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Abrasion resistance of GMA metal cored wires surfaced deposits

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Journal of Materials Processing Technology164–165(2005)1056–1061Abrasion resistance of GMA metal cored wires surfaced depositsA.Klimpel a,∗,L.A.Dobrza´n ski b,D.Janicki a,A.Lisiecki aa Welding Department,Silesian University of Technology,ul.Konarskiego18A,44-100Gliwice,Polandb Division of Materials Processing Technology and Computer Techniques in Materials Science,Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials,Silesian University of Technology,ul.Konarskiego18A,44-100Gliwice,PolandAbstractA study was undertaken of four iron and two cobalt based hard facing alloys as GMA cored wire surfaced to evaluate quantitatively their low-stress abrasion resistance as a function of chemical composition and hardness.ASTM G65Procedure A was used as the method of abrasion resistance evaluation.The most important variable in determining low-stress abrasion resistance was found to be chemical composition (microstructure)of the deposit.One and three layer deposits of high chromium cast iron and cobalt alloy based alloys have shown highest abrasion resistance,over2.5times higher than HARDOX400steel.Hardness has secondary effect on abrasion resistance and cannot be use as the abrasion resistance indicator.Dilution has an important effect on abrasion resistance of iron-based alloys.©2005Published by Elsevier B.V.Keywords:Surfacing;MCAW;Metal cored wires;GMA1.IntroductionSemi and automatic GMAflux and metal cored wire sur-facing is one of the most popular method of surfacing of new or worn machine parts,Fig.1[3–17].It is possible to deposit layers in all positions with efficiency from a few up to a dozen or so kilograms of weld metal deposit per hour[6].Modern metal cored wires allow to deposit layers pro-viding a broad spectrum of almost optional chemical com-positions,e.g.iron-based alloys including ferritic/bainitic alloys,martensitic alloys,mixed martensitic/austenitic al-loys,austenitic alloys,austenitic manganese alloys,primary austenite with austenite-carbide eutectic,primary carbides with austenite-carbide eutectic,nickel and cobalt based alloys and metal–ceramic materials,e.g.nickel or cobalt alloys with primary WC or W2C carbides[1–6].All these materials are GMA surfaced on new or worn working surfaces of machine parts or elements to provide specific properties as abrasive and adhesive wear resistance,erosion resistance,corrosion resistance,heat resistance and many of theirs combinations [1–17].It is reported that50–60%of machine elements are ∗Corresponding author.E-mail address:andrzej.klimel@polsl.pl(A.Klimpel).worn due to abrasive wear which has many forms includ-ing low-stress,high-stress,dry or wet abrasion[6].Abrasion resistance of GMA surfaced layers is a function of many factors but basic are chemical composition and microstruc-ture,which on other hand depend on GMA surfacing pa-rameters.The solidification morphology and as the result the microstructure of weld metal deposits depends on speed of surfacing,surfacing arc current and arc voltage(heat input of GMA surfacing).Additionally the heat input allows control-ling the shape of fusion line,penetration depth and dilution, thus chemical composition of the deposit.One of the primary criterions of determination optimal surfacing parameters,especially in case of surfacing of de-posits that chemical composition strongly differs from base metal chemical composition,is to provide minimal dilution of thefirst layer of deposit,Fig.2:U(%)=F BMBM R×100(dilution of the deposit by melted base metal),where F BM is the area of base metal melted,F R the area of reinforcement of the deposit(i.e.surfacing metal added).Dilution of the GMA metal cored wire surfaced deposit can be controlled from10to over40%,depending on surfacing parameters(heat input of surfacing)and technique0924-0136/$–see front matter©2005Published by Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.02.242A.Klimpel et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 164–165(2005)1056–10611057Fig.1.Scheme of GMA metal cored and flux wiressurfacing.Fig.2.Geometrical parameters of the stringer bead deposit:b ,width of bead face;h R ,height of bead reinforcement;h BM ,base metal penetration depth;F R ,area of reinforcement;F BM ,area of base metal melted.of surfacing [3–15].Technique of GMA cored wire stringer bead multi-layers surfacing makes possible to achieve dilution of second layer of deposit in the range of 5–15%but efficiency of GMA surfacing is lowest [4,6,13–15].Another solutions providing significant reduction of dilution is low heat input surfacing of stringer bead deposits and/or employing push technique of GMAsurfacing.Fig.3.Schematic diagram of ASTM G65Procedure A test apparatus.Thus,abrasion resistance and hardness tests of GMA cored wire surfaced single layer (high dilution)and three-layer (low dilution)stringer bead deposits four iron and two cobalt based hard facing alloys were done and compared to HARDOX 400steel abrasion resistance.2.Abrasion resistance testsTo determine quantitatively the wear resistance of GMA surfaced single and three layer stringer bead deposits of four metal cored wires EnDOTec DO*13,EnDOTec DO*16,En-DOTec DO*31and EnDOTec DO*329iron-based hard fac-ing alloys and EnDOTec DO*60and EnDOTec DO*70cobalt based hard facing alloys,Table 1,in comparison to HARDOXTable 1Classification,chemical composition,typical hardness and GMA surfacing parameters of the deposits of six metal cored wires of test coupons for the abrasion resistance tests as per ASTM G65,Procedure A Coupons designationChemical composition and typical hardness of the depositSurfacing parameters Current (A)V oltage (V)Heat input (kJ/mm)EnDOTec DO*13Fe +0.45%C,3.0%Si,0.5%Mn,9.5%Cr,0.02%P,0.01%S;56–58HRC160–17018.5–19.00.62EnDOTec DO*16Fe +0.3%C,0.5%Si,0.5%Mn,0.02%P,0.02%S,2.5%Cr,0.6%V ,4.0%W;48–50HRC 160–17019.0–19.50.63EnDOTec DO*31Fe +3.5%C,1.2%Si,0.8%Mn,0.2%Ni,30.0%Cr,0.02%P,0.01%S 55–60HRC160–17022.0–22.50.68EnDOTec DO*329Fe +0.4%C,0.5%Si,0.7%Mn,2.4%Cr,0.5%Mo,2.2%Co,0.5%V ,7.5%W;50–55HRC 140–15019.5–20.00.58EnDOTec DO*60Co +1.0%C,0.5%Si,0.8%Mn,0.01%S,29.0%Cr,4.5%W,3.0%Fe;40–42HRC 145–15020.5–21.00.58EnDOTec DO*70Co +1.7%C,0.5%Si,0.8%Mn,0.01%S,29.0%Cr,4.5%W,3.0%Fe;48–50HRC140–14519.5–20.00.60Remarks:welding speed of surfacing 5.0mm/s,all tested metal cored wires diameter =1.6mm.Shielding gas 97%Ar +2.5%CO 2,flow rate 18.0l/min.Wire stick out 22.0mm.Table 2Chemical composition wt.%,of the materials used as the base plates for GMA surfacing of metal cored wire deposits for abrasion resistance tests and the reference HARDOX 400wear plate Base and reference wear plate C Mn Si P S Cr Ni B Mo HBW S355NL0.18 1.360.450.020.020.090.10–––HARDOX 4000.141.60.70.0250.0100.500.250.0040.25370–4301058 A.Klimpel et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 164–165(2005)1056–1061Fig.4.Overview of ASTM G65Procedure A abrasion test apparatus.400wear plate wear resistance,Table 2,the tests of abrasive wear type metal–ceramic were conducted in accordance to standard ASTM G 65,Standard Test Method for Measur-ing Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus,Figs.3and 4.Procedure A of the ASTM G65standard was chosen.Quartz Ottawa sand had tightly limited particle size in U.S.sieve size −50to 70(−300to 212␮m)and moisture content under 0.5wt.%was used,Fig.5.The rate of quartz sand flow through the special nozzle in the shape of thin layer between the test piece and a hard rubber wheel 229mm in diameter was adjusted at the rate 300–400g/min.For all of abrasion resistance tests of GMA surfaced de-posits of six metal cored wires,Table 1,the base plate was TStE 355steel,DIN 17102(S355NL-EN 10113),12mm thick,by 120mm wide and 150mm in length.AllGMAFig.5.A view of dry quartz Ottawa sand AFS 18/70used for G65tests,magnification 25×.Fig.6.A view of robotized GMA surfacing stand.surfacing was done using stringer beads,with no preheat and maximum interpass temperature of 250◦C for three lay-ers deposits.GMA robotized surfacing parameters of single layer and three layer stringer bead deposits were selected in the range of the field of optimal GMA surfacing parameters,Table 1,providing almost the same value of heat input of sur-facing.Robotized GMA metal cored wire surfacing was con-ducted on the welding stand equipped with TotalArc 25000CASTOLIN programmable power source and SRV6REIS welding robot,Fig.6.The 25mm wide and 75mm in length abrasion test coupons were cut from single and three layers deposits and all test coupons were surface ground smooth and weighed to the nearest 0.0001g as required by ASTM G65.Next abrasion resistance test was conducted.The force applied pressing the test coupon against the wheel was TL =130N (test load,TL)and 6000revolutions of the rubber wheel at 200rpm.After the abrasion resistance test,the test coupon was weighed at weight sensitivity 0.0001g,Figs.7and 8.Mass loss was reported directly and relatively in comparison to the mass loss of the reference HARDOX 400wear plate which is chosen as the reference material for all tested coupons of metal cored wires deposits,Table 2.Next the density of tested weld metal deposits and reference HARDOX 400wear plate was measured and abrasion tests results were reported as volume loss in cubic millimeters and Fig.9,by converting mass loss to volume loss as follows:volume loss (mm 3)=[mass loss (g):density (g /cm 3)]×1000.A.Klimpel et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology164–165(2005)1056–10611059Fig.7.A view of test coupons of GMA surfaced one and three layers deposits by means of metal cored wires EnDOTec DO*13,EnDOTec DO*16,EnDOTec DO*031,EnDOTec DO*329and coupon of HARDOX400wear plate,after abrasion tests by means of dry quartz sand in accordance to standard ASTM G65, Procedure A.Fig.8.A view of test coupons of GMA surfaced one and three layers deposits by means of metal cored wires EnDOTec DO*60,EnDOTec DO*70wear plate, after abrasion tests by means of dry quartz sand in accordance to standard ASTM G65,Procedure A.1060 A.Klimpel et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 164–165(2005)1056–1061Fig.9.The influence of the chemical composition of the GMA surfaced one and three layers deposits of metal cored wires EnDOTec DO*13,EnDOTec DO*16,EnDOTec DO*031,EnDOTec DO*329,EnDOTec DO*60,EnDOTec DO*70,on the deposits abrasion resistance and surface hardness HV10in relation to the relative abrasion resistance of HARDOX 400wear plate.3.Conclusions(1)Low-stress abrasion resistance to metal–ceramic scratch-ing by means of dry Ottawa quartz sand in accordance to standard ASTM G65Procedure A of GMA surfaced single and three layers stringer bead deposits of all tested metal cored wires,Table 1,is exceeding over 1.22–2.83times abrasion resistance of HARDOX 400wear plate.(2)For all wires tested,but EnDOTec DO*31,three layersstringer bead deposits (low dilution)present almost the same abrasion resistance as one layer deposits (higher dilution),which is very positive indication of techno-logical features of wires,allowing to achieve expected rheological and mechanical properties just in the single layer deposit.On the other hand single layer deposit of EnDOTecDO*60wire has over 20%higher abrasion re-sistance than three layers deposit,probably due to lower dilution of the third layer deposit and as the result lower alloying of cobalt based deposit by iron of base metal.(3)The highest abrasion resistance is shown by metal coredwire EnDOTec DO*31of high chromium cast iron struc-ture and EnDOTec DO*70cobalt based alloy deposits.Single layer of EnDOTec DO*31deposit has 1.99times higher and three layers deposit has 2.83times higher abrasion resistance in comparison to abrasion resistance of HARDOX 400wear plate as this wire is designated to increase metal–ceramic abrasion resistance [6].(4)The lowest abrasion resistance is shown by metal coredwire EnDOTec DO*13martensitic steel structure de-posit and EnDOTec DO*329alloy steel structure deposit in the range 1.22–1.29times of abrasion resistance of HARDOX 400wear plate,in spite of very high hardness 590–620HV10,but it is still good result as the EnDOTec DO*13and EnDOTecDO*329wires are designated for applications demanding protective coatings to resist metal–metal friction,pressure and impact loading at high temperatures [6].(5)It has been proved that there is very reliable correlationbetween abrasion resistance and chemical composition (microstructure)of the GMA surfaced single and three layers deposits of all tested metal cored wires,Table 1,Figs.7–9,but on the other hand,hardness is very poor indicator of abrasion resistance,as the ratio of hardness to abrasion resistance (HR)which should be expected to be on the same level is much higher for deposits showing lower abrasion resistance,for example HARDOX 400wear plate shows HR =450,EnDOTec DO*13deposit shows HR =620:1.22=508.2but EnDOTec DO*70deposit HR =510:2.67=191,Fig.9.References[1]L.A.Dobrza´n ski,Podstawy nauki I materiałach I metaloznawstwo,WNT,Warszawa,2002.A.Klimpel et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology164–165(2005)1056–10611061[2]L.A.Dobrza´n ski,Metallic Engineering Materials,WNT,Warszawa,2004(in Polish).[3]G.E.Linnert,Welding Metallurgy Carbon and Alloy Steels,Funda-mentals,vol.1,4th ed.,AWS,Miami,Florida,1994,s.628–s.633, (Chapter6);G.E.Linnert,Welding Metallurgy Carbon and Alloy Steels,Tech-nology,vol.2,4th ed.,AWS,Miami,Florida,1994,s.100–s.107, (Chapter10).[4]Welding Handbook,Materials and Applications,Pt.1,vol.3,8th ed.,AWS,Miami,Florida,1996,s.213,s.252–s.254,(Chapter9). [5]Welding Handbook,Materials and Applications,Pt.2,vol.4,8th ed.,AWS,Miami,Florida,1998,s.409–s.412,(Chapter7).[6]A.Klimpel,Napawanie i natryskiwanie cieplne,WNT,Warszawa,2000.[7]Special welding wires speed up maintenance and repair,Weld.J.69(11)(1990)s.58–s.59.[8]J.B.C.Wu,J.E.Redman,Hard facing with cobalt and nickel alloys,Weld.J.73(9)(1994)s.63–s.68.[9]D.J.Kotecki,J.S.Ogborn,Abrasion resistance of iron-based hardfacing alloys,Weld.J.74(8)(1995)s.269–s.288.[10]A.Merets,Bronze:the other surfacing material,Weld.J.74(9)(1995)39–42.[11]A.Klimpel,Druty proszkowe z rdzeniem topnikowym i z rdzeniemz proszku metalicznego wydajn˛a alternatyw˛a dla elektrod otulonychi drut´o w pełnych,Przegl˛a d Spawalnictwa,nr11–12,1996.[12]N.Murugan,R.S.Parmar,Stainless steel cladding deposited byautomatic gas metal welding,Weld.J.76(10)(1997)s.391–s.403.[13]K.Mitchell,Cored wire repair welding in the power industry,Weld.Metal Fabrication66(7)(1998)s.16–s.20.[14]A.Klimpel,Spawanie i Napawanie Drutami Proszkowymi;Jako´s´c iEkonomiczno´s´c,Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa,t.46,nr5,2002, s.52–s.57.[15]A.Klimpel,Z.Bulski,M.Mazur,D.Janicki,Napawanie br˛a zu alu-miniowego metod˛a GMA drutem proszkowym metalicznym na os-nowie niklu,Biuletyn I.S.nr6(2003)s.37–s.41.[16]K.G.Budinski,L.K.Ives,Measuring abrasion resistance with afixedabrasive loop,Wear258(2005).[17]K.G.Budinski,Evaluating the abrasion resistance of coating withabrasivefinishing tape,Surf.Coat.Technol.(2004)188–189.。

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半导体一些术语的中英文对照

半导体一些术语的中英文对照

半导体一些术语的中英文对照离子注入机ion implanterLSS理论Lindhand Scharff and Schiott theory 又称“林汉德-斯卡夫-斯高特理论”。

沟道效应channeling effect射程分布range distribution深度分布depth distribution投影射程projected range阻止距离stopping distance阻止本领stopping power标准阻止截面standard stopping cross section 退火annealing激活能activation energy等温退火isothermal annealing激光退火laser annealing应力感生缺陷stress-induced defect择优取向preferred orientation制版工艺mask-making technology图形畸变pattern distortion初缩first minification精缩final minification母版master mask铬版chromium plate干版dry plate乳胶版emulsion plate透明版see-through plate高分辨率版high resolution plate, HRP超微粒干版plate for ultra-microminiaturization 掩模mask掩模对准mask alignment对准精度alignment precision光刻胶photoresist又称“光致抗蚀剂”。

负性光刻胶negative photoresist正性光刻胶positive photoresist无机光刻胶inorganic resist多层光刻胶multilevel resist电子束光刻胶electron beam resistX射线光刻胶X-ray resist刷洗scrubbing甩胶spinning涂胶photoresist coating后烘postbaking光刻photolithographyX射线光刻X-ray lithography电子束光刻electron beam lithography离子束光刻ion beam lithography深紫外光刻deep-UV lithography光刻机mask aligner投影光刻机projection mask aligner曝光exposure接触式曝光法contact exposure method接近式曝光法proximity exposure method光学投影曝光法optical projection exposure method 电子束曝光系统electron beam exposure system分步重复系统step-and-repeat system显影development线宽linewidth去胶stripping of photoresist氧化去胶removing of photoresist by oxidation等离子［体］去胶removing of photoresist by plasma 刻蚀etching干法刻蚀dry etching反应离子刻蚀reactive ion etching, RIE各向同性刻蚀isotropic etching各向异性刻蚀anisotropic etching反应溅射刻蚀reactive sputter etching离子铣ion beam milling又称“离子磨削”。

Abrasion Resistance of Concrete (Underwater Method)

Abrasion Resistance of Concrete (Underwater Method)

Designation:C1138M−12Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Concrete(Underwater Method)1This standard is issued under thefixed designation C1138M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1This test method covers a procedure for determining the relative resistance of concrete(including concrete overlays and impregnated concrete)to abrasion under water(see Note1). This procedure simulates the abrasive action of waterborne particles(silt,sand,gravel,and other solids).N OTE1—Other procedures are available for measuring abrasion resis-tance of concrete surfaces not under water.These include Test Methods C418,C779/C779M,and C944.1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)22.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:3C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC125Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC418Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete by SandblastingC642Test Method for Density,Absorption,and V oids in Hardened ConcreteC670Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC779/C779M Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Hori-zontal Concrete SurfacesC944Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete or Mortar Surfaces by the Rotating-Cutter MethodE18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terials3.Terminology3.1For definitions of terms used in this standard,refer to Terminology C125.4.Significance and Use4.1This test method is intended to qualitatively simulate the behavior of swirling water containing suspended and trans-ported solid objects that produce abrasion of concrete and cause potholes and related effects.4.2This test method should provide a relative evaluation of the resistance of concrete to such action.4.3The results are expected to be useful in selection of materials,mixtures,and construction practices for use where such action is to be expected.4.4The test method is not intended to provide a quantitative measurement of the length of service that may be expected from a specific concrete.5.Apparatus5.1Rotating Device—A drill press or similar device with a chuck capable of holding and rotating the agitation paddle under test conditions at a speed of12006100rpm shall be used.5.2Test Container—A steel pipe,30566-mm(1261⁄4-in.) inside diameter by450625-mm(1861-in.)high,fitted witha watertight steel base shall be used(see Fig.1).5.3Agitation Paddle—The agitation paddle shall be as shown in Fig.2.5.4Abrasive Charges—Seventy grade1000chrome steel grinding balls with nominal sizes as specified in Table1shall be used.The steel of which the balls are made shall have a Rockwell C-scale hardness of6565as determined by Test Methods E18.The balls shall have a smooth texture and no apparent mold seam(see Note2).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09onConcrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.62on Abrasion Testing.Current edition approved Dec.1,2012.Published January2013.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in2010as C1138M–05(2010)ε1.DOI:10.1520/C1138M-12.2Section on Safety Precautions,Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing,Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol.04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959.United StatesN OTE 2—An abrasive charge meeting the requirements of Table 1will have a mass of approximately 1530to 1900g (3.8to 4.2lb).When the mass of the charge approaches the lower limit,replace the undersize or underweight balls not complying with Table 1.5.5Scales—A platform scale having a capacity of at least 45kg (100lb)or more and accurate to within at least 5.0g (0.01lb)at any point within the range used in this test shall be used.The scale shall be equipped with a suitable apparatus for suspending the sample in its container in water from the center of the weighing platform.5.6Weighing Basket—A wire basket or other suitable sup-port shall be provided for weighing the specimen in water.The weighing basket shall be constructed to prevent entrapping air when it and the specimen are submerged.5.7Water Tank—A suitable watertight tank into which the basket and the specimen can be suspended below the scale shall be furnished.5.8Seating Block—A minimum of three steel blocks 25by 25by 25mm (1by 1by 1in.)shall be used to support the specimen.6.Test Specimens6.1The test specimen shall be cylindrical in shape,having a diameter approximately 6-mm (1⁄4-in.)less than that of the inside diameter of the test container and a height of 100613mm (461⁄2in.).It may be molded from freshly mixed concrete or cored from hardened concrete (see Note 3).Cores shall be taken in accordance with Methods C42/C42M .N OTE 3—Specimens should be tested at an age appropriate for the material being evaluated.Most testing done to date has been done at 28days.Concretes containing pozzolans should be tested at an age that allows development of appropriate strength.Toppings and impregnated concretes should be tested at an age appropriate for the material and in compliance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.The appropriate testing age may also depend upon when the concrete will be put into service.6.2If the specimen has a membrane curing compound on the surface,remove it completely by steel wire brushing prior to the soaking period.6.3Soak the specimen in lime-saturated water or in the water to which the concrete shall be subjected in service for a minimum of 48h prior to testing.6.4Determine the average diameter of the top surface of the specimen to be tested to the nearest 2mm (1⁄16in.)by averaging two diameters measured at right angles to each other.This average diameter shall be used in calculating the top surface area.6.5Surface dry the specimen.Determine and record the mass in air to the nearest 25.0g (0.05lb).Determine and record the apparent mass of the specimen immersed in water to the nearest 25.0g (0.05lb).The procedure of Test Method C642shall be followed using water at 2361.7°C (73.463°F)having a density of 99762kg/m 3.Remove all entrapped air by shaking the specimen while it is immersed in the water for weighing.7.Procedure7.1Place the specimen in the test container with the surface to be tested facing up and the seating blocks in place.7.2Position the specimen so that its surface is normal to the drill shaft and the center of the specimen coincides with the drill shaft.7.3Mount the agitation paddle in the drill press.The bottom of the agitation paddle shall be 3865mm (11⁄261⁄4in.)above the surface of the specimen.7.4Determine and record the mass of the abrasive charge to the nearest 10g (0.02lb).Place it on the surface of the specimen and add water of the same type as used in the saturation period to 16565mm (61⁄261⁄4in.)above the surface of the specimen.7.5Start the paddle rotating and check that the paddle is rotating at the required speed with the paddle immersed.7.6Remove the specimen from the test container at the end of every 12h of operation.Flush off the abraded material and surface dry.Determine and record the mass of the specimen in air and in water.7.7The standard test shall consist of six 12-h periods for a total of 72h (see Note 4).N OTE 4—Testing totalling 24h generally produces significant abrasion in most concrete surfaces,but it is recommended to extend the periodofFIG.1TestApparatussimulation if more severe abrasion is desired.Additional testing time may be required for concrete that is highly resistant to abrasion.8.Calculation8.1Calculate the abrasion loss as follows:8.1.1Calculate the volume of the specimen at any time as follows:V t 5W air 2W waterw(1)where:V t =volume of the specimen at the desired time,m 3,W air=mass of the specimen in air at the desired time,kg,W water =apparent mass of the specimen in water at thedesired time,kg,andG w=unit weight of water kg/m 3.8.1.2Calculate the volume of concrete lost at the end of anytime increment of testing as follows:VL t 5V i 2V t(2)where:VL t =volume of material lost by abrasion at the end of thetest increment in question,m 3,V i =volume of specimen before testing,m 3,andV t =volume of the specimen at the end of the test incre-ment in question m 3.N OTE 1—1—16Ga (0.059in.)—304Stainless SteelN OTE 2—Rotation of agitation paddle clockwise when viewed from shaft end.N OTE 3—Shaft length to be adjusted to fit assembly in Fig.11.in.mm 2153351⁄8130512745⁄811741⁄211433⁄169721⁄457TOLERANCE MaterialFINISH TITLE11⁄238UNLESS 16GA.(.059)STEEL13⁄835OTHERWISE SPECIFIEDREVISIONSBYDATE AGITATIONPADDLE1257⁄8225⁄8161⁄2133⁄8101⁄461⁄831⁄162FIG.2Agitation PaddleTABLE 1Abrasive ChargesNumber of BallsNominal Size Minimum Diameter 10 1.00in.25.3mm (0.95in.)350.75in.19.0mm (0.70in.)250.50in.12.6mm (0.45in.)8.2Should it be desired to calculate the average depth of wear at the end of any time increment of testing based on volume of abraded material,it may be done as follows:ADA t 5VL t /A(3)where:ADA t =average depth of abrasion at the end of the testincrement in question,m,andA =area of top of specimen m 2.9.Report9.1The report shall include the following:9.1.1A plot of time versus abrasion loss of at least three individual test specimens and the average of all specimens of a type that were tested.9.1.2The average diameter of each specimen.The volume of each specimen at the end of each test period.9.1.3Relevant data as desired on the concrete represented by the specimens.9.1.4Mass of the grinding balls at the beginning and end of the testing.10.Precision and Bias10.1Precision—The single laboratory coefficient of varia-tion among test specimens made from a single batch of concrete was found to be 14.0%.Therefore,in a properly conducted test,the range among test results from the three specimens required by the test method should be no greater than 46.2%of their mean.(See Note 5.)4N OTE 5—This number represents the 1S limit,as defined by Practice C670.This limit was calculated according to paragraph 3.3.2of Practice C670–91a.The variation due to making specimens from different concrete batches was found to be too small to detect.10.2Bias—No estimate of bias is being made because there is no recognized standard material for this test method.11.Keywords11.1abrasion;agitation;concrete;density,wearAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1.PRECISION OF THE TEST METHODX1.1This test method was originally developed and used by the Corps of Engineers.5When developed and during its initial use,abrasion loss as determined by the test method was expressed as a percentage of the original mass of the specimen.For tests so conducted the single-operator standard deviation (1S)was found to be 0.42%and hence,the results of twoproperly conducted tests by the same operator on specimens from the same batch of concrete should not differ by more than 1.18%(D2S).These limits were calculated as described in Practice C670.X1.2The test method was revised to reflect loss in terms of volume rather than in terms of mass to eliminate differences in results resulting from the allowable variations in specimen size.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommmittee C09has identified the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue,C1138M–05(2010)ε1,that may impact the use of this test method.(Approved December 1,2012)(1)Added new Section 3Terminology,including reference to Terminology C125,and renumbered subsequent sections.(2)Added new Section 11Keywords.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C09-1009.5Liu,Tony C.,“Abrasion Resistance of Concrete,”ACI Journal ,Proceedings V ol 78,No.5,Sept.-Oct.1981,pp341-350.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website ().Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website(/ COPYRIGHT/).。

ASME锅炉和压力容器规范中有关焊接术语定义

ASME锅炉和压力容器规范中有关焊接术语定义

ASME锅炉和压力容器规范中有关焊接术语定义ASME锅炉和压力容器规范中有关焊接术语定义QW-492电弧缝焊arc seam weld 采用电弧焊方法焊成的缝形焊缝。

电弧点焊arc spot weld 采用电弧焊方法焊成的点状焊缝。

弧伤arc strike 由于疏忽大意，使电能在完成的焊缝（或母材）表面与焊条或磁探头（电流源）之间通过，从而发生电弧，造成在完成的焊缝（或母材）的外形轮廓上的任何烧伤。

螺柱弧焊arc stud swelding 一种弧焊方法。

此法在金属螺柱（或类似零件）和另一工件之间引发电弧，直至被连接的表面受到适当加热，然后再以压力使两者接合起来。

在螺柱外围加一陶瓷护套，可以获得适当的部分保护。

焊剂或保护气体可用可不用。

电弧焊arc welding 电弧焊是指某一焊接方法群，此焊接方法群是以单弧或多弧加热的办法来实现接合，填充金属可用可不用，外加压力亦可用可不用。

焊态as-welded 焊缝金属、焊接接头和焊件，在焊接后未接受任何后续处理例如热处理、机械处理或化学处理之前的状态。

自动焊automatic welding 采用施焊时间无需焊接操作工调节控制钮的机器进行的焊接。

这类焊机可以也可以不执行装卸工件的工作，参见机动焊。

背面清根back gouging 从一个部分焊接的接头的另一面清除一些焊缝金属和母材，以保证从这一面作后续焊接时能完全焊透。

后焊法backhand welding 焊炬或焊枪的指向与焊接方向相反的一种焊接技术。

衬垫backing 为了支撑熔化的焊接金属在焊接接头的根部放置一材料。

背面气体backing gas 采用氩、氦、氮或活性气体之类，从焊接接头根部的背面（与焊接侧相反的一面）排除氧气。

母材base metal 被焊接的或被切割的金属。

熔合线bond line, fusion line 见fusion line对接接头butt joint 在近乎同一的平面内对装在一起的两元件之间的接头。

轮胎行业常用术语中英文对照

轮胎行业常用术语中英文对照

cam pocketcarbon barcaster oilforest 、grass 、fieldisolatorrib and lug type patternsidewall‘crow’s feet1st shaping pressure2nd shaping pressure6PPDa long lifeablation performanceabluentabrasion machineabrasion resistanceabsolute specific gravityabuse testaccelerated sulfur systemaccelerator=acc.=accelerantacceotanceacceptanceaccommodateaccumulation wear averageaccuracyacetylene blackacidAcid etching tankacknowledge alarmacticarbonactivated calcium carbonateactivated clay/earthactivatoractive low structure high-abrasion furnace black actual stock temperatureadaptabilityaddition agentaddition compoundadditiveadductadh.=adhesiveadhensionadhereadhesion agentadhesion promoteradjust bladder height adjustable inflation pressure tyre adjusting screwadjustment of inflation pressure aerated filleraerating agentaerosolafter equipmentage inhibitorageing resistanceageing standagentageragricultural tyreair bagair bathair bubbleair ductair impermeability testair leakair leakageair leakage testair oven aging testair pressure gageair relief valveair trapaircraft tyreair-retaining memberair-tightnessAkro/Croydon abrader AL=alcoholalignalignmentalk=alkalialkaline black alkalireclaimalloy rubberall-purpose adhesive alternative rubber aluminaalumina hydrate aluminumamount of cureampereanaerobic masttication analytical control angular testanimal vehicle tyreanti-cleftantioxidantantioxidant antiplasticizeranti-static solid tyre antitack solution apertureapex rubberapparent activation energy apparent density aquaplainingarch tyrearomaticaromatic oilasbestosaspect ratio（H/S）assemblyasymmetryatmospheric aging atmospheric pressure tyre attachmentattachment equipment attractionauto stitcherauto-feedAutoform Vulcanizer automaticautomatic recipe maker auxiliary drives offauxiliary drives onaverage service testaxis-crossing deviceB&T drum/belt drumBack hauling unit and festooner back linerback rollback up sheetbackbonebacking linerbackshaftbacon rubberbad batchbafflebag blackBag control cylinderBagwellBagwell control cylinder balancebalance markingbalance patchbalance test balance weight balancing balancing machine bald tyrebalebale cutterbaled rubberball bearing banbury level banbury masterbatch bandband dispenser band hanger banded rollbankbank of rubberbar code/tag barometerbarrelbarytesbasebase mix number basifierbatch chargebatch heatbatch hopperbatch mixerbatch nomber batch panbatch rejectbatch rejection batching table batch-off cooler batch-off device batch-off unitbatch-out equipmentbatch-out extruderbatchout millbeadbeadbead winderbead deformationbead edgebead fabricbead reinforcing stripbead seating pressurebead baseBead Building Processbead carrierringbead corebead diameter at rim seat of cycle tyre bead diammeter at rim seatbead filler rubberbead filler/apexbead fingersbead flat wearbead heelBead Processbead ringbead ring fracturebead toebead toebead unseating testbead widthbead wirebeaded-edge cycle tyre（B/E）beambearing blockbearing strengh testbearing temperaturebelow proofbeltbelt carriagebelt drumbelt off centerbelt weigherbelt/bias cutterbelted bias construction belted bias tyrebench-rolling test bending rigidity bending strengh bending stress tester bent strip specimen bentonitebenzenebenzinebevel/angle cutbiasbias cutterbias cuttingbicyclel tyre bidirectionalbin level controller bite gapbitumenblack crayonbladderbladder blow out bladder vent/rib bladder/bagblemishblendblending/mixing blisterblister linerblister sidewallblock coefficientblow outblow pointblowingbody plybond testing machinebonding systembonding tobone testbotched batchbottom dischargebottom stitcherbowlbowl temperaturebow-shape expander rollbrakebranched chainbreakerbreaker stripbreak-in periodbreak-in runbreaking strenghbreaking stressbreaking weightbreak-upbreathebrombutylbromidebruise breakbrush rollerbuckled/wrinkled/folded bladder/bag buffbuffer rubberbuild upbuilderbuilding tackbuilding drumbuilding machinebuilding machinery Building Process（Radial）building sheetbulgebulkbulk densityburning resistanceburst pressurebutadienebutt splicebuttress regionbutylCa=calciumcable fabriccalcenecalcined alginatecalcitecalcium chloridecalcium hydroxide calcium nitratecalcium peroxidecalcium silicatecalcium stearatecalcium sulfatecalendercalenderingcalibratecalmoscapcap fabriccap plycarbolic acidcarbon blackcarbon black mold releasing agent carbon black recyclingcarbon dichloridecarbon disulfidecarbon fibrecarbon gel complexcarbon masterbatchcarbon tetrachloridecarbon weighercarbonateCarcess Beltcasingcasing anglecast tyrecatalystcatalyst carriercatalytic plasticizercaustic sodaCBSCCDCCW-Counter Clock Wise cement stockcenter loaderscenter postcentre thickness of flapchafechaferchafing beadchalking compoundchamberchangeoverchannellingcharging feedchassischemical additivechemically modified rubber chevron patternchillchillerchinechipperchipper steelchippingchlorinated butyl rubber chlorinated rubberchlorinationchunkingcircular arc at the corner circumferencecircumferential cracking circumferential patternclam shell mold/two pieces mold clean the moldclearance allowance（aircraft tyre）climate controlclinch stripcoagulationcoal dustcoal tarcoatcoatingcoating/sand papercocked in moldcoefficient of contactcolcotharcold feedcold-feed extrusioncollapsecollapsiblecolloidal claycolophonycolorantColumbia spiritcolumncompensate forcomplementary colorsComplete Bead Insulation and Winding Line complete rubber mixcomplicatecomponentcomposition performancecompoundcompound leahagecompound loadiongcompound rubbercompound slittercompounding formulacompounding ratiocompressed moldcompromisecondensationconductive solid tyreconfigurationconical base solid tyreconicityconserving agentconsolidating assemblycontact areacontainercontinuing ridingcontinuous filamentcontrol aircontrol cabinetcontrol characteristics Control deskcontrol voltage conventional section tyre conveyorcooler runningcooling arrangement cooling cancooling tankcooling waterCooling water tankcool-running stockco-plasticizer copolymercopper-coatedcordcord plycord break-upcords breakcords densitycored rollcornering squeal corrosion preventive cottoncountercouplantcovercover cementCR reclaincrack on treadcrackingcreel roomcreep（of tyre on rim）creepagecrepecrepe rubbercritical speedcroctchet typeof hookd bead or straight side bicycle tyre （CT）crooked cordscross beamcross ply tyrecross-axiscross-beamcross-country tread patterncross-country tyrecrossheadcross-linkercrowncrown cord anglecrown cord flashingcrown widthcrube rubber blale cuttercrumb rubbercryptonecumar resincup coagulumcurativecure acceleratorcure pipecured covercured-on solid tyrecuredstockcuringcuring bagcuring bladdercuring curvecuring ingredientcuring stepscuring timecurrentcurrent main drivecurveture height of tread surface cushion breakercut （ting ）cut resistancecutterCutter knifecuttingCutting ProcessCVF-Cure Variation Factor CW-Clock Wisecycle tyrecylindercylindricalcylindrical base solid tyred.c.=direct currentD.E.=degree of elasticityD/A=digital to analogdatum radiusdeactivatordead burned magnesiadead loaddead man controldead milled rubberdead millingdead spotdead-headingdeadnessdecorative ribdecorative sidewalldefective percentagedeflating capdeflationdeflation alarmdeflectiondeflection at break deflection in bending deflection ratiodeflection ratio of aircraft tyre defoamerdegradationdegree of finishdegree of plasticitydegree of progressdegree of reinforcement degree of unsaturation dehydrantde-ionized water delaminationdelayed-action accelerator delta Mooneydelusterdenierdensimeterdensity ratiodentdeparture from dependability depropagationderived rubberdestaticizerdestruction determination detection of defects detergentdetergent solution deterioration of properties determinant determinationdevulcanized rubber devulcanizing ageent diagnal ply tyrediagonal tyre diaphaneitydiaphragmdiced rubberdie plate;diedienediene rubberdifferential analysis differential thermal analysis diffractiondiffusion powerdiluentdiluting rubber dimension stablity dimensional growth factor dipdipped articledipped fabricdirectional tread pattern discarded tiredischargedischargeDischarge door discharge door close discharge door opendisk crusberdispergatordisperserdispersion disproportionated rosin disruptingdisruptive strengthdissipatedissolventdistribution dithiocarbamatesdog clutchdog eardollydollyDOM=dioctyl maleate dopedouble geared milldrain to air/blow down drain trapdraw speeddraw up bead ringdrillingdrive unitdriven shaftdrop timedrop-doordrug roomdrumdrum bellydrum crown heightdrum spacerdrum widthdual extruderdual loaddual purpose tread pattern dump extruderdump mixingdumpingdunming tempertures duplicate testdurability on cuttingdurability testdurable casingdurometerdust pumpdusting agentdwell timedwoxidantdyedynamic balancedynamic balance testdynamic loaded radiusdynamic simulation testdynamic unbalanceearly failureearth oilearth pigmentearth waxearthmover tyre，off-roadeboniteeccentric weareccentricityedge gummeredge thickness of flapedge trimmerejectorelaborateelastic anisotropyelastic deflectionelastic moduluselastic polymerelastic strainelastomer compounding mixed stock，broken rubber electrical scaleelliptical tyreelongation at failureembedemergency stopenclosedendendurance testend-use testenergy rotationengraveentrap，entrapment entrapped stressEPDM=ethylene-propylene diene copolymerepoxideequal distance wear ethenoid plasticsethereven speedeven wearexcellent holding performance expected service life exposed cord in bead exposed cords/thin liner extensibilityextensionexterior packageexterior paintexternal lubricantexternal plasticizerexternal temperature extractable softener extractable sulful extractantextraction from mold extrudabilityextrudeextruderExtruding Process extrusion compound extrusion shrinkage extrusion swellfabric breakerfabric calenderfabric chaferfabric feederfabric intersticeFabric Treating Process fabricating properties factory formulafactory mixingfan switch cabinetfastfast acceleratorfast acting curing agentfast extruding furnace-high strucyure blackfatacidfatigue inhibitorfatigue resistancefatigue-proof rubberFD=Foot Diameterfeed hopperFeed hopper unitfeed scalefeed trayfeeding door close feeding door open festoon loopfestoon unitfield and short transportation final batchfinal millfinal mixingfinalcompositionfine grain devulcanized rubber finger pressurefingersfireproofing agentfiring resistancefirst qualityfirst/second passfitting linefixed lengthFL.=flexing resistance flange/flangedflapflashingflat overall girth of inner tube flat width of inner tubeflexflex cracking resistanceflex resistanceflexibleFlexible couplerflexing areascrew threadflipperfloatationfloating rollfloating stockflocculantflow chartfluctuatefluid rubberfluorescent brightener fluorescent pigmnents fluorine rubberfluorine-containing polymerfn.p=fusion pointfoam filled tyrefoam/ply rollerfoamed plasticsfoamed rubberfoaming temperaturefoilure computerfoot-operated pedalforeign materialforeign material external foreign material internal foreign matterfork liftformaldehydefortifierfoundationfour-roll calenderframeworkframework materialfree radiusfree radical chain inhibitorfree radical chain stopperfree section height of aircraft tyre French chalkfrictionfriction ratiofriction testfrictioned coatfrictioned cordfrictioningFront hauling unitfront rollFTO=First Tire Outfull compressed deflectionfull compressionfungicidefurnace blackgas generation agent gas proofnessgaugegauzeGC=Gas Chromatograph gear boxgear box oil tank empty Gear couplerGear reducergearboxgel-forming material general use rubber geometricalglue stockgood shock resistance GR-A=governmentrubber-acrylonitrile granulated rubber graphitegravity roller track greasegrease pumpgrease proofness grease punmgrease tank empty Green Casegreen compoundgreen state rubber green tiregreen tire paintGR-I=governmentrubber-isobutylene(IIR) grindergrinding stonegrinding wheelgrip ablitygroovegroove crackingground scrapgrown tyregrown inner tubegum wrapgum arabicgum insertgum rosingum stripgyps(um)H pull test HH/T Machinehalf polymerhand wheelhandlinghandling and storage hard blackhard clayhard processing compound hard surfacinghardenerhardening resin hardnesshardness meterhaul-off ratehaul-off speedhawk eyeheadstockheat abstractionheat aging testheat build-upheat convertible resinheat distortion pointheat stretching zoneheat-age stabilityheating and cooling unitheating jacketheating mediumheating padheatsheat-sensitiveheavy-duty truckheterogeneous catalystHevea latexhex beadhigh crownhigh lifthigh load capacity solid tyrehigh pointhigh speed performancehigh stractionhigh-activity accelertorhigh-extensiblehigh-speed drivinghigh-speed riding ablityhighway tread patternhold pressurehollowhomogenisehookhooked bead of bicycle tyre（HB）hopperhorizontalhorizontal banner machinehorn offhot feedhot roomhot waterHot water tankhot-feed extrusionhousingHP=High Performance tireshumidityhumphydraulichydraulic auriliary pumpHydraulic cylinderHydraulic cylinder for feed hopper door hydraulic oil alarmhydraulic pumphydrostatic testIDP=integrated data processing ignitabilityignition pointimpact elasticityimpact loadimpact resiliometerimpact strenghimpermeabilityimpulsein running conditioninactivationincidenceincompatibilityincompressibleincorporateincubation periodindoor test wheelindustrial tyreinelastic deformationinertnessinflating agentinflation pressure infrared analysis ingoing side ingredientinhibitive substance injection moldinner bead setter inner linerinner lininginner tubeinnerlinerinorganic accelerator in-processing test insensitive compound inside liner insoluble sulfur inspection insulating component insulationinsulation rubber insulatorinterleave interleaving material intermittent intermolecular Internal Mixer internal supporter tyre interpenetration intfc.=interference intumescenceIPPDiron oxideirradiateirregular flapI-shaped wheeliso.=isotropicjack/electrical outlet/socket jacketjel=geljelling agentjet agitatorkaolinkerbing damagekerbing ribkeying agentkick platekieselguhrkinetic energy testkinked beadknife holder carriageknock inhibitinglab platen presslaboratory shoplaminatelamp testlamps testlanding taxilanding testlanding loadlapped facelaser lamplateral clearance（aircraft tyre ）lateral forcelateral force deviation LFD lateral force variation LFV lateral stabilitylateral patternlateral run-outlateral run-outlatexleading handleakleak testleft handedlegginglegislationlengthlength-diameter rotioless deformantion of casing let out/wind off rollLet-offslet-offs and wind-ups levelerLFV-Lateral Force Vlift ratiolight blankslight magnesium carbonate light stabilizerlimelimitinglinear densitylinear patternlinerlinerlininglining materialload indexload ratingload wheelload-carrying capacity loaded section width loaderloadingload-transfer device locknutlogging tyrelong- distance ridinglong toelong-distance long-speed riding loop stressloose cordsloose treadloosenesslotlot inspectionlow section tyrelow densitylow pointlow rangelow-crown building drum Lower clamp ring assembly lower heatinglower noiseLTT=light truck tirelubelubelube/inside lubelubrication systemmacro-flowmagnesium carbonate magnesium oxide magnesium silicatemagnetmain drainmain drive alarmmain drive offmain drive onmain drive readymain drive runingmain drive shut off heatingmaintainmake eight cutsmanualmaster batchmasterbatch stockmasticatemasticated rubbermasticating extrudermasticationmaximummaximum overall width in service maximum speedmaximum elongationmaximum loadmaximum overall diameter in service MBSMBTMBTSmean tensionmeasurement errormeasuring gagemeasuring tankmechanical abusemechanical adhensive mechanical keymechanismmelting point(m.p.)membrane theorymeridional stressmeritmeshmesh sievemetermicamicrodistributionmicromechanism micrometermicro-millmicro-scale mill microscopemillmill apronmill baggingmill cheekmill sheetmill stickingmill stripmill to deathmillsmineral fillermineral whitemini setminimumminimum dual spacing minimum width of faltting flap minxing ordingmireclothmischancemix formula/ recipemix cyclesmixermixer automatic modemixer manual modemixer over temperrature mixingmixing plantmixing rotormixing timeMixing chambermixing cycle timemixing machinemixing of compoundingmixing piantMixing Processmixing，compounding mixturemodelmodificationmodified rubbermodifymodule of elasticitymodulusmodulusmoisture regainmoldmold edge misalignmentmold flashmolten statemomentmooneyMooney indexMooney scorchMooney viscometermotormotorcycle tyremould closuremud and snow pattern multiblade cuttermulti-leaf stillagesmultiple extrusionmulti-station component servicer narrow beadnarrow flapnatural frequencynatural parameternatural rubbernatural strainnew tyrenipnip adjustment device No.1 band turn-down device nognominal diameternon skidnondestructivenon-elasticitynon-fusiblenon-Newtonian liquidnon-polarnon-rigidnon-soluble sulfurnorth end wallnose conenozzlenozzleNSS=Non-Serial Side nuder-curingnumber of pliesnutnylonobserved valueodd testOE-Original Equipmentoff center materialoff register/center moldoff-road vehicleoffset top rolloil pump offoil pump onoil temperrature gear boxoil-resistance solid tyreon loose and wet roadon sand and loose groundon wet and dry roadone-stage operationon-the-spot disposalopen liner ply splice/crackopen spliceopen spliceopen the moldoperating inflation pressure opereation paneloptimizationorg.=organicorificeoriginal sampleosmosisOTR=Off The Roadout of toleranceoutermost layeroutgoing endoutgoing sideoutside bead setter and tyre unloader over shapingoverall width （W）overall diameterovercureoverinflationoverlapoverlap spliceovershapeoversizingoxidantoxideoxide of ironoxirance valueozone resistance ozonometerP.U.=per unitpackagepacked densitypan on entrypassenger car tyrepattern dislocationpattern sipepattern anglepattern blockpattern depthpattern planpattern ribpausepea blisterpeeling strengthpelletiseperipheralperipherally drilled roll permanencepermitted rimperoxidepet.=petroleumpetrolpetroleum oil flux petroleum wax photosensorphysical cross-linking physical mechanical property pick-up conveyor piezoelectric effectpigpilotpinr tarpitchpitch variationpivotplane of rupture plantationplasticplastic tarp plasticatorplasticityplasticityplasticity value plasticizer plasticizing agent plugplumbagoply rating（PR）ply breakply seperationplying up pneumatic tyre pneumatical pneumatically operated pocking poidometerpoke-barpoke-bar unit polychlorovinyl polyesterpolyester fabric polyreaction polytheneporocityporositypost inflationpowdered reclaimpowerpower dustedpower inputpowerful acceleratorpre-assemblyprecipitated calcium carbonate precisionprecurepredeterminedpredispersed chemicalspre-heaterpreliminary refinerpre-loading device premasticatepremasticated rubbermastication，pre-production trialpre-scorchpress/curing machinepressed-on solid tyrepressurepressure gaugepressure rollerpre-treatprocess conditionsprocess oilprocess varablesprocessing scrapproduct readyproductivityprofileprofiled stripprofilingprogram stepprogram timeprojected areapromoting agentprotectantprotective waxprotrusionpsychrometerpuming efficientpuncturepuncture resistancepuncture alarmPVIquailqualityquality control systemquick stopping mechanism radial forceradial force variation（RFA）radial ply tyreradial clearance（arecraft tyre）radial crackingradial ply tyreradial run-outradial run-outram cleaningram downram forceram piston pressureram pressureram upramificationramollescentrandomrandomingRaw Materialraw material storageraw polymerraw tyrerayometerrayonre register mold/align mold reactive diluentrear stitcherrebeendingreboundrecall oilrecall powerrecamberrecipe startedreconditionrecorderredoxreducing agentreduction gearrefinerefinshreformed rubber refractometerreinforcerreinforcing whiting relative densityrelaxationrelease emergency stop release next batch after error relief systemrelieveremaining tread depth remillingremovable tread tyre removalremoveremove bladderrepairrepair compoundrepair stockrepeat skinreserved old series of tyre reset buttonresistanceresonanceresorcinol-formaldehyde resin restrainretarding agentreticularretractabereversereverse characters reversibilityrewindRFV-Radial Force V rheological characteristicsribribbon beadriding abilityright handedrigidity agentrimrim cushionrim flangeroad holdingroad networkrobustrollroll bearingroll camberingroll-bendingroll-bending deviceroll-end gearroller dieroller dierolling resistancerolling resistance testrolling circumferencerolling radiusrotameterrotary viscosimeterrotate speedrotational speedrotorrotor speedroughness on tyre cavityround toerounded bead toerounded patternrubber articlesrubber blockrubber breakerrubber clogrubber colorrubber drying roomrubber mixrubbered textilerubbering techniquerubberiserubberized fabric and liner cartridge rubberizingrubbingrugosityrule of thumb datarunningrunning flatrunning timerun-out testrust inhibitorsafety barsafety comfortsafety factorsafety factor of cord strength safety performancesaftety wiresafty cagesand tyresat.=saturatescale emptyscale in automation scissorscorch ratescorched compound scorchinessscorchingscrapscraper bladescreenscreening shakerscrewscrew revolutionscrew diameterscrew extruderscrew helixSD=Standard Deviation sealseal ringsealing rubbersecond qualitysection height （H）section height growth factorsection width growth factor section widthsegmentsegmentsegmentalsegmented moldselvage expandersemi-finished product sensibilitysensor/belt detector separationsericite in powderserversetsetp mixingsettle outshaftshaped disc roller shapingshaping pressure shearing resistancesheensheet millsheeted compound sheeter/sheet roller sheetingshelf lifeshell bearingshimmyshore hardnessshort runshortageshouldershoulder wedgeshoulder areashoulder diametershoulder pointshoulder width shrinkabilityshrinkage factorside feed rollerSide linkSide plateside skidding resistance sidewallsidewall blistersidewall identification sidewall rubbersilicasiliconsilicone fluidsingle loadsingle blade presssingle crew extrudersingle geared millsingle pass mixsingle-side double zigzag sizing screenskeletalskid resistantskin tensionslab dip tanksslipring labrication pump slipring labrication tank empty slittersliver/splinterslub dip/slurrysmooth treadSNOW applicatorSNOW machineSNOW/nylon/overwrapsodium aluminatesodium bicarbonate sodium carbonatesoft agentsoftensoftenersolid tyresolid tyre base width solidificationsolublesolventsoly-solubility sophisticated sophisticationsorptionsparesparkspecialty rubberspecific gravityspecific gravity bottle specific heat specification spectrometerspeed symbolspeed combinationspin/rotate/windspinningsplicesplice ridgesplice cracking of inner tube splice openingsplicing tablesplited cordssponging agentspongy。