Chapter9语言学-LanguageandliteraturePPT课件
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英语语言学教程最新课件9
1.2 Devices of Foregrounding
• Outside literature, so the assumption goes, language tends to be automatized; its structures and meanings are used routinely. Within literature, however, this is opposed by devices which thwart the automatism with which language is read, processed, or understood. Generally, two such devices may be distinguished, those of deviation and of parallelism.
1.1 What is ‘foregrounding’?
• Frank Hakemulder & Willie van Peer: • In a purely linguistic sense, the term
'foregrounding' is used to refer to new information, in contrast to elements in the sentence which form the background against which the new elements are to be understood by the listener / reader.
• to differentiate literature from other varieties of language use, such as everyday conversations or scientific reports.
语言学教程Chapter 9. Language and Literature
9.2.1 foregrounding and the grammatical form
In literary texts, the grammatical system of the language is often exploited, experimented with, or in Mukarosky’s words, made to “deviate from other, more everyday, forms of language, and as a result creates interesting new patterns in form and in meaning”.
Some forms of trope
Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche
Why people use language in a figurative way?
The figurative use of language has the effect of making the concepts under discussion more domestic and acceptable. Readers can……
1. phonology 2. grammar 3. semantics Literay language differs from non-literary
language in that the former is foregrounded in the above three aspects.
9.2.3 the analysis of literay
language
Procedures we should follow when we analyze the grammatical structure and meaning of a literary text.
简明英语语言学chapter9languageandculture
Chapter 9 Language and Culture,
9.1. what is culture
1.1 What is culture?
• Broadly speaking(广义） • It means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language. • In a narrow sense（狭义） • It refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.
4. Language plays a major role in socializing the people and in perpetuating of a culture, espically in print form, written form or in digital form.
• 5. Culture aslo affets a discourse community’s imagination, or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in behavior and life.
• Two types of culture:
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Material and spiritual
9.3. The relationship between language and culture
• • • •
dog ,dragon, bat, owl, horse Number (7, 13) 1. Language expresses cultural reality. 2. Language symbolize cultural reality.
9.1. what is culture
1.1 What is culture?
• Broadly speaking(广义） • It means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language. • In a narrow sense（狭义） • It refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs.
4. Language plays a major role in socializing the people and in perpetuating of a culture, espically in print form, written form or in digital form.
• 5. Culture aslo affets a discourse community’s imagination, or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in behavior and life.
• Two types of culture:
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Material and spiritual
9.3. The relationship between language and culture
• • • •
dog ,dragon, bat, owl, horse Number (7, 13) 1. Language expresses cultural reality. 2. Language symbolize cultural reality.
英语语言学胡壮麟09Chapter 9_literature
Syntactical Level 1 Sentence Types According to different criteria, the English sentences can be classified into different types, and they each manifest distinctive stylistic features and are suitable for different ideas expressed.
Chapter 9 Language and Literature
9.1 three definitions of style
Style: Style as deviation, style is regarded as deviation or deviance, i.e. departure from what is normal. E.g. a grief ago, generally we use a noun indicating time in the expression “ a ago”, such as a month ago and the word to fill the slot is normally a countable noun. In this phrase, grief doesn’t meet the conventional requirement. It express an idea in a beautifully succinct way. Since grief means a feeling of great sadness and any feeling will last for some time, it is not difficult to figure out the message. That is , sth terribly sad has happened, and the speaker may have experienced grief repeatedly so that he can measure time in terms of it.
新编简明英语语言学 Chapter 9 Language and culture
1. *Definition: culture; cultural diffusion2. The relationship between language and culture3. # Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis4. *Linguistic evidence of cultural differences5. Cultural overlap and diffusionDefinition: culture; cultural diffusionCultural overlap and diffusion; Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis; Linguisticevidence of cultural differencesThe relationship between language and culture一、定义including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions,techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 由信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。
through communication, some elements ofcultureA enter cultureB andbecomepartof cultureB. 通过交际， A 文化中的某些成分进入了 B 文化，并成为了 B 文化的一部分。
二、知识点techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 由信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。
Twotypes of culture:1. material culture 物质文化： is concrete, substantial and observable. 具体的，实质的，可观察到的( e.g.意识文化、信念、价值观，时空概念)2. spiritual culture 精神文化： is abstract, implicit, and hidden. 抽象的，多义的，不可见的。
语言学--unit9语言与文学Language and Literature
Dictionary definition
The world is like a stage.
The name of a
part of a
objective
to
synecdoche refer to the
whole thing.
simile Figurative language metapher
(4)
To demonstrate technical skill, and for intellectual pleasure
(5)
For emphasis or contrast
(6)
Onomatopoeia
9.3 The Language in Poety 9.3.6 How to Analyse Poetry
Ex.9-15
Trochee and palm to palm is holy palmer's kiss
Ex.9-16
Anapest Willows whiten, aspens quiver
Ex.9-17
Dactyl Without cause be he pleased, without cause be he cross
(1)
Information about the poem
(2)
The way the poem is structured
lingustics chapter 9.4 The Language
in Fiction
9.4.1 Fictional Prose and Point of View
(1) I-narrators (2)Third-person narrators (3)Schema-oriented language (4)Given vs New information (5)Deixis
Chapter 9 Language and Literature
Random calling: Explain items from the third-level titles in the contents (目录) for the Chapter—a mark of 95 shall be awarded to those who can provide correct explanations for 3 of the items.
4) Rhetorical analysis: e.g. “a sea of shouting” and “Waves of rejoicing” (Par.7) -- The two phrases are cases of both metaphor and hyperbole which vividly show the excitement and happiness of the crowd in the church. Furthermore, the two phrases echo each other in image (both mirroring a sea).
5) The image or symbolic meaning in/of the work (作品 (中事物) 的象征意义): e.g. Things/elements in the literary work (natural phenomena, plants, animals, buildings, objects, atmosphere, etc.) may be used to symbolize love, progress, eternity, hope, desire, illusion, sadness, evil, etc.
语言学Chapter 9
•
9· 1 Foregrounding and grammatical form前 2· 景化和语法形式
Events belong to the string of plot are usually foregrounded while those used to provide related information are backgrounded. Deviation（偏离）and parallelism（平行） are usually used to show foregrounding events. The study of foregrounding is called patterning（模式/干扰背景模式）.
Language & Literature 4
Chapter 9 Language & Literature • 9· Some general features of the literary 2 language
•
9· 1 Foregrounding and grammatical form前 2· 景化和语法形式
Language & Literature 2
Chapter 9 Language & Literature • 9· Theoretical background 1
• 研究表明: 自20世纪60年代，建立起来了现代文体学， 从此该学科就飞速发展起来。但20世纪60年代，文体 学是形式主义formalism的十年，70年代是功能主义 functionalism的十年，80年代是语篇文体学discourse stylistics的十年，那么在90年代，是社会历史sociohistorical和社会文化socio-cultural文体学。 • 2000年后，文体学的发展趋势有两个主要特征。首先， 向着社会历史和社会文化文体学的研究深入。其次， 正兴起一种多元发展plural-heads development的趋势， 不同文体学学派竞相发展，新的学派不时涌现出来。
unit 9 Language and Culture
• The relationship between language and culture • What we say influences what we think, what we feel and what we believe. Humans learn their culture through language; culture is transmitted through language. • Language use is heavily tinted with its culture. The same word may stir up different associations in people under different cultural background, e.g. the word “dog”. • Language embodies cultural identity. Language expresses cultural reality, reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, etc. • The culture both emancipates and constrains people socially, historically and metaphorically. • Culture also affects its people’s imagination or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in their life.
• Features of culture: • 1. culture is socially acquired instead of biologically transmitted. • 2. Culture is shared among the members of a community instead of being unique to an individual. • 3. Culture is symbolic. Symbolizing means assigning to entities and events meanings which are external to them and not able to be grasped by themselves alone. Language is the most typical symbolic within culture. • 4. Culture is integrated. Each aspect of culture is tied in with the other aspects. • In other words, culture is composed of the following systems: techno-economic system, social system, ideational system and linguistic system.
Chapter 9 Language
Chapter 9 Language
3岁时基本掌握本民族语言的基本方面。在英语国家中，在语法使 用上会出现过度使用规则动词的时态变化的错误。 4岁基本掌握语法规则及简单实用规则(pragmatics)。 9岁掌握微妙的实用规则。 语言的精确化主要是后天习得的，不同的语种有不同的精确化规范。 2、言语获得的理论 1）强调后天学习因素的学说：语言的获得基本上是后天学习的结 果，通过后天模仿、学习强化和纠正获得词汇和规则。 2）强调先天性因素的学说：乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)认为人一 生下来就有内在的言语获得装置(language acquisition device)，它 包含着一组语法规则，这对所有语言都是共同的。在后天言语学习 过程中，人们不是学习语法规则，而是判断自己周围在说什么语言， 然后调整内在的规则。 3）脑功能的观点：Elman, Bates等认为语言来自于一般的认知能 力，部分认知能力是遗传的。人脑的结构确保获得、使用语言。
Chapter 9 Language （3）词：语言中可以独立运用的最小单位。词是图形、 语音、语义、构词法与句法五种信息的复合体，音、形 是词的物质载体，义是词所参照的事物或状态，词是句 子的组成部分。汉语中语素与词的关系不同于英语。 （4）短语和句子：可以独立表达比较完整语义的语言结 构单位。短语和句子的词序排列有严格的组合规则。 短语在言语活动中的职能：人们经常以短语作为感知和 理解的单位。 任何一个语句都包含两个层次结构——表层结构、深 层结构。表层结构是句子说出或书写的外部语法形式。 深层结构是句子的意义结构。 一种语言，音素只有几十个，语素约为5万个，字词 约为20万左右，而句子是无数的。因此人所学会的不是 一个个的句子，而是掌握组织句子的一般规则。
Chapter 9 Language 3）句子类型、语境等影响句子的理解 不同句子类型理解的难度不同：肯定句比否定句理解得 快，被动否定句理解得最慢；符合事实的肯定句快于不 符合事实的肯定句。 语境：语境提供了各种背景知识，能帮助人们迅速、准 确地理解语言。许多对话言语在脱离背景时很难理解。 在背景中可以克服歧义句的产生。 4、课文理解(discourse comprehension)：理解较长的 话语。以下因素影响课文理解： 1）推理：根据课文信息进行推理 2）语境：课文的背景信息 3）图式：已有知识经验的组织形式 课文理解是一个运用已有知识进行、基于对句子的理解 进行思维加工的过程。
语言学教程Chapter 9. Language and Literature..
Trope
It is another word for the figurative use of language, which refers to language used in a figurative way for a rhetorical purpose.
Some forms of trope
The function of the figurative use of language
It might be to make the abstract seem concrete; to make the mysterious or frightening seem safe, ordinary and domestic, or to make the everyday usage seem wonderful and unusual.
9.3 the language in poetry
9.3.1 sound patterning
Rhyme is salient feature of poetry. End rhyme occurs at the end of a line in a poem, the pattern is cVC. The last word of a line has the same final sounds as the last word of another line, sometimes immediately above or below, sometimes one or more lines away. End rhyme is very common in some poetic styles, and particularly in children’s poetry. It is also a feature in plays and songs.
Chapter9章PPT课件
Chapter 9 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching
3 Various linguistic views and their significance in language learning and teaching (P354-57)
You are suggested to read the relevant part in our textbook to get a clear idea that different fields of linguistic study do contribute the language learning and teaching.
Who should be the center in the teaching-learning process? How should the learner’s errors be treated? What techniques should be adopted in the classroom?
Chapter 9 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching
5.2.1 Grammar and language learning (P368-70)
Whether and how to include grammar in second language instruction is one of the major controversial questions raised by second language acquisition researchers.
4.2 Major factors in syllabus design (P358)
英语语言学 第九章 语言与文化
▪ In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture, etc.
▪ How the Chinese and the Europeans state their age differently. I'm ten and a half years old. The baby girl will be thirteen months old next Friday. Chinese use a round number(整数) followed by the measure sui.
▪ 所有这些类型的意义都与文化编码或联想有关， 因为词语的意义与它们的联想是不可分割的，而 这些联想的解释是约定俗成的。每种语言都有自 己的隐喻，这些隐喻在其范围内提供语义上的理 解。
Some cultural differences in language use
▪ Greetings and terms of address ▪ Gratitude and compliments ▪ Color words ▪ Privacy and taboos ▪ Rounding off numbers ▪ Words and cultural-specific connotations ▪ Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphor
▪ There are generally two types of culture: material and spiritual.
▪ How the Chinese and the Europeans state their age differently. I'm ten and a half years old. The baby girl will be thirteen months old next Friday. Chinese use a round number(整数) followed by the measure sui.
▪ 所有这些类型的意义都与文化编码或联想有关， 因为词语的意义与它们的联想是不可分割的，而 这些联想的解释是约定俗成的。每种语言都有自 己的隐喻，这些隐喻在其范围内提供语义上的理 解。
Some cultural differences in language use
▪ Greetings and terms of address ▪ Gratitude and compliments ▪ Color words ▪ Privacy and taboos ▪ Rounding off numbers ▪ Words and cultural-specific connotations ▪ Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphor
▪ There are generally two types of culture: material and spiritual.
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ΔA chipped sill buttresses mother and daughter who are
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
8
❖ Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
9
❖ 2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? ❖ 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
2
1. Style and Stylistics
❖ Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literaபைடு நூலகம்y language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
3
❖ Stylistics “studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.” (Crystal，1980)
Therefore, stylistics looks at what is ‘going on’ within the language; what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals.
5
Literary Stylistics: Crystal (1987) observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and ‘valued’ language within literature, i.e. ‘literary stylistics’.
7
2. Foregrounding
❖ Please compare the following two pieces of language:
Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped sill buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand, not crash.
For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels.
The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the mahareajah; she left innumerable other lights o’passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1
Teaching Focus
❖ 1. Style and Stylistics ❖ 2. Foregrounding ❖ 3. Literal language and figurative language ❖ 4. Analysis of literary language ❖ 5. The language in poetry
4
❖ In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language.
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
8
❖ Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
9
❖ 2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? ❖ 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
2
1. Style and Stylistics
❖ Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literaபைடு நூலகம்y language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
3
❖ Stylistics “studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.” (Crystal，1980)
Therefore, stylistics looks at what is ‘going on’ within the language; what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals.
5
Literary Stylistics: Crystal (1987) observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and ‘valued’ language within literature, i.e. ‘literary stylistics’.
7
2. Foregrounding
❖ Please compare the following two pieces of language:
Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped sill buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand, not crash.
For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels.
The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the mahareajah; she left innumerable other lights o’passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
Chapter 9 Language and
Literature
1
Teaching Focus
❖ 1. Style and Stylistics ❖ 2. Foregrounding ❖ 3. Literal language and figurative language ❖ 4. Analysis of literary language ❖ 5. The language in poetry
4
❖ In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language.