Unit9Whatishappiness课文翻译综合教程二

Unit 9 What Is HappinessWords and Expressions1. pursue vt. try to achieve somethinge.g. He urges all sides in the conflict to pursue peace.We are working together to pursue a common goal.Derivation:pursuit n.Collocation:in the pursuit ofe.g. She showed steadiness and courage in the pursuit of her aims.2. issue vt. to provide sb. with the things they need for a particular actione.g. The police in Britain are not usually issued with guns.Visitors are issued with identity cards to wear inside the factory.Collocation:issue sth. (to sb.) 将某物发给、供给或分配给某人使用e.g. The office will be issuing permits on Tuesday and Thursday mornings. Derivation:issue n.3. deliberately ad. with a definite intention, not by chance or by accidente.g. He deliberately left his book in her dorm so that he could have an excuse to comeback and see her again.The anti-government groups deliberately stirred up trouble, inducing their supporters to riot.Derivation:deliberate a.Synonym:intentionally, on purpose, purposelyAntonym:accidentally4. patriotism n. strong feelings of love, respect, and duty towards your countrye.g. The Chinese people demonstrated great patriotism in combating the earthquake thatstruck Sichuan Province in May 2008.Derivation:patriotic a.patriotically ad.5. release vt.1) to allow something to be shown in public or to be available for use2) If a company releases a film or musical recording, it allows the film to be shown incinemas, or makes the musical recording available for the public to buye.g. We have to release the news before 5 o’clock tomorrow morning.Paul McCartney’s new album will be released at the end of the month.Derivation:release n.e.g.Her latest release is a rock ‘n’ roll version of My Way.Collocation:be on / in general releasepress release（政府机构、政党等发布的）新闻稿6. therapy n. a form of treatment for an illness or medical conditione.g. The therapy involves getting the patients to tell the doctor about their early childhood.Nowadays, occupational therapy is accepted by more and more people. Synonym:treatmentCollocation:undergo therapy7. flawless a. without any mistakes, marks or bad featuree.g. The baby was plump, his skin flawless and his eyes bright blue.The flawless launch was watched by millions of people on television.Derivation:flawlessly ad.flaw n.Synonym:perfectAntonym:imperfect8.exhale vt. / vi.breathe air out through your mouth or nosee.g. Hold your breath for five seconds and then exhale slowly.He exhaled smoke hurriedly to continue his urgent work.Antonym:inhaleDerivation:exhalation n.9. display vt. to give a clear demonstration of (a quality, emotion, or skill)e.g. The new market displayed a great many goods for sale.Derivation:display n.Synonym:present, demonstrate10. perpetual a. continuing all the timee.g. Her husband’s perpetual jealousy made her feel anxious.He soon grew tired of her perpetual demands for money.Derivation:perpetually ad.e.g. She perpetually wore a worried look on her face.Synonym:permanent, eternal11. run out of not having any more of ite.g. I hope we see a gas station soon —we’re running out of fuel.In the end she ran out of patience and started hitting him.We air-freighted the shipment because our agent had run out of stock. 我们空运了这批货物，是因为我们的代理商已用完库存了。

Unit 9Active Reading (1)你适合做这个工作吗？过去，大学生活很轻松。

那将是你一生中最美好的三年，你知道这一点。

你是这样消磨时光的：在咖啡馆和酒吧里与新结交的朋友聊到深夜，在壁球场和板球场上尽情地挥舞球拍，或是作为大学戏剧社的大腕在舞台上昂首阔步。

不管你有什么爱好，大学生活都能为你创造条件。

而且，别忘了，你的学习还总能跟得上，能完成指定的阅读，并在最后一分钟匆忙草就那一周的文章。

你唯一没有时间考虑的是过完这激动人心的三年后要做什么。

不过这个问题并不需要考虑，因为无论选择什么职业，都有一大堆公司排着队来聘用你。

那是过去英国大学生校园生活的情形，现在情况已经改变了。

最近一项对英国各大跨国公司的研究表明，即使拥有一个优良的学位，大学生再也不可能一毕业就得到最好的工作了。

今天的大学数量比30年前翻了一番，40%的年轻人接受高等教育。

由于并不缺少大学毕业生，拥有一个优良的学位对找工作就变得尤其重要了。

竞争很激烈，结果是如今的大学生花了比任何时候都要多的时间来复习功课，为那些可怕的期末考试做准备，做报酬低的兼职以偿还债务。

然而，这恰恰是问题之所在。

英国二百多家公司的经理认为，学生花在学习或挣钱维持生计上的时间太多了。

他们本应该去参加各种俱乐部，学习一些基本的技能，如团队合作和现场演示。

这些经理还说，他们宁可让职位空缺，也不愿意聘请那些缺乏必要技能，无法在国际市场上占领商机的毕业生。

该怎么做才能解决这个问题呢？经理们相信，解决的办法就是在学位课程里增加社交能力的训练。

有的大学已经开始这样做了，例如南安普敦大学历史系学生必须做一个为期十二周、六人一组协同工作的项目——通常与当地的生活有关。

项目内容包括：做一次演示、写一篇集体论文、做一项公众服务——可以是给中、小学生讲课，或做一期有关中、小学教学的广播节目。

毫无疑问，这种合作学习法能帮助许多学生培养有助于改善就业前景的个人技能。

公司在面试应聘者时使用的最有名的人格测试之一是“迈尔斯—布里格斯性格分类法”（简称MBTI），这种分类法把外向/内向性格两分法置于它所分析的人格特征列表之首。

Unit 9 What Is Happiness?The right to pursue happiness is issued to Americans with their birth certificates, but no one seems quite sure which way it runs. It may be we are issued a hunting license but offered no game. Jonathan Swift seemed to think so w hen he attacked the idea of happiness as “the possession of being well-deceived,” the felicity of being “a fool among knaves.” For Swift saw society as Vanity Fair, the land of false goals.自从呱呱坠地，美国人就被赋予了追求幸福的权利，但似乎没人确信幸福究竟在哪里。

正如它发给我们狩猎证，却不给我们提供猎物。

乔纳森•斯威福特似乎持此观点，他抨击幸福的想法是“鬼迷心窍的上当，”是“骗子堆中的傻瓜”的自鸣得意。

因为他视社会为虚妄目标聚集的名利场。

It is, of course, un-American to think in terms of fools and knaves. We do, however, seem to be dedicated to the idea of buying our way to happiness. We shall all have made it to Heaven when we possess enough.当然用傻子、骗子这样的字眼来形容是不合美国的人的风俗习惯的，然后我们似乎确实沉溺于用金钱购买幸福的想法：只要有足够的钱，我们百年后就能上天堂。

UNIT2同感是怎样表露的1霍普才九个月大，一见到另一个婴儿摔倒，泪水就涌了出来。

她爬到妈妈身边寻求安慰，就好像是她自己摔疼了。

15个月大的迈克尔去把自己的玩具熊拿来给正在大哭的朋友保罗；保罗不停地大哭的时候，迈克尔替保罗捡回他的安乐毯。

这些小小的表示同情和关爱的举动都是接受过记录同感行为训练的母亲们观察到的。

这项研究的结果表明，同感的根源可以追溯到人的婴儿期。

实际上，从出生的那天起，婴儿在听到其他婴儿哭闹的时候就会感到不安——有些人认为这种反应是同感的最初先兆。

２成长心理学家发现，甚至在充分意识到自己是独立于其他人而存在之前，婴儿就感受到了同情的苦恼。

甚至在出生后几个月，婴儿就会对周围人的烦躁不安做出反应，就好像他们自己的烦躁不安一样，看到别的孩子哭也跟着哭。

到了一岁左右，他们开始意识到痛苦不是他们的，而是别人的，可是他们对这样的事情似乎还是感到不知所措。

例如，在纽约大学的马丁·L.霍夫曼所做的一项研究中，一个一岁的孩子把自己的妈妈拉过来安慰哭闹的朋友，却忽视了同在一室的朋友的妈妈。

这样的困惑在其他一岁大的孩子身上也能看到，他们模仿别的孩子的痛苦，也许是为了更好地理解他们的感受。

例如，如果别的婴儿伤了手指，一个一岁大的孩子就会把自己的手指放进嘴里，看看自己是否也感觉到痛。

看到自己的妈妈哭，婴儿即使没有眼泪，也会擦拭自己的眼睛。

３这种所谓的运动神经模仿就是“同感”的原始字面含义，而“同感”这个词于20世纪20年代由美国心理学家E.B.铁钦纳首次使用。

铁钦纳的理论是：同感发自对他人痛苦的一种身体模仿；这种模仿继而在自身引起同样的心理感受。

他当时在寻找一个与同情有所区别的词；同情是针对他人的一般困境而发的，无须分担他人的任何感受。

４小孩两岁半左右就渐渐不再有运动神经模仿行为，那时他们会意识到别人的痛苦与自己的不同，会更有能力安慰别人。

下面是摘自一位母亲日记里的典型事例：５邻居家的婴儿哭了，珍妮走上前去，试图给他一些小甜饼。

U n i t9W h a t I s H a p p i n e s sKey to the ExercisesText comprehensionI.AII.1. T;2. F;3. F;4. T;5. F.III.1. He means that one is given the right to pursue happiness, but does not know what it is.2. Because he believes that commercial advertising not only fails to satisfy our desires, but more importantly it creates them, and it creates them faster than any man’ sbudget can satisfy them. Such insatiability makes people unhappy.3. Because he thinks that the products and pursuits advertised on the front pages of women’ s magazines are dreamlike and can ’ t be fulfilled.4. He set two extremes according to Thoreau, the low level and the high level. The former refers topossession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood, while the latter refers to active discipline of heightening one ’ sperception of what is enduring in nature. To find balance is to save time and effort on the low levels and spend on the high.5.The inherent right is not happiness itself, but lies in the pursuit of happiness, in the pursuit ofwhat is life-engaging and life-revealing, . in the idea of becoming.IV.1.Jonathan Swift seemed to share this view when he criticized this idea of happiness as the state ofbeing completely controlled by deception2. The active exercise or training to improve one’ s understanding of what is of lasting value would have been Thoreau’ s idea of the high levels, . spiritual happiness.Part 1 (Para. 1, 2): The author points out that when we are not sure what happiness is, we tend to bemisled by the idea that we can buy our way to it.Part 2 (Para. 3, 4, 5, 6): The author offers a number of examples to show how this misconception ofhappiness gives rise to the “ happiness-market ”in a highly com mercialized society (the United States).Part 3 (Para. 7, 8, 9): The author suggests striking a balance between what Thoreau called the lowlevels and the high levels.Part 4 (Para. 10): The author gives his understanding of happiness, in the light of the Founding Fathers’ belief that it is“ in the idea of becoming”.VocabularyI. Phrase1.un-American: not typical of the attitudes, ways of life, etc., that are approved of or considered normal in theUSmercialism: the activities or attitudes of people who think that making a profit is moreimportant than anything else; emphasis on the maximizing of profit商业主义3. for that matter: it is also true that (The phrase “ for that matter ” is used to emphasize that though mentioned second, is also true, important, or relevant as what has been mentioned earlier.)就此而论，在这方面, 同样4. face: aspect 方面5. in nature: essentially 事实上，本质上II.1. perpetual;2. functions;3. inherent;4. cited;5. approaching;6. flawless;7. vaguely;8. disciplining.III. Word derivationFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1. pursuit2. deception3. dedication4. commercial5. patriotic6. fictional7. disapproval8. starvingIV.1. C;2. B;3. D;4. B;5. D;6. A;7. C;8. D.1.hugely — Synonym: enormously, tremendously;deliberately — Antonym: unintentionally, accidentally2.Synonym: perfect, spotless3.Antonym: inhale4.Antonym: impartial, unbiased5.Antonym: imbalance6.Synonym: have, own7.Synonym: fixed, stationary, quiet1. contain obtain2. concede precede3. compel repel4. suspend depend5. include conclude6. insist consist7. descend ascend8. evolve revolve1.yourself;2.You / We; you / we3.you / one / we4.it5.one another6.They / We7.myself8.yourself9.it10.I; We; They; us; They; it; weII.There; There; There; There; There;It; there; There; It; there.ThereIII.Replace the underlined parts in the following sentences with non-finite clauses or verbless clauses.1. While flattered,2. whether to go upstairs or to follow3. Whenever possible,4.if left untreated.5.if ready.6. Though no swimmer,7. Once over the pass,8. Whether by accident or by design,1.Once;2.Though;3.If;4.when;5.whether;6.Unless;7.Before;8.After.V.1. c;2. b;3. b;4. c;5. a;6. d;7. d;8. d.TranslationI.1. 广告是一项主要产业，它的存在与其说是为了满足人们的欲望；不如说是为了激发他们的欲望——而且是以超出任何人的收入所能承受的速度激发这些欲望。

Unit 9 What Is HappinessKey to the ExercisesText comprehensionI.AII.1. T;2. F;3. F;4. T;5. F.III.1. He means that one is given the right to pursue happiness, but does not know what it is.2. Because he believes that commercial advertising not only fails to satisfy our desires, but more importantly it creates them, and it creates them faster than any man's budget can satisfy them. Such insatiability makes people unhappy.3. Because he thinks that the products and pursuits advertised on the front pages of women's magazines are dreamlike and can't be fulfilled.4. He set two extremes according to Thoreau, the low level and the high level. The former refers to possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood, while the latter refers to active discipline of heightening one's perception of what is enduring in nature. To find balance is to save time and effort on the low levels and spend on the high.5. The inherent right is not happiness itself, but lies in the pursuit of happiness, in the pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, i.e. in the idea of becoming.IV.1. Jonathan Swift seemed to share this view when he criticized this idea of happiness as the state of being completely controlled by deception …2. The active exercise or training to improve one's understanding of what is of lasting value would have been Thoreau's idea of the high levels, i.e. spiritual happiness.Structural analysis of the textPart 1 (Para. 1, 2): The author points out that when we are not sure what happiness is, we tend to be misled by the idea that we can buy our way to it.Part 2 (Para. 3, 4, 5, 6): The author offers a number of examples to show how this misconception of happiness gives rise to the “happiness-market”in a highly commercialized society (the United States).Part 3 (Para. 7, 8, 9): The author suggests striking a balance between what Thoreau called the low levels and the high levels.Part 4 (Para. 10): The author gives his understanding of happiness, in the light of theFounding Fathers' belief that it is “in the idea of becoming”.VocabularyI. Phrase1. un-American: not typical of the attitudes, ways of life, etc., that are approved of or considered normal in the US2. commercialism: the activities or attitudes of people who think that making a profit ismoreimportant than anything else; emphasis on the maximizing of profit 商业主义3. for that matter: it is also true that …(The phrase “for that matter”is used to emphasize that sth., though mentioned second, is also true, important, or relevant as what has been mentioned earlier.) 就此而论，在这方面, 同样4. face: aspect 方面5. in nature: essentially 事实上，本质上II.1. perpetual;2. functions;3. inherent;4. cited;5. approaching;6. flawless;7. vaguely;8. disciplining.III. Word derivationFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1. pursuit2. deception3. dedication4. commercial5. patriotic6. fictional7. disapproval8. starvingIV.1. C;2. B;3. D;4. B;5. D;6. A;7. C;8. D.V. Synonym / Antonym1. hugely —Synonym: enormously, tremendously;deliberately —Antonym: unintentionally, accidentally2. Synonym: perfect, spotless3. Antonym: inhale4. Antonym: impartial, unbiased5. Antonym: imbalance6. Synonym: have, own7. Synonym: fixed, stationary, quietVI. Prefix / SuffixWrite in each space one word that has the same stem as underlined in each given word.1. contain obtain2. concede precede3. compel repel4. suspend depend5. include conclude6. insist consistascend 7. descend8. evolve revolveGrammar ExercisesI. Complete the sentences below with suitable pronouns.1. yourself;2. You / We; you / we3. you / one / we4. it5. one another6. They / We7. myself8. yourself9. it10. I; We; They; us; They; it; weII.There; There; There; There; There;It; there; There; It; there.ThereIII. Replace the underlined parts in the following sentences with non-finite clauses or verbless clauses.1. While flattered, …2. …whether to go upstairs or to follow …3. Whenever possible, …4. …if left untreated.5. …if ready.6. Though no swimmer, …7. Once over the pass, …8. Whether by accident or by design, …IV.1. Once;2. Though;3. If;4. when;5. whether;6. Unless;7. Before;8. After.V.1. c;2. b;3. b;4. c;8. d.7. d; 6. d; 5. a;TranslationI.1. 广告是一项主要产业，它的存在与其说是为了满足人们的欲望；不如说是为了激发他们的欲望——而且是以超出任何人的收入所能承受的速度激发这些欲望。

Unit 9 What is happiness课文翻译综合教程二嗨，伙计们！今天我们来聊聊一个让人们心驰神往的话题——幸福。

幸福是什么？这个问题可难倒了不少人。

有人说幸福就是拥有一份高薪工作，有人说幸福就是拥有一个美满的家庭，还有人说幸福就是拥有健康的身体。

到底什么是真正的幸福呢？让我们来看看第一个小节。

1.1 幸福的定义。

幸福这个词儿听起来就很美好，让人想起了阳光、沙滩和冰淇淋。

幸福到底是什么呢？其实，幸福就是一个感觉，一种让你感到满足、快乐和安心的感觉。

这种感觉可能来自于你的工作、家庭、朋友或者爱好。

幸福是一个非常主观的概念，每个人都有自己的幸福标准。

我们来看看第二个小节。

2.1 幸福与金钱的关系。

有些人认为，只要有钱，就能买到幸福。

可是，事实真的是这样吗？让我们来举个例子吧。

有一个人，他拥有了全世界所有的财富，但是他却感到非常孤独和空虚。

因为他发现，金钱买不到真正的友谊和爱情。

金钱虽然重要，但它并不是幸福的全部。

现在，我们来到了第三个小节。

3.1 幸福的来源。

幸福到底来自哪里呢？其实，幸福来自于我们内心的满足感。

当我们对自己的生活感到满意时，我们就会感到幸福。

而这种满足感往往来自于我们的工作、家庭和朋友。

比如说，当你在工作中取得了成就感，当你和家人朋友共度美好时光时，你就会感到幸福。

我们来看看第四个小节。

3.2 如何追求幸福。

如何才能追求到幸福呢？我们要明确自己的幸福标准。

每个人都有自己的梦想和期望，只有明确了自己想要的东西，才能更好地去追求。

我们要努力实现自己的目标。

没有付出就没有收获，只有通过努力工作，才能让自己的生活更加美好。

我们要学会珍惜眼前的幸福。

有时候，我们总是把目光放在远方，却忽略了身边的美好。

我们要学会感恩，珍惜当下的每一刻。

幸福是一个非常主观的概念，每个人都有自己的幸福标准。

金钱虽然重要，但它并不是幸福的全部。

真正的幸福来自于我们内心的满足感，来自于我们的工作、家庭和朋友。

Unit 9 What Is Happiness?John Ciardi(abridged)The right to pursue happiness is issued to Americans with their birth certificates, but no one seems quite sure which way it runs. It may be we are issued a hunting license but offered no game. Jonathan Swift seemed to think so when he attacked the idea of happiness as “the possession of being well-deceived,” the felicity of being “a fool among knaves.” For Swift saw society as Vanity Fair, the land of false goals.It is, of course, un-American to think in terms of fools and knaves. We do, however, seem to be dedicated to the idea of buying our way to happiness. We shall all have made it to Heaven when we possess enough.And at the same time the forces of American commercialism are hugely dedicated to making us deliberately unhappy. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create them —and to create them faster than any man’s budget can satisfy them. For that matter, our whole economy is base d on a dedicated insatiability. We are taught that to possess is to be happy, and then we are made to want. We are even told it is our duty to want. It was only a few years ago, to cite a single example, that car dealers across the country were flying banners that read "You Auto Buy Now." They were calling upon Americans, as an act approaching patriotism, to buy at once, with money they did not have, automobiles they did not really need, and which they would be required to grow tired of by the time the next year’s models were released.Or look at any of the women’s magazines. There, as Bernard DeVoto once pointed out, advertising begins as poetry in the front pages and ends as pharmacopoeia and therapy in the back pages. The poetry of the front matter is the dream of perfect beauty. This is the baby skin that must be hers. These, the flawless teeth. This, the perfumed breath she must exhale. This, the sixteen-year-old figure she must display at forty, at fifty, at sixty, and forever.Once past the vaguely uplifting fiction and feature articles, the reader finds the other face of the dream in the back matter. This is the harness into which Mother must strap herself in order to display that perfect figure. These, the chin straps she must sleep in. This is the salve that restores all, this is her laxative, these are the tablets that melt away fat, these are the hormones of perpetual youth, these are the stockings that hide varicose veins.Obviously no half-sane person can be completely persuaded either by such poetry or by such pharmacopoeia and orthopedics. Yet someone is obviously trying to buy the dream as offered and spending billions every year in the attempt. Clearly the happiness-market is not running out of customers, but what are they trying to buy?The idea "happiness," to be sure, will not sit still for easy definitions: the best one can do is to try to set some extremes to the idea and then work in toward the middle. To think of happiness as acquisitive and competitive will do to set the materialistic extreme. To think of it as the idea one senses in, say, a holy man of India will do to set the spiritual extreme. That holy man’s ideal of happiness is in needing nothing from outside himself. In wanting nothing, he lacks nothing. He sits immobile, rapt in contemplation, free even of his own body.7 Or nearly free of it. If devout admirers bring him food, he eats it; if not, he starves indifferently. Why be concerned? What is physical is an illusion to him. Contemplation is his joy and he achieves it through a fantastically demanding discipline, the accomplishment of which is itself a joy within him.But, perhaps because I am Western, I doubt such catatonic happiness, as I doubt the dreams of the happiness-market. What is certain is that his way of happiness would be torture to almost any Western man. Yet these extremes will still serve to frame the area within which all of us must find some sort of balance. Thoreau —a creature of both Eastern and Western thought — had his own firm sense of that balance. His aim was to save on the low levels in order to spend on the high.Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreau’s idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening o ne’s perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high.10 What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.Happiness is never more than partial. There are no pure states of mankind. Whatever else happiness may be, it is neither in having nor in being, but in becoming. What the Founding Fathers declared for us as an inherent right, we should do well to remember, was not happiness but the pursuit of happiness. What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness-market, is the cardinal fact that happiness is in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, which is to say, in the idea of becoming. A nation is not measured by what it possesses or wants to possess, but by what it wants to become.什么是幸福追求幸福是美国人与生俱来被赋予的权利，但是似乎没有人确切地知道怎样到达幸福。

Unit 9 What Is HappinessText comprehensionI. AII. 1. T; 2. F; 3. F; 4. T; 5. F.III.1. He means that one is given the right to pursue happiness, but does not know what it is.2. Because he believes that commercial advertising not only fails to satisfy our desires, but more importantly it creates them, and it creates them faster than any man’s budget can satisfy them. Such insatiability makes people unhappy.3. Because he thinks that the products and pursuits advertised on the front pages of women’smag azines are dreamlike and can’t be fulfilled.4. He set two extremes according to Thoreau, the low level and the high level. The former refers to possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood, while the latter refers to act ive discipline of heightening one’s perception of what is enduring in nature. To find balance is to save time and effort on the low levels and spend on the high.5. The inherent right is not happiness itself, but lies in the pursuit of happiness, in the pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, i.e. in the idea of becoming.IV.1. Jonathan Swift seemed to share this view when he criticized this idea of happiness as the state of being completely controlled by deception.2. The active exercise or t raining to improve one’s understanding of what is of lasting value would have been Thoreau’s idea of the high levels, i.e. spiritual happiness.Structural analysis of the textPart 1 <par. 1, 2>:The author points out that when we are not sure what happiness is, we tend to be misled by the idea that we can buy our way to it.Part 2 <par. 3, 4, 5, 6>:The author offers a number of examples to show how this misconception of happiness gives rise to the "happiness-market〞 in a highly commercialized society <the United States>.Part 3 <par. 7, 8, 9>: The author suggests striking a balance between what Thoreau called the low levels and the high levels.Part 4 <par. 10>: The author gives his understanding of happiness, in the light of the Founding Fathers’ be lief that it is "in the idea of becoming〞.Page 172VocabularyI.Phrase1. un-American: not typical of the attitudes, ways of life, etc., that are approved of or considered normal in the US2. commercialism: the activities or attitudes of people who think that making a profit is more important than anything else; emphasis on the maximizing of profit 商业主义3. for that matter: it is also true that … <The phrase "for that matter〞 is used to emphasize that sth., though mentioned second, is also true, important, or relevant as what has been mentioned earlier.> 就此而论,在这方面,同样4. face: aspect5. in nature: essentiallyII.1. perpetual;2. functions;3. inherent;4. cited;5. approaching;6. flawless;7. vaguely;8. disciplining.Page 173III.Word derivationFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1. A deer suddenly ran across the road, with a hunting dog in hotpursuit<pursue>.2. I’m sure many businessmen use some kind of deception<deceive> at times, to achieve their objectives.3. The project has been a success, thanks to thededication<dedicate> of all of our staff.4. His firstcommercial<commercialism> venture was opening a small corner shop.5. The concert ended with the singers and audience singingpatriotic<patriotism> songs.6. It was so convincing that I had to remind myself that they werefictional<fiction> characters, not real people.7. Not many people are able to indicate theirdisapproval<disapprove> without causing offence.8. The homeless andstarving<starvation> refugees of the war were flocking to the cities.1.pursue v.追捕,追求；继续从事pursuer n.追赶者,追求者pursuit n.追求,追赶e.g.我知道她的追求者很多.I know she has many pursuers.我们为追求幸福生活而努力工作.We work hard in pursuit of a happy life.2.deceive v.欺骗deception n.骗局,诡计,欺诈deceptive a.迷惑的,虚伪的,诈欺的deceptiveness n.迷惑e.g.他骗我买了一个假冒产品.He deceived me into paying for the fake product.他靠欺骗拿钱.He gets the money by deception.3.dedicate v.献出；致力于dedicated a.专注的；献身的dedication n.奉献e.g.她毕生致力于教授英语.She dedicated her life to teaching English.我们尊敬他是因为他以无私奉献的精神廉正地为民众服务.We respect him because he serves the public with dedication and integrity. 4mercial a.商业的commercialize v.使商业化commercialism n.商业主义,营利主义e.g.商业电视是有效的广告宣传工具.Commercial television is an effective medium for advertising.教育近几年更加商业化了.Education has become much more commercialized in recent years.5.patriotism n.爱国主义,爱国心patriot n.爱国者patriotic a.爱国的e.g.我们都被他的爱国精神深深感动了.We are all deeply moved by his patriotism.她热爱她的祖国.She is a patriot to her country.6.fiction n.虚构,杜撰；小说fictional a.虚构的；小说的e.g.我喜欢读科幻小说.I enjoy reading science fiction.7.disapprove v.不赞成disapproval n.不赞成disapprovingly ad.不以为然地,不赞成地e.g.我母亲不同意我们俩人的婚事.My mother disapproved of our marriage.他对你的建议很不以为然.He showed disapproval of your proposal.8.starve v.挨饿,受饿,饿死starvation n.饿死,饥饿starving a.饥饿的e.g.那个可怜的老妇人被饿死了.The poor old lady died of starvation.我的钱不够用.I’m starved for money.IV.1.C;2. B;3. D;4. B;5. D;6. A;7. C;8. D.Page 174V. Synonym / AntonymGive a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.1. And at the same time the forces of American commercialism arehugelydedicated to making usdeliberatelyunhappy.Hugely--Synonym: enormously, tremendously;Deliberately--Antonym: unintentionally, accidentally2. These, theflawlessteeth.Synonym: perfect, spotless3. This, the perfumed breath she mustexhale.Antonym:inhale4. Happiness is never more thanpartial.Antonym: impartial, unbiased5. Thoreau—a creature of both Eastern and Western thought—had his own firm sense of thatbalance.Antonym: imbalancePage 175Grammar Exercises1.Personal pronounsPersonal pronouns refer to the person who is doing the action or to whom the action affects. In that way we distinguish two types of personal pronouns: Personal "Subject Pronouns〞 and Personal "Object Pronouns〞.Personal PronounsA personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and case.I. Complete the sentences below with suitable pronouns.1. yourself;2. __You / We__ can’t always get what __you / we__ want.3. you / one / we4. it5. We all ought to be more tolerant towards __one another____ .6. They / We7. myself8. yourself9. Someone’s at the door. Who can ___it___ be at this time?10. I; We; They; us; They; it; we2. Impersonal it vs. thereIn many English sentences, you will find the word "it〞 or the word "there〞 in the subject position. These are usually "impersonal〞 sentences—sentences where there is no natural subject. Impersonal "it〞e.g. There is a book on the table. <singular>There are three men in the car. <plural>II.There; there; there; There; There;It; there; There; It; there; TherePage 176III. Replace the underlined parts in the following sentences with non-finite clauses or verbless clauses.1. While flattered, …2. I was wonderingwhether I should go upstairs or followMr. Maxim to the library.… whether to go upstairs or to follow …3. Whenever possible, …4. It is an illness that can result in total blindnessif it is left untreated.… if left untreated.5. … if ready.6. Though no swimmer, …7.Once you are over the pass,you will see the town below you.Once over the pass, …8. Whether by accident or by design, …IV.1. Once;2. Though;3. If;4. when;5. whether;6. Unless;7. Before;8. After.V.1. c;2. b;3. b;4. c;5. a;6. d;7. d;8. d.Page 178TranslationI.1. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create激起欲望them —and to create them faster than any man’s budget预算资金can satisfy them.广告是一项主要产业,它的存在与其说是为了满足人们的欲望；不如说是为了激发他们的欲望——而且是以超出任何人的收入所能承受的速度激发这些欲望.2. They werecallinguponAmericans, as an act approaching patriotism实践爱国主义,to buyat once, with money they did not have,automobiles汽车they did not really need, and which they would be required togrowtired of变得厌倦by the time the next year’s models were released发布、面世.他们号召美国公众采取爱国行动,立即用他们并没有的钱去购买他们并不需要的汽车,而且要求他们在第二年的新款汽车问世之前就对它们厌倦.3.Thoreau certainly disapprovedof不赞成starvation, but he would put into feeding himself onlyas much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.梭罗无疑不赞同挨饿,但他花在食物上的精力只是为了让自己得以从事更重要的活动.4.What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness-market, isthe cardinal fact 最重要的事实thathappiness is存在于in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engagingand life-revealing揭示人生的,which is to say, in the idea of becoming.倘若他们能预见到"幸福市场〞的话,他们或许会强调这个至为重要的事实,即幸福存在于追求它的过程中,存在于追求值得用生命去追寻、揭示生命真谛的富有意义的过程中,换言之,幸福是一种过程.II1. 1935年10月,中国红军历尽苦难和牺牲,最后终于到达了陕北.〔endure, make/ fight one’s way to〕Translation:In October, 1935, the Chinese Red Army, having endured all hardships and sacrifices,finally made / fought their way to the north of Shaanxi province.2.在经济危机中,政府发表了一个声明,号召人们尽可能购买当地的产品.〔release, call upon〕Translation:In the economic crisis, the government released a statement, calling upon the people to buythe local products as far / many as possible.3.世界各国政治家们正在尽一切努力利用原子能,恢复人类安全的自然环境.〔harness,restore〕Translation:The politicians / statesmen in various countries are trying to harness nuclear energy and restore the safe environment for the human race.4．他没有听见门铃声,因为他正在聚精会神地工作.<rapt>He didn’t hear the doorbell because he was rapt in his work.5.这个国家经常发生暴乱,一方面是因为广泛的赤贫现象,另一方面则因为人民对腐败政府固有的不信任.<inherent>This country suffers from frequent riots because of widespread extreme poverty, as well as people’s inherent distrust of the corrupt government.6.这位经济学家在作关于当前经济形势的报告时,在PPT上用许多具体的数字来强调这场危机的严重性.<underline>In his lecture on the current economic situation, the economist used a lot of figures on the PPT to underline the seriousness of the crisis.7.他笑着回答说,"不用谢.我做这件事不光是为了你,也是为了我自己.〞〔as much as〕Translation:He answered with a smile, "Not at all. I did this as much for you as for myself.〞8.评价一个人,并不看他说了什么,而看他为自己的国家和人民做了些什么.<measure>A man is measured not by what he says, but by what he does for his country and people.Page 179I.DictationWealth achieved through dishonest means / does not bring happiness. / Lottery winnings do not bring happiness. / Wealth left by parents / does not bring happiness. / In fact, / money alone is almost worthless. / If you have both self-esteem and money, / you may be well on the way to happiness. / However, what is still missing in both self-esteem and money / is productive work and a real contribution / towards the happiness of others. / The secret to happiness / lies in the contribution towards the happiness of others. / You can fool others / but you can never fool yourself. / If you obtain wealth through luck / or dishonest means, / you will know / you did not earn it. / If you have taken advantage of / or hurt others to earn your wealth, / you will not be happy. / You will not like yourself. / You will not feel you are capable.II.Long-term happiness <1> is based on honest, productive work, contribution, and self-esteem. Happiness is not <2> an end; it is a process. It is a continuous process of honest,productive work which <3> makes a real contribution to others and makes you feel like aworthwhile person. <4> As Dr. Wayne wrote, "There is no way to happiness. Happiness<5> is the way.〞 There is no use saying "Some day when I <6> achieve these goals, whenI get this car, build this house and have this business ... then I will be really happy.〞 Life just does notwork <7> that way. If you wait for certain things <8> to happen and depend on externalcircumstances of life to make <9> you happy, you will always feel unfulfilled. There willalways be <10>Giving a talkBeing an abstract notion, "happiness〞 defies easy definition. Most ordinary people, though failing to define happiness in clear terms, will not deny that they have experienced the feeling of happiness in their lives. Every one of us can recall some happy moments or events in our lives. Can you describe to your classmates at least one of such moments or events and proceed to present what happiness means to you? Hopefully, you will arrive at a definition of happiness of your own.For reference:1.You may use the following words or expressions in your talk:love, pleasant, dream, goal, wealth, enjoy, family reunion, excitement,possession, blessing, beauty, sweet, satisfaction, relaxation, success, meaningful pursuit, precious, touching, obtain, good mood, satisfy desire2.You may want to give the definition of happiness as follows:— Happiness means one can enjoy every day with good health.— Happiness means you have someone to love and you are loved by someone.— Happiness lies in the joy of achievement.Having a discussionIn this essay two kinds of happiness are discussed, i.e. materialistic and spiritual, such as the kind represented typically by the advertisements and by the holy man of India respectively. Now divide yourselves into two groups, each in favor of one of these two concepts of happiness, and argue for the stand you take.Viewpoints for reference:— In my opinion, some people focus more on the pursuit of material needs than that of spiritual needs. They think materialistic things are visible and tangibleand can be seized, which will give them a sense of security. They also tend to regard the possession of wealth or material comforts as happiness. The morewealth they possess, the happier they feel. They have many or even endlessdesires to satisfy and are fond of comparing their own fortune with others’. By comparison, people with greater wealth obtain a sense of so-called happiness.— In my opinion, some people focus more on the pursuit of spiritual needs than that of material needs. They believe spiritual needs such as meaning, goal, love, trust, hope and forgiveness can never be bought by any kind of wealth. Topursue such needs is to search for one’s inner life and to ask "Who am I?〞and "What can I be?〞 When one can answer these questions, one can feel an elusive inner peace and great satisfaction, in other words, great happiness. The more they search for the inner self, the more happiness they will attain.Writing PracticeParagraph development — ArgumentationDiscussion: Informing the reader of possible objections to our opinion about a debatable issue and then arguing against them is a strategy we often employ to develop a paragraph. To write such a paragraph, we eitherstate our position in the topic sentence and then immediately present a major argument against us, or directlyintroduce the rival argumentin the very first sentence. Then we may needto identify the cause of the argumentbefore we start our attack. Attack fiercely, but also carefully and kindly.Fiercely, because our position must be clear and our criticism must be powerful.Carefully, because we need to pay serious attention to the opposing argument, study it hard and reason logically before we can find the real problems with it. In this way, we argue effectively. We also must arguekindlyby acknowledging the sensible, reasonable, or even admirable part of the opposing position. In addition,do not use the first person too often in an argumentative piece. We can use the first person occasionally and employ expressions such as I personally <strongly> believe, in my opinion, I see the issue in this light,etc. However, if we want to make our argument sound really formal and powerful, avoid using the first person, for it would weaken the force of the argument.Exercises: Write two paragraphs based on the following topic sentences. First anticipate an objection to your viewpoint and then argue against the objection.1. As an 18-year-old, I strongly believe in expressing my own individuality rather than trying to be "just like everybody else〞 <OR: believe in conforming to the customs and practices of our society rather than expressing my individuality>.Ideas for reference:Everybody is born unique.If we just grow to think like others and act like others, we will all become unsuspecting conformists.A person who wants to be "different〞 will learn more effectively and efficiently and finally makes a big difference.Sample:As an 18-year-old, I strongly believe in expressing my own individuality rather than trying to be "just like everybody else.〞 Everybody is born unique, so am I. The idea encouraged by our parents that follow the "rules〞 of society and truly conform to the customs and practices of society will help us learn and grow up soundly isn’t completely true. Just as a wise man once put it, "the surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher esteem those who think alike than those who think differently.〞 If we just grow to think like others and hence always act like others, we will all become unsuspecting conformists. No culture would really be healthy and robust if it were made up of conformists and conformists only. What’s more, by thinking and acting differently from the majority, we will learn even more quickly and become mature even sooner. A youth who tries to be "just like everybody else〞 is like a student who just copies the teacher by rote. And only those who always challenge and question their teachers and textbooks have the potential to excel. A person who wants to be "different〞 will learn more effectively and efficiently and finally makes a big difference. Therefore, my fellow pals, be our own man or woman please. We will be proud of ourselves by our own personality one day.2. It is quite a popular belief that the current method of selecting students for higher education should be eliminated, but I believe in the contrary.Ideas for reference:The real cause of the fierce competition isn’t the method of selecting students for higher education. There is limited availability of places in the institutions of higher learning.Chinese culture overemphasizes the importance of formal schooling for personal development. Sample:It is quite a popular belief that the current method of selecting students for higher education should be eliminated, but I believe in the contrary. The major argument for the elimination theory is that the college entrance examinations make the competition for college entrance too fierce to be good for the mental as well as physical growth of teenagers, but such an objection actually falls wide of the mark. The real cause of the fierce competition isn’t the method of selecting students for higher education but the limited availability of places in the institutions of higher learning and the culture which overemphasizes the importance of formal schooling for personal development. Firstly, compared with developed countries, China’s higher education is still underdeveloped. Too many students want to go to college, but there are not enough universities available, thus causing fierce competition among students. Secondly, Chinese culture values too much on the importance of formal schooling for personal development. A student who fails to get admitted to a "good〞university is often regarded as a failure. From this perspective, we can say that the real problem is not with the current student enrolment method which relies heavily on the matriculation examinations and it isn’t workable to eliminate the exams. Even if we eliminated them, the.11 / 11 competition between students would not become any less fierce. Besides, other new problems would arise.Page 181ListeningB. Listen again and complete the following statements. The verbs you areScriptHow to Grow Happiness?Step OnePlant yourself deep in a bed of faith, and pack it down solid and tight. Drench daily with positive thinking, and keep saturated just right. Mulch often with forgiveness, for this will help you grow. Quickly remove any seeds of worry, for they will soon germinate, and keep out the weeds of despair. Nourish disappointments with hope whenever it is needed, and always stay cool and shaded when you feel irritated or heated. Trim away guilt or depression, for they create decay, andcultivate with happy memories as often as every day.Step TwoHarvest the lessons of the past; just dig, pick, and hoe. And nurture the roots of the present, for now is when you flourish and grow. Start planting for the future; set your goals in a row. Spade the bed well for all your dreams to grow.Step ThreeRemember that grief is a natural predator, so learn to tolerate some damage. Protect your garden with gratitude, for this will help you manage. Bury the criticism and complaining, for they are injurious pests. Sow the seeds of love wherever you may go — for joy, love and laughter are surely bound to grow. Although the thorns of life may be here to stay, just sprout a smile along the way ... and be thankful for what you have today!In life, there are enough times when we are disappointed, depressed and annoyed. We don’t really have to go looking for them. We have a wonderful world that is full of beauty, light and promise. Why waste time in this world looking for the bad, disappointing or annoying when we can look around us and see the wondrous things before us?。

How Empathy UnfoldsThe moment Hope, just ninemonths old, saw another baby fall, tears welled up inher own eyes and she crawled off to be comforted by her mother, as though it were she who had beenhurt. And 15-month-old Michael went to get his own teddy bearfor his crying friend Paul; whenPaul kept crying, Michael retrieved Paul's security blanket for him.霍普才九个月大,一见到另一个婴儿摔倒,泪水就涌了出来。

她爬到妈妈身边寻求安慰,就好像是她自己摔疼了。

15个月大的迈克尔去把自己的玩具熊拿来给正在大哭的朋友保罗;保罗不停地大哭的时候,迈克尔替保罗捡回他的安乐毯。

Both these small acts of sympathy and caring were observed by mothers trained to record such incidents of empathy in action. The results ofthe study suggest that the roots of empathy can be traced to infancy.Virtually from the day they are born infants are upset when they hear another infant crying – a response some see as the earliest precursor of empathy.这些小小的表示同情和关爱的举动都是接受过记录同感行为训练的母亲们观察到的。

What is happiness追求幸福是美国人与生俱来被赋予的权利，但是似乎没有人确切地知道怎样到达幸福。

这就像是我们有猎物执照却无猎可捕一样。

当乔纳森·斯威夫特抨击这种“着迷于被欺骗的状态”，这种成为“白痴中的傻瓜”的快乐感觉时，他也是这样想的。

斯威夫特把整个社会看做一个名利场，一片充满虚幻目标的土地。

当然，站在傻瓜和白痴的角度看问题是非美国式思维，然而，我们似乎已经现身于用金钱购买幸福的想法中了，（我们以为）当我们拥有的足够多时，我们便一定可以去往天堂。

与此同时，美国实利主义正在很大程度上致使我们不幸福。

广告业是我们的主要商业之一，然而它的存在绝不是满足欲望，而是在刺激欲望的产生--而且它让欲望产生的速度远超出我们挣钱满足欲望的速度，正因如此，我们的整个经济都建立在奋不顾身的贪婪之上。

我们被告知幸福就是拥有，然后再让我们产生欲望。

我们甚至被告知需求就是我们的责任。

举个例子，仅几年前，全国上下的汽车销售行就全都挂满飘扬的横幅，上面写着“你该买辆车了。

”它们在号召美国人这种爱国行为，让他们用还未到手的钱来购买本不需要的车，并在第二年新款车发布时厌恶它。

或者说，再来看看女性杂志吧。

这里，像伯纳德·德沃托曾经提出的，开始的前几页是首诗，结束的几页变成了处方书和治疗方法。

开始时的诗歌是绝世佳人的美梦。

她拥有婴儿般的皮肤，洁白如玉的牙齿，芳香的气息。

不管她40,50,60岁都有着16岁的身材。

一旦看过这些模糊的却令人振奋的虚构及特写，读者马上就看到结尾她美梦的另一面。

为了保持完美身材，这些母亲不得不用带子把自己束缚住，这是她们不得不在睡觉前佩戴的枕颌带，那是她们的万能药膏，这是她们的泻药，这是她们溶解脂肪的药片，那是她们永葆青春的激素，这是她们掩盖静脉曲张时要穿的长袜。

很明显，没人会很痴狂地完全相信书上的诗情画意或被给出的处方啊整形外科啊完全说服，但每年还是有人有意花上亿去尝试买梦。

Unit 9 What Is HappinessKey to the ExercisesText comprehensionI.AII.1. T;2. F;3. F;4. T;5. F.III.1. He means that one is given the right to pursue happiness, but does not know what it is.2. Because he believes that commercial advertising not only fails to satisfy our desires, but more importantly it creates them, and it creates them faster than any man’s budget can satisfy them. Such insatiability makes people unhappy.3. Because he thinks that the products and pursuits advertised on the front pages of women’s magazines are dreamlike and can’t be fulfilled.4. He set two extremes according to Thoreau, the low level and the high level. The former refers to possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood, whil e the latter refers to active discipline of heightening one’s perception of what is enduring in nature. To find balance is to save time and effort on the low levels and spend on the high.5. The inherent right is not happiness itself, but lies in the pursuit of happiness, in the pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, i.e. in the idea of becoming.IV.1. Jonathan Swift seemed to share this view when he criticized this idea of happiness as the state of being completely controlled by deception …2. The active exercise or training to improve one’s understanding of what is of lasting value would have been Thoreau’s idea of the high levels, i.e. spiritual happiness. Structural analysis of the textPart 1 (Para. 1, 2): The author points out that when we are not sure what happiness is, we tend to be misled by the idea that we can buy our way to it.Part 2 (Para. 3, 4, 5, 6): The author offers a number of examples to show how this misconception of happiness gives rise to the “happiness-market” in a highl y commercialized society (the United States).Part 3 (Para. 7, 8, 9): The author suggests striking a balance between what Thoreau called the low levels and the high levels.Part 4 (Para. 10): The author gives his understanding of happiness, in the light of the Founding Fathers’ belief that it is “in the idea of becoming”.VocabularyI. Phrase1. un-American: not typical of the attitudes, ways of life, etc., that are approved of or considered normal in the US2. commercialism: the activities or attitudes of people who think that making a profit is moreimportant than anything else; emphasis on the maximizing of profit 商业主义3. for that matter: it is also true that … (The phrase “for that matter” is used to emphasize that sth., though mentioned second, is also true, important, or relevant as what has been mentioned earlier.) 就此而论，在这方面, 同样4. face: aspect 方面5. in nature: essentially 事实上，本质上II.1. perpetual;2. functions;3. inherent;4. cited;5. approaching;6. flawless;7. vaguely;8. disciplining.III. Word derivationFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1. pursuit2. deception3. dedication4. commercial5. patriotic6. fictional7. disapproval8. starvingIV.1. C;2. B;3. D;4. B;5. D;6. A;7. C;8. D.V. Synonym / Antonym1. hugely — Synonym: enormously, tremendously;deliberately — Antonym: unintentionally, accidentally2. Synonym: perfect, spotless3. Antonym: inhale4. Antonym: impartial, unbiased5. Antonym: imbalance6. Synonym: have, own7. Synonym: fixed, stationary, quietVI. Prefix / SuffixWrite in each space one word that has the same stem as underlined in each given word.1. contain obtain2. concede precede3. compel repel4. suspend depend5. include conclude6. insist consist7. descend ascend8. evolve revolveGrammar ExercisesI. Complete the sentences below with suitable pronouns.1. yourself;2. You / We; you / we3. you / one / we4. it5. one another6. They / We7. myself8. yourself9. it10. I; We; They; us; They; it; weII.There; There; There; There; There;It; there; There; It; there.ThereIII. Replace the underlined parts in the following sentences with non-finite clauses or verbless clauses.1. While flattered, …2. … whether to go upstairs or to follow …3. Whenever possible, …4. … if left untreated.5. … if ready.6. Though no swimmer, …7. Once over the pass, …8. Whether by accident or by design, …IV.1. Once;2. Though;3. If;4. when;5. whether;6. Unless;7. Before;8. After.V.1. c;2. b;3. b;4. c;5. a;6. d;7. d;8. d.TranslationI.1. 广告是一项主要产业，它的存在与其说是为了满足人们的欲望；不如说是为了激发他们的欲望——而且是以超出任何人的收入所能承受的速度激发这些欲望。