阅读Text A

学术英语阅读Text1a概要Reading for academic purposesThis article introduces the content and purpose of the English for Academic Use, which aims to help students develop effective reading skills through materials on academic topics and different reading techniques. Reading is a very important language skill for students to develop in order to study effectively and wider vocabulary will facilitate reading.In a reading course, students are required to read different texts on different topics and study habitual skills on that topic. Students also need to learn how to analyze what they read and to think and comment critically.The article also mentions that in academic reading courses, students need to habitually read texts related to their own field and build up the habit of reading. At the same time, they need to know how to think critically to better understand the text and make sound judgments. In addition, the article points out that some texts can be strongly biased and present only one aspect, while some authors try to persuade readers to accept their point of view. Therefore, students need to develop the habit of critical reading and thinking.EAPS include writing and speaking. Students need to understand the features and elements of academic writing and speaking, including grammar, formatting, citations and references, so that they can effectively express their research findings and ideas. To help students improve their speaking skills, EAPS often offer speaking classes and conversational practice opportunities so that students can practice academic communication and discussion in English.The teacher's role in the EAP is not only to impart knowledge and skills, but also to mentor and tutor students to help them succeed. Ultimately, the more one reads, the better reader one should become as long as gov6reading habits are developed.In conclusion, the EAP is an effective way for students to help them succeed in the academic field. Through a variety of skills such as reading, writing, speaking, and critical thinking, students are better prepared to take on academic challenges in their field.。

2018考研英语二阅读理解text1全文来自《2015年6月英语六级阅读理解真题》。

阅读理解：文本1To many, the word "Latin" is the exciting sound of a pulsating fiesta; but to some, those two syllables (音节) are far tamer, calling to mind a long-dead language spoken by toga-clad (穿长袍的) scholars. Latin is enjoying a resurgence (再度流行) of sorts, and not only in the words and phrases found in law, medicine, and the other disciplines that have over the centuries borrowed from the language of ancient Rome. "We are experiencing a real explosion of interest in Latin," says Richard A. LaFleur, classicist and author of Latin textbooks. "If you look at the number of students taking Latin, the number of teachers teaching it, or the amount of Latin materials on the market, it is simply amazing." There are more than two thousand high schools in the United States that offer courses in Latin, according to Wilton Barnhardt, who teaches Latin at the university of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The demand is so great that he has had job offers from Ivy League universities.Latin was originally spoken in the region around Rome, known as Latium, and its alphabet co mes from the Etruscan alphabet. When the Roman Empire was at its peak, the language was spoken throughout the Mediterranean, including in North Africa, all of Europe north of the Alps (阿尔卑斯山) and in parts of Asia. And today, according to the "Ethnologue: Languages of the World," Latin is the official language of Vatican City, but it is a dead language.This resurgence, say Latin’s many new friends, is an ind ication that even today, when technology changes, molds, and remolds the world at light speed, people rem本人n strongly interested in discovering the roots of this ancient language so that Latin can be used as an avenue to study the culture and politics of the time. Others believe that the language can expand English proficiency skills, given that many English wordse from Latin. Without knowledge and understanding of Latin, some former supporters of the language argue, students may have a difficult time understanding English literature or writing clear, elegant, and to-the-point prose. They say that learning Latin requires discipline, which can be transferred to other subjects. It is evident, given the growing interest in Latin, that despite the talk of techno logy’s "glory days," the ancient language’spopularity is not just a current fad. For LaFleur, part of the language’s charm lies in the fact that it is finite — there are a finite number of words to learn, for one thing—and that it is difficult and requires from its students self-discipline, persistence and critical thinking. "Latin is not for wimps (胆小鬼)," he says. "It is really for bright, ambitious, self-motivated students, who are spurred on by its challenge."1. 文章主题总述：本文主要介绍了拉丁语复兴的现象，并分析了拉丁语恢复流行的原因和意义。

What Can Americans Learn from Confucianism?Jay McDaniel1 America’s best hope is to adopt a more Confucian lifestyle: more focused on education, more respectful of old people, better able to subordinate private needs to public good, more responsible to the needs of family, more polite in our daily lives, and more hardworking. Of course, many Americans wouldn’t call this adopting a Confucian lifestyle. They would call it becoming a good and responsible person. These are among the virtues that Americans come to admire, when they begin to learn about Confucian-influenced cultures. Confucianism is a window into these and other virtues.2 If Americans take time to study Confucianism, they may quickly realize that it is quite different from their own cultural beliefs. Its focus is on the world itself, as a place where ultimate meaning is found. If we equate ultimate meaning with what is truly sacred in life, then Confucianism finds the sacred in the secular, in the relationships of ordinary life.3 The sacred is found in preparing and sharing meals with family and friends over a dinner table; in harmonious and respectful relations in the workplace; in being a gracious and hospitable host to g uests who visit your home; in appreciating the gift of learning and taking “education” as one of life’s greatest gifts; in having a sense of inner self-discipline and restraint; in being polite and respectful to old people with rich life wisdom; in being willing to give yourself to the needs of your family even at the expense of personal sacrifice; in having the freedom to live simply and non-ostentatiously, in a humane and caring way, without needing to be famous.4 These are among the primary values of a living Confucianism: a Confucianism for ordinary life. But the values at issue are best realized, not by reading about them in books, but rather by seeing them in action, as exemplified in the humane grace of another person: a grandfather, a grandmother, an aunt, an uncle, a teacher, a cousin, a friend. In the Confucian tradition, we learn to become virtuous by seeing others who are virtuous and by being inspired by their example.5 Underlying these values is an even more fundamental value that permeates every one of them:a sense that harmony is the highest ideal in life. The harmony that is so important in East Asia has diverse expressions. It is a harmony that can be heard in music, seen in the variety of foods on a dinner table, felt in mutually respectful relations with other people and in the more general order of the natural world. This harmony is not sameness. It is not a collapse of everything into one thing. It is not the harmony of a statue that seems fixed in one place. It is a moving harmony, a changing harmony, a dynamic harmony.6 In other words, Confucianism is, above all things, a leaning toward harmony as life’s highest ideal. The harmony at issue is dynamic not static, flexible not fixed, diversified not homogenized. It is a harmony that includes healthy disagreements and has a democratic spirit, respectful of the voices of individuals as well as groups.7 Among Western philosophers, Alfred North Whitehead offers a similar vision. He sees harmonious intensity and intense harmony as the happiness —the satisfaction —which all living beings seek at every moment of their lives. Love, for Whitehead, is the ultimate form of harmony. In Confucianism this is called human-heartedness or Ren (仁). The loving person is a person whose heart is attuned to harmony and who embodies harmony in his or her own life.8 Finally here is a question: Is Confucianism enough? Can a person find its alternative way for a healthy and satisfying life? My own hope is that self-identified Christians and Buddhists, Jews and Muslims, will gradually learn more and more about the wisdom of Confucianism. Living Confucianism can enrich the practice of other cultures. There are also the large numbers of people in many parts of the world who do indeed want to be good people, who find themselves leaning toward harmony, and who find the various meanings of ordinary life —family, friendships, service —sufficient for a satisfying life. Some people speak of them as spiritual. This can simply be called being a good person.9 The living Confucianism of China and other East Asian nations can help people all over the world grow in the arts of becoming good people. It can help people of all cultures. As Americans enter into the new age we can welcome, and indeed celebrate, the living Confucianism we find in East Asianfriends. Every time we find ourselves living with respect for others; every time we help Heaven by sharing goodness with the world; every time we choose to live simply and humbly, without needing to be the center of attention, we are Confucian in our way. And there is something beautiful in it.从儒学中，美国人能学到什么？杰伊·麦克丹尼尔1 美国人最大的愿望就是过上一种更儒家式的生活：更重视教育，更尊敬老人，个人需求能更好地服从集体利益，对家人更尽责，在日常生活中更有礼貌，在工作中更努力。

19英语二阅读text1In the realm of language learning, the acquisition of English as a second language (L2) presents a unique set of challenges and opportunities. The process is not merely the memorization of words and grammar rules but the cultivation of a new way of thinking and expressing oneself. The journey of mastering English L2 is akin to embarking on an adventure, where each step forward is a discovery of new linguistic landscapes and cultural horizons.The initial phase of this journey often begins in the classroom, where foundational skills are laid. Here, learners encounter the building blocks of the language: phonetics, vocabulary, and syntax. The classroom serves as a controlled environment where mistakes are opportunities for learning, and the pace can be tailored to the collective needs of the students. However, the true test of language acquisition occurs outside this safe haven, in the unpredictable and dynamic real world.Engaging with native speakers and consuming English media are pivotal in transitioning from theoretical knowledge to practical proficiency. This immersion allows learners to experience the language in its natural context, where it is alive and constantly evolving. It is in these authentic interactions that learners can fine-tune their pronunciation, enrich their vocabulary, and grasp the nuances that textbooks cannot fully capture.Moreover, the role of technology in English L2 learning cannot be overstated. Digital tools and online platforms have revolutionized access to resources, connecting learners with a global community of speakers and educators. From language learning apps to online forums, the digital landscape offers an array of avenues for practice and exploration.Cultural understanding is another critical component of English L2 mastery. Language is a reflection of the people who speak it, and to truly comprehend English, one must also appreciate the diverse cultures it represents. This cultural literacy not only enhances communication skills but also fosters empathy and global awareness.The path to fluency is marked by milestones that signify growth. These include the first complete conversation with a native speaker, the comprehension of a film without subtitles, or the composition of a coherent essay. Each achievement, no matter how small, is a testament to the learner's perseverance and adaptability.Challenges, undoubtedly, are part of the learning curve. From confusing idioms to irregular verbs, English is rife with complexities that can test the resolve of learners. Yet, it is through overcoming these obstacles that learners build confidence and resilience. Mistakes are not failures but stepping stones to mastery.In conclusion, the acquisition of English as a second language is a multifaceted process that extends beyond the classroom. It is an integration of linguistic skills, cultural insights, and technological advancements. The journey is demanding, but the rewards are substantial, opening doors to international communication and personal growth. As learners navigate this path, they not only gain a language but also a broader perspective of the world and their place within it. The mastery of English L2, therefore, is not just an educational goal but a bridge to a more interconnected and understanding global community. 。

全新版大学英语阅读教程 3 答案篇一：全新版大学英语综合教程3（课后答案）完全版】>unit onechanges in the way we live text acontent questions ( p10 )write and live on a farm.because they grow nearly all of their fruits and vegetables. they have enough eggs, honey and wood. they are very close to nature and can enjoy the beautiful scenery. besides, they can go skiing and skating in winter.no. sometimes the good life can get pretty tough. they were buried under five feet of snow from december through march.when the first spring came, it brought two floods. the second flood refers to the good harvest in the growing season. he decided to quit his job and start to freelance.he has to crawl into black bear dens for “ sports illustrated hitch up dogsled racing teams for “ smithsonian ” magazine, check out the lake champlain “ monster ” for “ sciencedigest and canoe through the boundary waters wilderness area of minnesota f or “ destinations ”.as for insurance, they have only bought a poor man ' s ma-jor medical policy and the policy on their two cars.they cut back their expenses without appreciably lowering their standard of living. for example, they patronize local restaurants instead of more expensive places in the city. they still attend the opera and ballet but only a few times a year. they eat less meat, drink cheaper wine and see fewer movies.a tolerance for solitude and lots of energy.they will leave with a feeling of sorrow but also with a sense of pride at what they have been able to accomplish.they chose to live in the country because they want to improve the quality of their lives. yes, they have finally realized their dreams.text organization ( p11 )part one (paragraphs 1 —3) the writer views his life in the country as a self-reliant and satisfying one.part two(paragraphs 4 —7 ) life in the country is good yetsometimes very hard.part three (paragraphs 8 —11) after quitting his job, the writer 'nsc iome was reduced, but he and his family were able to manage to get by.part four (paragraphs 12 —15 ) a tolerance for solitude and a lot of energy have made it possible for the family to enjoy their life in the country.happy moments and events1)growing nearly all their fruits and vegetables2)canoeing, picnicking, long bicycle rides, etc.3)keeping warm inside the house in winter4)writing freelance articles5)earning enough money while maintaining a happy family life hardships1)working hard both in winter and in summer2)harsh environment and weather condition3)anxious moments after the writer quit his job4)cutting back on daily expenses5)solitudevocabulary1.fill in the gaps with words or phrases given in the box.( p15 )1)on balance 2) resist 3) haul 4) wicked5) illustrated6) budget 7) lowering 8) boundary9) involved 10)economic11) blasting 12) just about2.now use the verb in brackets to form an appropriatephrasal verb you have learned and complete the sentence with it. ( p16 )1)cut back / down 2 ) pick up3)get by 4) get through5)face up to 6 ) turn in7)making up for 8 ) think up3.rewrite each sentence with the word or phrase in brackets, keeping the same meaning. ( p17 )1)pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy.2)often generate misleading thoughts.3)attach great importance to combining theory with practice in our work.4)be suspected of doing everything for money.5)before he gets through life.plete the sentences, using the words or phrases in brackets ( p17 )1.their indoor a profit to invest in2.devicethe improvement on a global scale3.stackedtemptation never dined out confusable use ( p18 ) house home home family household doubt suspected doubted suspected suspect word formation ( p19 )1)rise 2) final 3) regular 4) cash 5) hows and whys6)upped7) yellowed 8) bottled 9) lower10) search cloze1.text-related ( p20 )1)gets by 2) temptation3) get through4)improvement 5) aside from6) suspect7)supplement8) profit 9) stacking2.theme-related( p21 )1)replaced2) consider3) quit4) world 5) tough 6) fuels7) provide 8) luxuries 9) balance10) ideal translation1.translate the sentences into english( p21 ) 【篇二：全新版大学英语(第二版)综合教程 3 答案unit1-unit8 】ass=txt>unit 1 p3 ：after listeningcomplete the following statements according to what you have heard.1.taking a break2.escaping relief out in the country fastmove 3.the pollution of the citysmog4.changes in the way we livep10: content questionspair workone of you asks the first six questions and the other answers. starting from question7, change roles. when you have finished, the teacher may want to put some of the questions to you to check your progress.1.write and live on a farm.2.because they grow nearly all of their fruits and vegetables. they have enough eggs, honey and wood. they are very close to nature and can enjoy the beautiful scenery. besides, they can go skiing andskating in winter.3.no. sometimes the good life can get pretty tough.4.they were buried under five feet of snow from december through march.5.when the first spring came, it brought two floods. the second flood refers to the good harvest in the growing season.6.he decided to quit his job and start to freelance.7.he has to crawl into black- bear dens for “ sports illustrated hitch up dogs led racing teams for “ smithsonian ” magazine, check out the lake champlain “ monster ” for “ science digest and canoe through the boundary waters wilderness area of minnesotafor “ destinations ”.8.as for insurance, they have only bought a poor man ' smajor-medical policy and the policy on their two cars.9.they cut back their expenses without appreciably lowering their standard of living. for example ：they patronize local restaurants instead of more expensive places in the city. they still attend the opera and ballet but only a few times a year. they eat less meat, drink cheaper wine and see fewer movies.10.a tolerance for solitude and lots of energy.11.they will leave with a feeling of sorrow but also with a sense of pride at what they ' ve been able a tcocomplish.12.they chose to live in the country because they want to improvethe quality of their lives. yes, they have finally realized their dream.p11: text orqanization working on your own do the exercises and then compare your answers with a partner.1.parts paragraphs main ideaspart oneparas. 1-3 the writer views his life in the country as aself-reliant and satisfying one.part twoparas. 4-7 life in the country is good yet sometimes very hard.part three paras. 8-11 after quitting his job, the writer ' s income was reduced, but he and his family were able to manage to get by.part fourparas. 12-15a tolerance for solitude and a lot of energy have made it possible for the family to enjoy their life in the country.2.happy moments and events hardships1)growing nearly all their fruits and 1)working hard both vegetablesin winter and in summer2)canoeing, picnicking, long bicycle 2)harsh environment rides, etc. and weather condition3)keeping warm inside the house 3)anxious moments after the in winter writer quit his job4)writing freelance articles4)cutting back on daily expenses5)earning enough money while 5) solitude maintaining a happy family life.p12 language sense enhancement1.(1)special qualities(2)a tight budget (3)entertain(4)anyway (5)involved (6)requirement (7)on a small scale(8)temptation (9)instead (10)machinery p15: vocabularyi1. 1)on balance 2)resist 3)haul 4)wicked 5)illustrated6)budget7)lowering8)boundary 9)involved10) economic 11)blasting 12)just about2.1)cut back/down 2)pick up 3)get by 4)get through5)face up to 6)turn in 7)making up for 8)think up3.1)pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy.2)often generate misleading thoughts.3)attach great importance to combining theory with practice in our work.4)be suspected of doing everything for money.5)before he gets through life.4.1)their indoora profitto invest in2)devicethe improvementon a global scale3)stackedtemptationnever dined outp18 ii . confusable words1.1)house 2)home 3)home family 4)household2.1)doubt2)suspected 3)doubted 4)suspected 5)suspect p19 iii. word formation1)rise 2)final 3)regular 4)cash 5)hows whys 6)upped7)yellowed 8)bottled 9)lower 10)searchp 20: comprehensive exercisei . cloze1.(1)gets by (2)temptation (3)get through (4)improvements(5)a side from (6)suspect (7) supplement (8)profit (9)stacking2.(1)replaced (2)consider (3)quit (4)world (5)tough(6)f uels (7)provide (8)luxuries (9)balance (10)ideal p21 ii. translation【篇三：全新版大学英语综合教程3( 第二版)课后练习答案】abularyi.1.1)on balance5) illustrated9) involved2)resist 6) budget 10) economic3)haul7) lowering 11) blasting4)wicked 8) boundary12) just about2.1)cut back/ down 2) pick up 3) get by4) get through5)face up to6) turn in7) making up for 8) think up3.1)pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy2)often generate misleading thoughts3)attach great importance to combining theory with practice in our work4)be suspected of doing everything for money5)before he gets through life4.1)their indoor, a profit, to invest in2)device, the improvement, on a global scale3)stacked, temptation, never dined outii confusable words1.1) house 2) home3) home, family 4) household2.1) doubt 2) suspect 3) doubted 4) suspected 5) suspectiii. word formation1)rise 2) final 3) regular 4) cash 5) hows, whys6)upped 7) yellowed 8) bottled 9) lower 10) search comprehensive exercisesi.cloze1. text-related1) get by 2) temptation 3) get through 4) improvements5) aside from 6) suspect 7) supplement 8) profit9) stacking2. (theme-related)1) replaced 2) consider 3) quit 4) world 5) tough6)fuels 7) provide 8) luxuries 9) balance 10) idealii.translation1. we have a problem with the computer system, but i think it ' s fairly minor.2. my father died when i was too young to live on my own. the people of my hometown took over (responsibility for) my upbringing at that point.3.the toys have to meet strict/ tough safety requirements before they can be sold to children.4.radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriersof news and opinion.5.when it comes to this magazine, it is/ carries a digest ofarticles from many newspapers and magazines around the world.a decade ago, nancy did what so many americans dream about. she quit an executive position and opened/ set up a household device store in her neighborhood. people like nancy made the decision primarily for the improvement in the quality of their lives.but, to run a small business on a small scale is by no means an easy job. without her steady income, nancy had to cut back on her daily expense. sometimes she did not even have the money to pay the premium for the various kinds of insurance she needed.fortunately, through her own hard work, she has now got through the most difficult time. she is determined to continue pursuing hervision of a better life.unit 2vocabularyi.1.1)decades5) slender9) on the side2)historic 6) web10) authorized3)imposed7) bade 11) terminal4)religious8) site12) make the best of2.1)went through2) stood up for3) laid down4) take on5)let (us) down6) draw on7) fall into8) pass for3.1)the europeans are fully confident that the americans will not be able to justify their measures to protect the struggling american steel industry.2)clinton is, in the eyes of joe klein, staff writer of the new yorker and author of the natural, the most talented politician of his generation and the most compelling.3)theres not much you can do if people are really intent on destroying themselves with drugs.4) a different experience of the world could forge a completely different approach to life.5)it is our conviction that cloning of human beings is bound to cause many ethical and social problems in the long run.4.1) as for, do not compel, capture of, have forged2)at huge risk, the mission, shelter3)who abolished, in the eyes of, racialii. words with multiple meanings1. ill tell you in a minute how i have attained the genuine sense of belonging in america, but first let me hear about your french trip.2.most mcdonalds look almost the same on the outside, but actually there are about 16 different basic designs.3.loaning money from the banks is but one of the methods we can use to get through a financial crisis.4.this second-hand car has been nothing but trouble; its always breaking down.5.in your resume youve mentioned everything but one vital point.6.our technicians have discovered a simple but effective solution to the problem.7.i am sorry, but i think you shouldnt have lingered on over coffee and missed the last bus..8.the bankruptcy of the company was not caused by evil, but by simple ignorance iii. usage1) lonely2)friendly 3) weekly, monthly 4)lovely5) cowardly6)kindly/ saintly 7) lively8)motherly comprehensive exercisesi. cloze1. text-related1)forged 2) stand up3) compelled 4)convictions5)mission6)abolish 7) intent on8) risk 9)in the eyes of10)threats 2. (theme-related)1) assistance2) involved3) estimated4)coincidence 5)emerged6)referred 7) numerous 8) stationed9)concern 10)captureii. translation1. though greatly affected by the consequences of the globalfinancial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis.2. under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement.3.according to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in tv commercials.4.having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once.5.some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world.shortly after he achieved freedom henson became intent on assisting fugitive slaves. he secretly returned to the united states from canada several times to help others to travel the underground railroad to freedom. once some slave catchers closed in on the escaping slaves and henson when they were on the run. he disguised them and successfully avoided capture. later he built a small settlement in dresden in canada for escaped slaves, setting up a chapel and a school. he held to the conviction that slavery would be abolished, and the day was bound to come when racial discrimination no longer existed.unit 3 vocabulary i.1.1)threatens 2) by a small margin3)civilize 4)closed up5)wandered 6)paste 7) without so much as 8) sideways9) hook up to 10) universal 11) chart 12) bathed in2. 1)narrowed down2)looked back on 3)cut off 4)fit into 5)wear(the other) down 6)lies in7)put up 8)stand for3.1)...which is likely to make people vulnerable to asthma has been found by researchers at the department of clinical medicine in oxford.2)...with mirrored doors had to be built in so as to make their small bedroom look larger.3)...feature the space shuttle challenger blowing up in january 1986---killing all seven crew.4)...threatened to keep the pupils in after school, they were quieted at once.5)... are a major barrier to the countrys economic growth due to the fact that/because imported oil has absorbed 40% of its foreign exchange.4.1) looked back on/ atmosphere/urban life2)era/ hooked up to the / the electronic3)the suburb / a sophisticated / system / analyze / make errors ii. 1) away2)inside/in 3)forward/through4)back5)off 6)home7) back down 8)in...outiii.1) internet is not such an unusual word as it used to be2)most men do not look unattractive in them3)wealthy as she is, she is not unconcerned by her sudden unemployment4)the claim is not uealistic in view of a sharp decrease in thecitys violent crimes.5)his poor health is not uelated to his unhealthy way of life. comprehensive exercises1. cloze1. 1) statistics2)rural3)era4)stood for 5)on the latch6)vulnerable7)barrier 8)electronic 9)reflection 10)civilized2. 1) together 2)liable3)shift4)electric 5)cautious6)sophisticated7)thieves 8)break9)chances 10)signs ii. translation 1.1)the internet is changing the way people live, (no matter) whether they are in urban or rural areas.2)medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global economic crisis than large ones.3)with regard to our term paper, the professor asked us to analyze the unemployment chart first, and then provide critical reflections on the nations economic development.4)it never occurred to him that their team would win the basketball match by a large margin.5)looking back on my twenty years teaching in high school, iattribute my success to patience, talent, and the constant pursuit of knowledge.2. it is almost impossible to keep a determined burglar out. all you can do is discourage him for a few minutes. thus exposing him to police patrols. common sense tells us that lighting is a barrier to criminal activity. a light should be fixed in the doorway and switched on at night. make sure/assure yourself that you dont leave the door on the latch if you happen to be the last to come in. if you decide to buy a sophisticated electronic alarm system, be sure to askfor its signs and put them up on both windows and doors. in addition you may have it hooked up to a police station.unit 4vocabularyi.1.1)accordingly 2) loose 3) concentration 4)stimulating 5) fabric 6)if anything7) reality 8) intuition9) trifle10) at the turn of the century11) mess12) undermine2. 1) approve of2) slow down 3) taken in4) sucked into5) set apart 6) dozed off 7)call forth 8)stretch into9) keep up with 10)believe in3.1)...provided inspiration for many artists and musicians over the decades.2)...is credited to his powers of imagination3)...on the foundations of an agricultural revolution4)...not to make any complaints in the presence of the nurse.5)...the outbreak of the second world war.4.1) flaw/came to the conclusion/would get nowhere2)in a row/dozed off/a mess of3)outbreak of/ has undermined / has strainedii. 1)with christmas only a week away2)with his physical condition improving day by day3)with our gdp growing steadily4)with all the shops closed5)with her eyes closed6)with the fog lifting during the night。

专八阅读整理2010TEXT AAmong the great cities of the world, Kolkata (formerly spelt as Calcutta),the capital of India’s West Bengal, and the home of nearly 15 million people, is often mentioned as the only one that still has a large fleet of hand-pulled rickshaws……1 According to the passage, rickshaws are used in Kolkata mainly for the following purposes EXCEPTA taking foreign tourists around the city.B providing transport to school children.C carrying store supplies and purchases.D carrying people over short distances.2 Which of the following statements best describes the rickshaw pullers from Bihar?A They come from a relatively poor area.B They are provided with decent accommodation.C Their living standards are very low in Kolkata.D They are often caught by policemen in the streets.3 That ‛For someone without land or education, that still beats tryingto make a living in Bihar‛(4th paragraph) means that even so,A the poor prefer to work and live in BiharB the poor from Bihar fare better than back home.C the poor never try to make a living in Bihar.D the poor never seem to resent their life in Kolkata.4 We can infer from the passage that some educated and politically aware peopleA hold mixed feelings towards rickshaws.B strongly support the ban on rickshaws.C call for humanitarian actions for rickshaw pullers.D keep quiet on the issue of banning rickshaws.5 Which of the following statements conveys the author’s sense of humour?A ‚…- not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor.‛(2nd paragraph)B ‚…, which sounds like a pretty good deal until you’ve visited a dera.‛(4th paragraph)C Kolkata, a resident told me, ‚has difficulty letting go.‛(7th paragraph)D ‚…or, as Ifound during the 48 hours of rain, absolutely everything but umbrellas.‛(6th paragraph)6 The dialogue between the author and city official at the end of the passage seems to suggestA the uncertainty of the court’s decisionB the inefficiency of the municipal government.C the difficulty of finding a good solution.D the slowness in processing options.TEXT BDepending on whom you believe, the average American will, over a lifetime, waiting in lines for 2 years (says National Public Radio) or five years (according to some customer- loyalty experts)……1 What does the following sentence mean? ‛Once the most democratic of institutions,lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers…Poor suckers,mostly.‛(2nd paragraph)A Lines are symbolic of America’s democracy.B Lines still give Americans equal opportunities.C Lines are now for ordinary Americans only.D Lines are for people with democratic spirit only.2 Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of breaching the line?A Going through the customs at a Canadian airport.B Using Gold Flash Passes in amusement parks.C First-class passenger status at airports.D Purchase of a place in a line from a placeholder.3 We can infer from the passage that politicians(including mayors and Congressmen).A prefer to stand in lines with ordinary people.B advocate the value of waiting in lines.C believe in and practice waiting in lines.D exploit waiting in lines for their own good.4 What is the tone of the passage?A InstructiveB HumorousC SeriousD TeasingTEXT CA bus took him to the West End, where, among the crazy coloured fountains of illumination, shattering the blue dusk with green and crimson fire, he found the café of his choice, a tea-shop that had gone mad and turned Babylonian, a white place with ten thousand lights……1 That ‚behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel‛suggeststhatA modern realistic commercialism existed behind the luxurious appearance.B there was a fundamental falseness in the style and the appeal of the café.C the architect had made a sensible blend of old and new building materials.D the caféwas based on physical foundations and real economic strength.2 The following words or phrases are somewhat critical of the tea-shop EXCEPTA ‚…turned Babylonian‛B ‚perhaps a new barbarism‛C ‚acres of white napery‛D ‚balanced to the last halfpenny‛3 In its context the statement that ‚the place was built for him‛means that the café was intended toA please simple people in a simple wayB exploit gullible people like him,C satisfy a demand that already existed.D provide relaxation for tired young men.4 Which of the following statements about the second paragraph is NOT true?A The café appealed to most senses simultaneously.B The café was both full of people and full of warmthC The inside of the café was contrasted with the weather outside.D It stressed the commercial determination of the café owners.5 The following are comparisons made by the author in the second paragraph EXCEPT thatA the entrance hall is compared to a railway station.B the orchestra is compared to a magnetC Turgis welcomed the lift like a conquering soldierD The interior of the café is compared to warm countries.6 The author’s attitude to the café isA fundamentally criticalB slightly admiringC quite undecidedD completely neutralTEXT DNow elsewhere in the world, Iceland may be spoken of, somewhat breathlessly, as western Europe’s last pristine wilderness. But theenvironmental awareness that is sweeping the world had bypassed the majority of Icelanders……1 According to the passage, most Icelanders view land as something ofA environmental valueB commercial valueC potential value for tourismD great value for livelihood2 What is Iceland’s old-aged advocates’ feeling towards the Alcoa project?A Iceland is wealthy enough to reject the projectB The project would lower life expectancyC The project would cause environmental problems.D The project symbolizes an end to the colonial legacies3 The disappearance of the old way of life was due to all the following EXCEPTA fewer fishing companies.B fewer jobs availableC migration of young peopleD imposition of fishing quotas4 The 4th paragraph in the passageA sums up the main points of the passageB starts to discuss and entirely new pointC elaborates on the last part of the 3rd paragraphD continues to depict the bleak economic situation2009TEXT AWe had been wanting to expand our children’s horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything we’d been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States……1 The couple chose Istanbul as their holiday destination mainly becauseA the city is not too far away from where they livedB the city is not on the list of the U.S. State Department.C the city is between the familiar and the exotic.D the city is more familiar than exotic2 Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A The family found the city was exactly what they had expectedB Their friends were opposed to their holiday plan.C They could have been more cautious about bringing kids along.D They were a bit cautious about the quality of water in the city.3 We learn from the couple’s shopping experience back home thatA they were used to bargaining over priceB they preferred to buy things outdoorsC street markets were their favourite.D they preferred fashion and brand names.4 The last 2 paragraphs suggest that to visit places of interest in IstanbulA guidebooks are very usefulB a professional guide is a mustC one has to be prepared for questions.D one has to make arrangements in advance.5 The family have seen or visited all the following in Istanbul EXCEPTA religious prayersB historical buildingsC local-style marketsD shopping mall boutiquesTEXT BLast month the first baby-boomers turned 60. The bulky generation born between 1946 and 1964 is heading towards retirement. The looming ‛demographis cliff‛ will see vast numbers of skilled workers dispatched from the labour force……1 According to the passage, the most serious consequence of baby-boomers approaching retirement would beA a loss of knowledge and experience to many companies.B a decrease in the number of 35- to 44-year-oldsC a continuous increase in the number of 50- to 64-year-oldsD its impact on the developed world whose workforce is ageing2 The following are all the measures that companies have adopted to cope with the aging workforce EXCEOPA making places of work accommodate the needs of older workersB using alumni networks to hire retired former employeesC encouraging former employees to work overseasD granting more convenience in working hours to old workers.3 ‚The company spends ‚a lot of time‛on the ergonomics of its factories‛ (Paragraph 7) means thatA the company attaches great importance to the layout of its factoriesB the company improves the working conditions in its factories.C the company attempts to reduce production costs of its factoriesD the company intends to renovate its factories and update equipment.4 In the author’s opinion American firms are not doing anything to deal with the issue of the ageing workforce mainly becauseA they have not been aware of the problemB they are reluctant to hire older workersC they are not sure of what they should doD they have other options to consider5 Which of the following best describes the author’s development of argument?A introducing the issue→citing ways to deal with the issue→citing waysto deal with the issue→describing the actual status→offering reasonsB describing the actual status→introducing the issue→citing ways todeal with the issue→offering reasonsC citing ways to deal with the issue→introducing the issue→describingthe actual status→offering reasonsD describing the actual status→offering reasons→introducing theissue→citing ways to deal with the issueTEXT CThe other problem that arises from the employment of women is that of the working wife. It has 2 aspects:that of the wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wife who must rely heavily on her husband for help with domestic tasks……1 Paragraph One advises the working wife who is more successful than her husband toA work in the same sort of job as her husbandB play down her success, making it sound unimportantC stress how much the family gains from her high salaryD introduce more labour-saving machinery into the home2 Orwell’s picture of relations between man and wife in Wigan Pier (Paragraph 2 ) describes a relationship which the author of the passageA thinks is the natural oneB wishes to see preservedC believes is fairD is sure must change3 Which of the following words is used literally, NOT metaphorically?A Abrasive(Paragraph 5)B Engines( Paragraph 4)C Convention (Paragraph 2)D Heavily (Paragraph 1)4 The last paragraph stresses that if women are to hold important jobs, then they mustA sometimes make the first advances in loveB allow men to flirt with many womenC stop accepting presents of flowers and chocolatesD avoid making their husbands look like ‛Mary Anns‛5 Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the present form of court ship?A Men are equally serious about courtshipB Each man ‛makes passes‛at many womenC The woman’s reaction decides the fate of courtshipD The man leaves himself the opportunity to give up the chase quickly.TEXT D1 Which of the following words in Paragraph One implies difficulty in walking?A threadedB droppingC trudgedD daunting2 In the passage the contrast between the Tibetans and the man is indicatedin all the following aspects EXCEPTA clothingB heightC social statusD personal belongings3 It can be inferred from the passage that one can get ( ) of the region from the monastery.A ‚a narrow view‛B a hazy viewC a distant viewD a panoramic view4 Which of the following details shows that the man became relaxed after he reached the monastery?A ‚…he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop…‛B ‚…he removed his hand from the bundle…‛C ‚His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds…‛D ‚…he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stonesteps…‛5 From how it is described in the passage the monastery seems to evokeA a sense of aweB a sense of pietyC a sense of fearD a sense of mystery2008TEXT AAt the age of 16, Lee Hyuk Joon’s life is a living hell.The South Korean 10th grader gets up at 6 in the morning to go to school, and studies most of the day until returning home at 6 p.m. After dinner, it’s time to hit the books again—at one of Seoul’s many so-called……1 According to the passage, the new college-entrance system is designed toA require students to sit for more college-entrance testsB reduce the weight of college-entrance testsC select students on their high school grades onlyD reduce the number of prospective college applicants2 What seems to be the effect of introducing the new system?A The system has given equal opportunities to studentsB The system has reduced the number of cram schoolsC The system has intensified competition among schoolsD The system has increased students’ study load3 According to critics, the popularity of private education is mainly the result ofA the government’s egalitarian policyB insufficient number of schoolsC curriculums of average qualityD low cost of private education4 According to the passage, there seems to be disagreement over the adoption of the new system between the following groups EXCEPTA between universities and the governmentB between school experts and the governmentC between parents and schoolsD between parents and the government5 Which of the following adjectives best describes the author’s treatment of the topic?A ObjectiveB PositiveC NegativeD BiasedTEXTBWilfred Emmanuel-Jones was a teenager before he saw his first cow in his first field. Born in Jamaica, the 47-year-old grew up in inner-cityBirmingham before making a career as a television producer and launching his own marketing agency……1 Which of the following details of Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones is INCORRECT?A He was born and brought up in BirminghamB He used to work in the television industryC He is wealthy, adventurous and aspiringD He is now selling his own quality foods.2 Most importantly, people like Wilfred have brought to traditional British farmingA knowledge of farmingB knowledge of brand namesC knowledge of lifestyleD knowledge of marketing3 Which of the following does NOT contribute to the emergence of a new class of farmers?A Strong desire for country lifeB Longing for greater wealthC Influence of TV productionsD Enthusiasm of quality food business4 What is seen as their additional source of new income?A Modern tendency to buy natural foodsB Increase in the value of land propertyC Raising and selling rare live stockD Publicity as a result of media coverage5 The sentence in the last paragraph‛…Britain isn’t catching up with mainland Europe;it’s leading the way‛implies thatA Britain has taken a different path to boost economyB more authentic foods are being produced in BritainC the British are heading back to the countrysideD The Europeans are showing great interest in country lifeTEXT CIn Barcelona the Catalonians call them castells, but these aren’t stereotypical castles in Spain.These castles are made up of human beings, not stone.The people who perform this agile feat of acrobatics are called castellers, and to see their……1 From the description in the passage, we learn thatA all Catalonians can perform castellsB castells require performers to stand on each otherC people perform castells in different formationsD In castells people have to push and pull each other2 According to the passage, the implication of the performance is thatA The Catalonians are insensible and noisy peopleB the Catalonians show more sense than is expectedC the Catalonians display paradoxical characteristicsD the Catalonians think highly of team work3 The passage cites the following examples EXCEPT ( )to show seny at work.A development of a bankB dynamic role in the economyC contribution to national economyD comparison with other regions4 In the last but 2 paragraph, the Ramblas is described as ‚a front-row seat for Barcelona’s longest running theatrical event‛. What does it mean?A On the Ramblas people can see a greater variety of performancesB The Rambles provides many front seats for the performancesC The Ramblas is preferred as an important venue for the eventsD Theatrical performers like to perform on the Ramblas5 What is the main impression of the scenes on the Ramblas?A It is bizarre and outlandishB It is of average qualityC It is conventional and quietD It is of professional standardTEXT DThe law firm Patrick worked for before he died filed for bankruptcy protection a year after his funeral. After his death, the firm’s letterhead properly included him: Patrick S. Lanigan, 1954-1992. He was listed up in the right-hand corner, just above the paralegals……1 What happened to the 4 remaining lawyers after Patrick’s disappearance?A They all wanted to divorce their wivesB They were all heavily involved in debtsC They were all recovering from drinkingD They had bought new homes, yachts, etc.2 Which of the following statements contains a metaphor?A His name came off the letterhead as the debts piled upB …they could see it, almost touch it when their dead partner…C … attached unwillingly at the hip by the bondage of mortgages…D … and for this he had received no small amount of grief3 According to the passage, what is the main cause of Patrick stealingthe money?A Patrick was made a partner of the firmB The partners agreed to have the money transferredC Patrick had access to all the files in the firmD Bogan decided to hire Patrick nine years earlier4 The lawyers were described as being all the following EXCEPTA greedyB extravagantC quarrelsomeD bad-tempered5 Which of the following implies a contrast?A …, and it would be impossible to hide that kind of money in Biloxi, population fifty thousandB They had been joint defendants in several unwinnable lawsuits; thus the bankruptcy,C There had even been talk of a firm jet, a six-seaterD His name came off the letterhead as the debts piled up2007TEXT AThe Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken on the Isle of Man but now extinct……1 According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant toA maintain the present status among the nationsB reduce legislative powers of EnglandC create a better state of equality among the nationsD grant more say to all the nations in the union2 The word‛centrifugal‛in the second paragraph meansA separatistB conventionalC feudalD political3 Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects ExceptA people’s desire for devolutionB locals’ turnout for the votingC powers of the legislative bodyD status of the national language4 Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity?A Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national languageB Poverty-relief funds have come from the European UnionC A Welsh national airline is currently in operationD The national symbol has become a familiar sight5 According to Dyfan Jones, what has changed isA people’s mentalityB pop cultureC town’s appearanceD possibilities for the peopleTEXT BGetting to the heart of Kuwaiti democracy seems hilariously easy.Armed only with a dog-eared NE-WSWEEK ID,I ambled through the gates of the National Assembly last week. Unscanned, unsearched, my satchel coule easily……1 According to the passage, which of the following groups of people might be viewed as being dangerous by the guards?A Foreign touristsB Women protestorsC Foreign journalistsD Members of the National Assembly2 The bill giving women the vote did not manage to pass becauseA different interest groups held different concernsB liberals did not reach consensus among themselvesC Parliament was controlled by traditionalistsC Parliament members were all conservatives3 What is the role of the 4th and 5th paragraphs in the development of the topic?A To show how Kuwaiti women enjoy themselvesB To describe how women work and study in KuwaitC To offer supporting evidence to the preceding paragraphsD To provide a contrast to the preceding paragraphs4 Which of the following is NOT true about young Kuwaiti women?A They seem to be quite contentedB They go in for Western fashionsC They desire more than modern necessitiesD They favour the use of hi-tech productsTEXT CRichard, King of England from 1189 to 1199, with all his characteristic virtues and faults cast in a heroic mould, is one of the most fascinating medieval figures……1 ‚Little did the English people owe him for his services‛(Paragraph One) means that the EnglishA Paid few taxes to himB gave him little respectC received little protection from himD Had no real cause to feel grateful to him2 To say that his life was a ‚magnificent parade‛(Paragraph Two) implies that it was to some extentA spent chiefly at warB Impressive and admirableC lived too pompouslyD an empty show3 Richard’s behavior as death approached showedA bravery and self-controlB wisdom and correctnessC devotion and romanceD chivalry and charity4 The point of the last short paragraph is that Richard wasA cheated by his own successorsB determined to take revenge on his enemiesC more generous to his enemies than his successorsD unable to influence the behaviour of his successors5 Which of the following phrases best describes Richard as seen by the author?A Aggressive King, too fond of warB A brave king with minor faultsC A competent but cunning soldierD A king with great political skills6 The relationship between the first and second paragraphs is thatA each presents one side of the pictureB the first generalizes, the second gives examplesC the second is the logical result of the firstD both present Richard’s virtues and faultsTEXT DThe miserable fate of Eron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble……1 Why does the author say at the beginning‛The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history…‛?A Because the company has gone bankruptB Because such events would never happen againC Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savingsD Because it signifies a turning point in economic security2 According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, labour unions and big corporation to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change inA people’ outlook on lifeB peoples life stylesC people’s living standardsD people’s social values3 Changes in pension schemes were also part ofA the corporate lay-offsB the government cuts in welfare spendingC the economic restructuringD the waning power of labour unions4 Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly becauseA the 40l(k) made them responsible for their own futureB Enron offered to add company stock to their investmentC their employers intended to cut back on pension spendingD Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan5 Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?A 401(K) assets should be placed in more than one investment optionB Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselvesC Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people’smindD Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers2006TEXTAThe University in Transformation, edited by Australian futurists Sohail Inayatullah and Jennifer Gidley, presents some 20 highly varied outlooks on tomorrow’s universities by writers representing both Western and non-Western perspectives……1 When the book reviewer discuss the Internet UniversityA he is in favour of itB his view is balancedC he is slightly critical of itD he is strongly critical of it2Which of the following is NOT seen as a potential danger of the Internet University?A Internet-based courses may be less costly than traditional onesB Teachers in traditional institutions may lose their jobsC Internet-based courseware may lack variety in course contentD The Internet University may produce teachers with a lot of publicity3According to the review, what is the fundamental mission of traditional university eduation?A Knowledge learning and career buildingB Learning how to solve existing social problemsC Researching into solutions to current world problemsD Combining research efforts of teachers and students in learning4Judging from the three new roles envisioned for tomorrow’s university faculty, university teachersA are required to conduct more independent researchB are required to offer more courses to their studentsC are supposed to assume more demanding dutiesD are supposed to supervise more students in their specialty5Which category of writing does the review belong to ?A NarrationB DescriptionC PersuasionD ExpositionTEXT BEvery street had a story, every building a memory. Those blessed with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily roll back the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible……1 From the first paragraph, we get the impression thatA Ray cheridshed his childhood memoriesB Ray had something urgent to take care ofC Ray may not have a happy childhoodD Ray cannot remember his childhood days2 Which of the following adjectives does NOT describe Ray’s hometown?A LifelessB ReligiousC TraditionalD Quiet3 From the passage we can infer that the relationship between Ray and his parents wasA closeB remoteC tenseD impossible to tell4 It can be inferred from the passage that Ray’s father was all EXCEPTA considerateB punctualC thriftyD dominantTEXT CCampaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself. Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts in any other portion of the globe……1 The word debts in ‚very few debts are left unpaid‛ in the first paragraph meansA loansB accountsC killingsD bargains2 Which of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts about the Indian frontier?A Melting snowsB Large populationC Steep hillsidesD Fertile valleys3 According to the passage, the Pathans welcomedA the introduction of the rifleB the spread of British ruleC the extension of luxuresD the spread of trade4 Building roads by the BritishA put an end to a whole series of quarrelsB prevented the Pathans from carrying on feudsC lessened the subsidies paid to the PathansD gave the Pathans a much quieter life6 A suitable title for the passage would beA Campaigning on the Indian frontierB Why the Pathans resented the British ruleC The popularity of rifles among the PathansD The Pathans at war。

文本内容：As we all know, COVID-19, a novel coronavirus, has spread globally since its outbreak in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The impact of the virus has been widespread, leading to social, economic, and health-related disruptions across the world. In the midst of this global crisis, it is crucial for individuals to stay informed and take the necessary precautions to protect themselves and others from the virus.1. The Origins and Spread of COVID-19The COVID-19 virus, officially named SARS-CoV-2, is believed to have originated in bats and may have been transmitted to humans through another animal host at a seafood market in Wuhan. Since then, the virus has rapidly spread to other countries, leading to widespread outbreaks and a pandemic declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020.2. The Impact on Public HealthThe rapid spread of COVID-19 has placed immense str本人n on healthcare systems worldwide. Hospitals and medical facilities have faced challenges in providing adequate care for thoseinfected with the virus, leading to shortages of medical supplies, intensive care unit beds, and healthcare workers. Additionally, the virus has disproportionately affected vulnerable populations, including the elderly and individuals with underlying health conditions.3. Economic DisruptionsThe global economy has suffered significant disruptions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lockdowns, travel restrictions, and social distancing measures have led to the closure of businesses, a rise in unemployment, and a decline in consumer spending. Governments have implemented various economic relief measures to support businesses and individuals impacted by the pandemic.4. Social and Behavioral ChangesThe pandemic has also brought about significant changes in societal behavior and norms. Practices such as wearing masks,m本人nt本人ning physical distance, and frequent handwashing have bemonplace to mitigate the spread of the virus. Additionally, many individuals have adapted to remote work and virtual forms of social interaction toply with public health guidelines.5. The Role of Science and ResearchEfforts tobat COVID-19 have been driven by scientific research and collaboration. The development of vaccines, antiviral drugs, and diagnostic tests has been a priority for the global scientificmunity. Furthermore, researchers have worked to understand the transmission dynamics of the virus and its impact on human health, contributing to the development of public health strategies.6. The Importance of Education and AwarenessAmid the pandemic, educating the public about the virus and its prevention measures has been paramount. Public health authorities and organizations have disseminated information about COVID-19 through various channels, including websites, social media, and public service announcements. It is crucial for individuals to stay informed and adhere to public health guidelines to protect themselves and others.7. Looking Towards the FutureAs the world continues to grapple with the ongoing challenges posed by COVID-19, it is essential to rem本人n vigilant and united in our efforts to ovee the pandemic. Vaccination camp本人gns, continued research, and international collaboration will be crucial in mitigating the impact of the virus and preventing future outbreaks. It is important for individuals to rem本人n informed, adaptable, and resilient in the face of this global crisis.结语In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching consequences on public health, the economy, and societal behavior. It is imperative for individuals to stay informed, follow public health guidelines, and support efforts tobat the virus. By working together and rem本人ning resilient, we can ovee the challenges posed by COVID-19 and pave the way for a healthier and more secure future.。

2008年阅读ASection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.”Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, andfeeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, andresearchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet –and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations –apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ formen, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children –though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.。