SHRM_Chapter_12

阿兹卡班的囚徒第十章英文原文1.哈利与赫敏的对话"Hermione,what's wrong?"Harry asked,noticing her concerned expression."It's nothing,"she lied,forcing a weak smile.2.赫敏对时间转换器的担忧"I'm worried about the Time-Turner,"Hermione admitted."What if we mess up history even more?"3.哈利的回忆：父母死亡的真相Harry's thoughts turned to the night his parents had died.It was all so clear now.4.关于小天狼星布莱克的讨论"So,Sirius Black is innocent,"said Harry,summing up."And he's looking for the Time-Turner so he can change his own past."5.时间转换器的使用限制"But we can't use the Time-Turner anymore,"said Hermione firmly."It's too dangerous."6.赫敏对未来的预测"I'm not sure what the future holds,"said Hermione,"but I do know we can't rely on the Time-Turner to fix things for us."7.哈利对伏地魔的新的认识"So Voldemort is using the Time-Turner to go back and create more Horcruxes,"said Harry,realization dawning."He's trying to make himself immortal."8.决定寻找时间转换器"We have to find the Time-Turner,"Harry decided."It's the only way to stop Voldemort."9.赫敏的担忧与决心Hermione bit her lip."I'm scared,"she admitted."But I'm with you all the way."。

The Five Dysfunctions of a TeamPresented by (Marchelle) Max GageATW Training & ConsultingJuly 2013For the Cyclone Chapter of SHRMOur Objectives:Understand the behaviors that most commonly derail teams o Assess individual team member strengths andopportunitieso Appreciate the “Five Dysfunctions of a Team”o Review a few of the suggested “tools” to assist with team developmentThe Five Dysfunctions of a Team*Based on the works of Patrick LencioniDysfunction #1: Absence of Trust —Members of great teams trust one another on a fundamental, emotional level, and they are comfortable being vulnerable with each other about their weaknesses, mistakes, fears, and behaviors. They get to a point where they can be completely open with one another, without filters.Why is this essential ?Dysfunction #2: Fear of Conflict—Teams that trust one another are not afraid to engage in passionate dialogue around issues and decisions thatare key to the organization's success. They do not hesitate to disagree with, challenge, and question one another, all in the spirit of finding the best an-swers, discovering the truth, and making great decisions.Why is this important?Dysfunction #3: Lack of Commitment—Teams that engage in unfiltered conflict are able to achieve genuine buy-in around important decisions, even when various members of the team initially disagree. That is because they ensure that all opinions and ideas are put on the table and considered, giving confidence to team members that no stone has been left unturned.Why is this critical?Dysfunction #4: Avoidance of Accountability—Teams that commit to decisions and standards of performance do not hesitate to hold one another accountable for adhering to those decisions and standards. What's more, they don't rely on the team leader as the primary source of accountability; they go directly to their peers.Why does this matter?Dysfunction #5: Inattention to Results—Teamsthat trust one another, engage in conflict, commit to decisions, and hold one another accountable, are very likely to set aside their individual needs and agendas and focus almost exclusively on what is best for the team. They do not give in to the temptation to place their departments, career aspirations, or ego-driven status ahead of the collective results that define team success.Why is this non-negotiable?Individual ScoringCombine your scores for the fifteen statements as indicatedA score of 8 or 9 indicates that the dysfunction is probably not a problem for your team.A score of 6 or 7 indicates that the dysfunction could be a problem.A score of 3 to 5 indicates that the dysfunction needs to be addressed.Building TrustPERSONAL HISTORIES EXERCISEAnswer the following questions about yourself.1.Where did you grow up?2.How many siblings do you have and where do you fall in thesibling order (oldest, youngest, etc.)?3.What was the most difficult, important, or unique challenge ofyour childhood—of being a kid?4.Describe a time when you felt the most frightened.5.What was your first job? Your worst job?6.Other than your parents, who had the greatest positive impacton you? What did the person do? How did you feel about it?❝Wha t did you learn about your “colleague” that you did not know?❝How could this exercise help you if you were on the same team?❝How could you implement this with your team?Mastering ConflictCONFLICT PROFILING EXERCISE1.What do you know about yourself that might affect yourperception of and ability to engage in conflict?2.What was the conflict environment in your home while you weregrowing up? Were there spirited conversations, or did yourfamily avoid difficult conversations?3.In what geographic area were you raised? What conflict stylewas accepted and expected?4.What professional experiences have influenced your ability toengage in unfiltered debate?What did you learn about your colleagues’ background and experience with conflict that you did not know?How might this information affect your team’s ability to engage in meaningful conflict?CONFLICT NORMING EXERCISEThis exercise is designed to formalize the expectations this team hasabout how to engage in meaningful conflict.Individually, write down your preferences in each area below, as theyrelate to meaningful conflict.1.What kind of language and tone of voice should be used inmeaningful conflict situations?2.What emotions should be evident? What emotions should besuppressed?3.To what extent should team members be involved andparticipate in the conflict?4.What other expectations do you have?As a group, answer these questions.∙What do the collective preferences seem to be?∙Where were there differences in opinion?Things to Remember:∙Good conflict among team members requires trust, which is all about engaging in passionate, unfiltered debate.∙Conflict will at times be uncomfortable.∙Conflict norms must be discussed and made clear among the team.∙The fear of conflict should not deter a team from having regular, meaningful, productive debate.Lack of CommitmentTools: Establishing a Thematic Goal❝ A Thematic Goal is a single overarching theme that remains the top priority of the entire team for a given period of time.❝It serves as a rallying cry for the team and often helps align other parts of the organization.•Write down your answer to this question:•What do you think is the single most important goal to achieve during the next _______ months if our team is to consider itself successful?•Defining Objectives (to support thematic goal)•Stand Operating Objectives (always important, do not go away) Rules of Engagement•Principles that your team agrees to:–The structure and schedule for meetings–Acceptable behavior during meetings–The extent to which being on time to meetings is a priority–The preferred methods (email, text, etc.) forcommunicating with one another and the norms aroundhow to use each method–The timeliness of responding to one another–The use of shared resourcesThe level of freedom we have when interacting with oneanother's staff–The extent to which we will be available during non-work hours for meetings or to answer questionsAvoidance of AccountabilityFeedback Model∙Situation OR∙Task∙Action∙Result∙Alternative Action∙Alternative Result❝“During our departmental meeting yesterday (Situation), I saw you roll your eyes, frown, and roll back your chair away from the table when Robertaoffered her suggestions on the project (Action). When you did this, I felt you were not open to what she had to say and may have caused her to feel lessvalued as a contributor.” (Result)❝Next time when you disagree with what Roberta has to say, capture your thoughts on paper and refrain from moving away from the table (AlternativeAction). She will be able to complete her thoughts and then we can listen toyour perspective (Alternative Result).Lightning Round•Used at beginning of regular meetings•Ask team members to each take no more than 30 seconds to update the team about their 3 top priorities that week.•If anyone on the team feels that a given team member is spending time unwisely, or that there is greater need for aperson’s time and energy to another area, this is the place to call the question.•(**Assumes a level of trust, openness to conflict, and original commitment to the team’s goals.**)Fundamental #5Inattention to ResultsTools: Establishing a Team Scoreboard∙Our Thematic Goal∙How will we know when we have reached our Thematic Goal?∙What are some ways in which we can track progress toward our goal?∙What kind of “scorecard” will help us stay focuse d on the goal and able to see our progress?。

中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets《哈利波特与密室》Chapter ThirteenThe Very Secret Diary第13章绝密日记Hermione remained in the hospital wing for several weeks. There was a flurry of rumour about her disappearance when the rest of the school arrived back from their Christmas holidays, because of course everyone thought that she had been attacked. So many stud ents fil ed past the hospital wing trying to catch a glimpse of her that Madam Pomfrey took out her curtains again and placed them around Hermione's bed, to spare her the shame of being seen with a furry face.赫敏在医院病房里住了几个星期。

别的同学过完圣诞节回到学校后，对她的失踪议论纷纷，大家都理所当然地以为她遭到了攻击。

所以，学生们排着队走过医院，想看她一眼。

庞弗雷女士不得不再次取出她的布帘子，挂在赫敏的病床周围，不让别人看见她毛茸茸的脸，免得她感到羞愧难当。

Harry and Ron went to visit her every evening. When the new term started, they brought her each day's homework.哈利和罗恩每天晚上都去看她。

Industrial&Labor Relations Review Volume57,Issue12003Article84Strategy and Human Resource Management Peter Boxall∗John Purcell†∗,†,Copyright c 2003by the authors.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,elec-tronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise,without the prior written permis-sion of the publisher,bepress,which has been given certain exclusive rights by the author.In-dustrial&Labor Relations Review is produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press(bepress). /ilrreviewBOOK REVIEWS145part-time workers equitably with respect to to-tal compensation.Not only should public policy help to ensure that workers receive good jobs with adequate benefits, it should also aid in the creation of more jobs for the future through improved fiscal, monetary, and trade policy. In the fiscal realm, Sicker suggests reducing or eliminating corporate subsidies and using these additional funds to subsidize work, for example by offering employers wage rebates in times of sluggish labor markets, or by rewarding them for job creation. With respect to monetary policy, Sicker dismisses the notion of the natural rate of un-employment as empirically unsupported, and argues that monetary policy-makers should put strong economic growth first, rather than low inflation. Last, he argues that trade policy has focused too much on unregulated trade and capital flows and that the incorporation of worker rights in trade agreements could sup-port the creation of good jobs. Without such active employment and economic policies, Sicker argues, there will not be enough good jobs for the coming generations of older work-ers.The book is a very sensible, insightful, and provocative analysis of the trends that are likely to influence the creation of good jobs. It chal-lenges the notion that older workers will find meaningful employment to support them as they age, and it challenges policy-makers to address this apparent divergence between pre-diction and reality.I n arguing his point, Sicker takes to task many sacred cows of economists, including the natural rate of unemployment and the trend toward unregulated trade and capital flows. Economists have increasingly questioned the validity of the natural rate hypothesis, as the book illustrates in its references to the work by the late Robert Eisner, by James Galbraith, and by Paul Omerod. Moreover, Sicker touches upon the ongoing discussion among econo-mists over the benefits of unregulated trade and capital flows. This discussion has been partly fueled by examples of job losses outside low-skill occupations, which directly contradict the theoretical predictions of neoclassical economic theory. For instance, Sicker points to the De-partment of Labor’s certification of trade-re-lated job losses at GE and Hughes Aircraft. On this matter as on others, Sicker weighs the exist-ing evidence from various sources, including academic studies, think tanks, and the media, in a balanced manner.Most of the trends the book highlights as responsible for the disappearance of good job opportunities have continued, and some have intensified, since 2000. As the economy and the stock market unraveled, firms began to lay off workers and to reduce benefits, especially pen-sion and health benefits, and the government restricted active fiscal policy, concentrating in-stead on seeking new trade agreements to gen-erate demand for American-made products.One subject regrettably missing from the book is the status of older workers’ health and of their retiree health care coverage. Many older workers—between 10% and 20% of them, according to various estimates—suffer from health problems serious enough to make con-tinued work impractical; and yet many firms have ceased offering retiree health care cover-age to their workers. Sicker’s omission of this subject is especially surprising since it seems a strong example of the declining commitment of employers to their employees that he dis-cusses at some length.That shortcoming aside, the book is an in-sightful contribution to the literature on the social consequences of an aging society. I t provides cogent reasons to doubt rosy predic-tions of abundant job opportunities for older workers in the years ahead, and challenges read-ers to consider realistic policy options to create meaningful job opportunities for the growing share of the population that is elderly or near elderly.Christian E. Weller EconomistEconomic Policy InstituteHuman Resources,Management, and PersonnelStrategy and Human Resource Management. By Peter Boxall and John Purcell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 299 pp. ISBN 0-333-77820-0, $29.95 (paper).The increasing importance of people to or-ganizational success corresponds with the rise of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) as a field of study worldwide. Research on SHRM issues has grown exponentially over the past ten years. Originating as it has, how-ever, across diverse academic disciplines (for example, psychology, sociology, economics) and geographic regions (although primarily Europe and the United States), this literature has been146INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS REVIEWin need of integration and synthesis. Boxall and Purcell’s Strategy and Human Resource Manage-ment provides a thorough review of this eclectic literature in a framework that makes it easy for the reader to grasp the field’s evolution and current state of thinking. I see this outstanding book as distinguishing itself from other similar efforts in three important ways.First, it fairly considers both U.S. and Euro-pean perspectives on SHRM, which differ in important ways. Most researchers in the United States adopt an implicitly managerialist ap-proach, focusing on how HR can benefit share-holders, while researchers in Europe empha-size the importance of balancing the interests of multiple stakeholders such as employees, unions, governments, and society. The Euro-pean view tends to emphasize the importance of context; the U.S. view, “best practice.” Boxall and Purcell do an outstanding job of accurately representing these different viewpoints, par-ticularly in how they affect research and prac-tice. When pressed, it seems clear that they, not surprisingly, adhere to a more European view, but their presentation is both fair and balanced. Chapter 1 makes a strong case for how HRM can affect business performance, and a recurring theme throughout the book is that properly managed human resources will benefit share-holders. The authors do not create an artificial either/or distinction, but simply focus readers on the fact that increased business performance is only one positive outcome from the effective management of people.Second, whereas often the tendency in cover-ing SHRM is to emphasize the current state of the art, focusing only on the most recent devel-opments in research and thinking, Boxall and Purcell’s treatment of the field dwells more on its evolution. Consistent with the European emphasis on understanding “context,” these authors invariably present topics from the stand-point of how thinking and practice have devel-oped over time, often exploring the critical factors driving that evolution, such as techno-logical change, economic cycles, and govern-ment intervention. One clear value of this approach is the help it offers in answering a question the authors often pose: is the current state completely unique and never seen before, or simply the latest return of some phase in a recurring cycle? This brings the concepts of both dynamism and predictability to our under-standing of how the whole SHRM knowledge base has evolved. In particular, Chapters 5–8 thoroughly cover the evolution and context of research and practice with regard to the con-cepts of work systems, models of employment, managing individual performance and devel-opment, and employee voice.Third, satisfying the promise implied by the book’s title, the authors do a tremendous job of discussing the basic concepts of strategy on their own merits. Too many presentations of SHRM begin and end with HRM, exploring strategy in shallow and superficial ways, and probably only insofar as the concepts directly link to HRM. I believe that it is impossible to study SHRM without a relatively deep knowl-edge of strategy, and the authors of this book demonstrate such knowledge. Chapter 2 dis-cusses the strategic decision-making process, Chapter 4 presents a deep analysis of the re-source-based view of the firm, Chapter 9 ex-plores the dynamics of industry-based competi-tion, and Chapter 10 does the best job I have seen of examining the distinct issues that arise from distinguishing between corporate-level and business-level strategy. I n each case, the au-thors accurately represent strategic concepts based in the strategy literature. Only after presenting these concepts do they examine the implications for HRM. Clearly, this is a book about strategy and HRM, not simply about stra-tegic HRM.I find little to fault in Boxall and Purcell’s book. It accurately and thoroughly reviews the evolution and context of both research and practice in the area of SHRM, and integrates and synthesizes the burgeoning literature on the subject. For those interested in understand-ing the current state of the field, this book is a must read.Patrick M. Wright Professor of Human Resource StudiesNew York State School ofIndustrial and Labor RelationsCornell UniversityInternational andComparative Industrial RelationsTransforming Gender and Development in East Asia.Edited by Esther Ngan-ling Chow. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. 263 pp. I SBN 0-415-92492-8, $22.95 (pa-per).The gender-blindness and androcentrism of mainstream scholarship on East Asian develop-ment is particularly shocking when women are。

Dear Editor,Please, find below the itemized list of the corrections brought to our ms (N°NPP-07-0364RR) on the basis of the last reviewers comments.Reviewer #11.There is only one major concern about the question.... "that recent studies... of cha nges in 5-HT RNAm and protein expression induced by memory formation and drugs..., eventually lead to arborization? The authors in the rebuttal letter stated that: "It is likely they might contribute. The point is that we do not know how these 5-HT protein and RNAm receptors are expressed in the mouse brain so that we cannot speculate on their role in promoting dendritic spine growth in mice treated with the 5-HT4Rs agonist". However, in the new introduction authors mentioned that "there is not yet evidence that such compounds enhance learning-induced structural plasticity" (last lines of the first paragraph). This last statement seems speculative and/or not justified by the available evidence.This statement has been deleted along with the following reference:Izquierdo I, Medina JH (1995) Correlation between the pharmacolog y of long-term potentiation and the pharmacology of memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 63:19-32Associate editor1. I was surprised that the authors did the control experiment reviewer #3 requested (i.e. to check spine densities in cortical regions unassociated with olfactory memory) but make no mention of these results in the Discussion.A sentence in the discussion section (1st paragraph) states now that, in mice trained or pseudo trained in the OTM, “the compound was not found modify spine density on pyramidal neurons laying in the primary visual cortex area, a region unrelated to the memory pathways”2. I am still concerned about the small number of experimental subjects that make up each group. A concern is that the effect sizes reported are not huge and this statistic is only reported in the legends to Figures 1 and 3 yet they refer to significant effects in figures 2 and 4 as well but give no values in the figure legends.In the revised version of the manuscript the sample size issue was addressed replicating experiments. The main effect (SL65.0155 enhancing learning-induced spine growth) was observed (i) across different batches thus increasing its internal validity and (ii) on several related measurements (behaviour and morphology of apical, oblique and basal dendrites). Keeping in mind that the C57Bl/6 strain is an inbred strain (showing minimal inter-individual variability in behaviour and brain characteristics) it is rather customary using 6-8 per group. Moreover, unbiased sampling procedures applied throughout the experiment (blind counting of spines, random selection of the brains t o be processed for spine analysis) made us comfortable with the validity of the statistical results.The statistical values are now reported also in figures 2 and 4. In addition, new symbols indicating t he correct p-level for post-hoc tests have been added to figure 2.Minor changes1. Text (Typographical errors corrected)Page 8, paragraph title: correct concentration for SL65.0155 is 0.01mg/KgPage 8, line 8 and last line: correct name is RS39604Page 8, line 9: correct name is SL65.01552. FiguresSymbols indicating p level have been changed on figure 2 according to post–hoc results described in the results section.3. Acknowledgment section has been addedWe thank the reviewers for their suggestions along with their positive comments and hope that our manuscript can be now considered for publication in Neuropsychopharmacology.Martine A mmassari-TeuleCorresponding author。

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

ParadiseParadiseParadiseParadiseLostLostLostLost失乐园JohnJohnJohnJohnMiltonMiltonMiltonMilton约翰约翰约翰约翰····弥尔顿弥尔顿弥尔顿弥尔顿目录V1V1V1V1第一卷撒旦在地狱召集军队号召复仇点兵第二卷大会作出决议由撒旦亲赴人类乐园侦察人类的乐园第三卷神子声称愿为人类赎罪撒旦向乐园飞进第四卷撒旦进入乐园被捕第五卷敌人撒旦的来路第六卷在天界三天大战第七卷创造天地万物第八卷创造人类始祖第九卷夏娃受引诱食禁果第十卷违抗禁令震惊天界建筑大桥横贯混沌界第十一卷预示人类未来第十二卷继续预示未来亚薄⑾耐薇恢鸪隼衷癟HETHETHETHEARGUMENTARGUMENTARGUMENTARGUMENT提纲ThisfirstBookproposesfirstinbriefthewholeSubjectMansdisobedienceandthelossthereupon ofParadisewhereinhewasplact:ThentouchestheprimecauseofhisfalltheSerpentorratherSata nintheSerpentwhorevoltingfromGodanddrawingtohissidemanyLegionsofAngelswasbythe commandofGoddrivenoutofHeavenwithallhisCrewintothegreatDeep.Whichactionpastover thePoemhastsintothemidstofthingspresentingSatanwithhisAngelsnowfallenintoHelldescri bdherenotintheCenterforHeavenandEarthmaybesupposdasyetnotmadecertainlynotyetaccu rstbutinaplaceofutterdarknessfitliestcalldChaos:HereSatanwithhisAngelslyingontheburnin gLakethunder-struckandastonishtafteracertainspacerecoversasfromconfusioncallsuphimw honextinOrderandDignitylaybyhimtheyconferofthirmiserablefall.SatanawakensallhisLegi onswholaytilltheninthesamemannerconfoundedTheyrisethirNumbersarrayofBattelthirchie fLeadersnamdaccordingtotheIdolsknownafterwardsinCanaanandtheCountriesadjoyning.T otheseSatandirectshisSpeechcomfortsthemwithhopeyetofregainingHeavenbuttellsthemlast lyofanewWorldandnewkindofCreaturetobecreatedaccordingtoanancientProphesieorreport inHeavenforthatAngelswerelongbeforethisvisibleCreationwastheopinionofmanyancientFa thers.TofindoutthetruthofthisProphesieandwhattodeterminthereonhereferstoafullCouncel. WhathisAssociatesthenceattempt.PandemoniumthePalaceofSatanrisessuddenlybuiltoutoft heDeep:TheinfernalPeerstheresitinCouncel.V1在第一卷我先扼要点明本书的主题人失去曾经拥有的乐园是由于违背了天神命令。

Hiroshima ---- The "Liveliest" City in Japan/hɪˈrɒʃɪmə/ 广岛(excerpts /'eksə:pt/ 节选)by Jacques Danvoir1 “Hiroshima! Everybody off!” That must be what the man in the Japanese stationmaster's uniform shouted, as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station. I did not understand what he was saying. First of all, because he was shouting in Japanese. And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything a Nippon railways official might say. The very act of stepping on this soil, in breathing this air of Hiroshima, was for me a far greater adventure than any trip or any reportorial assignment I'd previously taken. Was I not at the scene of the crime? stationmaster/ˈsteɪʃnmɑːstə(r)/站长slipped to a stop突然停止had a lump in my throat 如鲠在喉Nippon /ni'pɔn/reportorial /ˌrepəˈtɔːrɪəl/ 记者的纪实的新闻报道2 The Japanese crowd did not appear to have the same preoccupations that I had. From the sidewalk（人行道）outside the station, things seemed much the same as in other Japanese cities. Little girls and elderly ladies in kimonos rubbed shoulders with teenagers and women in western dress. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them, and bobbed up and down repeatedly in little bows, as they exchanged the ritual formula of gratitude and respect: "Tomo aligato gozayimas." Others were using little red telephones that hung on the facades of grocery stores and tobacco shops.preoccupation/priˌɒkjuˈpeɪʃn/n. 关注的事物；抢先占据；成见kimonos /kɪˈməʊnəʊ/和服rub/rʌb/磨擦shoulder /ˈʃəʊldə(r)/ 肩膀oblivious/əˈblɪviəs/ unconscious bobbed up and down 忽上忽下bow/baʊ; bəʊ/ 鞠躬ritual /ˈrɪtʃuəl/仪式formula/ˈfɔːmjələ/公式3"Hi! Hi!" said the cab driver, whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler. "Hi", or something that sounds very much like it, means "yes". "Can you take me to City Hall（市政厅）?" He grinned at me in the rear-view mirror and repeated "Hi!" "Hi! ’ We set off at top speed through the narrow streets of Hiroshima. The tall buildings of the martyred city flashed by as we lurched from side to side in response to the driver's sharp twists of the wheel.the rear-view mirror /ˌrɪəvjuːˈmɪrə(r)/ 后视镜martyred /ˈmɑːtəd/ 殉难的lurch /lɜːtʃ/ 突然倾斜twist /twɪst/拐弯4Just as I was beginning to find the ride long, the taxi screeched to a halt（急刹车）, and the driver got out and went over to a policeman to ask the way. As in Tokyo, taxi drivers in Hiroshima often know little of their city, but to avoid loss of face before foreigners, will not admit their ignorance, and will accept any destination without concern for how long it may take them to find it.find the ride long觉得旅途漫长screech/skriːtʃ/尖叫screeched to a halt急刹车ignorance /ˈɪɡnərəns/ 无知，愚昧5At last this intermezzo came to an end, and I found myself in front of the gigantic City Hall. The usher bowed deeply and heave d a long, almost musical sigh, when I showed him the invitation which the mayor had sent me in response to myrequest for an interview. "That is not here, sir," he said in English. "The mayor expects you tonight for dinner with other foreigners on the restaurant boat. See? This is where it is.” He sketch ed a little map for me on the back of my invitation. intermezzo /ˌɪntəˈmetsəʊ/插曲gigantic /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/ 巨大的，庞大的usher/ˈʌʃə(r)/ 接待员；门房heave /hiːv/ 发出（叹息）sigh /saɪ/叹息mayor /meə/ 市长sketch /sketʃ/ 画草图6Thanks to his map, I was able to find a taxi driver who could take me straight to the canal embankment（水路堤）, where a sort of barge with a roof like one on a Japanese house was moored( /mɔː/停泊 ) . The Japanese build their traditional houses on boats when land becomes too expensive. The rather arresting (引人注意的)spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.canal/kəˈnæl /运河embankment /ɪmˈbæŋkmənt/ 路堤barge /bɑːdʒ/游艇spectacle/ˈspektəkl/壮观的场面adrift/əˈdrɪft/漂流的amid /əˈmɪd/在……中beige /beɪʒ/米黄色的concrete/ˈkɒŋkriːt/混凝土的skyscraper /ˈskaɪˌskrepər/摩天大楼incessant/ɪnˈsesnt/ 不断的7At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes. This done, I entered one of thelow-ceilinged(屋顶很低的) rooms of the little floating house, treading cautiously on the soft matting(席子) and experiencing a twinge of embarrassment at the prospect of（一想到）the mayor of Hiroshima in my socks.stunning/ˈstʌnɪŋ/令人震惊的porcelain-faced 细皮嫩肉的porcelain/ˈpɔːsəlɪn/ 瓷tread/tred/踩，踏cautiously /ˈkɔːʃəsli/ 慎重地，谨慎地twinge /twɪndʒ/刺痛prospect /ˈprɒspekt/ ，前景8He was a tall, thin man, sad-eyed and serious. Quite unexpectedly, the strange emotion which had ed me at the station returned, and I was again crushed by the thought that I now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment, wherethousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony .overwhelm /ˌəʊvəˈwelm/ 使不知所措crush /krʌʃ/ 使心烦意乱，使消沉atomic /əˈtɒmɪk/ . 原子的bombardment /bɒmˈbɑːdmənt/轰炸slain/sleɪn/杀死（slay 的过去分词）linger/ˈlɪŋɡə/苟延残喘agony /ˈæɡəni/ 剧痛，创痛；痛楚，苦难9The introductions were made. Most of the guests were Japanese, and it was difficult for me to ask them just why we were gathered here. The few Americans and Germans seemed just as inhibited as I was. "Gentlemen," said the mayor, "I am happy to welcome you to Hiroshima."inhibited/ɪnˈhɪbɪtɪd/ 抑制的；禁止的；羞怯的10 Everyone bowed, including the Westerners. After three days in Japan, the spinal column（/ˌspaɪnl ˈkɒləm/ 脊柱）becomes extraordinarily flexible. 11"Gentlemen, it is a very great honor to have you here in Hiroshima."12There were fresh bows, and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated.13 "Hiroshima, as you know, is a city familiar to everyone,” continued the mayor.14"Yes, yes, of course,” murmured the company, more and more agitated.15proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its--- oysters（/ˈɔɪstə(r)/牡蛎）".murmur/ˈmɜːmə(r)/ 低语agitated/ˈædʒɪteɪtɪd/ 焦虑不安的；激动的16I was just about to make my little bow of assent, when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me out of my sad reverie .assent/əˈsent/. 赞成；批准sink in完全被理解jolt/dʒəʊlt/使觉醒reverie/ˈrevəri/ 幻想；沉思17"Hiroshima – oysters? What about the bomb and the misery and humanity's most heinous crime (/ˈheɪnəs kraɪm/十恶不赦的大罪 )?" While the mayor went on with his speech in praise of southern Japanese sea food, I cautiously backed away and headed toward the far side of the room, where a few men were talking among themselves and paying little attention to the mayor's speech. "You look puzzled," said a small Japanese man with very large eye-glasses.misery/ˈmɪzəri/ 痛苦，苦难humanity /hjuːˈmænəti/人性18 "Well, I must confess(/kənˈfes/供认，招供) that I did not expect a speech about oysters here. I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact of the atomic cataclysm ." impact /ˈɪmpækt//ˈɪmpækt/巨大影响cataclysm /ˈkætəklɪzəm/ 灾难19"No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially, the people who were born here or who lived through it.20 "Do you feel the same way, too?"21"I was here, but I was not in the center of town. I tell you this because I am almost an old man. There are two different schools(学派) of thought in this city of oysters, one that would like to preserve traces of the bomb, and the other that would like to get rid of everything, even the monument that was erected at the point ofimpact. They would also like to demolish the atomic museum."preserve/prɪˈzɜːv/保护，维护trace /treɪs/ 痕迹，遗迹，踪迹monument/ˈmɒnjumənt/ 纪念碑，纪念馆erect /ɪˈrektɪd/ 矗立的22"Why would they want to do that?"23"Because it hurts everybody, and because time marches on. That is why." The •small Japanese man smiled, his eyes nearly closed behind their thick lenses （/ˈlensɪz/镜片）. "If you write about this city, do not forget to say that it is the gayest（/ˈɡeɪɪst/快乐的）city in Japan, even it many of the town's people still bear hidden wounds, and burns."24 Like any other, the hospital smelled of formaldehyde and ether. Stretchers andwheelchairs lined the walls of endless corridors, and nurses walked by carryingnickel-plated instruments, the very sight of which would send shivers down the spine of any healthy visitor. The so-called atomic section was located on the third floor. It consisted of 17 beds.formaldehyde /fɔːˈmældɪhaɪd/ 甲醛ether /ˈiːθə(r)/乙醚stretcher /ˈstretʃə(r)/ 担架corridor /ˈkɒrɪdɔː(r)/ 走廊nickel-plated /ˈnɪkl ˈpleɪtɪd/镀镍的shiver/ˈʃɪvə(r)/ 颤抖25"I am a fisherman by trade. I have been here a very long time, more than twenty years, "said an old man in Japanese pajamas（ /pəˈdʒɑːməz/ 睡衣）. “What is wrong with you?”26"Something inside. I was in Hiroshima when it happened. I saw the fire ball. But I had no burns on my face or body. I ran all over the city looking for missing friends and relatives. I thought somehow（不知何故）I had been spared（幸免）. But later my hair began to fall out, and my belly turned to water. I felt sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me. "27 The doctor at my side explained and commented upon the old man's story, "We still have a handful of （一把）patients here who are being kept alive by constant care. The others died as a result of their injuries, or else committed suicide（/kəˈmɪtɪd ˈsuːɪsaɪd/ 自杀身亡）. "28"Why did they commit suicide?"29"It is humiliating to survive in this city. If you bear any visible scars of atomic burns, your children will encounter prejudice on the part of those who do not. No one will marry the daughter or the niece of an atomic bomb victim. People are afraid of genetic damage from the radiation." The old fisherman gazed at me politely and with interest.humiliating /hjuːˈmɪlieɪtɪŋ/丢脸的；羞辱性的visible /ˈvɪzəbl/明显的，引人注目的encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntə/ 偶遇，邂逅prejudice /ˈpredʒudɪs/偏见，成见victim/ˈvɪktɪm/ 受害者genetic/dʒəˈnetɪk/ 基因的radiation/ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn/ 辐射gazed at盯住；凝视30Hanging over the patient was a big ball made of bits of brightly colored paper （彩色纸片), folded into the shape of tiny birds. "What's that?" I asked.31 "Those are my lucky birds. Each day that I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly （/ˈɜːθli/ 尘世的）cares, I make a new little paper bird, and add it to the others. This way I look at them and congratulate myself of the good fortune that my illness has brought me. Because, thanks to it, I have the opportunity to improve my character."32 Once again, outside in the open air, I tore into（tear into）little pieces（撕成碎片）a small notebook with questions that I'd prepared in advance for interviews with the patients of the atomic ward（ /wɔːd/ 病房）. Among them was the question: Do you really think that Hiroshima is the liveliest city in Japan? I never asked it. But I could read the answer in every eye.。

劳动经济学专业词汇ContentChapter1: An Overview of Human Resource Management Chapter2:Job analysis and job designchapter 3:Human Resource PlanningChapter4:Recruitmentchapter5:Selection and PlacementChapter 6: Training & DevelopmentChapter 7: Performance Management and Appraisal Chapter8:Compensation Strategies and Practices chapter 9:Incentives and benefitsChapter10:Global Human Resource ManagementChapter1: An Overview of Human Resource Management1.高级人力资源专家(SPHR,Senior Professional in Human Recourses)就是美国人力资源管理学会(SHRM,Society for Human Resources Management)下属分支机构-人力资源认证学会(HRCI,Human Recourses Certification Institute)设立的HR职业资质之一。

2.在HRCI设立有三项HR职业资质认证：PHR (Professional in Human Resources) 人力资源专业人士SPHR(Senior Professional in Human Resources)高级人力资源专家GPHR(Global Professional in Human Resources)全球人力资源专业人士3.HRM 人力资源管理4.Mission 使命5.Administrative 行政的6.Strategic 战略的7.Operational 操作的8.Tactical 战术的9.Physical resources 物质资源10.Financial resources 财务资源11.Performance 绩效业绩12.Philosophy 理念13.Motivate 激励14.Orient (使)适应(使)定位15.Evaluate 评估/doc/e68361465.html,pensate 补偿酬劳17.Promote 提升18.Turnover （人员）流失19.Job analysis 工作分析20.Job design 工作设计21.Job description 工作描述22.Recruitment 招聘23.Selection 甄选24.Benefit 福利25.Performance management 绩效管理26.Human capital 人力资本27.Intellectual capital 智力资本Chapter2:Job analysis and job design1.Documentation 文件资料2.Psychometric 心理测量的3.Multistage 多阶段的4.multishift 多班制的5.Feedback 反馈6.Questionnaire 问卷7.Methodology （一整套）方法8.Autonomy 自主权9.Absenteeism 旷工、缺勤10.Turnover 人员流失11.Coordinate 协调12.Identify 识别13.Open-ended 开放式的14.Job analysis 工作分析15.Job design 工作设计16.Job description 工作/岗位描述17.Job specification 工作/岗位规范18.Performance standard 绩效标准19.Job rotation 工作轮换/轮岗20.Job enrichment 工作丰富化21.Job enlargement 工作扩大化22.Job simplification 工作简单化23.Job system 岗位系统24.Job incumbent 在职者25.job analysis schedule 工作分析计划表chapter 3:Human Resource Planning1.Surplus 过剩、多余2.promotion 提升（反义词：demotion降职）3.Shortage 短缺、不足4.pay rate 工资率5.Inventory 库存，储备6.simulation 模拟7.internal 内部的8.External 外部的9.Qualitative 定性的10.Quantitative 定量的11.Forecast 预测12.Deregulate 解除（对……的）管制13.Regulate 管制14.Globalization 全球化15.Transfer 工作调动16.Audit 审计17.Termination 终结、终止18.Assess 评估19.Migration 迁移、流动20.Outflow 流出（反义词：inflow 流入）21.Attrition 人员耗损；减缩人员22.Recall 人员召回；产品回收23.Downsize 裁员、缩编24.rule of thumb 拇指规则，经验法则25.HRIS （human resource information systems）人力资源信息系统26.environmental scanning 环境扫描（分析）27.Delphi technique 德尔菲法28.nominal group 名义小组29.Statistical regression analysis 统计回归分析30.Decision rule 决策准则31.Demographics 人口统计状况32.Succession analysis 继任分析33.Contingent worker 临时工34.Transition matrix 过度矩阵35.Early retirement buyout 提前退休买断36.Replacement chart 补充/替代图Chapter4:Recruitment1.recruitment 招聘2.executive search firm 猎头公司3.job vacancy 岗位空缺4.retainer 聘金5.candidate 申请者求职者6.job fair 招聘会7.trainee 受训者8.e-recruiting 电子招聘9.replacement 替代补充10.job board 求职网站11.morale 士气12.open house 开放参观日13.promotee 被提拔者14.snail mail 蜗牛邮件15.inbreeding 近亲繁殖16.employer website 用人单位网17.job posting 工作岗位布告18.career placement office 职业介绍所19.special recruiting event 特色招聘会20.professional/career website专业/职业网站chapter5:Selection and Placement1.Selection 甄选2.Placement 配置3.Application form 申请表4.Un/Structural interview 非结构/结构化面试5.Behavioral interview 行为描述型面试6.Situational interview 情景模式面试7.Stress interview 压力面试8.Negative emphasis 负面效应9.Halo effect 光环效应10.Stereotype 刻板印象11.Snap judgment第一印象12.Bias 偏见Chapter 6 Training & Development1.training 培训2.development 开发3.disseminate 传播4.self-efficacy 自我效能感(自信心)5.auditory learner 听觉型学习者6.tactile learner 触觉型学习者7.visual learner 视觉型学习者8.transfer of training 培训转移9.role play 角色扮演10.orientation （对新人进行的）情况介绍；适应性培训11.socialization 合群/doc/e68361465.html,mitment 承诺（员工对组织的归属感和奉献）13.training delivery 实施培训14.pilot test 尝试性测试15.on-the-job training 在职培训16.internship 实习17.intern 实习生18.apprentice 学徒19.instructor-led training 有授课老师指导的培训20.distance training/learning 远程培训/学习21.job-site/on-the-job development 在职开发22.off-site/off-the-job development 脱产开发23.coaching 指导、辅导24.job rotation 工作岗位轮换25.simulation 模拟（“商业游戏” business game）Chapter7: Performance Management and Appraisal1.performance 绩效2.measure 测量3.appraisal 评估4.benchmark 基准点5.numerical 用数字表示的6.multisource appraisal 多渠道评估7.360 °feedback 360°反馈8.self-rating/self-appraisal 自我评估9.graphic rating scale 图评价量表10.forced distribution 强制分布11.critical incident 关键事件12.field review 专家评估法13.behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) 行为锚定评估量表法14.behavioral observation scales (BOS) 行为观察量表法15.behavioral expectation scales (BES) 行为期望量表法16.management by objectives (MBO) 目标管理法Chapter8:Compensation Strategies and Practices/doc/e68361465.html,pensation 补偿、薪酬2.reward 报酬、酬金3.intrinsic 内在的4.extrinsic 外在的5.monetary 货币的、金钱的6.tangible 有形的7.base pay 基本工资8.variable pay 可变工资9.hourly pay 按小时支付的工资10.health insurance 健康保险11.benefits 福利12.medical/life insurance 医疗/人寿保险13.paid time off 带薪休假14.retirement pension 退休金15.bonus 奖金16.incentive 激励17.stock option 股票期权18.procedural justice 程序公平19.distributive justice 分配公平20.pay survey 工资调查21.pay structure 工资结构22.pay grade 工资等级23.pay range 工资范围24.benchmark job 基准岗位25.broadbanding 拓宽薪酬范围26.overlap 重叠chapter 9:Incentives and benefits1.Incentive 激励2.Benefits 福利3.award 奖励4.Piece-rate system 计件工资制5.Sales commission 销售佣金6.Bonus 奖金红利7.Gainsharing plan 利润分享计划8.Employee stock ownership plan(ESOP) 员工持股计划9.Collateral 抵押10.Executive compensation 高管薪酬11.Perquisite(perk) 额外福利；特权12.Workers? compensation 工商赔偿13.Unemployment compensation 失业补偿14.Social security 社会保障15.Pension plan 退休金计划16.Financial benefits 经济福利17.Insurance benefits 保险福利/doc/e68361465.html,cation benefits 教育福利19.Social and recreational benefits 社会与娱乐福利20.Time-off benefits 非工时福利21.Security benefits 保障福利22.Leaves of absence 休假23.Health care 医疗保健Chapter10:Global Human Resource Management1.host-country 东道国2.equal employment 平等就业3.employment discrimination 就业歧视4.Infrastructure ['infr?str?kt??] 基础设施5.individualism 个人主义6.collectivism 集体主义7.power distance 权利距离8.uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避9.Masculinity [m?skju…liniti]男性特征10.Femininity [?femi'niniti]女性特征11.Long-term orientation 长期定位12.Short-term orientation 短期定位13.Multinational corporation(MNC) 跨国公司14.Home country 母国(也称parent country)15.Parent corporation 母公司16.Expatriate [eks'p?trieit] 外派人员(也称parent-country national, PCN)17.Host-country national(HCN) 东道国员工18.Third-country national(TCN) 第三国员工19.Intercultural capabilities 跨文化能力20.Technical assignments 技术性任务21.Functional assignments 职能性任务22.Developmental assignments 发展性任务23.Strategic assignments 战略性任务24.Expatriation [eks?p?tri'ei??n ] 外派25.Repatriation [?ri:peitri'ei??n] 重返母国26.Culture assimilator 文化同化方法27.Culture shock 文化冲击。

SILENT SPRINGBy RACHEL CARSON(ONE SINGLE BOOK WHICH BROUGHT THE ISSUE OF PESTICIDES CENTERSTAGE. WITH MASS SCALE POISONING OF THE LAND WITH PESTICIDES AND WITH THOUSANDS OF FARMERS COMMITTING SUICIDE. THIS BOOK IS ESSENTIAL FOR PUBLIC RESEARCH IN INDIA.)ContentsAcknowledgments ixForeword xi1 A Fable for Tomorrow 12 The Obligation to Endure 53 Elixirs of Death 154 Surface Waters and Underground Seas 395 Realms of the Soil 536 Earth’s Green Mantle 637 Needless Havoc 858 And No Birds Sing 1039 Rivers of Death 12910 Indiscriminately from the Skies 15411 Beyond the Dreams of the Borgias 17312 The Human Price 18713 Through a Narrow Window 19914 One in Every Four 21915 Nature Fights Back 24516 The Rumblings of an Avalanche 26217 The Other Road 277List of Principal Sources 301Index 357AcknowledgmentsIN A LETTER written in January 1958, Olga Owens Huckins told me of her own bitter experience of a small world made lifeless, and so brought my attention sharply back to a problem with which I had long been concerned. I then realized I must write this book.During the years since then I have received help and encouragement from so many people that it is not possible to name them all here. Those who have freely shared with me the fruits of many ye ars’ experience and study represent a wide variety of government agencies in this and other countries, many universities and research institutions, and many professions. To all of them I express my deepest thanks for time andthought so generously given.In addition my special gratitude goes to those who took time to read portions of the manuscript and to offer comment and criticism based on their own expert knowledge. Although the final responsibility for the accuracy and validity of the text is mine, I could not have completed the book without the generous help of these specialists: L. G. Bartholomew, M.D., of the Mayo Clinic, John J. Biesele of the University of Texas, A. W.A. Brown of the University of Western Ontario, Morton S. Biskind, M.D., of Westport, Connecticut, C. J. Briejer of the Plant Protection Service in Holland, Clarence Cottam of the Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife Foundation, George Crile, Jr., M.D., of the Cleveland Clinic, Frank Egler of Norfolk, Connecticut, Malcolm M. Hargraves, M.D., of the Mayo Clinic, W.C. Hueper, M.D., of the National Cancer Institute, C. J. Kerswill of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Olaus Murie of the Wilderness Society, A. D. Pickett of the Canada Department of Agriculture, Thomas G. Scott of the Illinois Natural History Survey, Clarence Tarzwell of the Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, and George J. Wallace of Michigan State University. Every writer of a book based on many diverse facts owes much to the skill and helpfulness of librarians. I owe such a debt to many, but especially to Ida K. Johnston of the Department of the Interior Library and to Thelma Robinson of the Library of the National Institutesof Health. As my editor, Paul Brooks has given steadfast encouragement over the years and has cheerfully accommodated his plans to postponements and delays. For this, and for his skilled editorial judgment, I am everlastingly grateful. I have had capable and devoted assistance in the enormous task of library research from Dorothy Algire, Jeanne Davis, and Bette Haney Duff. And I could not possibly have completed the task, under circumstances sometimes difficult, except for the faithful help of my housekeeper, Ida Sprow.Finally, I must acknowledge our vast indebtedness to a host of people, many of them unknown to me personally, who have nevertheless made the writing of this book seem worthwhile. These are the people who first spoke out against the reckless and irresponsible poisoning of the world that man shares with all other creatures, and who are even now fighting the thousands of small battles that in the end will bring victory for sanity and common sense in our accommodation to the world that surrounds us.ForewordIN 1958, when Rachel Carson undertook to write the book that becameSilent Spring, she was fifty years old. She had spent most of her professional life as a marine biologist and writer with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. But now she was a world-famous author, thanks to the fabulous success of The Sea Around Us, published seven years before. Royalties from this book and its successor, The Edge of the Sea, had enabled her to devote full time to her own writing.To most authors this would seem like an ideal situation: an established reputation, freedom to choose one’s own subjec t, publishers more than ready to contract for anything one wrote. It might have been assumed that her next book would be in a field that offered the same opportunities, the same joy in research, as did its predecessors. Indeed she had such projects in mind. But it was not to be.While working for the government, she and her scientific colleagues had become alarmed by the widespread use of DDT and other long-lasting poisons in so-called agricultural control programs. Immediately after the war, when these dangers had already been recognized, she had tried in vain to interest some magazine in an article on the subject. A decade later, when the spraying of pesticides and herbicides (some of them many times as toxic as DDT) was causing wholesale destruction of wildlife and its habitat, and clearly endangering human life, she decidedshe had to speak out. Again she tried to interest the magazines in an article. Though by now she was a well-known writer, the magazine publishers, fearing to lose advertising, turned her down. For example, a manufacturer of canned baby food claimed that such an article would cause “unwarranted fear” to mothers who used his product. (The one exception was The New Yorker, which would later serialize parts of Silent Spring in advance of book publication.)So the only answer was to write a book—book publishers being free of advertising pressure. Miss Carson tried to find someone else to write it, but at last she decided that if it were to be done, she would have to do it herself. Many of her strongest admirers questioned whether she could write a salable book on such a dreary subject. She shared their doubts, but she went ahead because she had to. “There would be no peace for me,” she wrote to a friend, “if I kept silent.”Silent Spring was over four years in the making. It required a very different kind of research from her previous books. She could no longer recount the delight s of the laboratories at Woods Hole or of the marine rock pools at low tide. Joy in the subject itself had to be replaced by a sense of almost religious dedication. And extraordinary courage: during the final years she was plagued with what she termed “a wholecatalogue of illnesses.”Also she knew very well that she would be attacked by the chemical industry. It was not simply that she was opposing indiscriminate use of poisons but—more fundamentally—that she had made clear the basic irresponsibility of an industrialized, technological society toward the natural world. When the attack did come, it was probably as bitter and unscrupulous as anything of the sort since the publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species a century before. Hundreds of thousands of dollars were spent by the chemical industry in an attempt to discredit the book and to malign the author—she was described as an ignorant and hysterical woman who wanted to turn the earth over to the insects.These attacks fortunately backfired by creating more publicity than the publisher possibly could have afforded. A major chemical company tried to stop publication on the grounds that Miss Carson had made a misstatement about one of their products. She hadn’t, and publication proceeded on schedule.She herself was singularly unmoved by all this furor狂热；激怒. Meanwhile, as a direct result of the message in Silent Spring, President Kennedy set up a special panel of his Science Advisory Committee to study theproblem of pesticides. The panel’s report, when it appeared some months later, was a complete vindication of her thesis.Rachel Carson was very modest about her accomplishment. As she wrote to a close friend when the manuscript was nearing completion: “The beauty of the living world I was trying to save has always been uppermost in my mind—that, and anger at the senseless, brutish things that were being done.... Now l can believe I have at least helped a little.” In fact, her book helped to make ecology, which was an unfamiliar word in those days, one of the great popular causes of our time. It led to environmental legislation at every level of government.Twenty-five years after its original publication, Silent Spring has more than a historical interest. Such a book bridges the gulf between what C. P. Snow called “the two cultures.” Rachel Carson was a realistic, well-trained scientist who possessed the insight and sensitivity of a poet. She had an emotional response to nature for which she did not apologize. The more she learned, the greater grew what she termed “the sense of wonder.” So she succeeded in making a book about death a celebration of life.Rereading her book today, one is aware that its implications are farbroader than the immediate crisis with which it dealt. By awaking us to a specific danger—the poisoning of the earth with chemicals—she has helped us to recognize many other ways (some little known in her time) in which mankind is degrading the quality of life on our planet. And Silent Spring will continue to remind us that in our overorganized and overmechanized age, individual initiative and courage still count: change can be brought about, not through incitement煽动，刺激to war or violent revolution, but rather by altering the direction of our thinking about the world we live in.1. A Fable for T omorrowTHERE WAS ONCE a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings. The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of prosperous farms, with fields of grain and hillsides of orchards where, in spring, white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields. In autumn, oak and maple（枫树）and birch set up a blaze of color that flamed and flickered across a backdrop of pines. Then foxes barked in the hills and deer silently crossed the fields, half hidden in the mists of the fall mornings.Along the roads, laurel, viburnum and alder, great ferns and wildflowers delighted the traveler’s eye through much of the year. Even in winter theroadsides were places of beauty, where countless birds came to feed on the berries and on the seed heads of the dried weeds rising above the snow. The countryside was, in fact, famous for the abundance and variety of its bird life, and when the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and fall, people traveled from great distances to observe them. Others came to fish the streams, which flowed clear and cold out of the hills and contained shady pools where trout lay. So it had been from the days many years ago when the first settlers raised their houses, sank their wells, and built their barns.Then a strange blight crept over the area and everything began to change. Some evil spell had settled on the community: mysterious maladies swept the flocks of chickens; the cattle and sheep sickened and died. Everywhere was a shadow of death. The farmers spoke of much illness among their families. In the town the doctors had become more and more puzzled by new kinds of sickness appearing among their patients. There had been several sudden and unexplained deaths, not only among adults but even among children, who would be stricken suddenly while at play and die within a few hours.There was a strange stillness. The birds, for example—where had they gone? Many people spoke of them, puzzled and disturbed. The feedingstations in the backyards were deserted. The few birds seen anywhere were moribund; they trembled violently and could not fly. It was a spring without voices. On the mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus of robins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens, and scores of other bird voices there was now no sound; only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh.On the farms the hens brooded, but no chicks hatched. The farmers complained that they were unable to raise any pigs—the litters were small and the young survived only a few days. The apple trees were coming into bloom but no bees droned among the blossoms, so there was no pollination and there would be no fruit.The roadsides, once so attractive, were now lined with browned and withered vegetation as though swept by fire. These, too, were silent, deserted by all living things. Even the streams were now lifeless. Anglers no longer visited them, for all the fish had died.In the gutters（排水沟）under the eaves（屋檐）and between the shingles of the roofs, a white granular（颗粒状的）powder still showed a few patches; Some weeks before it had fallen like snow upon the roofs and the lawns, the fields and streams. No witchcraft, no enemy actionhad silenced the rebirth of new life in this stricken world. The people had done it themselves.This town does not actually exist, but it might easily have a thousand counterparts in America or elsewhere in the world. I know of no community that has experienced all the misfortunes I describe. Yet every one of these disasters has actually happened somewhere, and many real communities have already suffered a substantial number of them. A grim specter has crept upon us almost unnoticed, and this imagined tragedy may easily become a stark reality we all shall know.What has already silenced the voices of spring in countless towns in America? This book is an attempt to explain.2. The Obligation to EndureTHE HISTORY OF LIFE on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only within the moment of timerepresented by the present century has one species—man—acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.During the past quarter century this power has not only increased to one of disturbing magnitude but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal (d e a d l y) materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable; the chain of evil it initiates not only in the world that must support life but in living tissues is for the most part irreversible. In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister and little-recognized partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world—the very nature of its life. Strontium 90, released through nuclear explosions into the air, comes to earth in rain or drifts down as fallout(放射性尘埃), lodges in soil, enters into the grass or corn or wheat grown there, and in time takes up its abode in the bones of a human being, there to remain until his death. Similarly, chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death. Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and, through the alchemy (magic) of air and sunlight, combine into new forms that kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and work unknownharm on those who drink from once pure wells. As Albert Schweitzer has said, ‘Man can hardly even recognize the devils of his own creation.’It took hundreds of millions of years to produce the life that now inhabits the earth—eons of time in which that developing and evolving and diversifying life reached a state of adjustment and balance with its surroundings. The environment, rigorously shaping and directing the life it supported, contained elements that were hostile as well as supporting. Certain rocks gave out dangerous radiation; even within the light of the sun, from which all life draws its energy, there were short-wave radiations with power to injure. Given time—time not in years but in millennia—life adjusts, and a balance has been reached. For time is the essential ingredient; but in the modern world there is no time.The rapidity of change and the speed with which new situations are created follow the impetuous (rude, violent) and heedless pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature. Radiation is no longer merely the background radiation of rocks, the bombardment of cosmic rays, the ultraviolet (紫外线) of the sun that have existed before there was any life on earth; Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man’s tampering (intervene) with the atom. The chemicals to which life is asked to make its adjustment are no longer merely the calcium and silica and copperand all the rest of the minerals washed out of the rocks and carried in rivers to the sea; they are the synthetic creations of man’s inventiv e mind, brewed in his laboratories, and having no counterparts in nature.To adjust to these chemicals would require time on the scale that is nature’s; it would require not merely the years of a man’s life but the life of generations. And even this, were it by some miracle possible, would be futile, for the new chemicals come from our laboratories in an endless stream; almost five hundred annually find their way into actual use in the United States alone. The figure is staggering and its implications are not easily grasped—500 new chemicals to which the bodies of men and animals are required somehow to adapt each year, chemicals totally outside the limits of biologic experience.Among them are many that are used in man’s war against nature. Since the mid-1940s over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, rodents(n. 啮齿动物，啮齿类),and other organisms described in the modern vernacular as ‘pests’; and they are sold under several thousand different brand names.These sprays, dusts, and aerosols (气雾剂, 喷雾)are now applied almost universally to farms, gardens, forests, and homes—nonselectivechemicals that have the power to kill every insect,the ‘good’ and the ‘bad’, to still the song of birds and the leaping of fish in the streams, to coat the leaves with a deadly film, and to linger on in soil—all this though the intended target may be only a few weeds or insects. Can anyone believe it is possible to lay down such a barrage of poisons on the surface of the earth without making it unfit for all life? They should not be called ‘insecticides’, but ‘biocides’.The whole process of spraying seems caught up in an endless sp iral.Since DDT was released for civilian use, a process of escalatio n (n. 增加；扩大；逐步上升) has been going on in which ever more toxic materials must be found. This has happened because insects, in a triumphant vindication of Darwin’s principle of the survival of the fittest, have evolved super races immune to the particular insecti cide used, hence a deadlier one has always to be developed—and then a deadlier one than that. It has happened also because, for reasons to be described later, destructive insects often undergo a ‘flareback’, or resurgence, after spraying, in numbers greater than before. Thus the chemical war is never won, and all life is caugh t in its violent crossfire.Along with the possibility of the extinction of mankind by nuclear war,the central problem of our age has therefore become the contamination of man’s total environment with such substances of incredible potential for harm—substances that accumulate in the tissues of plants and animals and even penetrate the germ cells to shatter or alter the very material of heredity upon which the shape of the future depends. Some would-be architects of our future look toward a time when it will be possible to alter the human germ plasm by design. But we may easily be doing so now by inadvertence, for many chemicals, like radiation, bring about gene mutations. It is ironic to think that man might determine his own future by something so seemingly trivial as the choice of an insect spray.All this has been risked—for what? Future historians may well be amazed by our distorted sense of proportion. How could intelligent beings seek to control a few unwanted species by a method that contaminated the entire environment and brought the threat of disease and death even to their own kind? Yet this is precisely what we have done. We have done it, moreover, for reasons that collapse the moment we examine them. We are told that the enormous and expanding use of pesticides is necessary to maintain farm production. Yet is our real problem not one of overproduction? Our farms, despite measures to remove acreages from production, and to pay farmers notto produce, have yielded such a staggering excess of crops that the American taxpayer in 1962 is paying out more than one billion dollars a year as the total carrying cost of the surplus-food storage program. And is the situation helped when one branch of the Agriculture Department tries to reduce production while another states, as it did in 1958, ‘It is believed generally that reduction of crop acreages under provisions of the Soil Bank will stimulate interest in use of chemicals to obtain maximum pro duction on the land retained in crops.’All this is not to say there is no insect problem and no need of control. I am saying, rather, that control must be geared to realities, not to mythical situations, and that the methods employed must be such that they do not destroy us along with the insects.The problem whose attempted solution has brought such a train of disaster in its wake is an accompaniment of our modern way of life. Long before the age of man, insects inhabited the earth—a group of extraordinarily varied and adaptable beings. Over the course of time since man’s advent (n. 到来；出现；基督降临；基督降临节), a small percentage of the more than half a million species of insects have come into conflict with human welfare in two principal ways: as competitors for the food supply and as carriers of human disease.Disease-carrying insects become important where human beings are crowded together, especially under conditions where sanitation is poor, as in time of natural disaster or war or in situations of extreme poverty and deprivation. Then control of some sort becomes necessary. It is a sobering fact, however, as we shall presently see, that the method of massive chemical control has had only limited success, and also threatens to worsen the very conditions it is intended to curb (restrain).Under primitive agricultural conditions the farmer had few insect problems. These arose with the intensification of agriculture—the devotion of immense acreages to a single crop. Such a system set the stage for explosive increases in specific insect populations. Single-crop farming does not take advantage of the principles by which nature works; it is agriculture as an engineer might conceive it to be. Nature has introduced great variety into the landscape, but man has displayed a passion for simplifying it. Thus he undoes the built-in checks and balances by which nature holds the species within bounds.One important natural check is a limit on the amount of suitable habitat for each species. Obviously then, an insect that lives on wheat can build up its population to much higher levels on a farm devoted to wheat than onone in which wheat is intermingled with other crops to which the insect is not adapted.The same thing happens in other situations. A generation or more ago, the towns of large areas of the United States lined their streets with the noble elm tree (榆树). Now the beauty they hopefully created is threatened with complete destruction as disease sweeps through the elms, carried by a beetle that would have only limited chance to build up large populations and to spread from tree to tree if the elms were only occasional trees in a richly diversified planting.Another factor in the modern insect problem is one that must be viewed against a background of geologic and human history: the spreading of thousands of different kinds of organisms from thei r native homes to invade new territories. This worldwide migratio n has been studied and graphically described by the British ecolog ist Charles Elton in his recent book The Ecology of Invasions. Duri ng the Cretaceous(n. 白垩纪；白垩系adj. 白垩纪的；似白垩的)Period, some hun dred million years ago, flooding seas cut many land bridges betwe en continents and living things found themselves confined in what Elton calls ‘colossal separate nature reserves’. There, isolated from others of their kind, they developed many new species. When some of the land masses were joined again, about 15 million years ago, these species began to move out into new territories—a mov ement that is not only still in progress but is now receiving consi derable assistance from man.The importation of plants is the primary agent in the modern sp read of species, for animals have almost invariably gone along wi th the plants, quarantine (n. 检疫；隔离；检疫期；封锁vt. 检疫；隔离；使隔离vi. 实行隔离) being a comparatively recent and not completely effective inno vation. The United States Office of Plant Introduction alone has int roduced almost 200,000 species and varieties of plants from all ov er the world. Nearly half of the 180 or so major insect enemies of plants in the United States are accidental imports from abroad, and most of them have come as hitchhikers on plants.In new territory, out of reach of the restraining hand of the natural enemies that kept down its numbers in its native land, an invading plant or animal is able to become enormously abundant. Thus it is no accident that our most troublesome insects are introduced species.These invasions, both the naturally occurring and those dependent on human assistance, are likely to continue indefinitely. Quarantine andmassive chemical campaigns are only extremely expensive ways of buying time. We are faced, according to Dr. Elton, ‘with a life-and-death need not just to find new technological means of suppressing this plant or that animal’; i nstead we need the basic knowledge of animal populations a nd their relations to their surroundings that will ‘promote an even balance and damp down the explosive power of outbreaks and new invasions.’Much of the necessary knowledge is now available but we do not use it. We train ecologists in our universities and even employ them in our governmental agencies but we seldom take their advice. We allow the chemical death rain to fall as though there were no alternative, whereas in fact there are many, and our ingenuity could soon discover many more if given opportunity.Have we fallen into a mesmerized (adj. 着迷的v. 施催眠术，迷住，迷惑）state that makes us accept as inevitable that which is inferior or detr imental, as though having lost the will or the vision to demand that which is good?Such thinking, in the words of the ecologist Paul Shepard, ‘idealizes life with only its head out of water, inches above the limits of toleration of the corruption of its own enviro nment...Why should we tolerate a diet of weak poisons, a home in insipid surroundings, a circle of acquaintances who are not quite our enemies, the noise of motors with just enough relief to preve nt insanity? Who would want to live in a world which is just no t quite fatal?’Yet such a world is pressed upon us. The crusade to create a che mically sterile, insect-free world seems to have engendered a fanat ic zeal on the part of many specialists and most of the so-called control agencies. On every hand there is evidence that those enga ged in spraying operations exercise a ruthless power. ‘The regulato ry entomologists (n.昆虫学者)function as prosecutor(n. 检察官；公诉人；[法] 起诉人；实行者), judge and jury, tax assessor and collector and sheriff to enforce their own orders,’ said Connecticut entomologist Neely Tu rner. The most flagrant (declared公然的；notorious) abuses go unche cked in both state and federal agencies.It is not my contention that chemical insecticides must never be used. I do contend that we have put poisonous and biologically potent chemicals indiscriminately into the hands of persons largely or wholly ignorant of their potentials for harm. We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons, without their consent and often without their knowledge. If the Bill of Rights contains。