight Services can help from acquisition to renewal across your instrument’s lifecycle. Our comprehensive service offerings—one-stop calibration, repair, asset management, technology refresh, consulting, training and more—helps you improve product qualityand lower costs.Keysight Assurance Plans/find/AssurancePlansUp to ten years of protection and no budgetary surprises to ensure your instruments are operating to specification, so you can rely on accurate measurements.Keysight Channel Partners/find/channelpartnersGet the best of both worlds: Keysight’s measurement expertise and product breadth, combined with channel partner convenience.。

Digital Phosphor OscilloscopesTDS3000C Series DatasheetThe TDS3000C Series provides you with the performance you need at a price you can afford. Bandwidths range from 100 MHz to 500 MHz, with up to 5 GS/s sample rates for accurate representation of your signal.Notice to EU customersThis product is not updated to comply with the RoHS 2 Directive 2011/65/EU and will not be shipped to the EU. Customers may be able to purchase products from inventory that were placed on the EU market prior toJuly 22, 2017 until supplies are depleted. Tektronix is committed to helping you with your solution needs. Please contact your local salesrepresentative for further assistance or to determine if alternative product(s)are available. Tektronix will continue service to the end of worldwide support life.Key performance specifications100 MHz, 300 MHz, and 500 MHz bandwidth models2 or 4 analog channel modelsSample rates up to 5 GS/s real time on all channels10k record length on all channels3,600 wfms/s continuous waveform capture rate Suite of advanced triggersKey featuresFront-panel USB host port for easy storage and transfer ofmeasurement data25 automatic measurementsFFT standardMultiple language user interfaceWaveAlert ®automatic waveform anomaly detectionTekProbe ® interface supports active, differential, and current probes for automatic scaling and unitsPortable designLightweight design (only 7 lb./3.2 kg) for easy transportOptional internal battery operation provides up to three hours without line powerApplication modules for specialized analysisAdvanced analysis moduleLimit testing moduleTelecommunications mask testing module Extended video moduleApplicationsDigital design and debugVideo installation and servicePower supply designEducation and trainingTelecommunications mask testingManufacturing testGeneral bench testingDPOs provide greater level of insight into complex signalsThe TDS3000C Series offers fast waveform capture rates on a continuous basis that save you time by quickly revealing the nature of faults, so advanced triggers can be applied to isolate them.Real-time intensity grading highlights the details about the history of a signal's activity, making it easier to understand the characteristics of the waveforms you've captured. Unlike other comparable oscilloscopes, the history remains even after the acquisition has been stopped.Quickly debug and characterize signals with DRT sampling technology and sin (x)/x interpolationThe TDS3000C Series combines unique digital real-time (DRT) sampling technology with sin(x)/x interpolation to allow you to accurately characterize a wide range of signal types on all channels simultaneously. With the TDS3000C Series there is no change in sampling rate when additional channels are turned on, unlike other comparable oscilloscopes. This sampling technology makes it possible to capture high-frequency information, such as glitches and edge anomalies, that elude other oscilloscopes in its class, while sin(x)/x interpolation ensures precisereconstruction of each waveform.Look for unintentional circuit noise with the TDS3000C series’ FFT capability.Custom video triggering allows the TDS3000C Series to trigger on standards such asRS-343 (26.2 kHz scan rate).The TDS3000C Series provides breakthrough test speeds for telecommunications line card testing. The telecom QUICKMENU puts all the commonly used telecom test functions on a single menu.DatasheetEasy to setup and useWhen working under tight deadlines, you need your oscilloscope to be intuitive; you want to minimize time spent learning and relearning how to use it. The TDS3000C Series oscilloscopes help reduce your learning curve. Simple navigation and dedicated front-panel controls get you to where you want to be quickly, so that you spend less time learning andmore time on the task at hand.The TDS3000C series with the TDS3LIM module is ideal for manufacturing testapplications where fast Go/No-Go decisions are required.WaveAlert waveform anomaly detection alerts you to any waveform that deviates fromthe “normal” input such as the glitch on channel 2.Easily transfer, document, and analyze data on your PC.Simple documentation and analysisThe TDS3000C Series comes equipped with a USB host port so you can easily store and transfer measurement information to your PC.OpenChoice ®PC Communication Software allows you to simply pull screen images and waveform data into a standalone desktop application or directly into Microsoft Word and Excel.If you prefer not to use a PC for analysis, the TDS3000C Series comes standard with 25 automatic measurements, waveform add, subtract, divide,and multiply math functions, and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Unlike other comparable oscilloscopes, the TDS3000C Series math andmeasurement allows you to use the full acquisition record length or isolate a specific occurrence within an acquisition.Instrument controlUtilizing the built-in ethernet port, e*Scope web-based remote control allows you to a control TDS3000C series oscilloscope from anywhere,using the internet and your PC.TDS3000C Series Digital Phosphor OscilloscopesWork where you need toThe TDS3000C Series packs the power of a DPO in a compact design that is only 5.9 in. (149 mm) deep, freeing up valuable benchtop space. And when you need to move your oscilloscope to another lab, its portable 7 lb.(3.2 kg) design makes for easy transport.If your work demands even more mobility, then the optional battery packwill give you up to three hours of operation without line power.TDS3BATC provides you with up to three hours of portable battery operation.SpecificationsAll specifications are guaranteed unless noted otherwise. All specifications apply to all models unless noted otherwise.Vertical systemHardware bandwidth limitsInput coupling AC, DC, GNDInput impedance 1 MΩ in parallel with 13 pF or 50 ΩInput sensitivity range1 MΩ 1 mV/div to 10 V/div 50 Ω 1 mV/div to 1 V/div Vertical resolution 9 bits Maximum input voltage1 MΩ150 V RMS with peaks at ≤400 V 50 Ω5 V RMS with peaks at ≤30 V DatasheetDC gain accuracy ±2%Position range±5 divHorizontal systemSeconds/division rangeTime base accuracy±20 ppm over any 1 ms time intervalTrigger systemTrigger modes Auto (supports Roll Mode for 40 ms/div and slower), Normal, Single Sequence B triggerTrigger after time or events Trigger after time range 13.2 ns to 50 s Trigger after events range 1 to 9,999,999 eventsTrigger typesEdge Conventional level-driven trigger. Positive or negative slope on any channel. Coupling selections: AC, DC, Noise Reject, HF Reject, LF RejectVideo Trigger on all lines or individual lines, odd/even or all fields on NTSC, PAL, SECAMExtended video Trigger on specific lines in broadcast and non-broadcast (custom) standards and on analog HDTV formats (1080i, 1080p, 720p,480p). Requires TDS3VID application modulePulse width (or glitch)Trigger on a pulse width <, >, =, ≠ to a selectable time limit ranging from 39.6 ns to 50 sRunt Trigger on a pulse that crosses one threshold but fails to cross a second threshold before crossing the first again Rise/fall time Trigger on pulse edge rates that are either faster or slower than a set rate. Edges can be rising, falling, or either Pattern Specifies AND, OR, NAND, NOR when true or false for a specific timeState Any logic state. Triggerable on rising or falling edge of a clock. Logic triggers can be used on combinations of 2 inputs (not 4)Comm Provides isolated pulse triggering required to perform DS1/DS3 telecommunications mask testing per ANSI T1.102 standard.Requires TDS3TMT application moduleAlternateSequentially uses each active channel as a trigger sourceAcquisition systemDPOCaptures and displays complex waveforms, random events and subtle patterns in actual signal behavior. DPOs provide 3 dimensions of signal information in real time: Amplitude, time, and the distribution of amplitude over time Sample Sample data onlyAverage Waveform averaged, selectable from 2 to 512 Envelope Min-max values acquired over one or more acquisitionsPeak detectHigh-frequency and random glitch capture. Captures glitches as narrow as 1 ns (typical) using acquisition hardware at all time base settingsTDS3000C Series Digital Phosphor OscilloscopesVertical systemDatasheetAcquisition systemWaveAlert®Monitors the incoming signals on all channels and alerts the user to any waveform that deviates from the normal waveform beingacquiredSingle sequence Use the Single Sequence button to capture a single triggered acquisition sequence at a timeWaveform measurementsCursors Amplitude, timeAutomatic measurements Display any four measurements from any combination of waveforms. Or display all measurements with measurement snapshotfeature. Measurements include Period, Frequency, +Width, -Width, Rise time, Fall time, +Duty cycle, -Duty cycle, +Overshoot,High, Low, Max, Min, Peak-to-peak, Amplitude, Mean, Cycle mean, RMS, Cycle RMS, Burst width, Delay, Phase, Area 1, CycleArea 1Measurement statistics Mean, Min, Max, Standard deviation. Requires TDS3AAM application moduleThresholds User-definable thresholds for automatic measurements; settable in percent or voltageGating Isolate a specific occurrence within an acquisition to take measurements, using either the screen or cursorsWaveform mathArithmetic Add, subtract, multiply, and divide waveformsFFT Spectral magnitude. Set FFT vertical scale to Linear RMS or dBV RMS, and FFT window to Rectangular, Hamming, Hanning, orBlackman-HarrisAdvanced math Integrate, differentiate, define extensive algebraic expressions including analog waveforms, math functions, scalars, up to twouser-adjustable variables and results of parametric measurements. For example: (Intg (Ch1-Mean(Ch1)) × 1.414 × VAR1) 2Waveform processingAutoset Single-button, automatic setup of all channels for vertical, horizontal and trigger systems, with undo autosetDeskew Channel-to-channel deskew ±10 ns may be manually entered for better timing measurements and more accurate math waveformsDisplay systemDisplay type 6.5 in. (165.1 mm) liquid-crystal TFT color displayDisplay resolution640 horizontal × 480 vertical pixels (VGA)Interpolation Sin(x)/xWaveform styles Dots, vectors, variable persistence, infinite persistenceGraticules Full, grid, crosshair, and frame. NTSC, PAL, SECAM, and vectorscope (100% and 75% color bars) with optional TDS3VIDapplication moduleFormat YT, XY, and Gated XYZ (XY with Z-axis blanking available on 4-channel instruments only)1Requires TDS3AAM application module.2Requires TDS3AAM application module.Input/output portsEthernet port RJ-45 connector, supports 10Base-T LANUSB port Front-panel USB 2.0 host port. Supports USB flash driveGPIB port Full talk/listen modes, setting and measurements.(Optional with TDS3GV Communications Module)RS-232C port DB-9 male connector, full talk/listen modes; control of all modes, settings and measurementsBaud rates up to 38,400(Optional with TDS3GV Communications Module)VGA video DB-15 female connector, monitor output for direct display on large VGA-equipped monitors(Optional with TDS3GV communications module)External trigger input BNC connector, input impedance >1 MΩ in parallel with 17 pF; max input voltage is 150 V RMSPower sourceAC line powerSource voltage100 V RMS to 240 V RMS ±10%Source frequency45 Hz to 440 Hz from 100 V to 120 V45 Hz to 66 Hz from 120 V to 240 VPower consumption75 W maximumBattery power Requires TDS3BATC, rechargeable lithium ion battery packOperating time, typical 3 hoursPhysical characteristicsDimensionsWeightPackage dimensionsRackmount (RM3000)TDS3000C Series Digital Phosphor OscilloscopesDatasheetEMC, environment and safetyTemperatureOperating0 ºC to +50 ºCNon-operating-40 ºC to +71 ºCHumidity(Operating and non-operating)At or below +30 ºC Up to 95% RH+30 ºC up to +50 ºC Up to 45% RHAltitudeOperating To 3,000 metersNon-operating15,000 metersElectromagnetic compatibility Meets or exceeds EN61326 Class A, Annex D radiated and conducted emissions and immunity; EN6100-3-2 AC PowerlineHarmonic Emissions; EN6100-3-3 Voltage Changes, Fluctuation, and Flicker; FCC 47 CFR, Part 15, Subpart B, Class A;Australian EMC frameworkSafety UL61010B-1, CSA1010.1, IEC61010-1, EN61010-1Ordering informationTDS3000C familyTDS3012C100 MHz, 2 channels, 1.25 GS/sTDS3014C100 MHz, 4 channels, 1.25 GS/sTDS3032C300 MHz, 2 channels, 2.5 GS/sTDS3034C300 MHz, 4 channels, 2.5 GS/sTDS3052C500 MHz, 2 channels, 5 GS/sTDS3054C500 MHz, 4 channels, 5 GS/sPlease specify a language option and a power plug option from the lists that follow.Standard accessoriesProbesP6139B500 MHz 10x passive probe, one per channel AccessoriesFront protective coverAccessory trayDocumentation CD Contains User Manuals in all languagesFront panel overlay Translated front panel overlay. Specify language option.Installation and Safety ManualPower cord Specify power plug option.OpenChoice® PC connectivity software Enables fast and easy communication between Windows PC and the TDS3000C Series through LAN, GPIB, or RS-232. Transfer and save settings, waveforms, measurements, and screen imagesTraceable Certificate of Calibration NIM/NISTWarrantyThree year warranty covering all labor and parts, excluding probes and accessoriesInstrument optionsPower plug optionsOpt. A0North America power plug (115 V, 60 Hz)Opt. A1Universal Euro power plug (220 V, 50 Hz)Opt. A2United Kingdom power plug (240 V, 50 Hz)Opt. A3Australia power plug (240 V, 50 Hz)Opt. A4North America power plug (240 V, 50 Hz)Opt. A5Switzerland power plug (220 V, 50 Hz)Opt. A6Japan power plug (100 V, 50/60 Hz)Opt. A10China power plug (50 Hz)Opt. A11India power plug (50 Hz)Opt. A12Brazil power plug (60 Hz)Opt. A99No power cordTDS3000C Series Digital Phosphor OscilloscopesDatasheetLanguage optionsOpt. L0English manualOpt. L1French manualOpt. L2Italian manualOpt. L3German manualOpt. L4Spanish manualOpt. L5Japanese manualOpt. L6Portuguese manualOpt. L7Simplified Chinese manualOpt. L8Traditional Chinese manualOpt. L9Korean manualOpt. L10Russian manualOpt. L99No manualLanguage options include translated front-panel overlay for the selected language(s). Service optionsRecommended accessoriesProbesADA400A100x, 10x, 1x, 0.1x high-gain differential amplifier P5100A 2.5 kV, 100x high-voltage passive probeP5205A 1.3 kV, 100 MHz high-voltage differential probe P5210A 5.6 kV, 50 MHz high-voltage differential probe P6243 1 GHz, ≤1 pF input C 10x active probeTCP202A50 MHz, 15 A AC/DC current probeTCP30315 MHz, 150 A current probe 3TCP305A50 MHz, 50 A current probe 3TCP312A100 MHz, 30 A current probe 3TCPA300100 MHz probe amplifier3Requires TCPA300 probe amplifier.TCPA40050 MHz probe amplifierTCP404XL 2 MHz, 500 A current probe 4AccessoriesTDS3GV GPIB, VGA, RS-232 interfaceTDS3AAM Advanced Analysis Module. Adds extended math capability, arbitrary math expressions, measurement statistics, and additionalautomated measurementsTDS3LIM Limit Testing Module. Adds custom waveform limit testing capabilitiesTDS3TMT Telecom Mask Testing Module. Adds pass/fail compliance of ITU-T G.703 and ANSI T1.102 standards, custom mask testing, andmoreTDS3VID Extended Video Analysis Module. Adds video quickmenu, autoset, hold, line count trigger, video picture mode, vectorscope 5mode, HDTV format trigger graticules, and moreTDS3BATC Lithium-ion battery pack for up to 3 hours continuous operation without line powerTDS3ION Battery chargerAC3000Soft case for carrying instrumentHCTEK4321Hard plastic case for carrying instrument(requires AC3000)RM3000Rackmount kit071-2507-xxService manual (English only)Tektronix is registered to ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 by SRI Quality System Registrar.Product(s) complies with IEEE Standard 488.1-1987, RS-232-C, and with Tektronix Standard Codes and Formats.4Requires TCPA400 probe amplifier.5Vectorscope does not support composite video.TDS3000C Series Digital Phosphor Oscilloscopes 11DatasheetASEAN / Australasia (65) 6356 3900 Austria 00800 2255 4835*Balkans, Israel, South Africa and other ISE Countries +41 52 675 3777 Belgium 00800 2255 4835*Brazil +55 (11) 3759 7627 Canada180****9200Central East Europe and the Baltics +41 52 675 3777 Central Europe & Greece +41 52 675 3777 Denmark +45 80 88 1401Finland +41 52 675 3777 France 00800 2255 4835*Germany 00800 2255 4835*Hong Kong 400 820 5835 India 000 800 650 1835 Italy 00800 2255 4835*Japan 81 (3) 6714 3010 Luxembourg +41 52 675 3777 Mexico, Central/South America & Caribbean 52 (55) 56 04 50 90Middle East, Asia, and North Africa +41 52 675 3777 The Netherlands 00800 2255 4835*Norway 800 16098People's Republic of China 400 820 5835 Poland +41 52 675 3777 Portugal 80 08 12370Republic of Korea +822 6917 5084, 822 6917 5080 Russia & CIS +7 (495) 6647564 South Africa +41 52 675 3777Spain 00800 2255 4835*Sweden 00800 2255 4835*Switzerland 00800 2255 4835*Taiwan 886 (2) 2656 6688 United Kingdom & Ireland 00800 2255 4835*USA180****9200* European toll-free number. If not accessible, call: +41 52 675 3777For Further Information. Tektronix maintains a comprehensive, constantly expanding collection of application notes, technical briefs and other resources to help engineers working on the cutting edge of technology. Please visit . Copyright © Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. Tektronix products are covered by U.S. and foreign patents, issued and pending. Information in this publication supersedes that in all previously published material. Specification andprice change privileges reserved. TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of Tektronix, Inc. All other trade names referenced are the service marks, trademarks, or registered trademarks of their respective companies.27 Mar 2017 41W-12482-26 。

《数字信号处理》期末考试A 卷参考答案及平分标准考试班级：T683－1，2，3，4，T603－1拟题人：湛柏明 审题人：黄晓林 评分标准拟定人：湛柏明 考试时间：2009-1-91. Direction: Fill the best answer into the bracket for each of the following sentences.(2’ ⨯20=40’)(1). The z-transform of the unit step sequence μ[n] is ( 111--z ).(2). The DTFT of δ[n-2] is ( ω2j e - ). (3). Specify the ROC of 112.0113.011)(---+-=z z z X to be 3.02.0<<z , then theinverse z-transform of )(z X is ( ][)2.0(]1[)3.0(n n n n μμ+--- ).(4). The ROC of the z-transform of the sequence x[n] = 0.2n μ[n] + 0.3n μ[-n-1] is ( 3.02.0<<z ).(5). An FIR discrete-time LTI system is always ( Stable ).(6). Let X[k] be the 8-point DFT of an 8-point real sequence x[n], and it is known that X[0] = 12, X[1] = -1 +j3, X[2] = 3 + j4, X[3] = 1 – j5, X[4] = 4, X[5] = 1 + j5, X[7] = -1 – j3, then X[6] = ( 3 - j4 ).(7). The linear convolution of g[n] and h[n] is y L [n] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, The 5-point circular convolution of g[n] and h[n] is y C [n] = ( {6, 8, 3, 4} ).(8). A causal LTI discrete-time system is described by the difference equation:][]1[2.0][n x n y n y =--, its unit impulse response h[n] = ( ][)2.0(n n μ ).(9). For an LTI discrete-time system with its frequencyresponse ωωωω2)2cos(2.0)cos(2.01)(j j e e H -++=, if the input sequence is x[n] =)3cos(n π, thecorresponding steady-state response is y[n] = ( ))2(3cos(-n π).(10). The DTFT of a sequence x[n] is denoted as )(ωj e X , then the DTFT of the time shifted version x[n-1] of x[n] is ( )(ωωj j e X e - ).(11). We can use three basic operations to construct an arbitary complicated discrete-time LTI system. These three basic operations are addition, ( Multiplication ) and unit delay.(12). A causal LTI discrete-time system is described by the difference equation][]2[15.0]1[8.0][n x n y n y n y =-+--, then the transfer function is ( 2115.08.011--+-z z ).(13). The continuous-time signal xa(t) = 3cos(200πt) + 5cos(1200πt) is sampled at a 2000Hz rate generating a discrete-time sequence x[n], then the expression of the discrete-time sequence is x[n] = ( 3cos(0.1πn) + 5cos(0.6πn) ).(14). The DTFT of a sequence x[n] is denoted as )(ωj e X , then the DTFT of ][0n x e n j ω is ( )()(0ωω-j e X ).(15). Suppose that )(ωj e X is the DTFT of a real sequence x[n], the magnitude spectrum )(ωj e X is an ( Even ) function of ω.(16). For a real and nonperiodic sequence x[n], its DTFT is ( Continuous ) and periodic of ω, and the period is 2π.(17). Given two N-point real sequences g[n] and h[n], we construct a complex sequence x[n] = g[n] + jh[n]. Assume that the N-point DFT of x[n] is known and denoted by X[k], then we can determine the N-point DFTs G[k] and H[k] from X[k], and G[k] =( ]}[][{21*N k X k X >-<+ ).(18). A sequence x[n] = {1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1}, let X(e j ω) be the DTFT of x[n], then X(e jπ) = ( 6 ).(19). The fundamental period of the discrete-time sequence x[n] = cos(0.1πn) is ( 20 ).(20). Under the sampling frequency F T = 1000Hz, the corresponding analog frequency of the sequence x[n] = cos(0.2πn) is ( 100 ) Hz.2、Determine the linear convolution of x[n] and h[n], where][3.0][][2.0][n n h n n x nn μμ== (12’)Solution:Way 1:We first plot x[n] and h[n] as depicted in Figure (a). From the convolution sum representation:∑∞-∞=-=k k n h k x n y ][][][We then plot x[k] and h[n-k] as depicted in Figure (b). From Figure (b) we see thatFor n<0, x[k] and h[n-k] have no overlap, in this case, the convolution of x[n] and h[n] is equal to 0, i.e., y[n] = 0 for n<0.][n x Figure (a)平分标准：这一步4分，没有这一步，扣4分。

小学上册英语第三单元综合卷[有答案]英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 What is the main gas we breathe?A. OxygenB. Carbon dioxideC. NitrogenD. Helium答案:A2 Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. EarthB. MarsC. JupiterD. Saturn3 What is 10 4?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 84 My _____ (妈妈) loves to bake cookies for my friends.我妈妈喜欢给我的朋友们烤饼干。

5 What do we call the process of changing from a gas to a liquid?A. FreezingB. CondensationC. EvaporationD. Melting答案: B6 The ________ hops around and explores.7 What do we call the person who cuts hair?A. BakerB. BarberC. ButcherD. Tailor答案:B8 Martin Luther King Jr. fought for _______ and equality. (自由)9 I love to ______ (在阳光下) play outside.10 What is the name of the fairy in Peter Pan?A. TinkerbellB. CinderellaC. AuroraD. Belle答案:A11 How many teeth does an adult human typically have?A. 24B. 28C. 32D. 36答案:C. 3212 What do you call the tall grass that grows in water?A. TreeB. ShrubC. ReedD. Moss答案:C13 The fruit is ___. (fresh)14 I have a toy _______ that can light up.15 What is the capital of Kazakhstan?A. AlmatyB. Nur-SultanC. ShymkentD. Atyrau16 The _____ (花坛) is filled with vibrant flowers.17 The kitten is ___ in the box. (sleeping)18 What is the name of the famous American author known for "The Handmaid's Tale"?A. Margaret AtwoodB. Virginia WoolfC. Toni MorrisonD. Maya Angelou答案: A. Margaret Atwood19 We are making ______ (friends) at school.20 She is a historian, ______ (她是一名历史学家), studying the past.21 The process of heating a substance to separate components is called ______.22 What is the opposite of "big"?A. SmallB. TallC. HeavyD. Light答案: A23 The ________ is known for its speed and agility.24 I watch _____ (cartoons) on TV.25 The turtle is very _________. (耐心)26 I love visiting the ______ (动物园) to see all the different animals. My favorite is the ______ (猴子).27 The ancient Romans used _______ to build their structures. (砖)28 The ______ helps with the detection of sound.29 The _____ is our nearest neighbor in space.30 I can ________ my bike.31 The _____ (orchard) has many fruit trees.32 The ancient Greeks used _____ to teach moral lessons.33 I can ______ (感受到) the joy of helping others.34 What do you call a person who studies the weather?A. GeologistB. MeteorologistC. AstronomerD. Biologist35 The core of the Earth is extremely ______.36 The ________ (历史遗迹) tell stories of the past.37 He plays ______ (足球) with his friends every weekend.38 What is the name of the famous bridge in San Francisco?A. Brooklyn BridgeB. Golden Gate BridgeC. Tower BridgeD. Sydney Harbour Bridge答案:B39 I love to eat ________ (水果) every day.40 A goat climbs _______ easily.41 What do we call a baby rabbit?A. KittenB. PupC. BunnyD. Leveret42 I love going to the _______ (地方) and seeing all the different _______ (动物).43 A __________ (反应过程) is the series of steps in a chemical reaction.44 The stars are ___ (shining/dimming).45 We should _____ (clean/dirty) the room.46 What is the name of the famous artist known for his "The School of Athens"?A. RaphaelB. MichelangeloC. Leonardo da VinciD. Titian答案: A47 The _______ of a wave can be described by its frequency and amplitude.48 We can _______ a friendship bracelet.49 A __________ is an animal that mostly eats fruit.50 A ________ is a large area of land that has been built on.51 My cat likes to sit by the ______ (窗户).52 I can ___ (throw) a ball far.53 My sister has a talent for ____ (dance).54 Certain plants can ______ (适应) to new environments.55 How many legs does a bee have?A. 4B. 6C. 8D. 10答案:B56 I want to ______ a new toy. (buy)57 What is the capital of Zimbabwe?A. HarareB. BulawayoC. GweruD. Mutare答案:A58 The _______ grows tall in the garden.59 ts can ______ (适应变化) in their environment. Some pla60 The _______ (The Great Famine) struck Ireland in the mid-19th century.61 The dog is ________ at the door.62 My brother is very __________ (善良) to his classmates.63 The _______ (猪) is often found on farms.64 The capital of Paraguay is __________.65 I want to grow a ________ in the sun.66 My __________ (玩具名) can __________ (动词) if I push the button.67 The _______ (小金鱼) swims in its bowl all day.68 How many light-years away is the nearest star system, Alpha Centauri?A. 4.2 light-yearsB. 12.5 light-yearsC. 25 light-yearsD. 33 light-years69 What do we call a person who studies geography?A. GeographerB. CartographerC. Environmental ScientistD. All of the above70 What do you call the process of turning a liquid into a solid?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. EvaporatingD. Condensing71 A _____ is made up of two or more elements.72 A suspension contains larger particles that can ______.73 A __________ can provide insights into ancient geological events.74 What do you call a person who studies the natural world?A. BiologistB. ChemistC. GeologistD. All of the above答案: D75 What do we use to cut paper?A. GlueB. TapeC. ScissorsD. Ruler答案:C76 What do you call the story of a person's life written by that person?A. BiographyB. AutobiographyC. NovelD. Memoir答案:B77 The ________ was a significant period of migration in American history.78 Fermentation is a chemical process that produces _______.79 What do we call the act of making a plan to achieve something?A. StrategyB. SchemeC. BlueprintD. All of the Above答案：D80 Which animal is known as the king of the jungle?A. ElephantB. LionC. TigerD. Bear答案:B81 Certain plants are known for their ______ (食用价值).82 What is the main ingredient in pizza?A. RiceB. BreadC. PastaD. Cereal答案:B83 A solute that enhances the flavor of food is called a ______.84 What is the main purpose of the Hubble Space Telescope?A. To study the EarthB. To study the MoonC. To observe distant galaxiesD. To communicate with aliens85 The chemical symbol for chromium is ______.86 What do we call a person who studies the stars?A. AstronomerB. AstrologerC. ChemistD. Geologist答案:A87 What do we call the person who creates software?A. EngineerB. ProgrammerC. ScientistD. Designer88 What is the term for a small rocky body that orbits the sun?A. CometB. AsteroidC. MeteorD. Planet89 What is the name of the famous ancient city in Peru?A. Machu PicchuB. TikalC. Chichen ItzaD. Teotihuacan答案: A90 The _____ (小鸟) is chirping happily in the tree.91 The ancient Egyptians wrote on ______ (草纸).92 A reaction that involves the transfer of electrons is called a ______ reaction.93 The process of changing a liquid to a gas is called ______.94 The baby panda loves to eat _________. (竹子)95 What is the main ingredient in spaghetti?A. RiceB. WheatC. CornD. Barley答案:B96 What sport do you play with a bat and ball?A. FootballB. BaseballC. BasketballD. Tennis97 I enjoy showing my friends my newest ____. (玩具名称)98 Meteor showers occur when Earth passes through a trail of ______.99 What do you call the time it takes for the Earth to go around the Sun?A. MonthB. YearC. WeekD. Day100 A ____ is known for its ability to find food in the dark.。

小学上册英语第1单元期中试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.We should _______ (互相支持).2.I want to be a ________.3. A _______ can help visualize the concept of thermal energy.4. A __________ is formed from the deposition of sediment in a river.5.My friend is a talented __________ (音乐家).6.The process of rusting involves __________ reacting with oxygen.7. A _______ (小松鼠) hoards food for winter.8.The Doppler effect changes the frequency of a wave as the source moves ______.9. A ____ is a small animal that loves to gather food for winter.10.What is the largest mammal in the world?A. ElephantB. Blue whaleC. GiraffeD. Hippopotamus答案:B11.I love to watch the sunrise and ________ (日落) at the beach. It’s very ________ (放松).12.I like to tell stories with my __________ (玩具名).13.Certain plants can ______ (产生) natural fibers.14.What is the name of the famous ice cream brand?A. Häagen-DazsB. Ben & Jerry'sC. Baskin-RobbinsD. All of the above答案: D. All of the above15.The chemical formula for -butene is ______.16.I have a ________ (魔方) that I try to solve every day.17.ayas separate India from ________ (中国). The Holo18.The _______ (The New Deal) aimed to provide relief during the Great Depression.19.My friend is a _____ (心理学家) who helps children.20.The ______ (植物的栖息地) is crucial for their survival.21. A tortoise's shell provides it with protection against ________________ (捕食者).22. A ______ is a type of creature that can be found in oceans.23.My _______ (仓鼠) loves to run on its wheel.24.The sky is _______ (晴朗的).25.What do we call the study of plants?A. BiologyB. BotanyC. ZoologyD. Ecology答案:B.Botany26.The __________ of a substance is how much space it takes up.27.Hydrogen is the lightest _______ on the periodic table.28.The invention of the airplane changed the way people _____.29.She is wearing a beautiful ___. (necklace)30. A chemical reaction that absorbs heat is called _____.31.The __________ (历史的文化交融) enrich understanding.32.My brother is a ______. He enjoys playing basketball.33.The _____ (水果) is fresh.34.My favorite childhood memory is playing ________ (游戏) with my cousins during summer vacations.35.What do you call the process of making something new?A. CreatingB. InnovatingC. DesigningD. Inventing答案: A36.The dog is _____ the ball. (chasing)37.The moon is ___. (full)38.My sister loves to ________.39.She is _______ (taking) a picture.40.Recognizing the signs of a healthy plant can lead to better ______ practices. (识别健康植物的迹象可以促进更好的园艺实践。