语言学胡壮麟第三版第二章笔记
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Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
The definition of phonetics & phonology
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems languages.
Distinction: The first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.
Ⅰ How speech sounds are made?
A. Speech organs
1. 3 cavities pharynx
oral cavity
nasal cavity
2. vocal folds apart: voiceless Close: voiced
Close tightly: glottal stop
3. uvula
B. The IPA
The The first first first version version version of of of the the the International International International Phonetic Phonetic Phonetic AlphabetAlphabet（the the IPA IPA chartchart）was was published published published in in August,1888.
Ⅱ Consonants and vowels
1. Definition
Consonants Consonants are are are produced produced produced ““by by a a a closure closure closure in in in the the the vocal vocal vocal tract, tract, tract, or or or by by by a a a narrowing narrowing narrowing which which which is is is so so
marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction”.
A vowel is produced without such “stricturestricture”” so that “air escapes in a relatively unimpeded
way through the mouth or nose”.
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
2. Three factors to describe the features of consonants
1) Voicing: voiced & voiceless
2) Manner of articulation: It refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished: (a)
the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; (b)
they may narrow the space considerably; (c) they may simply modify the shape of the
tract by approaching each other.
Classification according to manners of articulation
stop/ plosive
fricative
lateral
tap/ flap nasal
approximant
trill
affricate
3) place place of of of articulation: articulation: articulation: It It It refers refers refers to to to the the the point point point where where where a a a consonant consonant consonant is is is made. made. made. Practically Practically
consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the vocal fold.
Classification according to place of articulation bilabial
dental
post alveolar
palatal
uvular
glottal labiodental
alveolar
retroflex
velar
pharyngea
3. Vowels 1) cardinal vowel: The cardinal vowels, as exhibited by the vowel diagram in the IPA chart,
are are a a a set set set of of of vowel vowel vowel qualities qualities qualities arbitrarily arbitrarily arbitrarily defined, defined, defined, fixed fixed fixed and and and unchanging, unchanging, unchanging, intended intended intended to to
provide provide a a a frame frame frame of of of reference reference reference for for for the the the description description description of of of the the the actual actual actual vowels vowels vowels of of of existing existing
languages.
2) Classification of vowels
the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low)
the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back) the length or tenseness of the vowel (tense Vs. lax or long Vs. short)
lip-rounding (rounded Vs. unrounded)
Ⅲ From phonetics to phonology
1. Coarticulation: Coarticulation: When When When simultaneous simultaneous simultaneous or or or overlapping overlapping overlapping articulations articulations articulations are are are involved, involved, involved, we we we call call call the the
process coarticulation.
Two types of coarticulation
1) Anticipatory coarticulation
If If the the the sound sound sound becomes becomes becomes more more more like like like the the the following following following sound, sound, sound, it it it is is is known known known as as as anticipatory anticipatory
coarticulation.
2) Perseverative coarticulation
If the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative coarticulation.
2. Phone: The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are phones. Phoneme: It’s a unit of explicit sound contrast. If two sounds in a language make a contrast
between two different words, they are said to be different phnemes.
Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one segment
that occurs in the same place in the string, the two words are called minimal pair.
Allophone: Variants of the same phonemes. If two or more phonetically different sounds do
not make a contrast in meaning, they are said to be allophones of the same phoneme.
Ⅳ Phonological Process, Phonological Rules and
Distinctive Features
1. Assimilation: It is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristic of a
