外文文献翻译、中英文翻译——数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策

NC technology and equipment数控技术与装备In China,the development of NC technology and equipment has been attached great importance to the considerable progress made in recent years.Especially in the common areas of computer numerical control,PC-based CNC system made that we have been in the forefront of the world.However,the technology research and industrial development in NC is also plagued with problems,especially in the technical innovation capability commercialization process,and other aspects of market share is particularly prominent.At the dawn of the new century,how to effectively address these issues,NC areas along the path of sustainable development in China.into the overall comprehensive advanced in the world,so we have a pivotal position in international competition.NC will be the research and development sector and the important tasks facing manufacturers.在我国，数控技术与装备的发展亦得到了高度重视，近年来取得了相当大的进步。

【关键字】精品数控技术外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文The development trend of numerical control technologyAbstractThe current trends in the development of numerical control technology and equipment in the world and the status quo of the development and industrialization of CNC equipment technology in are briefly introduced. On this basis, we discuss the development of CNC technology and equipment in under the new environment of 's accession to the WTO and further opening to the outside world. The importance of improving the level of China's manufacturing informatization and international competitiveness, and put forward some views on the development of China's CNC technology and equipment from both strategic and strategic aspects.The technological level and degree of modernization of the equipment industry determine the level of the entire national economy and the degree of modernization. Numerical control technology and equipment are the development of emerging high-tech industries and cutting-edge industries (such as information technology and its industries, biotechnology and its industries, aviation, aerospace, etc.) (Defense Industry Industry) enabling technology and basic equipment. M arx once said that “the difference between various economic times is not what is produced but how it is produced and what labor data it is used to produce”. Manufacturing technology and equipment are the most basic production materials for human production activities, and numerical control technology is the core technology of today's advanced manufacturing technologies and equipment. In the manufacturing industry of the world today, CNC technology is widely used to improve manufacturing capabilities and levels, and to improve the adaptability and competitiveness of dynamic markets. In addition, various industrialized countries in the world have also listed numerical control technology and numerical control equipment as strategic materials of the country. They not only take significant measures to develop their own numerical control technologies and their industries, but also have the key technology and equipment of “high-precision” numerical control. Our country adopts a policy of blockade and restriction. In short, the vigorous development of advanced manufacturing technologies centered on numerical control technology has become an important way for all developed countries in the world to accelerate economic development and improve their overall national strength and national status.Numerical control technology is a technology that uses digital information to control mechanical movement and work process. Numerical control equipment is a mechatronic product formed by the penetration of new technologies represented by numerical control technology into traditional manufacturing industries and emerging manufacturing industries, namely, so-called digital equipment. Its technical scope covers many fields: (1) machinery manufacturing technology; (2) informationprocessing, processing, and transmission technology; (3) automatic control technology; (4) servo drive technology; (5) sensor technology; (6) software Technology and so on.Keywords: CNC technology, machinery manufacturing, information processing, sensors1 Development Trends of Numerical Control TechnologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought about revolutionary changes in the traditional manufacturing industry, but also made manufacturing a symbol of industrialization. With the continuous development of numerical control technology and the expansion of application fields, he has made important contributions to the national economy and people's livelihood (IT, automotive The development of light industry, light industry, medical care, etc. is playing an increasingly important role, because the digitalization of the equipment required by these industries is a major trend of modern development. From the current trend of numerical control technology and its equipment development in the world, its main research hotspots are the following aspects [1~4].1.1 New trends in high-speed, high-precision processing technology and equipmentEfficiency and quality are the mainstays of advanced manufacturing technology. High-speed, high-precision machining technology can greatly improve efficiency, improve product quality and grade, shorten production cycle and increase market competitiveness. To this end, the Japanese Advanced Technology Research Institute will list it as one of the five major modern manufacturing technologies. The International Association of Production Engineers (CIRP) has identified it as one of the central research directions for the 21st century.In the passenger car industry, the production cycle of 300,000 vehicles per year is 40 seconds per vehicle, and multi-species processing is one of the key issues that must be addressed for car equipment. In the aviation and aerospace industries, the parts processed by them are mostly thin-walled. With thin ribs, the rigidity is poor, and the material is aluminum or aluminum alloy. These ribs and walls can be processed only when the high cutting speed and cutting force are small. Recently, the method of “hollowing out” large-size aluminum alloy billets has been used to manufacture large parts such as wings and fuselage to replace multiple parts and assembled by numerous rivets, screws, and other coupling methods to obtain strength, stiffness, and reliability of components. improve. All of these require high-speed, high-precision and high-flexibility for processing equipment.From the standpoint of EMO2001, the feed rate of high-speed machining centers can reach /min, or even higher, and the airspeed can reach around /min. At present, many automobile plants in the world, including 's Shanghai General Motors Corporation, have adopted a part of the production line consisting of a high-speed machining center to replace the combined machine tools. The HyperMach machine tool feed rate of CINCINNATI, USA is up to /min, the speed is /min, the acceleration is , and the spindle speed has reached 60,000r/min. It takes only 30 minutes to machine a thin-walled aircraft part, and the same part takes 3h for general high-speed milling and 8h for normal milling; the spindle speed and acceleration of thetwin-spindle lathe of DMG, Germany, reach 12*!000r/mm respectively. And .In terms of machining accuracy, in the past 10 years, the machining accuracy of ordinary CNC machine tools has increased from 10μm to 5μm, precision machining centers have increased from 3~5μm to 1~1.5μm, and ultra-precision machining precision has begun to enter the nanometer level. (0.01μm).In terms of reliability, the MTBF value of foreign numerical control devices has reached more than 6000 hours, and the MTBF value of the servo system has reached more than 30,000 hours, showing very high reliability.In order to achieve high-speed, high-precision machining, the supporting functional components such as electric spindles and linear motors have been rapidly developed and the application fields have been further expanded.1.2 Rapid development of 5-axis simultaneous machining and compound machiningThe use of 5-axis simultaneous machining of 3D surface parts allows cutting with the best geometry of the tool, resulting in not only a high degree of finish, but also a significant increase in efficiency. It is generally considered that the efficiency of a 5-axis machine tool can be equal to 2 3-axis linkage machines. Especially when using ultra-hard material milling tools such as cubic boron nitride for high-speed milling of hardened steel parts, 5-axis simultaneous machining can be compared with 3-axis linkage. Processing to play a higher efficiency. In the past, due to the complexity of the 5-axis linkage CNC system and the host machine structure, the price was several times higher than that of the 3-axis linkage CNC machine tool, and the programming technology was more difficult, which restricted the development of 5-axis linkage machine tools.At present, due to the emergence of electric spindles, the structure of the composite spindle head that realizes 5-axis simultaneous machining is greatly simplified, its manufacturing difficulty and cost are greatly reduced, and the price gap of the numerical control system is reduced. As a result, the development of composite spindle head type 5-axis linkage machine tools and compound machine tools (including 5-sided machine tools) has been promoted.At the EMO2001 exhibition, the new 5-axis machine tool of Nippon Machine Tool Co., Ltd. adopts a compound spindle head, which can realize the processing of four vertical planes and processing at any angle, so that 5-sided machining and 5-axis machining can be realized on the same machine tool. It can realize the processing of inclined surface and inverted cone. Germany DMG company exhibited DMUV oution series machining center, which can be processed in five-face machining and five-axis linkage in a single clamping. It can be directly or indirectly controlled by CNC system control or CAD/CAM.1.3 Intelligentization, openness, and networking have become major trends in the development of modern digital control systemsThe 21st century CNC equipment will be a certain intelligent system. The intelligent content is included in all aspects of the CNC system: in order to pursue the processing efficiency and processing quality in the intelligent, such as the process of adaptive control, process parameters automatically Generated; To improve the driving performance and the use of convenient connection intelligent, such as feed-forwardcontrol, adaptive calculation of motor parameters, automatic identification load automatic selection model, self-tuning, etc.; simplify the programming, simplify the operation of intelligent, such as smart The automatic programming, intelligent man-machine interface, etc.; as well as the contents of intelligent diagnosis, intelligent monitoring, convenient system diagnosis and maintenance.In order to solve the problems of traditional CNC system closure and industrial application of CNC application software. At present, many countries have conducted research on open numerical control systems such as NGC of the , OSACA of the European Community, OSEC of Japan, and ONC of China. The openness of numerical control systems has become the future of CNC systems. The so-called open CNC system is the development of CNC system can be in a unified operating platform, for machine tool manufacturers and end users, by changing, adding or cutting structure objects (CNC function), to form a series, and can be convenient to the user's special The application and technology are integrated into the control system to quickly realize open numerical control systems of different varieties and different grades to form brand-name products with distinctive personality. At present, the architecture specification, communication specification, configuration specification, operation platform, numerical control system function library and numerical control system function software development tool of open CNC system are the core of current research.Networked CNC equipment is a new bright spot in the international well-known machine tool exposition in the past two years. The networking of CNC equipment will greatly satisfy the requirements of information integration for production lines, manufacturing systems, and manufacturing companies. It is also the basic unit for realizing new manufacturing models such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprise, and global manufacturing. Some famous domestic and foreign CNC machine tools and numerical control system manufacturing companies have introduced relevant new concepts and prototypes in the past two years. For example, at the EMO 2001 exhibition, the “Cyber Production Center” exhibited by Japan's Mazak company Mazak Production Control Center (CPC); Okuma Machine Tool Company, Japan exhibited “ITplaza” (Information Technology Plaza, IT Plaza); Open Manufacturing Environment (Open Manufacturing Environment, OME), exhibited by Siemens, Germany Etc., reflecting the trend of the development of CNC machine tools to the direction of the network.1.4 Emphasizing the Establishment of New Technology Standards and Specifications bout Design and Development of CNC SystemsAs mentioned above, the open CNC system has better versatility, flexibility, adaptability, and expandability. The , the European Community, and have implemented strategic development plans one after another, and have conducted the open architecture system specification (OMAC). , OSACA, OSEC) research and development, the world's three largest economies in the short term carried out almost the same set of scientific plans and norms, indicating that the arrival of a new revolution in digital technology. In 2000, began to conduct research and development of the regulatory framework for 's ONC numerical control system.bout CNC StandardsCNC standards are a trend in the development of manufacturing informatization. The information exchange in the 50 years since the birth of CNC technology was based on the ISO 6983 standard. That is how the G and M codes describe how to process. The essential feature is the processing-oriented process. Obviously, he has been unable to meet the high speed of modern CNC technology. The need for development. For this purpose, a new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) is being researched and developed internationally. Its purpose is to provide a uniform data model that can describe the entire life cycle of a product without relying on a neutral mechanism of a specific system. , in order to achieve the entire manufacturing process, and even the standardization of product information in various industrial fields. The emergence of STEP-NC may be a revolution in CNC technology. It will have a profound impact on the development of CNC technology and even the entire manufacturing industry. First, STEP-NC proposes a brand-new manufacturing concept. In the traditional manufacturing concept, NC machining programs are concentrated on a single computer. Under the new standard, NC programs can be distributed on the Internet. This is the direction of open and networked CNC technology. Secondly, STEP-NC CNC system can also greatly reduce the processing drawings (about 75%), processing program preparation time (about 35%) and processing time (about 50%).At present, European and American countries attach great importance to the research of STEP-NC, and has initiated STEP-NC's IMS plan ( Participation in this program comes from 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, vendors and academic institutions in Europe and . STEPTools of the is the developer of global manufacturing data exchange software. He has developed a SuperModel for the information exchange of CNC machine tools. Its goal is to describe all machining processes with a unified specification. This new data exchange format has now been validated on prototype prototypes equipped with SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control systems.2 Basic Estimates of 's CNC Technology and Its Industrial DevelopmentCNC technology in started in 1958. The development process in the past 50 years can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage from 1958 to 1979, which is the closed development stage. At this stage, the development of numerical control technology is relatively slow due to the limitations of foreign technology and 's basic conditions. The second stage is the introduction of technology during the “sixth and fifth” periods of the country, the “seventh five-year plan” period, and the “eighth five-year plan period,” and it will be digested and absorbed t o initially establish the stage of the national production system. At this stage, due to the reform and opening up and the country’s attention, as well as the improvement of the research and development environment and the international environment, China’s CNC technology has made great progress in research, development, and localization of products. The third stage is the implementation of industrialization research in the later period of the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" and the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period of the country, entering the stage of market competition. At this stage, theindustrialization of domestically-manufactured CNC equipment has achieved its essenceSexual progress. At the end of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period, the domestic market share of domestic CNC machine tools reached 50%, and the number of domestically-manufactured numerical control systems (pervasive models) also reached 10%.Looking at the development process of CNC technology in in the past 50 years, especially after four five-year plans, the overall results are as follows:a. It lays the foundation for the development of CNC technology and basically masters modern CNC technology. has now basically mastered the basic technologies from numerical control systems, servo drives, numerical control mainframes, special planes and their accessories. Most of these technologies already have the basis for commercial development. Some technologies have been commercialized and industrialized.b. Initially formed a CNC industrial base. Based on the research results and the commercialization of some technologies, we have established numerical control system production plants such as Huazhong Numerical Control and Aerospace Numerical Control which have mass production capabilities. Lanzhou Electric Machinery Factory, Huazhong Numerical Control and a number of servo systems and servo motor manufacturers, as well as a number of CNC machine manufacturers such as Beijing No. 1 Machine Tool Plant and Jinan No. 1 Machine Tool Plant. These production plants have basically formed 's CNC industrial base.c. Established a basic team of CNC research, development and management talents.Although significant progress has been made in the research, development, and industrialization of numerical control technology, we must also soberly realize that the research and development of high-end numerical control technologies in , especially the status quo of the technological level of industrialization and the actual needs of China There is a big gap. Although our country's development speed is very fast in the vertical direction, the horizontal ratio (compared with foreign countries) not only has a gap in the level of technology, but also has a gap in the development speed in certain aspects, that is, the gap in the technological level of some highly sophisticated numerical control equipment has expanded. From the international point of view, the estimated level of 's numerical control technology and industrialization is roughly as follows:a. On the technical level, it will be about 10 to 15 years behind the advanced level in foreign countries, and it will be even bigger in terms of sophisticated technology.b. At the industrialization level, the market share is low, the variety coverage is small, and scale production has not yet been established; the specialized production level of functional components and the complete set capacity are low; the appearance quality is relatively poor; the reliability is not high, and the degree of commercialization is insufficient; The domestic CNC system has not established its own brand effect, and the user's confidence is insufficient.c. On the ability of sustainable development, the research and development and engineering capabilities of pre-competitive numerical control technology are weak; the application of numerical control technology is not strong; the research and formulation of related standard specifications is lagging behind.The main reasons for analyzing the above gaps are as follows:a. Awareness. Insufficient understanding of the arduous, complex and long-term characteristics of the domestic CNC industry process; Insufficient estimates of market irregularities, foreign blockades, killings, and systems; and insufficient analysis of the application level and capabilities of CNC technology in .b. Systematic aspects. From the point of view of technology, attention has been paid to the issue of CNC industrialization. It has been a time to consider the issue of CNC industrialization from the perspectives of system and industry chain; there is no complete supporting system of high-quality supporting systems, perfect training, and service networks. .c. Mechanisms. Bad mechanisms have led to brain drain, which in turn has restricted technological and technological route innovations and product innovations, and has constrained the effective implementation of planning. It is often planned to be ideal and difficult to implement.d. Technical aspects. Enterprises have little ability to independently innovate in technology, and the engineering ability of core technologies is not strong. The standard of machine tools is backward, the level is low, and the new standard of CNC system is not enough.3 Strategic Thinking on the Development of CNC Technology and Industrialization in 3.1 Strategic Considerationsis a manufacturing country, and we must try to accept the transfer of the front-end rather than the back-end in the industrial transfer of the world. That is to master the advanced manufacturing core technologies, otherwise, in the new round of international industrial restructuring, 's manufacturing industry will further “empty core”. At the expense of resources, the environment, and the market, we may obtain only the international "processing centers" and "assembly centers" in the world's new economic structure, rather than the status of manufacturing centers that master core technologies. This will seriously affect our country. The development of modern manufacturing.We should pay attention to numerical control technology and industrial issues from the perspective of national security strategy. First of all, we must look at social security because manufacturing industry is the industry with the largest number of employed people in . Manufacturing industry development can not only improve the people’s living standards, but also ease the country’s The pressure of employment guarantees social stability. Secondly, from the perspective of national defense security, Western developed countries classify high-precision numerical control products as national strategic materials and implement embargoes and restrictions on . The “Toshiba Incident” and the “Cox Report” "This is the best illustration.3.2 Development StrategyFrom the perspective of China’s basic national conditions, taking the countr y’s strategic needs and the market demand of the national economy as the guide, and aiming at improving the comprehensive competitiveness and industrialization level of China’s manufacturing equipment industry, we can use systematic methods to choose to dominate the early 21st century in China. The key technologies for the development and upgrade of the manufacturing equipment industry and supporting technologies and supporting technologies for supporting industrialization development are the contents of research and development and the leap-forward development of the manufacturing equipment industry. Emphasizing the market demand as the orientation, that is, taking CNC terminal products as the mainstay, and driving the CNC industry with complete machines (such as large-scale CNC lathes, milling machines, high-speed, high-precision and high-performance CNC machine tools, typical digital machines, key equipment of key industries, etc.). development of. The focus is on the reliability and production scale of CNC systems and related functional components (digital servos and motors, high-speed spindle systems and accessories for new equipment, etc.). Without scale, there will be no high-reliability products; without scale, there will be no cheap and competitive products; of course, CNC equipment without scale in China will be difficult to come to the fore. In the research and development of high-precision equipment, we must emphasize the closeintegration of production, learning, research, and end-users, and aim at “doing, using, and selling off” as a goal, and implement national research on the will of the country to solve the urgent need of the country. . Before the competition, CNC technology emphasizes innovation, emphasizes research and development of technologies and products with independent intellectual property rights, and lays a foundation for the sustainable development of China's CNC industry, equipment manufacturing industry, and even the entire manufacturing industry.中文译文数控技术的发展趋势摘要本文简要介绍了当今世界数控技术及装备发展的趋势及我国数控装备技术发展和产业化的现状, 在此基础上讨论了在我国加入WTO 和对外开放进一步深化的新环境下, 发展我国数控技术及装备、提高我国制造业信息化水平和国际竞争能力的重要性, 并从战略和策略两个层面提出了发展我国数控技术及装备的几点看法。

Not only the Chinese numerical control lathe present situation and thetrend of development(中国数控车床的现状和发展趋势分析)analysis numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasing development and application domain expansion, it to national economy and the people's livelihood some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) development more and more vital role, because these professions must equip the digitization already was the modern development major tendency. The current numerical control lathe presents following trend of development.1. high speed, high precisionHigh speed, precise is the engine bed development eternal goal.Development progresses by leaps and bounds which along with the science and technology, the mechanical and electrical products renewal speed speeds up, increasingly is also high to the components processing precision and the surface quality request.In order to satisfy this complex changeable market the demand, the current engine bed to the high-speed cutting, is doing the cutting and does the direction of cut to develop, the processing precision also in unceasingly enhances. On the other hand, the electricity main axle and the straight line electrical machinery success application, the ceramics ball bearing, the high accuracy lead greatly hollow in cold and the ball bearing nut strong cold low temperature high speed ball bearing guide screw vice-and the belt ball bearing retainer straight line guide rail vice-and so on engine bed function part appearing on the market, also for the engine bed to high speed, the precise development has created the condition. The numerical control lathe picks uses electricity the main axle, has cancelled links and so on leather belt, band pulley and gear, reduced the master drive rotation inertia greatly, enhanced the main axle dynamic speed of response and the work precision, when thorough settlement main axle high-speed operation transmission and so on leather belt and band pulley vibrations and noise question.Picks uses electricity the main axle structure to be possible to enable the main axle rotational speed to achieve above 10000r/min.The straight line motor-driven speed is high, adds the moderating properties to be good, has the superior response characteristic and the followed precision. Made the servo with the straight line electrical machinery to actuate, to omit the ball bearing guide screw this intermediate drive link, eliminated the transmission gap (including reverse gap), the movement inertia was small, the system rigidity was good, could locate precisely under high speed, thus increased the servo precision enormously.Straight line trundle guide rail, because it has respectively to the gap for the zero and the extremely small rolling friction, wears slightly, gives off heat may ignore, has the extremely good thermostability, increased the entire journey pointing accuracy and the repetition pointing accuracy. Through the straight line electrical machinery and the straight line trundle guide rail vice-application,may make the engine bed the rapid traverse speed to enhance 60~80m/min from present10~20m/mim, even reaches as high as 120m/min.2. redundant reliablenumerical control engine bed reliability is a numerical control engine bed product quality crucial target.Whether does the numerical control engine bed display its high performance, the high accuracy and the high efficiency, and obtains the good benefit, the key is decided by its reliable height.3. function recombinefunction recombine goal is further enhances the engine bed the production efficiency, uses reduces to few in the non-processing non-cutting time.Through the function recombine, may expand the engine bed the use scope, enhances the efficiency, realizes multipurpose one machine, one machine many energy, namely a numerical control lathe already may realize the turning function, also may realize the milling processing; Or in also may realize the abrasive machining by the mill primarily engine bed on.4. intellectualizations, the network, the flexibility and the integrated21st century numerical control equipments has certain intellectualized system. In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation performance and the use connection aspect intellectualization, like feed-forward control, electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation, automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, self regulating grade; Simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, like intellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-machine contact surface and so on; Also has the intelligence to diagnose, aspect and so on intelligent monitoring contents, by facilitates the system the diagnosis and the service and so on. The numerical control engine bed the tendency which develops to the flexibility automated system is: From (numerical control single plane, processing center and numerical control compound processing engine bed), line (FMC, FMS, FTL, FML) to surface (construction section workshop independent manufacture island, FA), body (CIMS, distribution network integration manufacture system) the direction develops, on the other hand develops to the attention utility and the efficient direction. The flexible automation technology is the manufacturing industry adapts the dynamic market demand and the product rapid renewal main method, is the various countries' manufacturing industry development mainstream tendency, is the advanced manufacture domain foundation technology.Its key point is by enhances the system the reliability, changes into the premise practical, take the easy networking and the integration as the goal, the attention enhancement unit technology development and the consummation.The CNC single plane to the high accuracy, the high velocity and the high flexible direction develops. The numerical control engine bed and the constitution flexibility manufacture system can conveniently and joints and so on CAD, CAM, CAPP and MTS, develops to the information integration direction.The network system to the opening, the integration and the intellectualized direction develops.中国数控车床的现状和发展趋势分析数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，它对国计民生的一些重要行业(IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等)的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。

摘要Abstract数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术, 是现代化工业生产中的一门发展十分迅速的高新技术。

数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术, 应用于传统制造产业和新型制造业形成的机电一体化产业, 即所谓的数字化装备。

本文简要分析了数控机床高速化、高精度化、可靠性、工艺复合性和多轴化等发展趋势，并提出了我国数控机床发展中存在的一些问题。

Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and work process with digital information. I t’s a very rapidly developing technology in modern industrial production. Numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digital equipment. This paper analyzes the development trend of numerical control machine tools of high-speed, high-accuracy, reliability, process complex and multi-axis, and presents some of the problems existing in the development of China’s numerical control machine tools.关键词：精度材料市场竞争力Keywords: accuracy material market competitiveI。

数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju CNC Machining Process and equipment, 2002,China一、摘要Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry二、译文数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度,数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业的使能技术和最基本的装备;马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别,不在于生产什么,而在于怎样生产,用什么劳动资料生产”;制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料,而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最为核心的技术;当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术,以提高制造能力和水平,提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力;此外,世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资,不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业,而且在“高精尖”数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策;总之,大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径;数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术,数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品,即所谓的数字化装备,其技术范围覆盖很多领域：1机械制造技术；2信息处理、加工、传输技术；3自动控制技术；4伺服驱动技术；5传感器技术；6软件技术等;1. 数控技术的发展趋势数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化,使制造业成为工业化的象征,而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大,他对国计民生的一些重要行业IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等的发展起着越来越重要的作用,因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势;从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看,其主要研究热点有以下几个方面1～4;高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体;高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率,提高产品的质量和档次,缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力;为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一,国际生产工程学会CIRP将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一;在轿车工业领域,年产30万辆的生产节拍是40秒/辆,而且多品种加工是轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一；在航空和宇航工业领域,其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋,刚度很差,材料为铝或铝合金,只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下,才能对这些筋、壁进行加工;近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装,使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高;这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求;从EMO2001展会情况来看,高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min,甚至更高,空运行速度可达100m/min左右;目前世界上许多汽车厂,包括我国的上海通用汽车公司,已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床;美国CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach机床进给速度最大达60m/min,快速为100m/min,加速度达2g,主轴转速已达60 000r/min;加工一个薄壁飞机零件,只用30min,而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需3h,在普通铣床加工需8h；德国DMG 公司的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达120000r/mm和1g;在加工精度方面,近10年来,普通级数控机床的加工精度已由10μm提高到5μm,精密级加工中心则从3～5μm,提高到1～μm,并且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米级μm;在可靠性方面,国外数控装置的MTBF值已达6 000h以上,伺服系统的MTBF值达到30000h以上,表现出非常高的可靠性;为了实现高速、高精加工,与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展,应用领域进一步扩大;五轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展采用5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工,可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削,不仅光洁度高,而且效率也大幅度提高;一般认为,1台5轴联动机床的效率可以等于2台3轴联动机床,特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬硬钢零件时,5轴联动加工可比3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益;但过去因5轴联动数控系统、主机结构复杂等原因,其价格要比3轴联动数控机床高出数倍,加之编程技术难度较大,制约了5轴联动机床的发展;当前由于电主轴的出现,使得实现5轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简化,其制造难度和成本大幅度降低,数控系统的价格差距缩小;因此促进了复合主轴头类型5轴联动机床和复合加工机床含5面加工机床的发展;在EMO2001展会上,新日本工机的5面加工机床采用复合主轴头,可实现4个垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工,使得5面加工和5轴加工可在同一台机床上实现,还可实现倾斜面和倒锥孔的加工;德国DMG公司展出DMUV oution系列加工中心,可在一次装夹下实现5面加工和5轴联动加工,可由CNC系统控制或CAD/CAM直接或间接控制;智能化、开放式、网络化成为当代数控系统发展的主要趋势21世纪的数控装备将是具有一定智能化的系统,智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面：为追求加工效率和加工质量方面的智能化,如加工过程的自适应控制,工艺参数自动生成；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化,如前馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等；简化编程、简化操作方面的智能化,如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等；还有智能诊断、智能监控方面的内容、方便系统的诊断及维修等;为解决传统的数控系统封闭性和数控应用软件的产业化生产存在的问题;目前许多国家对开放式数控系统进行研究,如美国的NGCThe Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control、欧共体的OSACAOpen System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems、日本的OSECOpen System Environment for Controller,中国的ONCOpen Numerical Control System等;数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未来之路;所谓开放式数控系统就是数控系统的开发可以在统一的运行平台上,面向机床厂家和最终用户,通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象数控功能,形成系列化,并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中,快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式数控系统,形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品;目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心;网络化数控装备是近两年国际着名机床博览会的一个新亮点;数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线、制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求,也是实现新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虚拟企业、全球制造的基础单元;国内外一些着名数控机床和数控系统制造公司都在近两年推出了相关的新概念和样机,如在EMO2001展中,日本山崎马扎克Mazak公司展出的“CyberProduction Center”智能生产控制中心,简称CPC；日本大隈Okuma机床公司展出“IT plaza”信息技术广场,简称IT广场；德国西门子Siemens公司展出的Open Manufacturing Environment 开放制造环境,简称OME等,反映了数控机床加工向网络化方向发展的趋势;重视新技术标准、规范的建立关于数控系统设计开发规范如前所述,开放式数控系统有更好的通用性、柔性、适应性、扩展性,美国、欧共体和日本等国纷纷实施战略发展计划,并进行开放式体系结构数控系统规范OMAC、OSACA、OSEC的研究和制定,世界3个最大的经济体在短期内进行了几乎相同的科学计划和规范的制定,预示了数控技术的一个新的变革时期的来临;我国在2000年也开始进行中国的ONC数控系统的规范框架的研究和制定;关于数控标准数控标准是制造业信息化发展的一种趋势;数控技术诞生后的50年间的信息交换都是基于ISO6983标准,即采用G,M代码描述如何how加工,其本质特征是面向加工过程,显然,他已越来越不能满足现代数控技术高速发展的需要;为此,国际上正在研究和制定一种新的CNC系统标准ISO14649STEP－NC,其目的是提供一种不依赖于具体系统的中性机制,能够描述产品整个生命周期内的统一数据模型,从而实现整个制造过程,乃至各个工业领域产品信息的标准化;STEP-NC的出现可能是数控技术领域的一次革命,对于数控技术的发展乃至整个制造业,将产生深远的影响;首先,STEP-NC提出一种崭新的制造理念,传统的制造理念中,NC加工程序都集中在单个计算机上;而在新标准下,NC程序可以分散在互联网上,这正是数控技术开放式、网络化发展的方向;其次,STEP-NC数控系统还可大大减少加工图纸约75％、加工程序编制时间约35％和加工时间约50％;2. 对我国数控技术及其产业发展的基本估计我国数控技术起步于1958年,近50年的发展历程大致可分为3个阶段：第一阶段从1958年到1979年,即封闭式发展阶段;在此阶段,由于国外的技术封锁和我国的基础条件的限制,数控技术的发展较为缓慢;第二阶段是在国家的“六五”、“七五”期间以及“八五”的前期,即引进技术,消化吸收,初步建立起国产化体系阶段;在此阶段,由于改革开放和国家的重视,以及研究开发环境和国际环境的改善,我国数控技术的研究、开发以及在产品的国产化方面都取得了长足的进步;第三阶段是在国家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期间,即实施产业化的研究,进入市场竞争阶段;在此阶段,我国国产数控装备的产业化取得了实质性进步;在“九五”末期,国产数控机床的国内市场占有率达50％,配国产数控系统普及型也达到了10％;纵观我国数控技术近50年的发展历程,特别是经过4个5年计划的攻关,总体来看取得了以下成绩;1 奠定了数控技术发展的基础,基本掌握了现代数控技术;我国现在已基本掌握了从数控系统、伺服驱动、数控主机、专机及其配套件的基础技术,其中大部分技术已具备进行商品化开发的基础,部分技术已商品化、产业化;2 初步形成了数控产业基地;在攻关成果和部分技术商品化的基础上,建立了诸如华中数控、航天数控等具有批量生产能力的数控系统生产厂;兰州电机厂、华中数控等一批伺服系统和伺服电机生产厂以及北京第一机床厂、济南第一机床厂等若干数控主机生产厂;这些生产厂基本形成了我国的数控产业基地;3建立了一支数控研究、开发、管理人才的基本队伍;虽然在数控技术的研究开发以及产业化方面取得了长足的进步,但我们也要清醒地认识到,我国高端数控技术的研究开发,尤其是在产业化方面的技术水平现状与我国的现实需求还有较大的差距;虽然从纵向看我国的发展速度很快,但横向比与国外对比不仅技术水平有差距,在某些方面发展速度也有差距,即一些高精尖的数控装备的技术水平差距有扩大趋势;从国际上来看,对我国数控技术水平和产业化水平估计大致如下;1 技术水平上,与国外先进水平大约落后10～15年,在高精尖技术方面则更大;2 产业化水平上,市场占有率低,品种覆盖率小,还没有形成规模生产；功能部件专业化生产水平及成套能力较低；外观质量相对差；可靠性不高,商品化程度不足；国产数控系统尚未建立自己的品牌效应,用户信心不足;3 可持续发展的能力上,对竞争前数控技术的研究开发、工程化能力较弱；数控技术应用领域拓展力度不强；相关标准规范的研究、制定滞后;分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下几个方面;1 认识方面;对国产数控产业进程艰巨性、复杂性和长期性的特点认识不足；对市场的不规范、国外的封锁加扼杀、体制等困难估计不足；对我国数控技术应用水平及能力分析不够;2 体系方面;从技术的角度关注数控产业化问题的时候多,从系统的、产业链的角度综合考虑数控产业化问题的时候少；没有建立完整的高质量的配套体系、完善的培训、服务网络等支撑体系;3 机制方面;不良机制造成人才流失,又制约了技术及技术路线创新、产品创新,且制约了规划的有效实施,往往规划理想,实施困难;4 技术方面;企业在技术方面自主创新能力不强,核心技术的工程化能力不强;机床标准落后,水平较低,数控系统新标准研究不够;3. 对我国数控技术和产业化发展的战略思考战略考虑我国是制造大国,在世界产业转移中要尽量接受前端而不是后端的转移,即要掌握先进制造核心技术,否则在新一轮国际产业结构调整中,我国制造业将进一步“空芯”;我们以资源、环境、市场为代价,交换得到的可能仅仅是世界新经济格局中的国际“加工中心”和“组装中心”,而非掌握核心技术的制造中心的地位,这样将会严重影响我国现代制造业的发展进程;我们应站在国家安全战略的高度来重视数控技术和产业问题,首先从社会安全看,因为制造业是我国就业人口最多的行业,制造业发展不仅可提高人民的生活水平,而且还可缓解我国就业的压力,保障社会的稳定；其次从国防安全看,西方发达国家把高精尖数控产品都列为国家的战略物质,对我国实现禁运和限制,“东芝事件”和“考克斯报告”就是最好的例证;发展策略从我国基本国情的角度出发,以国家的战略需求和国民经济的市场需求为导向,以提高我国制造装备业综合竞争能力和产业化水平为目标,用系统的方法,选择能够主导21世纪初期我国制造装备业发展升级的关键技术以及支持产业化发展的支撑技术、配套技术作为研究开发的内容,实现制造装备业的跨跃式发展;强调市场需求为导向,即以数控终端产品为主,以整机如量大面广的数控车床、铣床、高速高精高性能数控机床、典型数字化机械、重点行业关键设备等带动数控产业的发展;重点解决数控系统和相关功能部件数字化伺服系统与电机、高速电主轴系统和新型装备的附件等的可靠性和生产规模问题;没有规模就不会有高可靠性的产品；没有规模就不会有价格低廉而富有竞争力的产品；当然,没有规模中国的数控装备最终难以有出头之日;在高精尖装备研发方面,要强调产、学、研以及最终用户的紧密结合,以“做得出、用得上、卖得掉”为目标,按国家意志实施攻关,以解决国家之急需;在竞争前数控技术方面,强调创新,强调研究开发具有自主知识产权的技术和产品,为我国数控产业、装备制造业乃至整个制造业的可持续发展奠定基础;三、原文Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in howto produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: 1Mechanical manufacturing technology; 2Information processing, processing, transmission technology; 3Automatic control technology; 4Servo drive technology; 5Technology of the sensor; 6Software engineering ,etc.Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development.Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect 1- in its main research focus. 1 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn CIRP to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in internationalproduction engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already μm.In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further . Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axlecomplex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe process the lathe including 5.At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUV oution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..Japan, ONC Open Numerical Control System of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure targetnumerical control function, form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical controllathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan Mazak intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC; The lathe company of Japanese big Wei Okuma exhibits " IT plaza " the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ; Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens Siemens open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME,etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction.Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control systemChina too in 2000.About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 STEP-NC in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information.The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing about 75%, process the procedure to work out the time about 35% and process the time about 50% greatly.Japan2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our countryThe technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During "Sixth Five-Year Plan Period" , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the。

英文原文Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology;(5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc.Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development.Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus. 1 A high-speed, highfinish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependabilityof the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, acc urate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further . 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , inaddition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUV oution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next GenerationWork-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basicEntrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction.1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control systemAs noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.1.4.2 About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information.The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75%), process the procedure to work out the time (about 35%) and process the time (about 50%) greatly.At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1-2001.12.3) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control atpresent.2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our countryThe technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During "Sixth Five-Year Plan Period" , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is and during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan Period" on the later stage in "the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period" of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, enter market competition stage. At this stage, made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for "the Ninth Five-Year Plan ", the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular).Make a general survey of the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements.（1）Have established the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has mastered modern numerical control technology basically. Our country has already, the numerical control host computer, basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and survey basically now, among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the foundation developed, some technology has already, industrialization commercialized.（2）Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize, set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China, numerical control of the spaceflight etc.. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing , the first machine tool plant of Jinan ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China, etc.. These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically.（3）Have set up a numerical control research, development, managerial talent's basic team. Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, especially there is greater disparity in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization. Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically, have disparity horizontally more than (compare foreign countries with) not merely engineering level, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, namely the engineering level disparity between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendencyto expand . Watch from world, estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and industrialization level.（1）On the engineering level, in probably backward 10-1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology.（2）On the industrialization level, the occupation rate of market is low, the variety coverage rate is little, have not formed the large-scale production yet; The specialized level of production of function part and ability of forming a complete set are relatively low; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high, the commercialized degree is insufficient; One's own brand effect that the domestic numerical control system has not been set up yet, users have insufficient confidence.（3）On the ability of sustainable development, research and development of numerical control technology, project ability is relatively weak to the competition; It is not strong that the technological application of numerical control expands dynamics; Research, formulation that relevant standards are normal lag behind.It is analyzed that the main reason for having above-mentioned disparity has the following several respect.（1）Realize the respect. Know to industry's process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic of domestic numerical control insufficiently; It is difficult to underestimate to add strangling, system, etc. to the unstandard, foreign blockade of the market; It is not enough to analyse to the technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country. （2）System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue, consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one, industry chain in terms of technology; Have not set up related system, perfect training , service network of intact high quality ,etc. and supported the system.（3）Mechanism. It causes the brain drain, restraining technology and technological route from innovating again, products innovation that the bad machine is made, and has restricted the effective implementation of planning, has often planned the ideal, implement the difficulty.（4）Technology. The autonomous innovation in technology of enterprises is indifferent; the project of key technology is indifferent. The standard of the lathe lags behind, the level is relatively low, it is not enough for new standard of the numerical control system to study.3 pairs of strategic thinking of technology and industrialized development of numerical control of our country3.1 Strategic considerationOur country make big country, industry is it is it accept front instead of transformation of back end to try one's best to want in shifting in world, namely should master and make key technology advanced, otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, the manufacturing industry of our country will step forward and " leave the core spaces ". We regard resource, environment , market as the cost, it is only an international " machining center " in the new economic pattern of the world to exchange the possibility got and " assemble the centre ", but not master the position of the manufacturing center of key technology , will so influence the development process of the modern manufacturing industry of our country seriously.We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to numerical control technology and industry's question , at first seen from social safety, because manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the people's living standard but also can alleviate the pressure of employment of our country , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen fromnational defense security, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realizing the embargo and restriction to our country, " Toshiba incident " and " Cox Report " is the best illustration.3.2 Development tacticsProceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equipping industry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose to make key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and support technology supporting the development of industrialization in our country in initial stage of 21st century in leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump development of the equipping industry as the content of research and development .Emphasize market demand is a direction, namely take terminal products of numerical control as the core, with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine, high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe, digitized machinery of model, key industry key equipment, etc.) drive the development of the numerical control industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability that (digitized servo system and electrical machinery, high speed electric main shaft system and new-enclosure that equip, etc.) and production scale question. There are no products that scale will not have high dependability; Will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale; Certainly, it is difficult to have day holding up one's head finally that there is no scale Chinese numerical control equipment.In equiping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advancedly , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of the end user, regard " drawing, using, selling " as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country.Numerical control technology, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing the technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the industry of numerical control of our country, sustainable development of equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry.中文译文数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。

机械类数控车床外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju (CNC Machining Process and equipment, 2002,China)一、摘要Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry二、译文数控技术和装备进展趋势及计策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是进展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业〔如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业〕的使能技术和最差不多的装备。

附录1 译文数控技术1 当前世界NC机床的研究现状世界各国对数控机床、加工中心以至FMS、CIMS等各种新技术的研究与发展进程，是与世界经济形势紧密相连的。

机床工业有世界经济相互促进和发展，进入21世界知识机警时代，人们的知识所起的作用更加突出，而机床工业作为机器制造业的基础，其重点地位与战略意义也更加明显。

在1991—1994年间，世界经济衰退，昂贵的FMS，CIMS降温，1995—2000年间，世界经济在低速增长，根据当前世界市场各方面用户为提高生产率对NC机床的要求以及世界四大国际机床展（欧洲的EMO、美国的IMTS、日本的JIMTOF、中国的CIMT）上展品的分析，当前世界NC机床的技术研究主要有以下几点：（1）更加重视新技术和创新在世界范围内，对新工艺、新材料、新结构、新单元、新元件的研究开发工作正在大力开展，如新的刀具材料、新的主轴结构、高速电主轴、高速直线电机等的开发研究。

以加工工艺的改进创新为基础，为加工超硬、难切削材料及特殊复合材料及复杂零件、不规则曲面等在不断研究开发新机种。

（2）提高机床加工的精度和研究为了提高加工中心的加工精度，不断提高机床的刚度、减少振动，消除热变形，降低噪声，提高NC机床的定位精度、重复精度、工作可靠性、稳定性、精度保持性，世界很多国家都在进行机床热误差、机床运动及负载变形误差的软件补偿技术研究，并采取精度补偿、软件补偿等措施加以改善，有的已经可以使此类误差消除60%。

并在不断开发精细加工，纳米加工。

（3）提高机床加工生产率的研究世界NC机床、加工中心及相应的高速点主轴、直线电机、测量系统、NC 系统的开发，均以提高生产率为前提。

2 加工中心的分类（1）按工艺用途分类有：镗铣加工中心，分为立式樘铣加工中心、卧式樘铣加工中心和龙门樘铣加工中心。

其加工工艺以樘铣为主，用于箱体，壳体以及各种复杂零件特殊曲线和曲面轮廓的多工序加工，适合多品种小批量生产。

复合加工中心，主要指五面复合加工，主轴头可自动回转，进行立，卧加工，在主轴自动回转后，在水平和垂直方向实现知道变换。

NC technology development trends——数控技术发展趋势1 NC system developments at home and abroadWith the rapid development of computer technology, the traditional beginning of a fundamental change manufacturing, the industrial developed countries spent huge sums of money on the modern manufacturing technology research and development, to create a new model. In modern manufacturing systems, CNC technology is the key to technology, which combines microelectronics, computers, information processing, automatic detection, automatic control, such as the integration of advanced, a high-precision, high-efficiency, flexible automation, and other characteristics, the manufacturing industry Flexible automation, integrated, intelligent play the pivotal role. At present, NC technology is undergoing a fundamental change, from a special closed-loop control mode to general-purpose real-time dynamic open all closed-loop control mode. In the integrated on the basis of the CNC systems ultra-thin, ultra-light; on the basis of the intelligent, integrated computers, multimedia, fuzzy control, neural network and other technical disciplines, NC system to achieve high-speed, high-precision, Efficient control, automatic processing can be amended to regulate compensation and the parameters for an online intelligent fault diagnosis and treatment of the network based on the CAD / CAM and CNC systems integration as one machine network, makes the central government centralized control of the group control processing.For a long time, China''s CNC system for traditional closed architecture, but only as a non-intelligent CNC machine controller. Process variables based on experience in the form of pre-fixed parameters, processing procedures before the actual processing by hand or through CAD / CAM and automatic programming system prepared. CAD / CAM and CNC have no feedback control link, the entire manufacturing process CNC is a closed ring-opening implementing agencies. In a complex and changing environment under the conditions of processing tool in the process of composition, workpiece material, spindle speed, feed rate, tool path, cutting depth, step, allowance and other processing parameters, not at the scene circumstances under external interference and real-time dynamic random factors, not by random amendment feedback control link CAD / CAM settings volume, in turn, affect the work of CNC machining efficiency and product quality. Clearly, the traditional fixed CNC system that controlled mode and closed architecture, limiting the CNC to the developmentof more intelligent control variables, can no longer meet the increasingly complex manufacturing process, therefore, the CNC technology in the potential for change inevitable.2 NC technology development trends2.1 Performance development direction(1) high-speed high-precision efficient speed, accuracy and efficiency of machinery manufacturing technology is the key performance indicators. As a result of the high-speed CPU chips, RISC chip, as well as multi-CPU control system with high-resolution detector of the absolute exchange digital servo system, taken at the same time improve the machine dynamic and static characteristics of effective measures, the high-speed high-precision machine has been efficient greatly enhanced.(2) Flexible includes two aspects: CNC system itself flexibility, NC system is modular in design, functional coverage, can be cut and strong, and easy to meet the needs of different users; group control system flexibility, with a control system pursuant to the requirements of different production processes, materials flow and information flow automatically dynamically adjusted to maximize their group control system performance.(3) Process of composite and multi-axis to reduce the process time for the main purpose of supporting the composite processing, and are moving towards multi-axis, multi-function control of the direction of series development. NC Machine Tool Technology composite refers to the workpiece in a single machine on a fixture, through an automatic tool change, rotating spindle head or turntable, and other measures to accomplish multiple processes, multi-surface machining compound. Axis CNC technology, Siemens 880-axis control system for up to 24 axes.(4) Real-time Intelligent early for the real-time system is usually relatively simple ideal environment, and its role is to scheduling tasks, to ensure that the task be completed within a specified time limit. And artificial intelligence is used to model the realization of mankind''s various intelligent behaviors. To the development of science and technology today, real-time systems and artificial intelligence combined with each other towards artificial intelligence is a real-timeresponse, a more realistic field of development, and also in the real-time system with intelligent behavior, the more complex application development, resulting in the Intelligent real-time control of this new area. NC technology in the field, real-time intelligent control of the research and application of development along several main branches: adaptive control, fuzzy control, neural network control, experts control, learning control, feed-forward control. For example, in CNC programming system with expert systems, fault diagnosis expert system parameters automatically set and tool management and automatic compensation, such as adaptive conditioning systems, in high-speed processing of the integrated motion control ahead of the introduction of budget projections and functional, dynamic Feedforward functions in pressure, temperature, position, velocity, control, fuzzy control, the control of the NC system performance greatly improved, so as to achieve optimal control purposes.2.2 functional development direction(1) The user interface is graphical user interface with the CNC system of dialogue between the user interface. Since different users interface requirements are different, thus the development of the workload of great user interface, user interface software developed into the most difficult part of. At present INTERNET, virtual reality, visualization in scientific computing and multimedia technologies, such as the user interface has put a higher demand. Graphical user interface greatly facilitates the use of non-professional users, it can be carried out through the window and menu operation, ease of programming and blueprint for rapid programming, three-dimensional dynamic three-dimensional color graphics, graphics, simulation, graphics, dynamic tracking and simulation, and the different directions view and partial display ratio scaling function can be achieved.(2) visualization in scientific computing visualization in scientific computing can be used for efficient data processing and interpretation of data, so that the exchange of information is no longer limited to using the written word and language, and can direct the use of graphics, image, animation, video and other information. Visualization technology and virtual environment technology, to further broaden the application areas, such as a drawing design, virtual prototyping technology, which shorten product design cycles, improving product quality, reduce production cost is of great significance. NC technology in the areas of visualizationtechnology can be used for CAD / CAM, such as automatic programming design parameters automatically set, tool compensation and tool management of dynamic data processing and display, as well as the processing of visual simulation, and other presentations.(3) interpolation, and a variety of methods of compensation interpolation methods such as multiple linear interpolation, circular interpolation, cylindrical interpolation, space elliptical surface interpolation, thread interpolation, polar coordinates interpolation, 2 D +2 helical interpolation , NANO interpolation, interpolation NURBS (non-uniform rational B-spline interpolation), spline interpolation (A, B, C kind), such as polynomial interpolation. A variety of functions such as compensation gap compensation vertical compensation quadrant error compensation, and measurement systems pitch error compensation, andspeed-related feedforward compensation and temperature compensation, with nearly smooth and exit, as well as the opposite point of the cutter radius compensation.(4) high-performance PLC contents contents performance CNC system PLC control module can be directly used ladder diagram or high-level language programming, with intuitive online debugging and online help function. Programming tools include the standard used lathe and milling machine PLC user program an example, users may PLC user program standards on the basis of editorial changes, thus easily build their own applications.(5) application of multimedia technology of multimedia technology-computers, audio-visual and communication technology, and it has the computer integrated voice,text, images and video information. In NC technology, multimedia technology can be applied to information processing integrated, intelligent, real-time monitoring system in the field and production equipment fault diagnosis, monitoring of process parameters such as production has a significant value.2.3 Development of the Architecture(1) integration of a highly integrated CPU, programmable RISC chips and large-scale integrated circuits FPGA, EPLD, CPLD and ASIC ASIC chips that can improve the CNC system integration and hardware and software operating speed. Application FPD flat panel display technology can improve display performance. Flat-panel displays with high science and technology content, light weight, small size, lowpower consumption and portability advantages can be realized Supersized, a counterweight to the emerging and CRT display technology, display technology in the 21st century the mainstream. Application of advanced packaging and interconnect technologies, semiconductors and surface mount technology integration. By increasing the density of integrated circuits, reducing the length and number of interconnection products to reduce prices, improve performance, reduce component size, improve the reliability of the system.(2) easy to implement modular hardware modular NC systems integration and standardization. According to various functional requirements, the basic modules, such as CPU, memory, position servo, PLC, the input and output interfaces, and communications modules, making the standard Series products, through functional building-block approach to cutting the number of steps and modules, a NC system at different grades.(3) machine interconnection network for remote control of unmanned operation. Machine through networking, can be in any one machine on the other machine programming, configuration, operation, operating, different machine can be displayed on the screen each machine on the screen.(4) general-open the closed-loop control mode to adopt a common computer component Bus, modular, open, embedded architecture, ease of cutting, expansion and upgrading, can be composed of different grades, different types, different degree of integration CNC system. Closed-loop control mode is the traditional CNC system only for single closed-open-loop control mode proposed. The manufacturing process is a multi-variable control and the role of integrated processing complex process, including processing, such as size, shape, vibration, noise, temperature and thermal deformation, and other factors, therefore, to achieve the process of multi-objective optimization, Multivariable must adopt the closed-loop control, real-time processing in the dynamic adjustment process variables. Processing the adoption of open universal real-time closed-loop control mode the whole dynamic, easy real-time intelligent computer technology, network technology, multimedia technology, CAD / CAM, servo control, adaptive control, dynamic data management and dynamic tool compensation, dynamic simulation and other high technology into one, a tight closed-loop manufacturing process control system to achieve integrated, intelligent, network-based.3 PCNC new generation of intelligent CNC systemResearch and Development adapted to the current complexity of the manufacturing process, with the structure of the closed-loop control system, a new generation of intelligent PCNC CNC system has become possible. PCNC NC intelligent system will be a new generation of intelligent computer technology, network technology, CAD / CAM, servo control, adaptive control, dynamic data management and dynamic tool compensation, dynamic simulation and other high technology into one, a tight closure of the manufacturing process Central control system.数控技术的发展趋势- 数控技术发展趋势1国内外数控系统开发随着计算机技术的飞速发展，从根本上改变传统的制造业开始，工业发达国家用于现代制造技术的研究和开发巨额资金，以创建一个新的模式。

（数控加工）机械类数控外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控NumericalControlOneofthemostfundamentalconceptsintheareaofadvancedmanufacturingte chnologiesisnumericalcontrol(NC).PriortotheadventofNC,allmachinetools weremanualoperatedandcontrolled.Amongthemanylimitationsassociatedwith manualcontrolmachinetools,perhapsnoneismoreprominentthanthelimitation ofoperatorskills.Withmanualcontrol,thequalityoftheproductisdirectlyre latedtoandlimitedtotheskillsoftheoperator.Numericalcontrolrepresentst hefirstmajorstepawayfromhumancontrolofmachinetools.Numericalcontrolmeansthecontrolofmachinetoolsandothermanufacturin gsystemsthoughtheuseofprerecorded,writtensymbolicinstructions.Rathert hanoperatingamachinetool,anNCtechnicianwritesaprogramthatissuesoperat ionalinstructionstothemachinetool,Foramachinetooltobenumericallycontr olled,itmustbeinterfacedwithadeviceforacceptinganddecodingthep2ogramm edinstructions,knownasareader.Numericalcontrolwasdevelopedtoovercomethelimitationofhumanoperato r,andithasdoneso.Numericalcontrolmachinesaremoreaccuratethanmanuallyo peratedmachines,theycanproducepartsmoreuniformly,theyarefaster,andthe long-runtoolingcostsarelower.ThedevelopmentofNCledtothedevelopmentofs everalotherinnovationsinmanufacturingtechnology:1.Electricaldischargemachining.sercutting.3.Electronbeamwelding.Numericalcontrolhasalsomademachinetoolsmoreversatilethantheirmanuallyoperatedpredecessors.AnNCmachinetoolcanautomaticallyproduceawidev arietyofpar4s,eachinvolvinganassortmentofundertaketheproductionofprod uctsthatwouldnothavebeenfeasiblefromaneconomicperspectiveusingmanuall ycontrolledmachinetoolsandprocesses.Likesomanyadvancedtechnologies,NCwasborninthelaboratoriesoftheMas sachusettsInstituteofTechnology.TheconceptofNCwasdevelopedintheearly1 950swithfundingprovidedbytheU.SAirForce.Initsearlieststages,NCmachine swereabletomakestraightcutsefficientlyandeffectively.However,curvedpathswereaproblembecausethemachinetoolhadtobeprogra mmedtoundertakeaseriesofhorizontalandverticalstepstoproduceacurve.The shorteristhestraightlinesmakingupthestep,thesmootheris4hecurve.Eachli nesegmentinthestepshadtobecalculated.Thisproblemledtothedevelopmentin1959oftheAutomaticallyProgrammedT ools(APT)languageforNCthatusesstatementssimilartoEnglishlanguagetodef inethepartgeometry,describethecuttingtoolconfiguration,andspecifythen ecessarymotions.ThedevelopmentoftheAPTlanguagewasamajorstepforwardint hefurtherdevelopmentofNCtechnology.TheoriginalNCsystemwerevastlydiffe rentfromthoseusedpunchedpaper,whichwaslatertoreplacedbymagneticplasti ctape.Atapereaderwasusedtointerprettheinstructionswrittenonthetapefor themachine.Together,all/fthisrepresentedgiantstepforwardinthecontrolo fmachinetools.However,therewereanumberofproblemswithNCatthispointinit sdevelopment.Amajorproblemwasthefragilityofthepunchedpapertapemedium.Itwascomm onforthepapercontainingtheprogrammedinstructionstobreakortearduringam achiningprocess,Thisproblemwasexacerbatedbythefactthateachsuccessivet imeapartwasproducedonamachinetool,thepapertapecarryingtheprogrammedin structionshadtorerunthoughtthereader.Ifitwasnecessarytoproduce100copi esofagivenpart,itwasalsonecessarytorunthepapertapethoughtthereader100 separatetimes.Fragilepapertapessimplycouldnotwithstandtherigorsofshop floorenvironmentandthiskindofrepeateduse.Thisledtothedevelopmentofaspecialmagnetictape.Whereasthepapertape carriedtheprogrammedinstructionsasaseriesofholespunchedinthetape,theT hismostimportantofthesewasthatitwasdifficultorimpossibletochangethein structionsenteredonthetape.Tomakeeventhemostminoradjustmentsinaprogra mofinstructions,itwasnecessarytointerruptmachiningoperationsandmakean ewtape.Itwasalsostillnecessarytorunthetapethoughtthereaderasmanytimes astherewerepartstobeproduced.Fortunately,computertechnologybecomearea lityandsoonsolvedtheproblemsofNC,associatedwithpunchedpaperandplastic tape.Thedevelopmentofaconceptknownasnumericalcontrol(DNC)solvethepaper andplastictapeproblemsassociatedwithnumericalcontrolbysimplyeliminati ngtapeasthemediumforcarryingtheprogrammedinstructions.Indirectnumeric alcontrol,machinetoolsaretied,viaadatatransmissionlink,toahostcompute randfedtothemachinetoolasneededviathedatatransmissionlinkage.Directnumericalcontrolrepresentedamajorstepforwardoverpunchedtapeandplasticta pe.However,itissubjecttothesamelimitationasalltechnologiesthatdependo nahostcomputer.Whenthehostcomputergoesdown,themachinetoolsalsoexperie ncedowntime.Thisproblemledtothedevelopmentofcomputernumericalcontrol.Thedevelopmentofthemicroprocessorallowedforthedevelopmentofprogra mmablelogiccontrollers(PLC)andmicrocomputers.Thesetwotechnologiesallo wedforthedevelopmentofcomputernumericalcontrol(CNC).WithCNC,eachmachi netoolhasaPLCoramicrocomputerthatservesthesamepurpose.Thisallowsprogr Csolvedtheproblems associateddowntimeofthehostcomputer,butitintroducedanotherproblemknow nasdatamanagement.Thesameprogrammightbeloadedontendifferentmicrocompu terswithnocommunicationamongthem.Thisproblemisintheprocessofbeingsolv edbylocalareanetworksthatconnectDigitalSignalProcessorsTherearenumeroussituationswhereanalogsignalstobeprocessedinmanywa ys,likefilteringandspectralanalysis,Designinganaloghardwaretoperformt hesefunctionsispossiblebuthasbecomelessandpractical,duetoincreasedper formancerequirements,flexibilityneeds,andtheneedtocutdownondevelopmen t/testingtime.Itisinotherwordsdifficultpmdesignanaloghardwareanalysis ofsignals.Theactofsamplingansignalintothehatarespecialisedforembeddedsignal processingoperations,andsuchaprocessoriscalledaDSP,whichstandsforDigi talSignalProcessor.TodaytherearehundredsofDSPfamiliesfromasmanymanufacturers,eachonedesignedforaparticularprice/performance/usagegroup.Man yofthelargestmanufacturers,likeTexasInstrumentsandMotorola,offerboths pecialisedDSP’sforcertainfieldslikemotor-controlormodems,andgeneralh igh-performanceDSP’sthatcanperformbroadrangesofprocessingtasks.Devel opmentkitsan`softwarearealsoavailable,andtherearecompaniesmakingsoftw aredevelopmenttoolsforDSP’sthatallowstheprogrammertoimplementcomplex processingalgorithmsusingsimple“drag‘n’drop”methodologies.DSP’smoreorlessfallintotwocategoriesdependingontheunderlyingarch itecture-fixed-pointandfloating-point.Thefixed-pointdevicesgenerallyo perateon16-bitwords,whilethefloating-pointdevicesoperateon32-40bitsfl oating-pointwords.Needlesstosay,thefixed-pointdevicesaregenerallychea per.Anotherimportantarchitecturaldifferenceisthatfixed-pointprocessor stendtohaveanaccumulatorarchitecture,withonlyone“generalpurpose”reg ister,makingthemquitetrickytoprogramandmoreimportantly,makingC-compil ersinherentlyinefficient.Floating-pointDSP’sbehavemorelikecommongene ral-purposeCPU’s,withregister-files.TherearethousandsofdifferentDSP’sonthemarket,anditisdifficulttas kfindingthemostsuitableDSPforaproject.Thebestwayisprobablytosetupacon straintandwishlist,andtrytocomparetheprocessorsfromthebiggestmanufact urersagainstit.The“bigfour”manufacturersofDSPs:TexasInstruments,Motorola,AT&Ta ndAnalogDevices.Digital-to-analogconversionInthecaseofMPEG-Audiodecoding,digitalcompresseddataisfedintotheDS Pwhichperformsthedecoding,thenthedecodedsampleshavetobeconvertedbacki ntotheanalogdomain,andtheresultingsignalfedanamplifierorsimilaraudioe quipment.Thisdigitaltoanalogconversion(DCA)isperformedbyacircuitwitht hesamename&DifferentDCA’sprovidedifferentperformanceandquality,asmea suredbyTHD(Totalharmonicdistortion),numberofbits,linearity,speed,filt ercharacteristicsandotherthings.TheTMS320familyDQPofTexasInstrumentsTheTLS320familyconsistsoffixed-point,floating-point,multiprocesso rdigitalsignalprocessors(D[Ps),andfoxed-pointDSPcontrollers.TMS320DSP haveanarchitecturedesignedspecificallyforreal-timesignalprocessing.Th e’F/C240isanumberofthe’C2000DSPplatform,andisoptimizedforcontrolapp lications.The’C24xseriesofDSPcontrollerscombinesthisreal-timeprocess ingcapabilitywithcontrollerperipheralstocreateanidealsolutionforcontr olsystemapplications.ThefollowingcharacteristicsmaketheTMS320familyth erightchoiceforawiderangeofprocessingapplications:---Veryflexibleinstructionset---Inherentoperationalflexibility---High-speedperformance---Innovativeparallelarchitecture---CosteffectivenessDeviceswithinagenerationoftheTMS320familyhavethesameCPUstructure butdifferenton-chipmemoryandperipheralconfigurations.Spin-offdevicesu senewcombinationsofOn-chipmemoryandperipheralstosatisfyawiderangeofne edsintheworldwideelectronicsmarket.Byintegratingmemoryandperipheralso ntoasinglechip,TMS320devicesreducesystemcostsandsavecircuitboardspace .The16-bit,fixed-pointDSPcoreofthe‘C24xdevicesprovidesanalogdesi gnersadigitalsolutionthatdoesnotsacrificetheprecisionandperformanceof theirsystemperformancecanbeenhancedthroughtheuseofadvancedcontrolalgo rithmsfortechniquessuchasadaptivecontrol,Kalmanfiltering,andstatecont rol.The‘C24xDSPcontrollerofferreliabilityandprogrammability.Analogco ntrolsystems,ontheotherhand,arehardwiredsolutionsandcanexperienceperf ormancedegradationduetoaging,componenttolerance,anddrift.Thehigh-speedcentralprocessingunit(CPU)allowsthedigitaldesignert oprocessalgorithmsinrealtimeratherthanapproximateresultswithlook-upta bles.TheinstructionsetoftheseDSPcontrollers,whichincorporatesbothsign alprocessinginstructionsandgeneral-purposecontrolfunctions,coupledwit htheextensivedevelopmenttimeandprovidesthesameeaseofuseastraditional8 -and16-bitmicrocontrollers.Theinstructionsetalsoallowsyoutoretainyour softwareinvestmentwhenmovingfromothergeneral-purpose‘C2xxgeneration, sourcecodecompatiblewiththe’C2xgeneration,andupwardlysourcecodecompa tiblewiththe‘C5xgenerationofDSPsfromTexasInstruments.The‘C24xarchitectureisalsowell-suitedforprocessingcontrolsignal s.Itusesa16-bitwordlengthalongwith32-bitregistersforstoringintermedia teresults,andhastwohardwareshiftersavailabletoscalenumbersindependent lyoftheCPU.Thiscombinationminimizesquantizationandtruncationerrors,an dincreasesp2ocessingpowerforadditionalfunctions.Suchfunctionsmightinc ludeanotchfilterthatcouldcancelmechanicalresonancesinasystemoranestim ationtechniquethatcouldeliminatestatesensorsinasystem.The‘C24xDSPcontrollerstakeadvantageofansetofperipheralfunctions thatallowTexasInstrumentstoquicklyconfigurevariousseriesmembersfordif ferentprice/performancepointsorforapplicationoptimization.Thislibraryofbothdigitalandmixed-signalperipheralsincludes:---Timers---Serialcommunicationsports(SCI,SPI)---Analog-to-digitalconverters(ADC)---Eventmanager---Systemprotection,suchaslow-voltageandwatchdogtimerTheDSPcontrollerperipherallibraryiscontinuallygrowingandchanging tosuittheoftomorrow’sembeddedcontrolmarketplace.TheTMS320F/C240isthefirststandarddeviceintroducedinthe‘24xserie sofDSPcontrollers.Itsetsthestandardforasingle-chipdigitalmotorcontrol ler.The‘240canexecute20MIPS.Almostallinstructionsareexecutedinasimpl ecycleof50ns.Thishighperformanceallowsreal-timeexecutionofverycomple8controlalgorithms,suchasadaptivecontrolandKalmanfilters.Veryhighsampl ingratescanalsobeusedtominimizeloopdelays.The‘240hasthearchitecturalfeaturesnecessaryforhigh-speedsignalp rocessinganddigitalcontrolfunctions,andithastheperipheralsneededtopro videasingle-chipsolutionformotorcontrolapplications.The‘240ismanufac turedusingsubmicronCMOStechnology,achievingalogpowerdissipationrating.A lsoincludedareseveralpower-downmodesforfurtherpowersavings.Someapplic ationsthatbenefitfromtheadvancedprocessingpowerofthe‘240include: ---Industrialmotordrives---Powerinvertersandcontrollers---Automotivesystems,suchaselectronicpowersteering,antilockbrake s,andclimatecontrol---ApplianceandHVACblower/compressormotorcontrols---Printers,copiers,andotherofficeproducts---Tapedrives,magneticopticaldrives,andothermassstorageproducts---RoboticandCNCmillingmachinesTofunctionasasystemmanager,aDSPmusthaverobuston-chipI/Oandotherp eripherals.Theeventmanagerofthe‘240isunlikeanyotheravailableonaDSP.T hisapplication-optimizedperipheralunit,coupledwiththehighperformanceD SPcore,enablestheuseofadvancedcontroltechniquesforhigh-precisionandhi gh-efficiencyfullvariable-speedcontrolofallmotortypes.Includeintheeve ntmanagerarespecialpulse-widthmodulation(PWM)generationfunctions,suchasaprogrammabledead-bandfunctionandaspacevectorPWMstatemachinefor3-ph asemotorsthatprovidesstate-of-the-artmaximumefficiencyintheswitchingo fpowertransistors.Thereindependentupdowntimers,eachwithit’sowncompareregister,sup portthegenerationofasymmetric(noncentered)aswellassymmetric(centered) PWMwaveforms.Open-LoopandClosed-LoopControlOpen-loopControlSystemsThewordautomaticimpliesthatthereisacertainamountofsophistication inthecontrolsystem.Byautomatic,itgenerallymeansThatthesystemisusually capableofadaptingtoavarietyofoperatingconditionsandisabletorespondtoa classofinputssatisfactorily.However,notanytypeofcontrolsystemhastheau ually,theautomaticfeatureisachievedbyfeed.gthefeedbackstructure,itiscalledanopen-loopsystem,whichisthesimp lestandmosteconomicaltypeofcontrolsystem.inaccuracyliesinthefactthato nemaynotknowtheexactcharacteristicsofthefurther,whichhasadefinitebear ingontheindoortemperature.Thisalcopointstoanimportantdisadvantageofth eperformanceofanopen-loopcontrolsystem,inthatthesystemisnotcapableofa daptingtovariationsinenvironmentalconitionsortoexternaldisturbances.I nthecaseofthefurnacecontrol,perhapsanexperiencedpersoncanprovidecontr olforacertaindesiredtemperatureinthehouse;butidthedoorsorwindowsareop enedorclosedintermittentlyduringtheoperatingperiod,thefinaltemperatureinsidethehousewillnotbeaccuratelyregulatedbytheopen-loopcontrol.Anelectricwashingmachineisanothertypicalexampleofanopen-loopsyst em,becausetheamountofwashtimeisentirelydeterminedbythejudgmentandesti mationofthehumanoperator.Atrueautomaticelectricwashingmachineshouldha vethemeansofcheckingthecleanlinessoftheclothescontinuouslyandturnitse dtoffwhenthedesireddegisedofcleanlinessisreached.Closed-LoopControlSystemsWhatismissingintheopen-loopcontrolsystemformoreaccurateandmoread aptablecontrolisalinkorfeedbackfromtheoutputtotheinputofthesystem.Ino rdertoobtainmoreaccuratebontrol,thecontrolledsignalc(t)mustbefedbacka ndcomparedwiththereferenceinput,andanactuatingsignalproportionaltothe differenceoftheoutputandtheinputmustbesentthroughthesystemtocorrectth eerror.Asystemwithoneormorefeedbackpat(slikethatjustdescribediscalled aclosed-loopsystem.humanbeingareprobablythemostcomplexandsophisticate dfeedbackcontrolsysteminexistence.Ahumanbeingmaybeconsideredtobeacont rolsystemwithmanyinputsandoutputs,capableofcarryingouthighlycomplexop erations.Toillustratethehumanbeingasafeedbackcontrolsystem,letusconsidert hattheobjectiveistoreachforanobjectonaperformthetask.Theeyesserveasas ensingdevicewhichfeedsbackcontinuouslythepositionofthehand.Thedistanc ebetweenthehandandtheobjectistheerror,whichiseventuallybroughttozeroa sthehandreachertheobject.Thisisatypicalexampleofclosed-loopcontrol.However,ifoneistoldtoreachfortheobjectandthenisblindolded,onecanonlyrea chtowardtheobjectbyestimatingitsexactposition.ItisAsantherillustrativ eexampleofaclosed-loopcontrolsystem,showstheblockdiagramoftherudderco ntrolsystemofThebasicalementsandtheblocadiagramofaclosed-loopcontrols ystemareshowninfig.Ingeneral,theconfigurationofafeedbackcontrolsystem maynotbeconstrainedtothatoffig&.Incomplexsystemstheremaybemultitudeof feedbackloopsandelementblocks.数控在先进制造技术领域最根本的观念之壹是数控（NC）。

外文翻译机床数控改造_Machine tool numerical control reformsFirst, CNC systems and the development trend of history一、数控系统发展简史及趋势1946 birth of the world's first electronic computer, which shows that human beings created to enhance and replace some of the mental work tools. It and human agriculture, industrial society in the creation of those who merely increase compared to manual tools, from a qualitative leap for mankind's entry into the information society laid the foundation. Six years later, in 1952, computer technology applied to the machine in the United States was born first CNC machine tools. Since then, the traditional machine produced a qualitative change. Nearly half a century since the CNC system has experienced two phases and six generations of development.1946年诞生了世界上第一台电子计算机，这表明人类创造了可增强和部分代替脑力劳动的工具。

附录A数控技术发展数控技术和数控装备是制造工业现代化的重要基础。

这个基础是否牢固直接影响到一个国家的经济发展和综合国力，关系到一个国家的战略地位。

因此，世界上各工业发达国家均采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业。

在我国，数控技术与装备的发展亦得到了高度重视，近年来取得了相当大的进步。

特别是在通用微机数控领域，以PC平台为基础的国产数控系统，已经走在了世界前列。

但是，我国在数控技术研究和产业发展方面亦存在不少问题，特别是在技术创新能力、商品化进程、市场占有率等方面情况尤为突出。

在新世纪到来时，如何有效解决这些问题，使我国数控领域沿着可持续发展的道路，从整体上全面迈入世界先进行列，使我们在国际竞争中有举足轻重的地位，将是数控研究开发部门和生产厂家所面临的重要任务。

为完成此任务，首先必须确立符合中国国情的发展道路。

为此，本文从总体战略和技术路线两个层次及数控系统、功能部件、数控整机等几个具体方面探讨了新世纪的发展途径。

1 总体战略制定符合中国国情的总体发展战略，对21世纪我国数控技术与产业的发展至关重要。

通过对数控技术和产业发展趋势的分析和对我国数控领域存在问题的研究，我们认为以科技创新为先导，以商品化为主干，以管理和营销为重点，以技术支持和服务为后盾，坚持可持续发展道路将是一种符合我国国情的发展数控技术和产业的总体战略。

1.1 以科技创新为先导中国数控技术和产业经过40多年的发展，从无到有，从引进消化到拥有自己独立的自主版权，取得了相当大的进步。

但回顾这几十年的发展，可以看到我们在数控领域的进步主要还是按国外一些模式，按部就班地发展，真正创新的成分不多。

这种局面在发展初期的起步阶段，是无可非议的。

但到了世界数控强手如林的今天和知识经济即将登上舞台的新世纪，这一常规途径就很难行通了。

例如，在国外模拟伺服快过时时，我们开始搞模拟伺服，还没等我们占稳市场，技术上就已经落后了；在国外将脉冲驱动的数字式伺服打入我国市场时，我们就跟着搞这类所谓的数字伺服，但至今没形成大的市场规模；近来国外将数字式伺服发展到用网络（通过光缆等）与数控装置连接时，我们又跟着发展此类系统，前途仍不乐观。

外文翻译NUMERICAL CONTROLNumerical control(N／C)is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers，letters，and other symbols．The numbers，letters，and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular work part or job．When the job changes，the program of instructions is changed．The capability to change the program is what makes N／C suitable for low-and medium-volume production．It is much easier to write programs th an to make major alterations of the processing equipment．There are two basic types of numerically controlled machine tools：point—to—point and continuous—path(also called contouring)．Point—to—point machines use unsynchronized motors，with the result that the position of the machining head Can be assured only upon completion of a movement，or while only one motor is running．Machines of this type are principally used for straight—line cuts or for drilling or boring．The N／C system consists of the following comp onents：data input，the tape reader with the control unit，feedback devices，and the metal—cutting machine tool or other type of N／C equipment．Data input，also called “man—to—control link”，may be provided to the machine tool manually，or entirely by automatic means．Manual methods when used as the sole source of input data are restricted to a relatively small number of inputs．Examples of manually operated devices are keyboard dials，pushbuttons，switches，or thumbwheel selectors．These are located on a console near t he machine．Dials ale analog devices usually connected to a syn-chro-type resolver or potentiometer．In most cases，pushbuttons，switches，and other similar types of selectors aye digital input devices．Manual input requires that the operator set the controls fo r each operation．It is a slow and tediousprocess and is seldom justified except in elementary machining applications or in special cases．In practically all cases，information is automatically supplied to the control unit and the machine tool by cards，punched tapes，or by magnetic tape．Eight—channel punched paper tape is the most commonly used form of data input for conventional N／C systems．The coded instructions on the tape consist of sections of punched holes called blocks．Each block represents a machine function，a machining operation，or a combination of the two．The entire N／C program on a tape is made up of an accumulation of these successive data blocks．Programs resulting in long tapes all wound on reels like motion-picture film．Programs on relatively short tapes may be continuously repeated by joining the two ends of the tape to form a loop．Once installed，the tape is used again and again without further handling．In this case，the operator simply loads and unloads the parts．Punched tapes ale prepared on typ e writers with special tape—punching attachments or in tape punching units connected directly to a computer system．Tape production is rarelyerror-free．Errors may be initially caused by the part programmer，in card punching or compilation，or as a result of physical damage to the tape during handling，etc．Several trial runs are often necessary to remove all errors and produce an acceptable working tape．While the data on the tape is fed automatically，the actual programming steps ale done manually．Before the coded tape may be prepared，the programmer，often working with a planner or a process engineer, must select the appropriate N／C machine tool，determine the kind of material to be machined，calculate the speeds and feeds，and decide upon the type of tooling needed. The dimensions on the part print are closely examined to determine a suitable zero reference point from which to start the program．A program manuscript is then written which gives coded numerical instructions describing the sequence ofoperations that the machine tool is required to follow to cut the part to the drawing specifications．The control unit receives and stores all coded data until a complete block of information has been accumulated．It then interprets the coded instruction and directs the machine tool through the required motions．The function of the control unit may be better understood by comparing it to the action of a dial telephone，where，as each digit is dialed，it is stored．When the entire number has been dialed，the equipment becomes activated and the call is completed．Silicon photo diodes，located in the tape reader head on the control unit，detect light as it passes through the holes in the moving tape．The light beams are converted to electrical energy，which is amplified to further strengthen the signal．The signals are then sent to registers in the control unit, where actuation signals are relayed to the machine tool drives．Some photoelectric devices are capable of reading at rates up to 1000 characters per second．High reading rates are necessary to maintain continuous machine—tool motion；otherwise dwell marks may be generated by the cutter on the part during contouring operations．The reading device must be capable of reading data blocks at a rate faster than the control system can process the data．A feedback device is a safeguard used on some N／C installations to constantly compensate for errors between the commanded position and the actual location of the moving slides of the machine tool．An N ／C machine equipped with this kind of a direct feedback checking device has what is known as a closed-loop system．Positioning control is accomplished by a sensor which，during the actual operation，records the position of the slides and relays this information back to the control unit．Signals thus received ale compared to input signals on the tape，and any discrepancy between them is automatically rectified．In an alternative system，called an open—loop system，the machine is positioned solely by stepping motor drives in response to commands by a controllers．There are three basic types of NC motions, as follows: Point-to-point or Positional Control In point-to-point control the machine tool elements (tools, table, etc.) are moved to programmed locations and the machining operations performed after the motion s are completed. The path or speed of movement between locations is unimportant; only the coordinates of the end points of the motions are accurately controlled. This type of control is suitable for drill presses and some boring machines, where drilling, t apping, or boring operations must be performed at various locations on the work piece. Straight-Line or Linear Control Straight-Line control systems are able to move the cutting tool parallel to one of the major axes of the machine tool at a controlled rate suitable for machining. It is normally only possible to move in one direction at a time, so angular cuts on the work piece are not possible, consequently, for milling machines, only rectangular configurations can be machined or for lathes only surfaces parall el or perpendicular to the spindle axis can be machined. This type of controlled motion is often referred to as linear control or a half-axis of control. Machines with this form of control are also capable ofpoint-to-point control.Continuous Path or Contouring Control In continuous path control the motions of two or more of the machine axes are controlled simultaneously, so that the position and velocity of the can be tool are changed continuously. In this way curves and surfaces can be machined at a controlled feed rate. It is the function of the interpolator in the controller to determine the increments of the individual controlled axes of the machines necessary to produce the desired motion. This type of control is referred to as continuous control or a full axis of control.Some terminology concerning controlled motions for NC machines has been introduced. For example, some machines are referred to asfour-or five-or even six-axis machines. For a vertical milling machine three axes of control are fairly obvious, these being the usual X, Y, Z coordinate directions. A fourth or fifth axis of control would imply some form of rotary table to index the work piece or possibly to provide angular motion of the work head. Thus, in NC terminology an axis of control is any controlled motion of the machine elements (spindles, tables, etc). A further complication is use of the term half-axis of control; for example, many milling machines are referred to as 2.5-axis machine. This means that continuous control is possib le for two motions (axes) and only linear control is possible for the third axis. Applied to vertical milling machines, 2.5axis control means contouring in the X, Y plane and linear motion only in the Z direction. With these machines three-dimensional objects have to be machined with water lines around the surface at different heights. With an alternative terminology the same machine could be called a 2CL machine (C for continuous, L for linear control). Thus, a milling machine with continuous control in th e X, Y, Z directions could be termed be a three-axis machine or a 3c machine, Similarly, lathes are usually two axis or 2C machines. The degree of work precision depends almost entirely upon the accuracy of the lead screw and the rigidity of the machine st ructure．With this system．there is no self-correcting action or feedback of information to the control unit．In the event of an unexpected malfunction，the control unit continues to put out pulses of electrical current．If，for example，the table on a N／C milling machine were suddenly to become overloaded，no response would be sent back to the controller．Because stepping motors are not sensitive to load variations，many N／C systems are designed to permit the motors to stall when the resisting torque exceeds the motor torque．Other systems are in use，however，which in spite of the possibility of damage to the machine structure or to the mechanical system，ale designed with special high—torque steppingmotors．In this case，the motors have sufficient capacity to “overpower” the system in the event of almost any contingency．The original N／C used the closed—loop system．Of the two systems，closed and open loop，closed loop is more accurate and，as a consequence，is generally more expensive．Initially，open—loop systems were used almost entirely for light-duty applications because of inherent power limitations previously associated with conventional electric stepping motors．Recent advances in the development of electro hydraulic stepping motors have led to increasingly heavier machin e load applications．数控技术数控是可编程自动化技术的一种形式，通过数字、字母和其他符号来控制加工设备。

Development and maintenance of CNC technology Numerical control technology and equipment is the development of new high-tech industry and cutting-edge enabling technology, industry and the most basic equipment. The world information industry, biological industry, aviation, aerospace and other defense industry widely used numerical techniques to improve manufacturing capacity and level, to improve the adaptability of the market and competitiveness. Industrial countries and CNC numerical control technology and equipment will also be listed as countries of strategic materials, not only to develop their own numerical control technology and industry, and in "sophisticated" technology and equipment, numerical control key aspects of the policy of closures and restrictions. Therefore, efforts to develop advanced numerical control technology as the core manufacturing technology has become the world's developed countries to accelerate economic development, enhance the comprehensive national strength and an important way to statehood.Part I: the development of CNC machine tools trends in individual1. High speed, high accuracy, high reliabilityHigh speed: To improve the speed and increase feed spindle speed.High precision: the precision from micron to sub-micron level, and even the nano-level (high reliability: the reliability of numerical control system generally higher than the reliability of numerical control equipment more than an order of magnitude, but not the higher the better reliability because the goods by the cost performance constraints.2. CompositeComposite function CNC machine tool development, its core is in a single machine to complete the turning, milling, drilling, tapping, reaming and reaming and other operating procedures, thereby increasing the efficiency and precision machine tools to improve production flexibility.3. IntelligentIntelligent content included in all aspects of the numerical control system: the pursuit of processing efficiency and processing quality of intelligence; to improve the performance and the use of convenient connections and other aspects of intelligence; simplify programming, simplifying operational intelligence; also like the intelligent automatic programming, intelligent man-machine interface, as well as intelligent diagnostics, intelligent monitoring and other aspects, to facilitate system diagnostics and maintenance.4. Flexible, integratedThe world of CNC machine tools to the development trend of flexible automation systems are: from the point (CNC single, composite machining centers and CNC machine tools), line (FMC, FMS, FTL, FML) to the surface (Section workshop independent manufacturing island FA) , body (CIMS, distributed network integrated manufacturing system) direction, the other to focus on applied and economic direction. Flexible automation technology is the industry to adapt to dynamic market demands and quickly update the primary means of product is the main trend of national manufacturing industry is the basis for the field of advanced manufacturing technology.Second, personalization is the adaptability of the market trendsToday's market, gradually formed the pattern of international cooperation, the products becoming more competitive, efficient and accurate processing of the escalating demand means, the user's individual requirements become increasingly strong, professional, specialization, more and more high-tech machine tools by the users of all ages.Third, the open architecture trend isThe core of a new generation of CNC system development is open. Open software platform and hardware platforms are open systems, modular, hierarchical structure, and through out the form to provide a unified application interface.CNC system to address the closure of the traditional CNC applications and industrial production problems. At present, many countries of open CNC system, CNC system has become an open numerical control system of the future of the road. The open numerical control system architecture specification, communication specifications, configuration specifications, operating platform, function libraries and CNC numerical control system software development tools, system function is the core of the current study. Network numerical control equipment is nearly two years of a new focus. NC network equipment will greatly satisfy the production lines, manufacturing systems, manufacturing information integration needs of enterprises, but also achieve new manufacturing model, such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprises, global manufacturing the base unit. Some well-known at home and abroad, and CNC CNC machine tools manufacturing company inPart II: Machine MaintenanceCNC machine tools is electronic technology, measurement technology, automation technology, semiconductor technology, computer technology and electrical technology, and integrated set of automation equipment, high precision, high efficiency and high flexibility. CNC machine tools is a process control equipment and asked him in real-time control of the accuracy of every moment of work, any part of the fault and failure, so that the machine will shut down, resulting in production stoppages, which seriously affected and restricted the production efficiency . CNC machine tools in many industries to work the device is critical, if not after a failure in its maintenance and troubleshooting time, it will cause greater economic losses. Therefore, the principle that complex numerical control system, structure, maintenance of sophisticated equipment is necessary. CNC machine tools to enhance fault diagnosis and maintenance of power, can improve the reliability of CNC machine tools, CNC machine tools is conducive to the promotion and use.CNC machine tools is a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, gas combination of complex equipment, though the reasons for failure vary, but the failure occurred, the general idea of the steps are the same. Fails,Spindle start below to stop immediately after the fault diagnosis of CNC machine tools as an example the general process.First, the fault-site investigation. The survey content includes 1, 2 types of failure, the failure frequency of 3, 4, external conditions, the operating conditions 5, 6, machine conditions, the functioning of 7, wiring between machine tools and systems 8, CNC equipment visual inspection. After an investigation, such failure is spindle class failure, only once, outside of all normal, the operator of a boot to reflect this situation.Second, the fault information collation, analysis. For some simple fault, because not alot of time, the method can be used form of logical reasoning, analysis, identification and troubleshooting. After a failed on-site investigation for several reasons we suspect that the system output pulse ①②drive is not enough time to move the state line to control the spindle components ③④damage to the spindle motor short-circuit, causing the spindle thermal relay protection ⑤ not with self-control loop lock circuits, and the parameter is set to pulse signal output, so that the spindle can not operate normally. Identify possible reasons to rule out one by one.Third, conduct fault diagnosis and troubleshooting.Diagnosis usually follows the following principles: 1, after the first outside inside. Reliable line of modern CNC system increasingly high failure rate of CNC system itself less and less, and most are non-occurrence of failure causes the system itself. The CNC machine is a mechanical, hydraulic, electrical as one of the tools, the occurrence of the fault will be reflected by these three comprehensive, maintenance personnel should be from outside to inside one by one investigation to avoid arbitrary unsealed, demolition, otherwise expand the malfunction, so that the loss of precision machine tools, slow performance, outside the system detected the fault is due to open one by one, hydraulic components, pneumatic components, electrical actuators, mechanical devices caused problems. 2, the first after the electrical machinery. In general, the mechanical failure easier to find, and numerical control system and electrical fault diagnosis more difficult, before the troubleshooting to rule out mechanical failure of the first 3, after the first static dynamic. Power off the machine first, quiescent state, through understanding, observation, testing, analysis, confirm the power failure will not result in expansion of the incident only after the power to the machine, run the state, the dynamic of observation, inspection and testing, to find fault. While after the devastating power failure, you must first rule out the danger, before electricity. 4, after the first simple and complex. When multiple failures are intertwined, and sometimes impossible to start with, we should first solve the problem easily, then solve the difficult problem, often a simple problem to solve, the difficulty of the problem may also become easier.CNC machine tools in the fault detection process, should make full use of numerical control system self-diagnostic features to be judged, but also flexibility in the use of some common troubleshooting methods. Troubleshooting common methods are:1. Routine examination methodRoutine examination method is mainly of hands, eyes, ears, nose and other organs of the fault occurrence of various light, sound, smell and abnormal observations and careful look at every system, follow the "first post outside of" the principle of fault diagnosis by looking, listening, smelling, asking, mold and so on, from outside to inside one by one check, the fault can often be narrowed down to a module or a printed circuit board. This requires maintenance personnel have a wealth of practical experience, to the wider multidisciplinary and comprehensive knowledge of the ability to judge.2. Self-diagnostic function methodModern CNC system has yet to achieve a high degree of intelligence. But already has a strong self-diagnostic function. CNC ready to monitor the hardware and software is working. Once the abnormal, immediately displayed on the CRT alarm or fault LEDs indicate the approximate cause. Using self-diagnosis function, but also shows the interface signals between the system and the host state, in order to determine the fault occurred in themechanical part or parts of NC system, and indicate the approximate fault location. This method is currently the most effective maintenance methods.3. Functional program testing methodSo-called functional program testing method is commonly used in the numerical control system functions and special features, such as linear positioning, circular interpolation, helical cut, fixed cycle, such as the user macro programming by hand or automatic programming methods, the preparation of test procedures into a functional program , into the numerical control system, and then start the CNC system to make it run, to check the im time the first boot of CNC whether a programming error or operational error or machine4. Spare parts substitutionSpare parts replacement method is a simple method to determine the scene is one of the most commonly used. The so-called spare substitution is generally the cause of failure in the analysis of the case, maintenance personnel can use the alternate PCB, templates, integrated circuit chip or replace the questionable parts of components, which narrowed the fault to a printed circuit board or chip level. It is actually in the verification analysis is correct. However, before switching the standby board should carefully check the spare board is intact, and should check the status of reserve board should be fully consistent with the original board the state. This includes checking with the board selection switch, set the location and the short rod potentiometer position. In short, we must strictly in accordance with the system's operation, maintenance requirements manual operation.In determining the replacement of a part to, should carefully check the relevant connected to electrical lines and other related, confirming that no failure up to the new replacement to prevent failures caused by external damage to replace the parts up.5. Transfer ActThe so-called transfer method is to have the same numerical control system features two printed circuit boards, templates, integrated circuit chips or components to exchange, observed failure phenomena be transferred. In this way, the system can quickly determine the fault position. This method is actually a kind of spare parts substitution. Therefore, the considerations described in the same spare parts substitution.6. Parameter check methodKnown parameters can directly affect the numerical performance of CNC machine tools. Parameters are usually stored in the magnetic bubble memory, or stored in batteries to be maintained by the CMOS RAM, once the battery is low or because of outside interference and other factors, some parameters will be lost or change in chaos, so that the machine does not work. At this point, through the proofreading, correction parameters, will be able to troubleshoot. When the machine idle for a long time to work again for no reason that there is no normal or failure without warning, it should be based on fault characteristics, inspection and proof-reading the relevant parameters.After a long run of CNC machine tools, wear and tear due to its mechanical drive components, electrical component performance changes and other reasons, also need to adjust the parameters of its. Some machine tool failure is often not timely because the parameters change due to some not meet. Of course, these failures are the fault of the areas are soft.7. Measurement of Comparative LawCNC system in the design of printed circuit board manufacturing plant, in order to adjust, repair facilities, in the printed circuit board designed a number of test terminals. Users can also use normal printed circuit board terminals comparing the measured and the difference between the printed circuit board failure. These terminals can detect the voltage and waveform measurements, analyze the causes of failure and failure location. Even on a normal printed circuit board can sometimes artificially create "fault", such as broken connection or short circuit, unplug the components, in order to determine the real cause of failure. Therefore, maintenance personnel should be in the usual accumulation of key parts of the printed circuit board or failure-prone parts of the right in the normal waveform and voltage values. Because the CNC system manufacturer often does not provide the information in this regard.8. Percussion methodWhen the CNC system failures showed Ruoyouruowu, often used method for detecting the fault struck the site lies. This is because the numerical control system is composed by the multi-block printed circuit boards, each board has a lot of solder joints, plates or between modules and is connected through the connectors and cables. Therefore, any cold solder joint or bad, may cause a malfunction. When the tap with the insulation and poor contact with Weld doubt at fault must be repeated reproduction.9. Local heating methodAfter a long running CNC system components are to be aging, performance will deteriorate. When they are not fully damaged, failures will become from time to time. Then heat can be used such as a hair dryer or electric iron is suspected to local heating components, accelerating the aging so thoroughly exposed fault components. Of course, using this method, be sure to pay attention to components of the temperature parameters, do not roast the original device is a good or bad.10. Principle of analysisThe composition according to principles of numerical control system can be analyzed from various points of logical levels and logical parameters (such as voltage or waveform) and then with a multimeter, logic pen, only the oscilloscope or logic analyzer to measure, analyze and compare, and thus failure positioning. Using this method, which requires maintenance personnel to be on the whole system or the principle of each circuit have a clear, deep understanding.Based on the above principles and methods, we may be itemized on the check it and eliminate the causes.The first possible failure for the system output pulse time is not enough, we adjust the M-code system, start the spindle output time, found the problem still exists, and then find the next possible cause may be in the drive to move the state, refer to the manual drive , set parameters start the spindle, the problem still exists we suspected spindle motor short-circuit, resulting in thermal relay protection. Then find the cause of the short, so that the spindle thermal relay reset the start and found that the normal operation of the spindle, the problem solved.Fourth, do a lessons learned and recorded. After troubleshooting, repair work can not be considered complete, still need technical and management aspects of the underlying causes of failure have to take appropriate measures to prevent failures from happening again. Underfield conditions when necessary use of mature technologies to transform and improve the equipment. Finally, the failure of the maintenance of the phenomenon, cause analysis, resolution process, the replacement of components, legacy, etc. to make a record.数控技术的发展与维修数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业的使能技术和最基本的装备。

The development trend of the numerical control technologySummary : Have introduced numerical control technology and the development trend of the equipment and the current situations of the technical development of numerical control equipment and industrialization of our country of our times briefly , have discussed under the new environment further deepened in our country''s accession to the WTO and opening to the outside world on this basis, develop technology of numerical control of our country and the importance of the information-based level of manufacturing industry of our country and international competitiveness equips , improves, and has put forward technology of numerical control of our country and some views equipped of developing from two aspects of strategy and tactics.The engineering level of equipment industry and modernized intensity are determining the level of the whole national economy and modernized intensity , numerical control technology and equip , develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry To can make technology and basic equipment most (national defense industry industries , such as information technology and their industry , biotechnology , industry , aviation , spaceflight ,etc. ). Marx has ever said " the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, lie in how produce, with what means of labor produce ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology to equip most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts the technology of numerical control extensively; in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one''s own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in " high-grade, precision and advanced " key technology and equipment of numerical control. In a word, develop taking technology of numerical control as the core advanced manufacturing technology become world all developed country; accelerate economic development already in a more cost-effectivemanner, important route to improve the comprehensive national strength and national position.Numerical control technology to go on technology that control with digital information to mechanical movement and working course, numerical control equipment whether represented by technology of numerical control new technology make industry and new developing infiltration electromechanics integrated product that form of manufacturing industry to tradition, i.e. what is called digitization equip, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology;(2)Information processing , processing , transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Transducer technology;(6)Software engineering ,etc..1 Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of the technology of numerical control has not only brought the revolutionary change to traditional manufacturing industry, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of the technology of numerical control and enlargement of application, the development of he some important trades (IT , car , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people''s livelihood plays a more and more important role, because these trade necessary digitization that equipped has already been the main trend of modern development. According to the technology of numerical control and equipment development trend in the world at present, its main research focus has the following several respect [1~4].1.1 A high-speed , high finish machining technology and new trend equippedEfficiency, quality are subjects of the advanced manufacturing technology. At a high speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly, quality and grade to raise product, shorten production cycle and improve the competitive power of market. Japan carry technological research association classify their as one of the 5 loud modern manufacturing technologies first for this reason, learn (CIRP ) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century to study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce 40 second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip one of the key problems thatmust be solved; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, its processing''s spare parts are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity very bad, material aluminum or aluminum alloy, in high to cut pace and cut strength very under the little situation only, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy blank method of " pay empty " make the wing recently, large-scale parts such as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection ways, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these requirement for processing and equipping and proposing high-speed , high and precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, the high-speed machining center enters for the pace to can reach 80m/min, even high; air transport competent pace can reach 100m/min about. A lot of car factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, adopt, substitute and makethe lathe up with high-speed machining center production line part that make up already. HyperMach lathe of Company , CINCINNATI of U.S.A. , enter , give pace to be most loud to reach 60m/min, it is 100m/min to be fast, acceleration reach 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, process and need 8h with ordinary milling machine; The paces and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company reach 12* separately! 000r/mm and 1g. In machining accuracy, in the past 10 years, ordinary progression has accused of the machining accuracy of the lathe to already improve from 10μm to 5μm, accurate grades of machining center from 3- 5μm, raise to 1- 1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy begin , enter getting nanometer already.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe raise to 5μm , from 3- 5μm accurate grades of machining center from 10μm already, improve to 1- 1.5μm, and the ultraprecision machining accuracy has already begun to enter nanometer (0.01μm )ly. In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . For realize at a high speed , high finish machining, related to it function part if electric main shaft , straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is further expanded .1.2 axles link and process and compound and process the lathe to develop fastAdopt 5 axle link , to three-dimensional curved surface processing of part , can cut with the best geometirc form of the cutter, not only highly polished, but also efficiency is improved by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged , a 5 axle gear beds of efficiency can equal 2 3 axle gear beds , use cubic nitrogen boron wait ultra hard material milling cutter go on at a high speed milling , sharpening , quenching hard steel at the part, 5 axle link , process constant 3 axle link , process , give play to high benefit. But go over because 5 axles link the numerical control system , complicated reason of host computer structure, price its link numerical control to be lathe several times higher than 3 axle, in addition programming technological difficulty relatively heavy , have restricted 5 axle gear beds of development. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, make , realize 5 axle compound main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify, it make difficulty and cost reduce by a large margin , numerical control price disparity of systems shrink. So promote compound main shaft head type 5 axle gear bed and compound development to process lathe (process the lathe including 5 ).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machineprocess lathe adopt compound main shaft hair, can realize 4 processing and arbitrary processing of angle of vertical plane, make 5 process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized at the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls . Company , DMG of Germany , exhibit DMUVoution series machining center , can put , insert , down 5 process and 5 axes link and process in one, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM controls directly or indirectly.1.3 intellectualizations, open style, the network turns into for the contemporary numerical control system development mainly hastensThe 21st century numerical control equipments will be has certain intellectualized the system, the intellectualized content including in numerical control system each aspect: In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation performance and the use connection convenient intellectualization, like the feed-forward control, the electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation,the automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, is automatic entire grades; Simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, like intellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-machine contact surface and so on; Also has the intelligence to diagnose, the intelligent monitoring aspect content, the convenience system diagnosis and the service and so onIn order to solve the traditional numerical control system seal and the numerical control application software industry production existence question. At present many countries conduct the research to the open style numerical control system, like US''S NGC (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), European Economic Community''s OSACA (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), Japan''s OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller), China''s ONC (Open Numerical Control System) and so on. The numerical control system will open already becomes the numerical control system road of the future. The so-called open style numerical control system is the numerical control system development may in the unified movement platform, face the engine bed factory and the end-user, through the change, the increase or the tailor structure object (numerical control function), forms the seriation, and may conveniently integrates user''s special application and the technical knack in the control system, the fast realization different variety, the different scale open style numerical control system, forms has the bright individuality famous brand goods. At present the open style numerical control system system structure standard, the correspondence standard, the disposition standard, the movement platform, the numerical control system function storehouse as well as the numerical control system function software development kit and so on is the current research core.The network numerical control equipment is a nearly two year international famous engine beds expositions new luminescent spot. The numerical control equipment network enormously will satisfy the production line, the manufacture system, the manufacture enterprise to the information integration demand, also will be realizes new manufacture pattern like agile manufacture, hypothesized enterprise, the global manufacture foundation unit. The domestic and foreign some famous numerical controls engine bed and the numerical control system manufacture company has all promoted the related new concept and the prototype in the nearly two years, if unfolds in EMO2001, Japanese Shan Qima Mazak the company displays "CyberProduction Center" (intelligence production control center, is called CPC); Japan is Okuma the enginebed company to display "IT plaza" (information technology square, is called the IT square); German Simens (Siemens) the company displays Open Manufacturing Environment (opening manufacture environment, is called OME) and so on, had reflected the numerical control engine bed processing the tendency which develops to the network direction.1.4 takes the new technical standard, the standard establishment1.4.1 about numerical control system design development gaugeAs noted previously, there are better commonability , flexibility , adaptability , expanding in the open numerical control system, countries such as U.S.A. , European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on research and formulation of the systematic norm of structural numerical control of the open system (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ), 3 of world heavy economy carry on the same science plan and standardize formulation nearly in a short time most, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of the technology of numerical control. Our country started research and formulation which standardized the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.1.4.2 About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Numerical control technology information exchange of 50 year born , to based on ISO6983 standard, adopt G , M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can''t meet demands of high-speed development of the technology of modern numerical control more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC ) in the world, its purpose is offering a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system , can describe the unified data model in whole lifespan of the products , thus realize the whole manufacture process, and even the standardization of each industrial field product information.ance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technical field of the numerical control, on development and even the whole manufacturing industry of the technology of numerical control , will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC putsforward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea , in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on single computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of technology of numerical control. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system also can reduce , process (about 75% ) drawing , process procedure work out (about 35% ) time and process (about 50% ) time greatly.At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1- 2001.12.3 ) of STEP-NC. 20CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users , manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed and accused of the super model (Super Model ) of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS , FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present.2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our countryThe technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, i.e. closed developing stage. In this stages, technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of the technology of numerical control is comparatively slow. During " Sixth Five-Year Plan Period " , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", introduce technology , digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is that on the later stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period " of the country and during the " Ninth Five-Year Plan Period ", implement the research of industrialization , enter marketcompetition stage. At this stage, made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In " the Ninth Five-Year Plan " latter stage,domestic numerical control domestic market share of lathe reach 50% , mix domestic numerical control system (popular ) to up to 10%.Review the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially pass the brainstorm of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements.a. Have establish the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has basically mastered the technology of modern numerical control. Our country know from numerical control system , servo urge , numerical control host computer , special plane and their basic of fittings basically already now, among them most technology have already possessed the foundation that is commercialized and developed , some technology has already, industrialization commercialized.a.Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize , set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity of batch such as numerical control of Central China , spaceflight numerical control etc.. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, a batch of servo systems and first machine tool plant , first machine tool plant of Jinan of servo electrical machinery factory and Beijing ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories such as the numerical control in Central China. These factories have basically formed the numerical control industrial base of our country.b.Have set up research of a numerical control, development , managerial talent''s basic team . Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of the technology of numerical control, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, there is greater disparity between current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level especially in industrialization. Though very fast from longitudinal development to watch our country, horizontal until (contrast with foreign countries ) , the engineering level has disparity, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, i.e. the disparity of engineering level between some high-grade , precision and advancednumerical control equipment has the tendency to expand . Watch from world , estimate roughly as follows about the numerical control engineering level of our country and industrialization level.a.On the engineering level, in probably backward 10- 1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology.b.At the industrialization level, the market share is low, the variety coverage rate is low, have not formed the large-scale production yet; Function part specialized level of production and form a complete set ability to be lower; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high,the commercialized intensity is insufficient; Not setting up one''s own brand effect yet in domestic numerical control system, users have insufficient confidence.c.At the ability of sustainable development, to competition numerical control research and development of technology, engineered ability weaker; Numerical control technological application expand efforts to be better; The research , formulation that relevant standards are normal lags behind.It is analyzed that the main reason for having disparity described above has the following several respect.a.Realize the respect. Know to domestic numerical control industry process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic insufficiently; One that is to market unstandard, foreign blockade add strangle , system ,etc. underestimate while being difficult; It is not enough to analyze to technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country.b.System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue , consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one , industry chain in terms of technology; Set up intact related system , complete training , service network ,etc. of high quality support the system.c.Mechanism. The bad mechanism causes the brain drain , restraining technology and technological route from innovating again , products innovation, and hasrestricted the effective implementation of planning , has often planned the ideal , implement the difficulty. d.Technology. Enterprises are indifferent in autonomous innovation in technology, key technology is engineered and indifferent. Lathe standard lag behind, level relatively low, numerical control system new standard study enoughly.3 strategic thinking until technology and industrialization of numerical control of our country develop3.1 Strategic considerationOur country of strategic consideration makes the big country , should try hard to accept the front instead of the back transformation in the world industry shifts , should master and make key technology advancedly , otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, of our country manufacturing industry step forward " the empty core ". We regard resource , environment , market as cost, possibility got to exchange " assemble the centre ", but not master the status of the manufacturing center of key technology , will so influence the development process of the modern manufacturing industry of our country seriously.We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to the technology of numerical control and industry''s question , at first seen from social safety, because manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the people''s living standard but also can relieve the pressure of employment ofour country , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen from security of national defence, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realize embargo and restriction to our country, " Toshiba incident " and " Cox Report " is the best illustration.3.2 Development tacticsProceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of the national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equipping industry and industrialization level as the goal,use the systematic method , be able to choose the support technology that the initial our country makes the key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and supports the development of industrialization in 21st century of leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump type development of the equipping industry as the content of research and development.Emphasize market demand is a direction, take terminal products of numerical control as the core , with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine , high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe , model digitized machinery , key industry key equipment ,etc. ) drive numerical control development of industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability in (digitized servo system and electrical machinery , electric main shaft system of high speed and new attachment that equip ,etc. ) and production scale question. There are no products without high dependability of scale ; Will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale ; Certainly, it is difficult finally to have the day to hold up head that there is no Chinese numerical control equipment of scale .In equipping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advancedly , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of end user, regard " obtaining, using, selling " as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country. The technology of numerical control, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the numerical control industry of our country , sustainable development of the equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry.References:[1]China machine tool industrial association Development department of the trade. CIMT2001 tour [J ]. The manufacturing technology in the world and market of equipment, 2001 (3): 18-20.[2]The roof beam trains a king to declare , the distribution is helped. Newtendency [J ] of the technical development of the lathe . The manufacturing technology in the world and market of equipment, 2001 (3): 21-28.[3]China machine tool industrial association Systematic branch of numerical control. CIMT2001 tour [J ]. The manufacturing technology in the world and market of equipment, 2001 (5): 13-17.[4]Yang XueTong, Li DongRu, He WenLi ,etc.? Numerical control lathe technical development strategic research [M ] from now to century. Beijing: State Bureau of Machinery Industries, 2000.数控技术的发展趋势摘要：简要介绍了当今世界数控技术及装备发展的趋势及我国数控装备技术发展和产业化的现状，在此基础上讨论了在我国加入WTO和对外开放进一步深化的新环境下，发展我国数控技术及装备、提高我国制造业信息化水平和国际竞争能力的重要性，并从战略和策略两个层面提出了发展我国数控技术及装备的几点看法。

1 原文一CNC machine tools Outdate, J. and Joe, J. Configuration Synthesis of Machining Centers with Tool ，John Wiley & sons, 2001 While the specific intention and application for CNC machines vary from one machine type to another, all forms of CNC have common benefits. Here are but a few of the more important benefits offered by CNC equipment. The The first first first benefit benefit benefit offered offered offered by by by all all all forms forms forms of of of CNC CNC CNC machine machine machine tools tools tools is is is improved improved automation. automation. The The The operator operator operator intervention intervention intervention related related related to to to producing producing producing work work work pieces pieces pieces can can can be be reduced reduced or or or eliminated. eliminated. eliminated. Many Many Many CNC CNC CNC machines machines machines can can can run run run unattended unattended unattended during during during their their their entire entire machining machining cycle, cycle, cycle, freeing freeing freeing the the the operator operator operator to to to do do do other other other tasks. tasks. tasks. This This This gives gives gives the the the CNC CNC CNC user user several several side side side benefits benefits benefits including including including reduced reduced reduced operator operator operator fatigue, fatigue, fatigue, fewer fewer fewer mistakes mistakes mistakes caused caused caused by by human human error, error, error, and and and consistent consistent consistent and and and predictable predictable predictable machining machining machining time time time for for for each each each work work work piece. piece. Since the machine will be running under program control, the skill level required of the CNC operator (related to basic machining practice) is also reduced as compared to a machinist producing work pieces with conventional machine tools. The second major benefit of CNC technology is consistent a nd accurate work and accurate work pieces. Today's CNC machines boast almost unbelievable accuracy and repeatability specifications. This means that once a program is verified, two, ten, or one thousand identical work pieces can be easily produced with precision and consistency. A third benefit offered by most forms of CNC machine tools is flexibility. Since these these machines machines machines are are are run run run from from from programs, programs, programs, running running running a a a different different different workpiece workpiece workpiece is is is almost almost almost as as easy as loading a different program. Once a program has been verified and executed for one production run, it can be easily recalled the next time the workpiece is to be run. This leads to yet another benefit, fast change over. Since these machines are very easy to set up and run, and since programs can be easily loaded, they allow very short setup time. This is imperative with today's just-in-time (JIT) product requirements. Motion control - the heart of CNC The The most most most basic basic basic function function function of of of any any any CNC CNC CNC machine machine machine is is is automatic, automatic, automatic, precise, precise, precise, and and consistent consistent motion motion motion control. control. control. Rather Rather Rather than than than applying applying applying completely completely completely mechanical mechanical mechanical devices devices devices to to cause cause motion motion motion as as as is is is required required required on on on most most most conventional conventional conventional machine machine machine tools, tools, tools, CNC CNC CNC machines machines allow motion control in a revolutionary manner2. All forms of CNC equipment have two two or or or more more more directions directions directions of of of motion, motion, motion, called called called axes. axes. axes. These These These axes axes axes can can can be be be precisely precisely precisely and and automatically automatically positioned positioned positioned along along along their their their lengths lengths lengths of of of travel. travel. travel. The The The two two two most most most common common common axis axis types are linear (driven along a straight path) and rotary (driven along a circular path). Instead of causing motion by turning cranks and handwheels as is required on conventional machine tools, CNC machines allow motions to be commanded through programmed programmed commands. commands. commands. Generally Generally Generally speaking, speaking, speaking, the the the motion motion motion type type type (rapid, (rapid, (rapid, linear, linear, linear, and and circular), the axes to move, the amount of motion and the motion rate (federate) are programmable with almost all CNC machine tools. A CNC command executed within the control tells the drive motor to rotate a precise number of times. The rotation of the drive motor in turn rotates the ball screw. And the ball screw drives the linear axis (slide). A feedback device (linear scale) on the slide allows the control to confirm that the commanded number of rotations has taken place3. Refer to fig.1. fig.1 typical drive system of a CNC machine tool Though a rather crude analogy, the same basic linear motion can be found on a common table vise. As you rotate the vise crank, you rotate a lead screw that, in turn, drives the movable jaw on the vise. By comparison, a linear axis on a CNC machine tool is extremely precise. The number of revolutions of the axis drive motor precisely controls the amount of linear motion along the axis. How axis motion is commanded - understanding coordinate systems It would be infeasible for the CNC user to cause axis motion by trying to tell each axis drive motor how many times to rotate in order to command a given linear motion motion amount4. amount4. amount4. (This (This (This would would would be be be like like like having having having to to to figure figure figure out out out how how how many many many turns turns turns of of of the the handle on a table vise will cause the movable jaw to move exactly one inch!) Instead, all CNC controls allow axis motion to be commanded in a much simpler and more a much simpler and more logical logical way way way by by by utilizing utilizing utilizing some some some form form form of of of coordinate coordinate coordinate system. system. system. The The The two two two most most most popular popular coordinate coordinate systems systems systems used used used with with with CNC CNC CNC machines machines machines are are are the the the rectangular rectangular rectangular coordinate coordinate coordinate system system and and the the the polar polar polar coordinate coordinate coordinate system. system. system. By By By far, far, far, the the the more more more popular popular popular of of of these these these two two two is is is the the rectangular coordinate system. The program zero point establishes the point of reference for motion commands in in a a a CNC CNC CNC program. program. program. This This This allows allows allows the the the programmer programmer programmer to to to specify specify specify movements movements movements from from from a a common common location. location. location. If If If program program program zero zero zero is is is chosen chosen chosen wisely, wisely, wisely, usually usually usually coordinates coordinates coordinates needed needed needed for for the program can be taken directly from the print. With this technique, if the programmer wishes the tool to be sent to a position one one inch inch inch to to to the the the right right of of the the the program program program zero zero zero point, point, point, X1.0 X1.0 X1.0 is is is commanded. commanded. If If the the programmer wishes the tool to move to a position one inch above the program zero point, Y1.0 is commanded. The control will automatically determine how many times to rotate each axis drive motor and ball screw to make the axis reach the commanded destination point . This lets the programmer command axis motion in a very logical manner. Refer to fig.2, 3. fig.2, 3. Understanding absolute versus incremental motion All discussions to this point assume that the absolute mode of programming is used6. The most common CNC word used to designate the absolute mode is G90. In the absolute mode, the end points for all motions will be specified from the program zero point. For beginners, this is usually the best and easiest method of specifying end points for motion commands. However, there is another way of specifying end points for axis motion. In the incremental mode (commonly specified by G91), end points for motions are are specified specified specified from from from the the the tool's tool's tool's current current current position, position, position, not not not from from from program program program zero. zero. zero. With With With this this method method of of of commanding commanding commanding motion, motion, motion, the the the programmer programmer programmer must must must always always always be be be asking asking asking "How "How "How far far should should I I I move move move the the the tool?" tool?" tool?" While While While there there there are are are times times times when when when the the the incremental incremental incremental mode mode mode can can can be be very helpful, generally speaking, this is the more cumbersome and difficult method of specifying motion and beginners should concentrate on using the absolute mode. Be Be careful careful careful when when when making making making motion motion motion commands. commands. commands. Beginners Beginners Beginners have have have the the the tendency tendency tendency to to think think incrementally. incrementally. incrementally. If If If working working working in in in the the the absolute absolute absolute mode mode mode (as (as (as beginners beginners beginners should), should), should), the the programmer should always be asking "To what position should the tool be moved?" This position is relative to program zero, NOT from the tools current position. Aside Aside from from from making making making it it it very very very easy easy easy to to to determine determine determine the the the current current current position position position for for for any any command, another benefit of working in the absolute mode has to do with mistakes made during motion commands. In the absolute mode, if a motion mistake is made in one one command command command of of of the the the program, program, program, only only only one one one movement movement movement will will will be be be incorrect. incorrect. incorrect. On On On the the the other other hand, if a mistake is made during incremental movements, all motions from the point of the mistake will also be incorrect. Assigning program zero Keep in mind that the CNC control must be told the location of the program zero point by one means or another. How this is done varies dramatically from one CNC machine and control to another8. One (older) method is to assign program zero in the program. program. With this With this method, the programmer tells the control how far it is from from the the program program zero point to zero point to t he starting position of the machine. This the starting position of the machine. This is is commonly done commonly done with a G92 (or G50) command at least at the beginning of the program and possibly at the beginning of each tool. Another, newer and better way to assign program zero is through some form of offset. Refer to fig.4. Commonly machining center control manufacturers call offsets used to assign program zero fixture offsets. Turning center manufacturers commonly call offsets used to assign program zero for each tool geometry offsets. fig.4 assign program zero through G54 Flexible manufacturing cells A flexible manufacturing cell (FMC) can be considered as a flexible manufacturing subsystem. The following differences exist between the FMC and the FMS: 1. An FMC is not under the direct control of the central computer. Instead, instructions from the central computer are passed to the cell controller. 2. The cell is limited in the number of part families it can manufacture. The following elements are normally found in an FMC: • Cell controller • Programmable logic controller (PLC) • More than one machine tool • A materials handling device (robot or pallet) The The FMC FMC FMC executes executes executes fixed fixed fixed machining machining machining operations operations operations with with with parts parts parts flowing flowing flowing sequentially sequentially between operations. High speed machining The term High Speed Machining (HSM) commonly refers to end milling at high rotational rotational speeds speeds speeds and and and high high high surface surface surface feeds. feeds. feeds. For For For instance, instance, instance, the the the routing routing routing of of of pockets pockets pockets in in aluminum airframe sections with a very high material removal rate1. Refer to fig.5 for the cutting data designations and for mulas. Over the past 60 60 years, HSM years, HSM has been applied to a wide range of metallic and non-metallic workpiece materials, including the the production production production of of of components components components with with with specific specific specific surface surface surface topography topography topography requirements requirements requirements and and machining machining of of of materials materials materials with with with hardness hardness hardness of of of 50 50 50 HRC HRC HRC and and and above. above. above. With With most most steel steel components components hardened hardened hardened to to to approximately approximately approximately 32-42 32-42 32-42 HRC, HRC, HRC, machining machining machining options options options currently currently include: Fig.5 cutting data rough rough machining machining machining and and and semi-finishing semi-finishing semi-finishing of of of the the the material material material in in in its its its soft soft soft (annealed) (annealed) condition heat treatment to achieve the final required hardness = 63 HRC machining of electrodes and Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of specific parts of dies and moulds (specifically small radii and deep cavities with limited accessibility for metal cutting cutting tools) tools) tools) finishing finishing finishing and and and super-finishing super-finishing super-finishing of of of cylindrical/flat/cavity cylindrical/flat/cavity cylindrical/flat/cavity surfaces surfaces surfaces with with appropriate cemented carbide, cermets, solid carbide, mixed ceramic or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) For many components, the production process involves a combination of these options options and and and in in in the the the case case case of of of dies dies dies and and and moulds moulds moulds it it it also also also includes includes includes time time time consuming consuming consuming hand hand finishing. Consequently, production costs can be high and lead times excessive. It is typical in the die and mould industry to produce one or just a few tools of the same design. The process involves constant changes to the design, and because of these changes there is also a corresponding need for measuring and reverse engineering. The main criteria are the quality level of the die or mould regarding dimensional, geometric and surface accuracy. If the quality level after machining is poor and if it cannot meet the requirements, there will be a varying need of manual finishing work. This work produces satisfactory surface accuracy, but it always has a negative impact on the dimensional and geometric accuracy. One of the main aims for the die and mould industry has been, and still is, to reduce or eliminate the need for manual polishing and thus improve the quality and shorten the production costs and lead times. Main economical and technical factors for the development of HSM Survival The The ever ever ever increasing increasing increasing competition competition competition in in in the the the marketplace marketplace marketplace is is is continually continually continually setting setting setting new new standards. The demands on time and cost efficiency is getting higher and higher. This has forced the development of new processes and production techniques to take place. HSM provides hope and solutions... Materials The development of new, more difficult to machine materials has underlined the necessity necessity to to to find find find new new new machining machining machining solutions. solutions. solutions. The The The aerospace aerospace aerospace industry industry industry has has has its its its heat heat resistant resistant and and and stainless stainless stainless steel steel steel alloys. alloys. alloys. The The The automotive automotive automotive industry industry industry has has has different different different bimetal bimetal compositions, Compact Graphite Iron and an ever increasing volume of aluminum3. The The die die die and and and mould mould mould industry industry industry mainly mainly mainly has has has to to to face face face the the the problem problem problem of of of machining machining machining high high hardened tool steels, from roughing to finishing. Quality The The demand demand demand for for for higher higher higher component component component or or or product product product quality quality quality is is is the the the result result result of of of ever ever increasing competition. HSM, if applied correctly, offers a number of solutions in this area. Substitution of manual finishing is one example, which is especially important on dies and moulds or components with a complex 3D geometry. Processes The demands on shorter throughput times via fewer setups and simplified flows (logistics) can in most cases, be solved by HSM. A typical target within the die and mould industry is to completely machine fully hardened small sized tools in one setup. Costly and time consuming EDM processes processes can can can also also also be reduced or eliminated with be reduced or eliminated with HSM. Design & development One of the main tools in today's competition is to sell products on the value of novelty. novelty. The The The average average average product product product life life life cycle cycle cycle on on on cars cars cars today today today is is is 4 4 4 years, years, years, computers computers computers and and accessories accessories 1.5 1.5 1.5 years, years, years, hand hand hand phones phones phones 3 3 3 months... months... months... One One One of of of the the the prerequisites prerequisites prerequisites of of of this this development of fast design changes and rapid product development time is the HSM technique. Complex products There is an increase of m ulti-functional multi-functional multi-functional surfaces surfaces surfaces on components, such on components, such a s new as new design design of of of turbine turbine turbine blades blades blades giving giving giving new new new and and and optimized optimized optimized functions functions functions and and and features. features. features. Earlier Earlier designs allowed polishing by hand or with robots (manipulators). Turbine blades with new, more sophisticated designs have to be finished via machining and preferably by HSM . There are also more and more examples of thin walled workpiece that have to be machined (medical equipment, electronics, defense products, computer parts). Production equipment The The strong strong strong development development development of of of cutting cutting cutting materials, materials, materials, holding holding holding tools, tools, tools, machine machine machine tools, tools, controls and especially CAD/CAM features and equipment, has opened possibilities that must be met with new production methods and techniques5. Definition of HSM Salomon's Salomon's theory, theory, theory, "Machining "Machining "Machining with with with high high high cutting cutting cutting speeds..." speeds..." speeds..." on on on which, which, which, in in in 1931, 1931, took out a German patent, assumes that "at a certain cutting speed (5-10 times higher than than in in in conventional conventional conventional machining), machining), machining), the the the chip chip chip removal removal removal temperature temperature temperature at at at the the the cutting cutting cutting edge edge will start to decrease...".See fig.6. Fig.6 chip removal temperature as a result of the cutting speed Given Given the the the conclusion:" ... conclusion:" ... seems seems to to to give give give a a a chance chance chance to to to improve improve improve productivity productivity productivity in in machining with conventional tools at high cutting speeds..." Modern research, unfortunately, has not been able to verify this theory totally. There is a relative decrease of the temperature at the cutting edge that starts at certain cutting speeds for different materials. The decrease is small for steel and cast iron. But larger for aluminum and other non-ferrous metals. The definition of HSM must be based on other factors. Given Given today's today's today's technology, technology, technology, "high "high "high speed" speed" speed" is is is generally generally generally accepted accepted accepted to to to mean mean mean surface surface speeds between 1 and 10 kilometers perminute, or roughly 3 300 to 33 000 feet per minute. Speeds above 10 km/min are in the ultra-high speed category, and are largely the realm of experimental metal cutting. Obviously, the spindle rotations required to achieve these surface cutting speeds are directly related to the diameter of the tools being being used. used. used. One One One trend trend trend which which which is is is very very very evident evident evident today today today is is is the the the use use use of of of very very very large large large cutter cutter diameters for these applications - and this has important implications for tool design. There are many opinions, many myths and many different ways to define HSM. Maintenance and troubleshooting Maintenance for a horizontal MC The The following following following is is a a list list list of of of required required required regular regular regular maintenance maintenance for for a a a Horizontal Horizontal Machining Center as shown in fig.7. Listed are the frequency of service, capacities, and type of fluids required. These required specifications must be followed in order to keep your machine in good working order and protect your warranty. Fig. 7 horizontal machining center Daily Top Top off off off coolant coolant coolant level level level every every every eight eight eight hour hour hour shift shift shift (especially (especially (especially during during during heavy heavy heavy TSC TSC usage). Check way lube lubrication tank level. Clean chips from way covers and bottom pan. Clean chips from tool changer. Wipe spindle taper with a clean cloth rag and apply light oil. Weekly • Check for proper operation of auto drain on filter regulator. See fig. 8 Fig. 8 way lube and pneumatics On machines with the TSC option, clean the chip basket on the coolant tank. Remove the tank cover and remove any sediment inside the tank. Be careful to disconnect the coolant pump from the controller and POWER OFF the control before working on the coolant tank. Do this monthly for machines without the TSC option. Check air gauge/regulator for 85 psi. For For machines machines machines with with with the the the TSC TSC TSC option, option, option, place place place a a a dab dab dab of of of grease grease grease on on on the the the V-flange V-flange V-flange of of tools. Do this monthly for machines without the TSC option. Clean exterior surfaces with mild cleaner. DO NOT use solvents. Check the hydraulic counterbalance pressure according to the machine's specifications. Place a dab of grease on the outside edge of the fingers of the tool changer and run through all tools". Monthly Check oil level in gearbox. Add oil until oil begins dripping from over flow tube at bottom of sump tank. Clean pads on bottom of pallets. Clean Clean the the the locating locating locating pads pads pads on on on the the the A-axis A-axis A-axis and and and the the the load load load station. station. station. This This This requires requires removing the pallet. • Inspect Inspect way way way covers covers covers for for for proper proper proper operation operation operation and and and lubricate lubricate lubricate with with with light light light oil, oil, oil, if if necessary. Six months Replace coolant and thoroughly clean the coolant tank. Check all hoses and lubrication lines for cracking. Annually • Replace the gearbox oil. Drain the oil from the gearbox, and slowly refill it with 2 quarts of Mobil DTE 25 oil. • Check oil filter and clean out residue at bottom for the lubrication chart. Replace air filter on control box every 2 years. Mineral Mineral cutting cutting cutting oils oils oils will will will damage damage damage rubber rubber rubber based based based components components components throughout throughout throughout the the machine. Troubleshooting This section is intended for use in determining the solution to a known problem. Solutions Solutions given given given are are are intended intended intended to to to give give give the the the individual individual individual servicing servicing servicing the the the CNC CNC CNC a a a pattern pattern pattern to to follow in, first, determining the problem's source and, second, solving the problem. Use common sense Many Many problems problems problems are are are easily easily easily overcome overcome overcome by by by correctly correctly correctly evaluating evaluating evaluating the the the situation. situation. situation. All All machine operations are composed of a program, tools, and tooling. You must look at all three before blaming one as the fault area. If a bored hole is chattering because of an overextended boring bar, don't expect the machine to correct the fault. Don't Don't suspect suspect suspect machine machine machine accuracy accuracy accuracy if if if the the the vise vise vise bends bends bends the the the part. part. part. Don't Don't Don't claim claim claim hole hole miss-positioning if you don't first center-drill the hole. Find the problem first Many Many mechanics mechanics mechanics tear tear tear into into into things things things before before before they they they understand understand understand the the the problem, problem, problem, hoping hoping that it will appear as they go. We know this from the fact that more than half of all warranty warranty returned returned returned parts parts parts are are are in in in good good good working working working order. order. If If the the the spindle spindle spindle doesn't doesn't doesn't turn, turn, remember remember that that that the the the spindle spindle spindle is is is connected connected connected to to to the the the gear gear gear box, box, box, which which which is is is connected connected connected to to to the the spindle spindle motor, motor, motor, which which which is is is driven driven driven by by by the the the spindle spindle spindle drive, drive, drive, which which which is is is connected connected connected to to to the the the I/O I/O BOARD, BOARD, which which which is is is driven driven driven by by by the the the MOCON, MOCON, MOCON, which which which is is is driven driven driven by by by the the the processor. processor. processor. The The moral here is doing replace the spindle drives if the belt is broken. Find the problem first; don't just replace the easiest part to get to. Don tinker with the machine There are hundreds of parameters, wires, switches, etc., that you can change in this machine. Don't start randomly changing parts and parameters. Remember, there is a good chance that if you change something, y ou will incorrectly install it or break you will incorrectly install it or break something else in the process6. Consider for a moment changing the processor's board. First, you have to download all parameters, remove a dozen connectors, replace the board, board, reconnect reconnect reconnect and and and reload, reload, reload, and and and if if if you you you make make make one one one mistake mistake mistake or or or bend bend bend one one one tiny tiny tiny pin pin pin it it WON'T WORK. You always need to consider the risk of accidentally damaging the machine anytime you work on it. It is cheap insurance to double-check a suspect part before physically changing it. The less work you do on the machine the better. 。

数控专业的英语作文带翻译Title: The Development of CNC Technology。

With the rapid development of technology, CNC (Computer Numerical Control) technology has become an indispensable part of modern manufacturing industry. It hasrevolutionized the traditional manufacturing processes by automating and improving efficiency, accuracy, andflexibility in various industries.CNC technology utilizes computer programs to control machine tools and equipment, allowing for precise and complex operations that were previously impossible with manual methods. This technology has greatly increased productivity and reduced production costs for manufacturers, making it a popular choice for producing a wide range of products, from automotive parts to aerospace components.One of the key advantages of CNC technology is itsability to produce high-quality and consistent productswith minimal human intervention. This not only improves the overall quality of the products but also reduces the riskof errors and defects, leading to higher customersatisfaction and loyalty.Furthermore, CNC technology has also enabled manufacturers to produce customized products quickly and efficiently. By simply inputting the desired specifications into the computer program, manufacturers can easily create unique products tailored to the specific needs and preferences of their customers.In addition to its manufacturing capabilities, CNC technology has also played a significant role in advancing other industries, such as healthcare, transportation, and construction. For example, CNC machines are used in the medical industry to produce custom implants and prosthetics, while in the transportation industry, CNC technology isused to manufacture precision components for aircraft and automobiles.Looking ahead, the future of CNC technology is bright,with continuous advancements in automation, artificial intelligence, and connectivity. These developments will further enhance the capabilities of CNC machines, making them even more efficient, accurate, and versatile in meeting the evolving demands of the manufacturing industry.In conclusion, CNC technology has significantly transformed the manufacturing industry and will continue to play a crucial role in shaping the future of manufacturing. Its ability to automate processes, improve efficiency, and produce high-quality products has made it an essential tool for manufacturers worldwide. As technology continues to evolve, CNC technology will undoubtedly remain at the forefront of innovation and progress in the manufacturing industry.随着技术的快速发展，数控（Computer Numerical Control）技术已经成为现代制造业不可或缺的一部分。